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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fiqh_scholars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiqh_scholars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Fiqh scholars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiqh_scholars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argument_against_conventional_insurance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argument_against_conventional_insurance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Argument against conventional insurance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argument_against_conventional_insurance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defense_of_conventional_insurance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defense_of_conventional_insurance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Defense of conventional insurance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defense_of_conventional_insurance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scriptural_basis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scriptural_basis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Scriptural basis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scriptural_basis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_&_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_&_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History & models</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_&_models-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History & models subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_&_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Mudharabah_model_(profit-sharing)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mudharabah_model_(profit-sharing)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The <i>Mudharabah</i> model (profit-sharing)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Mudharabah_model_(profit-sharing)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books,_documents,_journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books,_documents,_journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Books, documents, journal articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books,_documents,_journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84" title="تكافل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تكافل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99kaful" title="Təkaful – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təkaful" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2" title="তাকাফুল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাকাফুল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%84%D2%AF%D0%BB" title="Тәкәфүл – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тәкәфүл" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamsko_osiguranje" title="Islamsko osiguranje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Islamsko osiguranje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tak%C3%A1ful" title="Takáful – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Takáful" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Takaful" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Takaful" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C" title="תכאפול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תכאפול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Такафул – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Такафул" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Takaful" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AB" title="タカフル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タカフル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Такафул – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Такафул" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84" title="تڪافل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تڪافل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek%C3%A2f%C3%BCl" title="Tekâfül – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tekâfül" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84" title="تکافل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تکافل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Islamic form of insurance</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Category:Islamic jurisprudence">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-top:0.2em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence<br />(<i>fiqh</i>)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ALFiqh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/125px-ALFiqh.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/188px-ALFiqh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/250px-ALFiqh.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ibadah" title="Ibadah">Ritual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakat">Raka'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turbah" title="Turbah">Turbah</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah_prayer" title="Sunnah prayer">Sunnah prayer</a></i> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Tarawih" title="Tarawih">Tarawih</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tahajjud" title="Tahajjud">Tahajjud</a></i>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Witr" title="Witr">Witr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nafl_prayer" title="Nafl prayer">Nafl prayer</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Sawm</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ihram_clothing" title="Ihram clothing">clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut%27ah_of_Hajj" title="Mut'ah of Hajj"><i>Mut'ah</i></a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaf">Tawaf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Mut%27ah_of_Hajj" title="Mut'ah of Hajj">and <i>Hajj</i></a>)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Islamic leadership</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Majlis-ash-Shura" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis-ash-Shura">Majlis-ash-Shura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Wilayat al-faqih</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">Bay'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aman_(Islam)" title="Aman (Islam)">Aman</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Marriage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Contract</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Misyar_marriage" title="Misyar marriage">Misyar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_halala" title="Nikah halala">Halala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_%27urfi" title="Nikah 'urfi">Urfi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Mut‘ah</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam" title="Polygyny in Islam">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Khula" class="mw-redirect" title="Khula">Khula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zihar" title="Zihar">Zihar</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iddah" title="Iddah">Iddah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafa%27ah" title="Kafa'ah">Kafa'ah</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_adoptional_jurisprudence" title="Islamic adoptional jurisprudence">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_in_Islam" title="Breastfeeding in Islam">Breastfeeding</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexual</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Intimate_parts_in_Islam" title="Intimate parts in Islam">Awrah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Islam">Abortion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam#Purification_and_hygiene" title="Sexuality in Islam">Hygiene</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Islamic_law" title="Rape in Islamic law">Rape</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_masturbation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and masturbation">Masturbation</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir"><i>Maisir</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(gambling)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina"><i>Zina</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(illicit sex)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirabah" title="Hirabah"><i>Hirabah</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(unlawful warfare and banditry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasad" title="Fasad"><i>Fasad</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("mischief")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofsed-e-filarz" title="Mofsed-e-filarz">Mofsed-e-filarz</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("spreading corruption")</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">Fitna</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("sedition")</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajm"><i>Rajm</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(stoning)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tazir" title="Tazir"><i>Tazir</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(discretionary)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas" title="Qisas"><i>Qisas</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(retaliation)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diya (Islam)"><i>Diya</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(compensation)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Adab</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">Purdah</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">History</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nisab" title="Nisab">Nisab</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Waqf</a></i>)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-mal" title="Bayt al-mal">Bayt al-mal</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam#Hygienical_Jurisprudence" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Hygiene</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual hygienical jurisprudence">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Taharah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masah" title="Masah">Masah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Istinja" title="Istinja">Istinja</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Dietary</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabihah</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Intoxicants" title="Islamic dietary laws">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Pork" title="Islamic dietary laws">Pork</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Islamic_and_Jewish_dietary_laws" title="Comparison of Islamic and Jewish dietary laws">Comparison with <i>kashrut</i></a></span></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghanimah" title="Ghanimah">Ghanimah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudna" title="Hudna">Hudna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istijarah" title="Istijarah"><i>Istijarah</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(asylum)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_prisoners_of_war" title="Islamic views on prisoners of war">Prisoners of war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #dcf5dc;border-bottom:1px solid #dcf5dc;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Takaful</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">التكافل</span>, sometimes translated as "solidarity" or mutual guarantee)<sup id="cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:403_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIWWIE2013:403-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a co-operative system of reimbursement or repayment in case of loss, organized as an <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a></i>-compliant alternative to conventional insurance, which contains <i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">riba</a></i> (usury) and <i><a href="/wiki/Gharar" title="Gharar">gharar</a></i> (excessive uncertainty).