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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_in_Islamic_Texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_in_Islamic_Texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origin in Islamic Texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_in_Islamic_Texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Life cycle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_cycle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Life cycle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Founding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Founding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Founder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Founder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics_of_al_waqf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_of_al_waqf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Characteristics of al waqf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_of_al_waqf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women's_contribution_to_the_waqf_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_contribution_to_the_waqf_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Women's contribution to the <span><i>waqf</i></span> system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_contribution_to_the_waqf_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Property</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beneficiaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beneficiaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Beneficiaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beneficiaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declaration_of_founding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaration_of_founding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Declaration of founding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration_of_founding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extinction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extinction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Extinction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extinction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History and location</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_location-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History and location subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Jerusalem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zanzibar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zanzibar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Zanzibar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zanzibar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding_of_schools_and_hospitals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding_of_schools_and_hospitals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Funding of schools and hospitals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding_of_schools_and_hospitals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparisons_with_trust_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparisons_with_trust_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Comparisons with trust law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparisons_with_trust_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Waqf</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Waqf" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81_(%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="وقف (إسلام) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وقف (إسلام)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AB" title="ওয়াকফ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়াকফ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%8B%D1%84" title="Ваҡыф – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ваҡыф" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%84" title="Вакъф – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вакъф" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuf" title="Vakuf – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vakuf" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Waqf" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakf" title="Vakf – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vakf" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Waqf" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%86%CE%B9" title="Βακούφι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βακούφι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habiz" title="Habiz – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Habiz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%ACakfo" title="Ŭakfo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŭakfo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81" title="وقف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وقف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Waqf" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB" title="वक्फ – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="वक्फ" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%80%ED%81%AC%ED%94%84" title="와크프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="와크프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%86" title="Վակֆ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վակֆ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC" title="वक्फ़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वक्फ़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuf" title="Vakuf – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vakuf" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakaf" title="Wakaf – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wakaf" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Waqf" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A3" title="וקף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וקף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakfu" title="Wakfu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wakfu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%84" title="Вакф – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вакф" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Вакаф – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вакаф" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakaf_(perundangan_Islam)" title="Wakaf (perundangan Islam) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wakaf (perundangan Islam)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Waqf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%82%AF%E3%83%95_(%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0)" title="ワクフ (イスラム) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ワクフ (イスラム)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Waqf" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaqf" title="Vaqf – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vaqf" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakf" title="Wakf – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wakf" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Waqf" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaq%C4%B1f" title="Vaqıf – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Vaqıf" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%84" title="Вакф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вакф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vak%C3%ABf" title="Vakëf – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vakëf" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81" title="وقف – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وقف" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuf" title="Vakuf – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vakuf" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%95%D9%82%D9%81" title="وەقف – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وەقف" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%84_(%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC)" title="Вакуф (ислам) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вакуф (ислам)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuf" title="Vakuf – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vakuf" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Waqf" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Waqf" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="வக்ஃபு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வக்ஃபு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%84" title="Вакыф – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вакыф" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D" title="వక్ఫ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వక్ఫ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vak%C4%B1f_(%C4%B0slam)" title="Vakıf (İslam) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vakıf (İslam)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%84" title="Вакф – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вакф" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81" title="وقف – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وقف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%90%88%E7%94%AB" title="瓦合甫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瓦合甫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q815509#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Jordan-appointed Jerusalem waqf, see <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Waqf" title="Jerusalem Waqf">Jerusalem Waqf</a>. For the Turkish neighbourhood, see <a href="/wiki/Vak%C4%B1f,_Akyaz%C4%B1" title="Vakıf, Akyazı">Vakıf, Akyazı</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Category:Islamic jurisprudence">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-top:0.2em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence<br />(<i>fiqh</i>)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ALFiqh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/125px-ALFiqh.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/188px-ALFiqh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/250px-ALFiqh.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ibadah" title="Ibadah">Ritual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakat">Raka'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turbah" title="Turbah">Turbah</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah_prayer" title="Sunnah prayer">Sunnah prayer</a></i> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Tarawih" title="Tarawih">Tarawih</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tahajjud" title="Tahajjud">Tahajjud</a></i>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Witr" title="Witr">Witr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nafl_prayer" title="Nafl prayer">Nafl prayer</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Sawm</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ihram_clothing" title="Ihram clothing">clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut%27ah_of_Hajj" title="Mut'ah of Hajj"><i>Mut'ah</i></a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaf">Tawaf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Mut%27ah_of_Hajj" title="Mut'ah of Hajj">and <i>Hajj</i></a>)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Islamic leadership</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Majlis-ash-Shura" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis-ash-Shura">Majlis-ash-Shura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Wilayat al-faqih</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">Bay'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aman_(Islam)" title="Aman (Islam)">Aman</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Marriage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Contract</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Misyar_marriage" title="Misyar marriage">Misyar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_halala" title="Nikah halala">Halala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_%27urfi" title="Nikah 'urfi">Urfi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Mut‘ah</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam" title="Polygyny in Islam">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Khula" class="mw-redirect" title="Khula">Khula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zihar" title="Zihar">Zihar</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iddah" title="Iddah">Iddah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafa%27ah" title="Kafa'ah">Kafa'ah</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_adoptional_jurisprudence" title="Islamic adoptional jurisprudence">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_in_Islam" title="Breastfeeding in Islam">Breastfeeding</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexual</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Intimate_parts_in_Islam" title="Intimate parts in Islam">Awrah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Islam">Abortion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam#Purification_and_hygiene" title="Sexuality in Islam">Hygiene</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Islamic_law" title="Rape in Islamic law">Rape</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_masturbation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and masturbation">Masturbation</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir"><i>Maisir</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(gambling)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina"><i>Zina</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(illicit sex)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirabah" title="Hirabah"><i>Hirabah</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(unlawful warfare and banditry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasad" title="Fasad"><i>Fasad</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("mischief")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofsed-e-filarz" title="Mofsed-e-filarz">Mofsed-e-filarz</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("spreading corruption")</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">Fitna</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("sedition")</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajm"><i>Rajm</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(stoning)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tazir" title="Tazir"><i>Tazir</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(discretionary)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas" title="Qisas"><i>Qisas</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(retaliation)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diya (Islam)"><i>Diya</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(compensation)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Adab</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">Purdah</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">History</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nisab" title="Nisab">Nisab</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></i> (<i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Waqf</a></i>)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-mal" title="Bayt al-mal">Bayt al-mal</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam#Hygienical_Jurisprudence" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Hygiene</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual hygienical jurisprudence">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Taharah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masah" title="Masah">Masah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Istinja" title="Istinja">Istinja</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Dietary</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabihah</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Intoxicants" title="Islamic dietary laws">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Pork" title="Islamic dietary laws">Pork</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Islamic_and_Jewish_dietary_laws" title="Comparison of Islamic and Jewish dietary laws">Comparison with <i>kashrut</i></a></span></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghanimah" title="Ghanimah">Ghanimah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudna" title="Hudna">Hudna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istijarah" title="Istijarah"><i>Istijarah</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(asylum)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_prisoners_of_war" title="Islamic views on prisoners of war">Prisoners of war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #dcf5dc;border-bottom:1px solid #dcf5dc;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Taxes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adet-i_A%C4%9Fnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Adet-i