<sup id="cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:402_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIWWIE2013:402-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under takaful, people and companies concerned about hazards make regular contributions ("donations") to be reimbursed or repaid to members in the event of loss, and managed on their behalf by a takaful operator.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other Islamic finance products, Takaful is grounded in Islamic <i><a href="/wiki/Muamalat" class="mw-redirect" title="Muamalat">Muamalat</a></i> (commercial and civil acts or dealings branch of Islamic law). </p><p>In 2018, the takaful industry had grown to a size of $27.7 billion of "contributions" (from a 2011 figure of $12 billion).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement has been praised as providing "superior alternatives" to insurance that "reinvigorate human capital, emphasize personal dignity, community self-help, and economic self-development";<sup id="cite_ref-PfEoTit21C_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PfEoTit21C-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also criticized as having "dwindled" in scope to an industry of "conventional insurance with Arabic terminology and language of contract".<sup id="cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:410_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIWWIE2013:410-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles">Principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takaful&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Theoretically, takaful is perceived as cooperative or mutual insurance, where members contribute a certain sum of money to a common pool. The purpose of this system is not profits, but to uphold the principle of "bear ye one another's burden". The principles of takaful are as follows: </p> <ul><li>Policyholders cooperate among themselves for their common good.<sup id="cite_ref-coop_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coop-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Policyholders' contributions are considered as donations to the fund (pool).<sup id="cite_ref-coop_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coop-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Every policyholder pays his subscription to help those who need assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-coop_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coop-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Losses are divided and liabilities spread according to the community pooling system.<sup id="cite_ref-coop_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coop-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Uncertainty is eliminated concerning subscription and compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-coop_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coop-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It does not derive advantage at the cost of others.<sup id="cite_ref-coop_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coop-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Muslims scholar have "hardly any difference of opinion" on "the need for managing, redeeming and mitigating general, business and life risks covered by the insurance business".<sup id="cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:402_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIWWIE2013:402-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But whether conventional insurance is forbidden (<i><a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">haram</a></i>) is disputed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiqh_scholars">Fiqh scholars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takaful&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fiqh scholars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In its second session (December 1985),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/International_Islamic_Fiqh_Academy,_Jeddah" class="mw-redirect" title="International Islamic Fiqh Academy, Jeddah">Fiqh Academy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (also called the International Islamic Fiqh Academy) ruled conventional commercial (but not social) insurance <i><a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">haram</a></i> (forbidden). Its ninth resolution stated: </p><blockquote><p>The commercial insurance contract, with a fixed insurance premium, as practiced by commercial insurance companies, contains substantial <i>gharar</i>, which renders the contract defective. Consequently, it is legally forbidden.<sup id="cite_ref-MeGIFLEP2006:147_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeGIFLEP2006:147-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argument_against_conventional_insurance">Argument against conventional insurance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takaful&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Argument against conventional insurance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Islamic scholars began forbidding commercial insurance as early as the late nineteenth century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of Islamic scholars believe <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">commercial insurance</a> is disallowed for Muslims because it contains </p> <ul><li><i>Al-Gharar</i> (<a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">uncertainty</a>)</li> <li><i>Al-Maisir</i> (<a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gambling</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Usury" title="Usury">usury</a>)</li></ul> <p>They have two main concerns about conventional insurance: </p> <ol><li>The uncertainty "if and when the insured event will take place and, if it does take place, what would be the relationship of compensation to the insurance premium paid". (What if the holder of collision insurance policy never has a motor vehicle accident? they lose and the insurance company wins. Regarding life insurance, everyone dies, but what if the death occurs after the first payment of a premium for life insurance? they win and the insurance company loses.)<sup id="cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:402_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIWWIE2013:402-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "makes the insurance business similar to gambling, where the gambler does not know the fate of the game". Thus, uncertainty in the conventional insurance business "is excessive and borders on prohibited gharar".<sup id="cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:402_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIWWIE2013:402-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Insurance companies invest surplus funds on the basis of interest and pay out a part of such earnings to policyholders as bonuses." According to the 'orthodox interpretation', this is riba.<sup id="cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:402_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIWWIE2013:402-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>According to Jamal Zarabozo, the majority of modern Muslim such as scholars from Islamic Fiqh Council of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>, the Board of the Leading Scholars of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, the Fiqh Council of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> under the auspices of <a href="/wiki/Muslim_World_League" title="Muslim World League">Muslim World League</a>, Siddiq ad-Dharir, <a href="/wiki/Wahbah_al-Zuhayli" title="Wahbah al-Zuhayli">Wahbah al-Zuhayli</a>, Muhammad Mustafa as-Sinqithi, Salaah al-Saawi, Abdullah al-Muslih, Sulaiman Thunayaan, Ali Abu al-Basl, Abdur Rawf al-Shaadhili, Faisal Maulawi, Mohammad Muslehuddin, Afzalur Rahman, and numerous other respected scholars and jurists were unanimously agree that commercial insurance were forbidden.<sup id="cite_ref-Zarabozo_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zarabozo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defense_of_conventional_insurance">Defense of conventional insurance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takaful&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Defense of conventional insurance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A minority of Islamic scholars argue that insurance is not like gambling because in gambling, no risk is covered and no damage is mitigated. The gamblers play a game of chance for entertainment and profit in which they can win or lose, based on a conscious decision.<sup id="cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:403_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIWWIE2013:403-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FJIFD2012:295_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FJIFD2012:295-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insurance provides coverage for events out of the insured policyholder's control. When the policyholder collects a payout, they are not a winner, but a loser who at least has some compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-FJIFD2012:295_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FJIFD2012:295-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, while insurance involves uncertainty, "statistical techniques and actuarial sciences have progressed to a stage where the insurance company can calculate its risks and benefits with great precision," so that the uncertainty involved in insurance can scarcely be called excessive in normal circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:403_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIWWIE2013:403-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scriptural_basis">Scriptural basis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takaful&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scriptural basis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Islamic scholars supporting takaful point to Qur'an <sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D5%3Averse%3D2">5:2</a>]</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several sayings (<a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>) of the Islam prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. Some examples are: </p> <dl><dt>Qur'an</dt></dl> <p><i>Basis of Co-operation</i>: Help one another in <i>al-Birr</i> and in <i>al-Taqwa</i> (both: virtue, righteousness and piety), but do not help one another in sin and transgression. (<a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27ida" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ma'ida">Sūrat al-Māʼidah</a>, Verse 2)<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D5%3Averse%3D2">5:2</a>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-proof_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proof-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dt>Hadith</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> will always help his servant for as long as he helps others. (Narratives by Imam <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a> and Imam Abu Daud.