Ağnam">Adet-i Ağnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adet-i_de%C5%9Ftbani" title="Adet-i deştbani">Adet-i deştbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashar" title="Ashar">Ashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar%C4%B1z" title="Avarız">Avarız</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bac-i_pazar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bac-i pazar (page does not exist)">Bac-i pazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedl-i_askeri" title="Bedl-i askeri">Bedl-i askeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Cizye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%BCrm-%C3%BC_cinayet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cürm-ü cinayet (page does not exist)">Cürm-ü cinayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damga_resmi" title="Damga resmi">Damga resmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCmr%C3%BCk_resmi" title="Gümrük resmi">Gümrük resmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hara%C3%A7" title="Haraç">Haraç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihtisab" title="Ihtisab">Ihtisab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispendje" title="Ispendje">Ispendje</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istira (page does not exist)">Istira</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maktu_(tax)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maktu (tax) (page does not exist)">Maktu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mururiye_resmi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mururiye resmi (page does not exist)">Mururiye resmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskirat_resmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muskirat resmi">Muskirat resmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCz%C3%BCl" title="Nüzül">Nüzül</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otlak_resmi" title="Otlak resmi">Otlak resmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rav_ak%C3%A7esi" title="Rav akçesi">Rav akçesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resm-i_arusane" title="Resm-i arusane">Resm-i arusane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resm-i_benn%C3%A2k" title="Resm-i bennâk">Resm-i bennâk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resm-i_bostan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resm-i bostan (page does not exist)">Resm-i bostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resm-i_%C3%A7ift" title="Resm-i çift">Resm-i çift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resm-i_d%C3%B6n%C3%BCm" title="Resm-i dönüm">Resm-i dönüm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resm-i_filori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resm-i filori (page does not exist)">Resm-i filori</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resm-i_ganem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resm-i ganem (page does not exist)">Resm-i ganem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resm-i_h%C4%B1nz%C4%B1r" title="Resm-i hınzır">Resm-i hınzır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resm-i_m%C3%BCcerred" title="Resm-i mücerred">Resm-i mücerred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resm-i_sicill" title="Resm-i sicill">Resm-i sicill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusum-e-eflak" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusum-e-eflak">Rusum-e-eflak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selamet_isni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selamet isni (page does not exist)">Selamet isni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapu_resmi" title="Tapu resmi">Tapu resmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekalif-i_orfiye" title="Tekalif-i orfiye">Tekalif-i orfiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temettu" title="Temettu">Temettu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuz_resmi" title="Tuz resmi">Tuz resmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Implementation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahidn%C3%A2me" title="Ahidnâme">Ahidnâme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defter" title="Defter">Defter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emin_(Ottoman_official)" title="Emin (Ottoman official)">Emin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evkaf-i_H%C3%BCmayun_Nezareti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evkaf-i Hümayun Nezareti (page does not exist)">Evkaf-i Hümayun Nezareti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazine-i_Hassa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hazine-i Hassa (page does not exist)">Hazine-i Hassa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazine-i_Amire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hazine-i Amire (page does not exist)">Hazine-i Amire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hane_(household)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hane (household) (page does not exist)">Hane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iltizam" title="Iltizam">Iltizam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istira (page does not exist)">Istira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadı">Kadı</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanun-i_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanun-i Raya (page does not exist)">Kanun-i Raya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanunname" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanunname">Kanunname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik%C3%A2ne" title="Malikâne">Malikâne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdiban" title="Merdiban">Merdiban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">Millet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muafiyet" title="Muafiyet">Muafiyet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhassil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhassil (page does not exist)">Muhassil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqata%27ah" title="Muqata'ah">Muqata'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCtesellim" title="Mütesellim">Mütesellim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Public_Debt_Administration" title="Ottoman Public Debt Administration">Ottoman Public Debt Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regie_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Regie Company">Regie Company</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siyakat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siyakat (page does not exist)">Siyakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCrsat" title="Sürsat">Sürsat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahrir_(tax_survey)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahrir (tax survey) (page does not exist)">Tahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Waqf</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxation_in_the_Ottoman_Empire_sidebar" title="Template:Taxation in the Ottoman Empire sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taxation_in_the_Ottoman_Empire_sidebar" title="Template talk:Taxation in the Ottoman Empire sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taxation_in_the_Ottoman_Empire_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taxation in the Ottoman Empire sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">وَقْف</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ˈwɑqf]</a></span>, plural <b><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">awqaf</i></span></b> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أَوْقَاف</span></span>), also called a <b><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḥabs</i></span></b> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حَبْس</span></span>, plural <b><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḥubūs</i></span></b> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حُبوس</span></span> or <b><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">aḥbās</i></span></b> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أَحْباس</span></span>), or <i><a href="/wiki/Mortmain" title="Mortmain">mortmain</a></i> property, is an <a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">inalienable</a> charitable <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">endowment</a> under <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a>. It typically involves donating a building, plot of land or other assets for <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> religious or charitable purposes with no intention of reclaiming the assets.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Charitable_trust" title="Charitable trust">charitable trust</a> may hold the donated assets. The person making such dedication is known as a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqif</i></span> ('donor') who uses a <i>mutawalli</i> ('trustee') to manage the property in exchange for a share of the revenues it generates.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A waqf allows the state to provide social services in accordance with Islamic law while contributing to the preservation of cultural and historical sites.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> system depended on several <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a> and presented elements similar to practices from pre-Islamic cultures, it seems that the specific full-fledged Islamic legal form of <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">endowment</a> called <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> dates from the 9th century AD (see <a href="#History_and_location">§ History and location</a> below). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waqf&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Sunni jurisprudence, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span>, also spelled <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">wakf</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">وَقْف</span>; plural <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أَوْقاف</span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">awqāf</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">vakıf</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is synonymous with <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḥabs</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حَبْس</span></span>, also called <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḥubs</i></span> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حُبْس</span></span> or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḥubus</i></span> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حُبْوس</span></span> and commonly rendered <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">habous</i></span> in French).<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Habs</i> and similar terms are used mainly by <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> jurists.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shiism" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver Shiism">Twelver Shiism</a>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḥabs</i></span> is a particular type of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span>, in which the founder reserves the right to dispose of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> property.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The person making the grant is called <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-waqif</i></span> (or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-muhabbis</i></span>) while the endowed assets are called <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-mawquf</i></span> (or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-muhabbas</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In older English-language law-related works in the late 19th/early 20th centuries, the word used for <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> was <i>vakouf</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the word, also present in such French works, was used during the time of the Ottoman Empire, and is from the Turkish <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">vakıf</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Strauss2010_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strauss2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waqf&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> literally means 'confinement and prohibition', or causing a thing to stop or stand still.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Islamic law, once an asset has been donated as <i>waqf</i> it cannot be sold, transferred or given as a gift.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once a <i>waqif</i> has verbally or in writing declared a <i>waqf</i> property, it is legally conceived as the property of Allah and must be used to "fulfill public of family needs" as a charitable social service.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>waqf</i> property can fall into one of two categories: movable or immovable. A 'movable' asset includes money or shares which are used to finance educational, religious or cultural institutions such as <i>madrasahs</i> (Islamic schools) or <i>mosques</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <i>madrasahs</i> and <i>mosques</i> themselves are an example of an 'immovable' asset which refers to land or structures open for public use. An important function of the latter is also to provide shelter and community spaces to the poor, also known as the <i>mawquf 'alayh</i> (beneficiaries).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bahaeddin Yediyıldız defines <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> as a system comprising three elements: <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">hayrat</i></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">akarat</i></span>, and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span>. <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Hayrat</i></span>, the plural form of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">hayr</i></span>, means 'goodnesses' and refers to the motivational factor behind the <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">vakıf</i></span> organization; <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">akarat</i></span> refers to corpus and literally means 'real estates,' implying revenue-generating sources such as markets (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">bedestens</i></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">arastas</i></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">hans</i></span>, etc.), land, and baths; and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span>, in its narrow sense, is the institution(s) providing services as committed in the <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">vakıf</i></span> deed, such as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">madrasas</i></span>, public kitchens (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">imarets</i></span>), <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">karwansarays</i></span>, mosques, libraries, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Deligöz2014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deligöz2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally, the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> must fulfill three primary constraints:<sup id="cite_ref-khan_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khan-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The one endowing the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span>, and its subsequent maintainers, should sequester the principal and allocate the proceeds to charity.</li> <li>The endowment should legally be removed from commodification, such that it is no longer on the market.</li> <li>Its sole purpose must be charitable, and the beneficiary group must be named.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_in_Islamic_Texts">Origin in Islamic Texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waqf&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin in Islamic Texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there is no direct Quranic injunction regarding <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span>, it can be inferred from <a href="/wiki/Al_Imran" title="Al Imran">Surah Al-i'-Imran</a> (3:92): "You will never achieve righteousness until you donate some of what you cherish. And whatever you give is certainly well known to Allah." Their formal conception in Islamic society has been derived from a number of <a href="/wiki/Hadiths" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadiths">hadiths</a>. It is said that during the time of Muhammad, after the <a href="/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah">Hijrah</a>, the first <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> was composed of a grove of 600 date palms. The proceeds of this <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> were meant to feed Medina's poor.