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Basis of Responsibility</i>: The place of relationships and feelings of people with faith, between each other, is just like the body; when one of its parts is afflicted with pain, then the rest of the body will be affected. (Narratives by Imam al-<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Bukhari" title="Muhammad al-Bukhari">Bukhari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imam_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Muslim">Imam Muslim</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FIB-2011-190_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIB-2011-190-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>One true Muslim (<i><a href="/wiki/Mu%27min" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'min">Mu’min</a></i>) and another true Muslim are like a building, whereby every part in it strengthens the other part. (Narratives by Imam al-<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Bukhari" title="Muhammad al-Bukhari">Bukhari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imam_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Muslim">Imam Muslim</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-DHO_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHO-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Basis of Mutual Protection</i>: By my life (which is in God's power), nobody will enter <a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Paradise</a> if he does not protect his neighbour who is in distress. (Narrative of Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal.)<sup id="cite_ref-IESME-2017-15_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IESME-2017-15-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The fundamentals underlying takaful are very similar to co-operative and mutual principles, to the extent that the co-operative and mutual model is one that is accepted under Islamic law.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_&_models"><span id="History_.26_models"></span>History & models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takaful&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History & models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of takaful has reportedly been practised in various forms since 622 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-PfEoTit21C_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PfEoTit21C-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first practitioner of Takaful were known as Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, companion of the prophet, as this practice were allowed according to classical scholar consensus, such as Ibn Taymiyyah in his <a href="/w/index.php?title=Majmu_Fatawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majmu Fatawa (page does not exist)">Majmu Fatawa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ensiklopedi_Ijma'_Ibnu_Taimiyyah2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ensiklopedi_Ijma'_Ibnu_Taimiyyah2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, Takaful were regarded as technically as zero interests banking with fundraising business model.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the eyes of scholars and researchers, al-Zubair <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a> of Tafakul has become serious object of study by scholars of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic institutions</a> regarding the conduct and ethics in business in accordance of Islamic <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a>, such as Dr Erwandi Tarmizi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarmizi2017242_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarmizi2017242-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Modern researchers of Islamic banking,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Harbi2017331-350_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Harbi2017331-350-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Islamic financing theorists,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailuYatoo2021_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailuYatoo2021-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has delved the business aspect of Zubayr during his lifetime as rolemodel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Harbi2017331-350_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Harbi2017331-350-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailuYatoo2021_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailuYatoo2021-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the principles of az-Zubayr business were the <a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">ethics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fundraising" title="Fundraising">Fundraising</a> based business according to <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELateh201646_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELateh201646-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of fundraising business consisted of Zubayr practice of accepting safety deposits as a <a href="/wiki/Loan" title="Loan">loan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investing</a> the <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaraoğlu20204l_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaraoğlu20204l-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEمنان2020_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEمنان2020-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> without accepting <a href="/wiki/Interest" title="Interest">interest</a> as <a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">profit</a> of the business, which regarded as <a href="/wiki/Usury" title="Usury">usury</a> in Islam teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaroni20071_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaroni20071-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Ali Ahmad Salih, professor of <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_University_(Jordan)" title="Middle East University (Jordan)">Middle East University in Jordan</a>, this fundraising Takaful business of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam were centered in Medina with its branches spread in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, Kufa and Basra.<sup id="cite_ref-Ihab_Abdul_Khaliq_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ihab_Abdul_Khaliq-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ali Ahmad Salih pointed out the evidences based on the records of <a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_Urwah" title="Hisham ibn Urwah">Hisham ibn Urwah</a> narration in Tabaqat al Kubra which written by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27d" title="Ibn Sa'd">Ibn Sa'd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ihab_Abdul_Khaliq_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ihab_Abdul_Khaliq-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> era, such Islamic banking system were apparent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Harbi20151_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Harbi20151-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there were even one business center named <i>Dar-uz Zubayr</i> in Basra that accept any <a href="/wiki/Deposits" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposits">deposits</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zafarul_Islam_Islahi" title="Zafarul Islam Islahi">Zafarul Islam</a> theorized in his <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Academic journal</a> released by <a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Muslim_University" title="Aligarh Muslim University">Aligarh Muslim University</a>, that the deposit center were named after Zubayr ibn al-Awwam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIslam1984783_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIslam1984783-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, modern day Pakistani Islamic business theorist, Zubair Mughal, has further observed the model of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam practice of Tafakul to avoid the <a href="/wiki/Gharar" title="Gharar">Gharar</a> (risky business), gambling, and Riba, which all forbidden by Islamic law.<sup id="cite_ref-Muhammad_Zubair_Mughal_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muhammad_Zubair_Mughal-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takaful&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muslim jurists acknowledge that the basis of shared responsibility (in the system of <i>aquila</i> as practised between the Muslims of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>) laid the foundation of mutual insurance. "In the case of insurance, as with commercial banks, orthodox opinion prevailed," and with "a consensus among Muslim scholars" about the legitimacy of takaful and the illegitimacy of conventional insurance, the "movement for Islamizing the contemporary insurance business" started around the mid-1970s. In 1976, a fatwa was issued by the Higher Council of Saudi Arabia "in favor of an Islamic model" of insurance.<sup id="cite_ref-PfEoTit21C_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PfEoTit21C-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Islamic_Fiqh_Academy,_Jeddah" class="mw-redirect" title="International Islamic Fiqh Academy, Jeddah">International Islamic Fiqh Academy, Jeddah</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> also approved takaful as a legitimate form of business in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-EY-WTR-2008_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EY-WTR-2008-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:403_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIWWIE2013:403-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Islamic Insurance Company of Sudan started as the first takaful company in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-IFDCS_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFDCS-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-1990s, there were seven takaful companies in Sudan, Dubai, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Jordan.<sup id="cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:408_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIWWIE2013:408-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The industry grew from $1.384 billion in 2004 to $5.318 billion in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 2011, total takaful contributions amounted to $12 billion (as compared to $4 trillion for conventional insurance).<sup id="cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:408_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIWWIE2013:408-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, there were 82 companies around the world engaged in takaful business (77 dedicated takaful companies, and five "offering takaful products" from "Islamic windows").<sup id="cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:408_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIWWIE2013:408-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2006, there were 133.