<sup id="cite_ref-khan_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khan-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one tradition, it is said that: "Ibn Umar reported, <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar Ibn Al-Khattab</a> got land in <a href="/wiki/Khaybar" title="Khaybar">Khaybar</a>, so he came to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and asked him to advise him about it. Muhammad said, 'If you like, make the property inalienable and give the profit from it to charity.' It goes on to say that Umar gave it away as alms, that the land itself would not be sold, inherited, or donated. He gave it away for the poor, the relatives, the slaves, the <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a>, the travelers, and the guests. It will not be held against him who administers it if he consumes some of its yield in an appropriate manner or feeds a friend who does not enrich himself by means of it."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In another hadith, Muhammad said, "When a man dies, only three deeds will survive him: continuing alms, profitable knowledge, and a child praying for him."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waqf&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Life cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Endowment_Deed_of_Mihrimah_Sultan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Endowment_Deed_of_Mihrimah_Sultan.jpg/220px-Endowment_Deed_of_Mihrimah_Sultan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Endowment_Deed_of_Mihrimah_Sultan.jpg/330px-Endowment_Deed_of_Mihrimah_Sultan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Endowment_Deed_of_Mihrimah_Sultan.jpg/440px-Endowment_Deed_of_Mihrimah_Sultan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4250" data-file-height="3534" /></a><figcaption>Endowment Deed of <a href="/wiki/Mihrimah_Sultan_(daughter_of_Suleiman_I)" title="Mihrimah Sultan (daughter of Suleiman I)">Mihrimah Sultan</a>. This document concerns the endowment of properties in Anatolia and Rumelia, from which revenues were used to meet the expenses of the <a href="/wiki/Mihrimah_Sultan_Mosque,_%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar" title="Mihrimah Sultan Mosque, Üsküdar">Mihrimah Sultan Mosque</a> complex. April–March 1550. <a href="/wiki/Sadberk_Han%C4%B1m_Museum" title="Sadberk Hanım Museum">Sadberk Hanım Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding">Founding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waqf&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> places several legal conditions on the process of establishing a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Founder">Founder</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waqf&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Founder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> is a contract; therefore, the founder (called <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-wāqif</i></span> or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-muḥabbis</i></span> in Arabic) must be capable of entering into a contract. For this, the founder must: </p> <ul><li>be an <a href="/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">adult</a></li> <li>be <a href="/wiki/Sanity" title="Sanity">sound of mind</a></li> <li>be capable of handling financial affairs</li> <li>not be under interdiction for bankruptcy</li></ul> <p>Although <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> is an Islamic institution, being a Muslim is not required to establish a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span>, and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmis</a></i></span> may establish a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span>. Finally, if a person is fatally ill, the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> is subject to the same restrictions as a will in Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-EI_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics_of_al_waqf">Characteristics of al waqf</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waqf&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Characteristics of al waqf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The waqf must be established by someone who is legally capable of disposing of their property, which means they must be an adult of sound mind and a responsible person. It cannot be done by a minor, an insane person, or someone lacking legal capacity.</li> <li>The person establishing the waqf (the waqif) must designate a specific beneficiary or recipient for the waqf, such as a mosque, a specific individual, or an institution. It cannot be left in his or her discretion.</li> <li>The waqf should not be subject to any conditions, hanging or temporary clauses, or be contingent on certain events, like the option to revoke it.</li> <li>The waqif (the one establishing the waqf) should not include any conditions that are contrary to the essential conditions, like a condition that allows them to sell or gift the endowed property whenever they wish, or a condition that grants them personal choice or discretion over it.</li> <li>The waqf should be of a virtuous and moral nature, reflecting what is ethical and righteous, and it should not support or be associated with corrupt or unethical activities. It should be established with the intention of promoting goodness and benefiting society.</li> <li>The property being endowed in the waqf should either be owned by the waqif (the person establishing the waqf) or acquired with the waqif's own funds. It should not involve borrowed money or property that the waqif does not own outright.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women's_contribution_to_the_waqf_system"><span id="Women.27s_contribution_to_the_waqf_system"></span>Women's contribution to the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waqf&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Women's contribution to the waqf system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the founders of Ottoman <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqfs</i></span> were women, with their establishments having a crucial impact on their communities' economic life.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of 30,000 <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> certificates documented by the GDPFA (<a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Foundations_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate General of Foundations (Turkey)">General Directorate of Pious Foundation in Ankara</a>), over 2,300 of them were registered to institutions that belonged to women. Of the 491 public fountains in Istanbul that were constructed during the Ottoman period and survived until the 1930s, nearly 30% of them were registered under <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqfs</i></span> that belonged to women.