<sup id="cite_ref-EY-WTR-2008_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EY-WTR-2008-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with the traditional forms of insurance, reinsurance of a takaful operation may be used, known as "retakaful".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2006, <a href="/wiki/American_International_Group" title="American International Group">AIG</a>, a non-Muslim US-based company (with more than 88 million customers in 130 countries), established a takaful subsidiary called AIG Takaful Enaya, headquartered in Bahrain.<sup id="cite_ref-FJIFD2012:302_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FJIFD2012:302-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2013 the leading takaful countries are "Malaysia and the Gulf states".<sup id="cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:408_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIWWIE2013:408-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reported in 2016 that out of total 308 takaful companies, 93 are takaful windows; however, these takaful windows own only 2.5% of the total takaful assets.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Models">Models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takaful&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several models (and several variations) of how takaful can be implemented: </p> <ul><li><i>Mudharabah</i> model (profit-sharing): the managers (shareholders) are sharing profit and losses with the policyholders; used initially in Far East.</li> <li><i>Tabarru'</i>-based: "donations" (<i>Tabarru'</i>), i.e. premiums, are accumulated into a fund to meet members' losses. Members are not allowed to take back any contributions or profits from investments.<sup id="cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:405_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIWWIE2013:405-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A combination of <i>Tabarru'</i> and <i>Mudharabah</i>: Bahrain, UAE and Middle East countries.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wakala" class="mw-redirect" title="Wakala">Wakala</a></i> model: agency fee, received up front from the contributors and transferred to shareholders fund.</li> <li><i>Al Waqf</i>-based model: Waqf is a distinct entity and a legal person. According to one critic, "except for names and terms, the essence" of both <i>Al Waqf</i> takaful and conventional insurance is the same, and as a consequence this structure "has come under a lot of criticism from Shari'ah scholars".<sup id="cite_ref-concepts-63-4_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-concepts-63-4-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mainly used in Pakistan and South Africa.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Mudharabah_model_(profit-sharing)"><span id="The_Mudharabah_model_.28profit-sharing.29"></span>The <i>Mudharabah</i> model (profit-sharing)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takaful&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Mudharabah model (profit-sharing)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to this principle the <i>al-Mudharib</i> (takaful operator) accepts payment of the takaful installments or takaful contributions (<a href="/wiki/Insurance_premium" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurance premium">premiums</a>, known as <i>ra's-ul-mal</i>) from investors or providers of capital or funds (takaful participants), acting as <i>sahib-ul-mal</i>. The contract specifies how the <a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">profits</a> (or surplus) from the operations of the takaful is to be shared in accordance with the principle of <i>al-mudharabah</i> between the participants (as providers of capital) and the takaful operator. The sharing of such profit may be in a ratio of 50:50, 60:40, 70:30 and so forth, as mutually agreed between the contracting parties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to eliminate the element of uncertainty in the takaful contract, the concept of <i>tabarru'</i> ("to donate, contribute, or give away") is incorporated. Relating to this concept, a participant agrees to relinquish (as <i>tabarru'</i>) a certain proportion of his takaful installments (or contributions) that he agrees or undertakes to pay, should any of his fellow participants suffer a defined loss. This agreement enables him to fulfill his obligation of mutual help and joint guarantee.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In essence, <i>tabarru'</i> enables participants to perform their deeds in assisting fellow participants who might suffer a loss or damage due to a catastrophe or disaster. The sharing of profit (or surplus) that may emerge from the operations of a takaful is made only after the obligation of assisting the fellow participants has been fulfilled. It is imperative, therefore, for a takaful operator to maintain adequate assets of the defined funds under its care whilst striving prudently to ensure the funds are sufficiently protected against over-exposure. Therefore, the provision of insurance coverage is in conformity with Shariah based on the Islamic principles of <i>al-takaful</i> and <i>al-mudharabah</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>Al-mudharabah</i> is the commercial <a href="/wiki/Profit-sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Profit-sharing">profit-sharing</a> contract between the provider or providers of funds for a business venture and the entrepreneur who actually conducts the business. The operation of a takaful may thus be envisaged as the profit-sharing business venture between the takaful operator and the individual members of a group of participants who desire to reciprocally guarantee each other against a certain loss or damage that may be inflicted upon any one of them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takaful&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One complaint made against (most) takaful (by Muhammad Akram Khan) is that despite the talk of solidarity, (most) takaful-holders "do not have any 'voice'" in the management of the takaful. The "TO (takaful operator) makes all the crucial decisions, such as rate of premium, risk strategy, asset management and allocation of surpluses and profits". The shareholders of the TO, and "not the takaful-holders, appoint and dismiss managers of the takaful".<sup id="cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:409_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIWWIE2013:409-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Mahmud El-Gamal complains that "even companies that use the term <i>takaful ta'āwun</i> (cooperative mutual guarantee or insurance) are structured with stockholder rather than policyholder ownership", despite the 9/2 ruling of the <a href="/wiki/International_Islamic_Fiqh_Academy,_Jeddah" class="mw-redirect" title="International Islamic Fiqh Academy, Jeddah">International Islamic Fiqh Academy</a> that permitted insurance as "cooperative insurance, built on the principles of voluntary contribution (tabarru') and mutual cooperation".<sup id="cite_ref-MeGIFLEP2006:170_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeGIFLEP2006:170-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exception to this state of affairs can be found in Sudan, where the takaful-holders have more say in the management of the takaful business.<sup id="cite_ref-concepts-63-4_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-concepts-63-4-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Whether takaful is significantly different from conventional insurance has been questioned. Islamic economist <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Najatuallah_Siddiqui" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Najatuallah Siddiqui">Mohammad Najatuallah Siddiqui</a> writes that: </p><blockquote><p> "The form of organization chosen to take advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_large_numbers" title="Law of large numbers">law of large numbers</a> does not change the reality. We can make insurance a not-for-profit activity (provided we can ensure efficient management), but it does not change the essential nature of what is being done."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to Rakaan Kayali, the fact that benefits for the takaful members are distributed as funds allow, rather than defined by the policy, may lead to conflict among members—if, for example, one member's claim uses up takaful funds so that another member with an equally valid claim a short time later is not compensated, or not compensated in full.<sup id="cite_ref-kayali_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kayali-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (August 2016)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Additionally, there has been doubt cast on the legitimacy of claiming that takaful participants are making "donations". This is because the word "donations" implies giving with no expectation of worldly return. This is clearly not the case with takaful participants who are seeking insurance.<sup id="cite_ref-kayali_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kayali-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (August 2016)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takaful&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takaful&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ISLAMIC INSURANCE THEORY and PRACTICE states: `All legal evidence permits Cooperative Insurance, as God says in the Holy Quran, "Cooperate for good and pious deeds and do not cooperate to do evil and aggression."`<sup id="cite_ref-mulhim_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mulhim-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But does not specifically cite <sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D5%3Averse%3D2">5:2</a>]</sup>. Shakir translates part of <sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D5%3Averse%3D2">5:2</a>]</sup> as "and help one another in goodness and piety, and do not help one another in sin and aggression;"<sup id="cite_ref-corpus_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corpus-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takaful&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WIWWIE2013:403-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:403_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:403_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:403_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:403_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#WIWWIE2013">Khan, <i>What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics?</i>, 2013</a>: p.403</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WIWWIE2013:402-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:402_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:402_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:402_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:402_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:402_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#WIWWIE2013">Khan, <i>What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics?</i>, 2013</a>: p.402</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ajmal Bhatty, President & Chief Executive Officer, Tokio Marine Middle East, Takaful Summit 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifsb.org/download.php?id=5231&lang=English&pg=/sec03.php">"Islamic Financial Services Industry Stability Report 2019, Page 10"</a>. <i>Islamic Financial Services Board</i>. July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Financial+Services+Board&rft.atitle=Islamic+Financial+Services+Industry+Stability+Report+2019%2C+Page+10&rft.date=2019-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifsb.org%2Fdownload.php%3Fid%3D5231%26lang%3DEnglish%26pg%3D%2Fsec03.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATakaful" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PfEoTit21C-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PfEoTit21C_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PfEoTit21C_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PfEoTit21C_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmar_Fisher_and_Dawood_Y.Taylor2000" class="citation web cs1">Omar Fisher and Dawood Y.Taylor (April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802012313/http://ifpprogram.com/login/view_pdf/?file=Prospects%20for%20the%20Evolution%20of%20Takaful%20in%20the%2021st%20Century.pdf&type=Project_Publication">"Prospects for Evolution of Takaful in the 21st Century: Origins of Takaful"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/President_and_Fellows_of_Harvard_College" title="President and Fellows of Harvard College">President and Fellows of Harvard College</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ifpprogram.com/login/view_pdf/?file=Prospects%20for%20the%20Evolution%20of%20Takaful%20in%20the%2021st%20Century.pdf&type=Project_Publication">the original</a> on 2020-08-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=President+and+Fellows+of+Harvard+College&rft.atitle=Prospects+for+Evolution+of+Takaful+in+the+21st+Century%3A+Origins+of+Takaful&rft.date=2000-04&rft.au=Omar+Fisher+and+Dawood+Y.Taylor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fifpprogram.com%2Flogin%2Fview_pdf%2F%3Ffile%3DProspects%2520for%2520the%2520Evolution%2520of%2520Takaful%2520in%2520the%252021st%2520Century.pdf%26type%3DProject_Publication&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATakaful" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WIWWIE2013:410-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:410_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#WIWWIE2013">Khan, <i>What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics?</i>, 2013</a>: p.410</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coop-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coop_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coop_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coop_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coop_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coop_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coop_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161013101519/http://www.takaful.coop/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2&Itemid=111">"About Takaful Insurance"</a>. <i>takaful.coop</i>. International Cooperative and Mutual Insurance Federation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.takaful.coop/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2&Itemid=111">the original</a> on 13 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=takaful.coop&rft.atitle=About+Takaful+Insurance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.takaful.coop%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D2%26Itemid%3D111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATakaful" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uaelaws.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/resolutions-and-recommendations-of-the-council-of-the-islamic-fiqh-academy.pdf">"RESOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Of THE COUNCIL OF THE ISLAMIC FIQH ACADEMY 1985- 2000"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>uaelaws.files</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uaelaws.files&rft.atitle=RESOLUTIONS+AND+RECOMMENDATIONS+Of+THE+COUNCIL+OF+THE+ISLAMIC+FIQH+ACADEMY+1985-+2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuaelaws.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F05%2Fresolutions-and-recommendations-of-the-council-of-the-islamic-fiqh-academy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATakaful" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MeGIFLEP2006:147-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MeGIFLEP2006:147_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Murabaha#MeGIFLEP2006" title="Murabaha">El-Gamal, <i>Islamic Finance</i>, 2006</a>: p.147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="MeGIFLEP2006" class="citation book cs1">el-Gamal, Mahmoud A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403160351/http://iugc.yolasite.com/resources/Reference%20Book%2004%20-%20Islamic%20finance,%20law%20economics%20and%20practice,%20M.%20El%20Gamal.pdf"><i>Islamic Finance : Law, Economics, and Practice</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York, NY: Cambridge. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521864145" title="Special:BookSources/9780521864145"><bdi>9780521864145</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iugc.yolasite.com/resources/Reference%20Book%2004%20-%20Islamic%20finance,%20law%20economics%20and%20practice,%20M.%20El%20Gamal.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-04-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Zarabozo, Jamaal al-Din (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.net/10449026-The-question-of-insurance-outside-of-the-lands-of-islam.html">"The Question of Insurance Outside of the "Lands of Islam"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Doc Player</i>. JamaalZarabozo.com. p. 16<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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ZULKIFLI HASAN"</a> (Dr.). Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2021</span>. <q>المدينة وفروعه متعددة كالإسكندرية ، والكوفة ، والبصرة ؛ مستدلا بذلك بما جاء في الطبقات الكبرى لابن سعد ، " عن عروة قال : كان للزبير بمصر خطط</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A9%3A+%D8%B1%D8%A4%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A9&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Al+Manhal&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9796500450896&rft.aulast=Abdul+Khaliq&rft.aufirst=Ihab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4yM3EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATakaful" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Harbi20151-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Harbi20151_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAl-Harbi2015">Al-Harbi 2015</a>, p. 1.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFAl-Harbi2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIslam1984783-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIslam1984783_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIslam1984">Islam 1984</a>, p. 783.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFIslam1984 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muhammad_Zubair_Mughal-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Muhammad_Zubair_Mughal_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZubair_Mughal" class="citation journal cs1">Zubair Mughal, Muhammad. "Takaful cover for Ijarah & Muharaba". al Huda center. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108654241.008">10.1017/9781108654241.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243249574">243249574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Takaful+cover+for+Ijarah+%26+Muharaba&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108654241.008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243249574%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zubair+Mughal&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATakaful" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EY-WTR-2008-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EY-WTR-2008_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EY-WTR-2008_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernst & Young, World Takaful Report 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IFDCS-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IFDCS_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamaldeen" class="citation web cs1">Jamaldeen, Faleel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/islamic-finance-for-dummies-cheat-sheet.html">"Key Sharia Principles and Prohibitions in Islamic Finance"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+Sharia+Principles+and+Prohibitions+in+Islamic+Finance&rft.aulast=Jamaldeen&rft.aufirst=Faleel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dummies.com%2Fhow-to%2Fcontent%2Fislamic-finance-for-dummies-cheat-sheet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATakaful" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WIWWIE2013:408-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:408_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:408_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:408_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:408_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#WIWWIE2013">Khan, <i>What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics?</i>, 2013</a>: p.408</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernst & Young, <i>World Takaful Report</i> 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bnm.gov.my/guidelines/06_others/Concept%20Paper%20-%20Guidelines%20on%20Takaful%20Operational%20Framework.pdf">"Concept Paper – Guidelines on Takaful Operational Framework"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Bank_Negara_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank Negara Malaysia">Bank Negara Malaysia</a>. 2009-12-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concept+Paper+%E2%80%93+Guidelines+on+Takaful+Operational+Framework&rft.pub=Bank+Negara+Malaysia&rft.date=2009-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnm.gov.my%2Fguidelines%2F06_others%2FConcept%2520Paper%2520-%2520Guidelines%2520on%2520Takaful%2520Operational%2520Framework.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATakaful" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FJIFD2012:302-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FJIFD2012:302_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#FJIFD2012">Jamaldeen, <i>Islamic Finance For Dummies</i>, 2012</a>: p.302</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220210082707/http://www.takafulprimer.com/main/downloads/ms_5860.pdf">"WORLD TAKAFUL REPORT 2016"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.takafulprimer.com/main/downloads/ms_5860.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2022-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WORLD+TAKAFUL+REPORT+2016&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.takafulprimer.com%2Fmain%2Fdownloads%2Fms_5860.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATakaful" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WIWWIE2013:405-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:405_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#WIWWIE2013">Khan, <i>What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics?</i>, 2013</a>: p.405</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-concepts-63-4-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-concepts-63-4_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-concepts-63-4_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcherAbdel_KarimNienhaus2009" class="citation book cs1">Archer, Simon; Abdel Karim, Riffat Ahmed; Nienhaus, Volker (2009). <i>Takaful Islamic insurance: Concepts and regulatory issues</i>. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons (Asia). pp. 63–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Takaful+Islamic+insurance%3A+Concepts+and+regulatory+issues&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=63-4&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+%28Asia%29&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Abdel+Karim%2C+Riffat+Ahmed&rft.au=Nienhaus%2C+Volker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATakaful" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahbubi_Ali" class="citation web cs1">Mahbubi Ali, Mohammad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrjournal.org/icr/index.php/icr/article/download/582/542/Cached">"TAKAFUL MODELS: THEIR EVOLUTION AND FUTURE DIRECTION"</a>. <i>icr journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=icr+journal&rft.atitle=TAKAFUL+MODELS%3A+THEIR+EVOLUTION+AND+FUTURE+DIRECTION&rft.aulast=Mahbubi+Ali&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrjournal.org%2Ficr%2Findex.php%2Ficr%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F582%2F542%2FCached&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATakaful" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WIWWIE2013:409-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WIWWIE2013:409_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#WIWWIE2013">Khan, <i>What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics?</i>, 2013</a>: p.409</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MeGIFLEP2006:170-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MeGIFLEP2006:170_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Murabaha#MeGIFLEP2006" title="Murabaha">El-Gamal, <i>Islamic Finance</i>, 2006</a>: p.170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siddiqui, Mohammad Najatuallah "Islamic banking and finance in theory and practice: A survey of the state of the art." <i>Islamic Economic Studies</i>, 13 (2) (February): 1-48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kayali-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kayali_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kayali_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKayali2016" class="citation web cs1">Kayali, Rakaan (2016-01-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foundationsforislamiceconomics.wordpress.com/2016/01/15/the-true-difference-between-takaful-and-insurance/">"The True Difference Between Takaful and Insurance"</a>. <i>Practical Islamic Finance</i>. wordpress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Practical+Islamic+Finance&rft.atitle=The+True+Difference+Between+Takaful+and+Insurance&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft.aulast=Kayali&rft.aufirst=Rakaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffoundationsforislamiceconomics.wordpress.com%2F2016%2F01%2F15%2Fthe-true-difference-between-takaful-and-insurance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATakaful" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books,_documents,_journal_articles"><span id="Books.2C_documents.2C_journal_articles"></span>Books, documents, journal articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takaful&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Books, documents, journal articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="MeGIFLEP2006" class="citation book cs1">el-Gamal, Mahmoud A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403160351/http://iugc.yolasite.com/resources/Reference%20Book%2004%20-%20Islamic%20finance,%20law%20economics%20and%20practice,%20M.%20El%20Gamal.pdf"><i>Islamic Finance : Law, Economics, and Practice</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York, NY: Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521864145" title="Special:BookSources/9780521864145"><bdi>9780521864145</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iugc.yolasite.com/resources/Reference%20Book%2004%20-%20Islamic%20finance,%20law%20economics%20and%20practice,%20M.%20El%20Gamal.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-04-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Finance+%3A+Law%2C+Economics%2C+and+Practice&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521864145&rft.aulast=el-Gamal&rft.aufirst=Mahmoud+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiugc.yolasite.com%2Fresources%2FReference%2520Book%252004%2520-%2520Islamic%2520finance%2C%2520law%2520economics%2520and%2520practice%2C%2520M.%2520El%2520Gamal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATakaful" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="FJIFD2012" class="citation book cs1">Jamaldeen, Faleel (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T7ImTjBd1gQC&q=islamic+finance+for+dummies"><i>Islamic Finance For Dummies</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118233900" title="Special:BookSources/9781118233900"><bdi>9781118233900</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Finance+For+Dummies&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781118233900&rft.aulast=Jamaldeen&rft.aufirst=Faleel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT7ImTjBd1gQC%26q%3Dislamic%2Bfinance%2Bfor%2Bdummies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATakaful" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="WIWWIE2013" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Muhammad Akram (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fr36Gd1X_rcC&q=khan+sum+up+the+modernist+interpretation&pg=PA178"><i>What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics?: Analysing the Present State and Future Agenda</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782544159" title="Special:BookSources/9781782544159"><bdi>9781782544159</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Is+Wrong+with+Islamic+Economics%3F%3A+Analysing+the+Present+State+and+Future+Agenda&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781782544159&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Akram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFr36Gd1X_rcC%26q%3Dkhan%2Bsum%2Bup%2Bthe%2Bmodernist%2Binterpretation%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATakaful" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Harbi2017" class="citation journal cs1">Al-Harbi, A. T. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IMEFM-12-2015-0161/full/html">"Determinants of Islamic banks' profitability: international evidence"</a>. <i>International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 331–350. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FIMEFM-12-2015-0161">10.1108/IMEFM-12-2015-0161</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Islamic+and+Middle+Eastern+Finance+and+Management&rft.atitle=Determinants+of+Islamic+banks%27+profitability%3A+international+evidence&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=331-350&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FIMEFM-12-2015-0161&rft.aulast=Al-Harbi&rft.aufirst=A.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2FIMEFM-12-2015-0161%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATakaful" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarmizi2017" class="citation book cs1">Tarmizi, Erwandi (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ylRhDgAAQBAJ"><i>Haram Wealth in Contemporary Muamalah</i></a> (English ed.). Indonesia: PT Erwandi Tarmizi Konsultan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786021974209" title="Special:BookSources/9786021974209"><bdi>9786021974209</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haram+Wealth+in+Contemporary+Muamalah&rft.place=Indonesia&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=PT+Erwandi+Tarmizi+Konsultan&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9786021974209&rft.aulast=Tarmizi&rft.aufirst=Erwandi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DylRhDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATakaful" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaroni2007" class="citation journal cs1">Zaroni, Akhmad Nur (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211111194624/https://journal.iain-samarinda.ac.id/index.php/mazahib/article/view/516">"Gharar Transactions (Tinjauan terhadap Proses dan Obyek Transaksi Jual Beli)"</a> [Jual Beli Gharar (Overview of the Process and Object of the Sale and Purchase Transaction)]. <i>Mahazib Jurnal Pemikiran Islam</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.iain-samarinda.ac.id/index.php/mazahib/article/view/516">the original</a> on 11 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Islamic+Banking+and+Finance+Research&rft.atitle=Islamic+Finance+in+Ethiopia%3A+Current+Status%2C+Prospects+and+Challenges&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-18&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.46281%2Fijibfr.v6i1.1317&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240627919%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hailu&rft.aufirst=Suadiq+Mehammed&rft.au=Yatoo%2C+Nissar+Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cribfb.com%2Fjournal%2Findex.php%2Fijibfr%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATakaful" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal_Bushi2019" class="citation book cs1">al Bushi, Abdullah bin Mubarak (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YTq2DwAAQBAJ"><i>Ensiklopedi Ijma' Syaikhul Islam Ibnu Taimiyah</i></a>. Darul Falah. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786029208078" title="Special:BookSources/9786029208078"><bdi>9786029208078</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ensiklopedi+Ijma%27+Syaikhul+Islam+Ibnu+Taimiyah&rft.pub=Darul+Falah&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9786029208078&rft.aulast=al+Bushi&rft.aufirst=Abdullah+bin+Mubarak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYTq2DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATakaful" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaraoğlu2020" class="citation journal cs1">Karaoğlu, Ömer (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/beyder/issue/55730/689910">"An Overview of the Financial History of Muslims"</a>. <i>Journal of Knowledge Economy and Knowledge Management</i>. <b>15</b> (1)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Knowledge+Economy+and+Knowledge+Management&rft.atitle=An+Overview+of+the+Financial+History+of+Muslims&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Karao%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=%C3%96mer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Fen%2Fpub%2Fbeyder%2Fissue%2F55730%2F689910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATakaful" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFمنان2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">منان, عتاب (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ekb.eg/article_106078.html">"مقارنة الأداء المالي للمصارف الإسلامية والتقليدية في الأسواق الناشئة (بالغة الانجليزية"</a> [Comparing the financial performance of Islamic and conventional banks in emerging markets (in English)]. <i>مجلة الاسکندرية للبحوث المحاسبية (مجلة الاسکندرية للبحوث المحاسبية)</i> (in Arabic). <b>4</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21608%2Faljalexu.2020.106078">10.21608/aljalexu.2020.106078</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225896422">225896422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9+%28%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9%29&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A+%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A6%D8%A9+%28%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21608%2Faljalexu.2020.106078&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225896422%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86&rft.aufirst=%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ekb.eg%2Farticle_106078.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATakaful" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLateh2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lateh, Bukhoree (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/ijni/article/view/1184">"Multiple Contracts According to the Fatwa of National Sharia Council"</a>. <i>International Journal of Nusantara Islam</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 41–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15575%2Fijni.v4i1.1184">10.15575/ijni.v4i1.1184</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Nusantara+Islam&rft.atitle=Multiple+Contracts+According+to+the+Fatwa+of+National+Sharia+Council&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-48&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15575%2Fijni.v4i1.1184&rft.aulast=Lateh&rft.aufirst=Bukhoree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.uinsgd.ac.id%2Findex.php%2Fijni%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATakaful" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takaful&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Takaful" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Takaful">Takaful</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <p>Chakib Abouzaid: Presentation of the World Islamic Insurance Directory at the World Takaful Conference (2006/07/08/09/10/11/12) www.takaful-re.ae </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Template:Islamic banking and finance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Template talk:Islamic banking and finance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic banking and finance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_banking_and_finance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Islamic banking and finance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance#Islamic_financial_transaction_terminology" title="Islamic banking and finance">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance#Aqad" title="Islamic banking and finance">Aqad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance#Bai'_al_'inah_(sale_and_buy-back_agreement)" title="Islamic banking and finance">Bai' al 'Inah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance#Bai'_bithaman_ajil_(deferred_payment_sale)" title="Islamic banking and finance">Bai' Bithaman Ajil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance#Bai'_muajjal_(credit_sale)" title="Islamic banking and finance">Bai' Muajjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Salam" title="Bai Salam">Bai Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gharar" title="Gharar">Gharar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance#Hibah_(gift)" title="Islamic banking and finance">Hibah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijarah" title="Ijarah">Ijarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance#Istisna" title="Islamic banking and finance">Istisna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muamalat" class="mw-redirect" title="Muamalat">Muamalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_and_loss_sharing" title="Profit and loss sharing">Mudaraba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance#Musawamah" title="Islamic banking and finance">Musawamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musharaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Musharaka">Musharaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qard_al-Hasan" title="Qard al-Hasan">Qard al-Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qirad" title="Qirad">Qirad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia_and_securities_trading" title="Sharia and securities trading">Securities trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia_investments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia investments">Sharia investments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Takaful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance#Tawarruq" title="Islamic banking and finance">Tawarruq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance#Wadiah_(safekeeping)" title="Islamic banking and finance">Wadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance#Wakalah_(power_of_attorney)" title="Islamic banking and finance">Wakalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Waqf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">Dinar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">Dirham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fals" title="Fals">Fals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">Gold dinar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithqal" title="Mithqal">Mithqal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_gold_dinar" title="Modern gold dinar">Modern gold dinar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Azim_Islahi" title="Abdul Azim Islahi">Abdul Azim Islahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Najatuallah_Siddiqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Najatuallah Siddiqi">Mohammad Najatuallah Siddiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Taqi_Usmani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Taqi Usmani">Muhammad Taqi Usmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusni_Hassan" title="Rusni Hassan">Rusni Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umer_Chapra" title="Umer Chapra">Umer Chapra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waleed_El-Ansary" title="Waleed El-Ansary">Waleed El-Ansary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_Arab_world" title="List of banks in the Arab world">Banks in the Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_banking" title="Participation banking">Participation banking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Iqtisaduna" title="Iqtisaduna">Iqtisaduna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_System_In_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="The Economic System In Islam">The Economic System In Islam</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span style="font-size:85%;">The bloc known as the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC) are nations which officially recognize Islam politically.</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_topics" title="Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_topics" title="Template talk:Islam topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Islam" title="Outline of Islam">Outline of Islam</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revelation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holiest sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Timeline of the history of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate"><i>Rashidun</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span>Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Relationship_with_Muslims" title="Druze">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">Cultural Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" title="Nursing in Islam">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Insurance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Insurance" title="Template:Insurance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Insurance" title="Template talk:Insurance"><abbr title="Discuss this 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href="/wiki/Accidental_death_and_dismemberment_insurance" title="Accidental death and dismemberment insurance">Accidental death and dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_insurance" title="Dental insurance">Dental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_insurance" title="Disability insurance">Disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Total_permanent_disability_insurance" title="Total permanent disability insurance">Total permanent disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_overhead_expense_disability_insurance" title="Business overhead expense disability insurance">Business overhead expense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_protection_insurance" title="Income protection insurance">Income protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_care_insurance" title="Long-term care insurance">Long-term care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">National health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payment_protection_insurance" title="Payment protection insurance">Payment protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_insurance" title="Life insurance">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longevity_insurance" title="Longevity insurance">Longevity insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_life_insurance" title="Mortgage life insurance">Mortgage life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_life_insurance" title="Term life insurance">Term life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitised_insurance_fund" title="Unitised insurance fund">Unitised fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_life_insurance" title="Universal life insurance">Universal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_universal_life_insurance" title="Variable universal life insurance">Variable universal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_life_insurance" title="Whole life insurance">Whole life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bond_insurance" title="Bond insurance">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_interruption_insurance" title="Business interruption insurance">Business interruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_owner%27s_policy" title="Business owner's policy">Business owner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_protection_insurance" title="Collateral protection insurance">Collateral protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directors_and_officers_liability_insurance" title="Directors and officers liability insurance">Directors and officers liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity_bond" title="Fidelity bond">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-redemption_insurance" title="Over-redemption insurance">Over-redemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payment_protection_insurance" title="Payment protection insurance">Payment protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_insurance" title="Pollution insurance">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_liability_insurance" title="Professional liability insurance">Professional liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_and_indemnity_insurance" title="Protection and indemnity insurance">Protection and indemnity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surety" title="Surety">Surety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_credit_insurance" title="Trade credit insurance">Trade credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_insurance" title="Umbrella insurance">Umbrella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiler insurance">Boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Builder%27s_risk_insurance" title="Builder's risk insurance">Builder's risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contents_insurance" title="Contents insurance">Contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_insurance" title="Earthquake insurance">Earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_insurance" title="Flood insurance">Flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_insurance" title="Home insurance">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landlords%27_insurance" title="Landlords' insurance">Landlords'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenders_mortgage_insurance" title="Lenders mortgage insurance">Lenders mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_insurance" title="Mortgage insurance">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_insurance" title="Property insurance">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renters%27_insurance" title="Renters' insurance">Renters'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_insurance" title="Title insurance">Title</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport/<br />Communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_insurance" title="Aviation insurance">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAP_insurance" title="GAP insurance">GAP insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_marine_insurance" title="Inland marine insurance">Inland marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_auto_insurance" title="Public auto insurance">Public auto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_insurance" title="Marine insurance">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_insurance" title="Satellite insurance">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_insurance" title="Shipping insurance">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_insurance" title="Travel insurance">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_insurance" title="Vehicle insurance">Vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance" title="Reinsurance">Reinsurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_bond" title="Catastrophe bond">Catastrophe bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance-linked_security" title="Insurance-linked security">Insurance-linked securities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualty_insurance" title="Casualty insurance">Casualty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance#Casualty_insurance" title="Insurance">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_insurance" title="Crop insurance">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophic_crop_insurance" title="Catastrophic crop insurance">Catastrophic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-peril_crop_insurance" title="Multi-peril crop insurance">Multi-peril</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_insurance" title="Cyber insurance">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_insurance" title="Deposit insurance">Deposit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expatriate_insurance" title="Expatriate insurance">Expatriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_warranty" title="Extended warranty">Extended warranty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_insurance" title="Group insurance">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index-based_insurance" title="Index-based insurance">Index-based</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parametric_insurance" title="Parametric insurance">Parametric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_rate_insurance" title="Interest rate insurance">Interest rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnap_and_ransom_insurance" title="Kidnap and ransom insurance">Kidnap and ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_expenses_insurance" title="Legal expenses insurance">Legal expenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liability_insurance" title="Liability insurance">Liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-fault_insurance" title="No-fault insurance">No-fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet_insurance" title="Pet insurance">Pet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_risk_insurance" title="Political risk insurance">Political risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prize_indemnity_insurance" title="Prize indemnity insurance">Prize indemnity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Takaful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_insurance" title="Terrorism insurance">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuition_insurance" title="Tuition insurance">Tuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_risk_insurance" title="War risk insurance">War risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_insurance" title="Weather insurance">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">Workers' compensation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insurance_policy" title="Insurance policy">Insurance <br />policy</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Insurance_law" title="Insurance law">law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_God" title="Act of God">Act of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuarial_science" title="Actuarial science">Actuarial science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actuary" title="Actuary">Actuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_selection" title="Adverse selection">Adverse selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</a>/<a href="/wiki/Knightian_uncertainty" title="Knightian uncertainty">Knightian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_of_life" title="Value of life">Value of life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actual_cash_value" title="Actual cash value">Actual cash value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_value" title="Cash value">Cash value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_broker" title="Insurance broker">Broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancellation_(insurance)" title="Cancellation (insurance)">Cancellation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pro_rata" title="Pro rata">Pro rata</a></i></li> <li>Short rate table</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_action" title="Cause of action">Claim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claims_adjuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Claims adjuster">Claims adjuster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deductible" title="Deductible">Deductible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-insurance" title="Co-insurance">Co-insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copayment" title="Copayment">Copayment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-pocket_expense" title="Out-of-pocket expense">Out-of-pocket expense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanation_of_benefits" title="Explanation of benefits">Explanation of benefits</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Force_majeure" title="Force majeure">Force majeure</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_average" title="General average">General average</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indemnity" title="Indemnity">Indemnity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurability" title="Insurability">Insurability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurable_interest" title="Insurable interest">Insurable interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_fraud" title="Insurance fraud">Insurance fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proximate_cause" title="Proximate cause">Proximate cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replacement_value" title="Replacement value">Replacement value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_pool" title="Risk pool">Risk pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-insurance" title="Self-insurance">Self-insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_loss" title="Total loss">Total loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underinsured" title="Underinsured">Underinsurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwriting" title="Underwriting">Underwriting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwriting_profit" title="Underwriting profit">Profit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insurance <br />by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_Australia" title="Insurance in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_industry_in_China" title="Insurance industry in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_Pakistan" title="Insurance in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_Serbia" title="Insurance in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Insurance in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_coverage_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance coverage in the United States">Health insurance coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Vehicle insurance in the United States">Vehicle insurance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_insurance" title="History of insurance">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banker_(ancient)" title="Banker (ancient)">Mesopotamian banker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_insurance" title="Marine insurance">§100–105; §126</a>; <a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">§234</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marine_insurance" title="Marine insurance">§235–238; §240</a>; <a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">§275–277</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collegium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Collegium (ancient Rome)">Collegium</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burial_society" title="Burial society">Burial society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Guild</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Digest_(Roman_law)" title="Digest (Roman law)">Digesta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">Syndicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benefit_society" title="Benefit society">Benefit</a>/<a href="/wiki/Friendly_society" title="Friendly society">Friendly society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">Cooperative banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_order" title="Fraternal order">Fraternal order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_organization" title="Mutual organization">Mutual organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank" title="Mutual savings bank">Mutual savings bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">Savings and loan association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">Social insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_cycle" title="Insurance cycle">Insurance cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Insurance" title="Category:Insurance">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_finance#Insurance" title="Outline of finance">List of topics</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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