<sup id="cite_ref-Aydin1996_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aydin1996-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Property">Property</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waqf&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Property"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The property (called <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-mawqūf</i></span> or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-muḥabbas</i></span>) used to found a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> must be objects of a valid contract. The objects should not themselves be <a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">haram</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Khamr" title="Khamr">wine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Religious_restrictions_on_the_consumption_of_pork" title="Religious restrictions on the consumption of pork">pork</a>). These objects should not already be in the public domain: public property cannot be used to establish a waqf. The founder cannot also have pledged the property previously to someone else. These conditions are generally true for contracts in Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-EI_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The property dedicated to <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> is generally immovable, such as an estate. All movable goods can also form <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span>, according to most Islamic jurists. The Hanafis, however, also allow most movable goods to be dedicated to a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> with some restrictions. Some jurists have argued that even gold and silver (or other currency) can be designated as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-EI_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Documents listing endowments (waqfiyyas) often include the name of the endower, the listed property or fiscal unit, the endowed fraction (in 24-<a href="/wiki/Carat_(mass)" title="Carat (mass)">qarats</a>), and a description of its <a href="/wiki/Boundary_marker" title="Boundary marker">boundary</a>. The boundary descriptions start in <a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Islamic direction of prayer</a> and go <a href="/wiki/Counterclockwise" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterclockwise">counterclockwise</a> by listing different <a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">landscape</a> elements. Endowment deeds most often include the conditions of the endowment and its administration.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beneficiaries">Beneficiaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waqf&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Beneficiaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The beneficiaries of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> can be individuals and public utilities. The founder can specify which persons are eligible for benefits (such as the founder's family, the entire community, only the poor, travelers). Public utilities such as mosques, schools, bridges, graveyards, and drinking fountains can be the beneficiaries of a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span>. Modern legislation divides the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> into "charitable causes," where the beneficiaries are the public or the poor, and "family" <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span>, where the founder designates their relatives as beneficiaries. There can also be multiple beneficiaries. For example, the founder may stipulate that half the proceeds go to their family, while the other half goes to the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-EI_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Valid beneficiaries must satisfy the following conditions:<sup id="cite_ref-EI_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>They must be identifiable. At least some of the beneficiaries must also exist at the time of the founding of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span>. The Mālikīs, however, hold that a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> may exist for some time without beneficiaries, and the proceeds accumulated are given to beneficiaries once they come into existence. An example of a non-existent beneficiary is an unborn child.</li> <li>The beneficiaries must not be at war with the Muslims. Scholars stress that non-Muslim citizens of the Islamic state (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">dhimmi</i></span>) can definitely be beneficiaries.</li> <li>The beneficiaries may not use the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> for a purpose in contradiction of Islamic principles.</li></ul> <p>There is dispute over whether the founder themselves can reserve exclusive rights to use <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span>. Most scholars agree that once the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> is founded, it cannot be taken back. </p><p>The Ḥanafīs hold that the list of beneficiaries includes a perpetual element; the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> must specify its beneficiaries in case.<sup id="cite_ref-EI_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Declaration_of_founding">Declaration of founding</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waqf&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Declaration of founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The declaration of founding is usually a written document, accompanied by a verbal declaration, though neither are required by most scholars. Whatever the declaration, most scholars (those of the Hanafi, Shafi'i, some of the <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> and the Imami Shi'a schools) hold that it is not binding and irrevocable until actually delivered to the beneficiaries or put to their use. Once in their use, however, the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> becomes an institution in its own right.<sup id="cite_ref-EI_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration">Administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waqf&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mutawallī" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Mutaw%C4%81l%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawālī">Mutawālī</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waqfnameh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Waqfnameh.JPG/220px-Waqfnameh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Waqfnameh.JPG/330px-Waqfnameh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Waqfnameh.JPG/440px-Waqfnameh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Waqf</i></span> Writing Room in <a href="/wiki/Mevlana_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mevlana Museum">Mevlana Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Usually, a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> has a range of beneficiaries. Thus, the founder makes arrangements beforehand by appointing an administrator (called <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81%E1%BA%93ir" class="mw-redirect" title="Nāẓir">nāẓir</a></i></span> or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mutawallī</i></span> or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḳayyim</i></span>) and lays down the rules for appointing successive administrators. The founder may choose to administer the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> during their lifetime. In some cases, however, the number of beneficiaries is quite limited. Thus, there is no need for an administrator, and the beneficiaries themselves can take care of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-EI_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The administrator, like other persons of responsibility under Islamic law, must have the capacity to act and contract. In addition, trustworthiness and administrative skills are required. Some scholars require that the administrator of this Islamic religious institution be a Muslim, though the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafis</a> drop this requirement.<sup id="cite_ref-EI_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extinction">Extinction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waqf&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Extinction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> is intended to be perpetual and last forever. Nevertheless, Islamic law envisages conditions under which the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> may be terminated:<sup id="cite_ref-EI_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>If the goods of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> are destroyed or damaged. Scholars interpret this as the case where goods are no longer used in the manner intended by the founder. The remains of the goods are to revert to the founder or their heirs. Other scholars, however, hold that all possibilities must be examined to see if the goods of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> can be used at all, exhausting all methods of exploitation before termination. Thus, land, according to such jurists, can never become extinguished.</li> <li>A <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> can be declared null and void by the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḳāḍī</i></span>, or religious judge, if its formation includes committing acts otherwise illegal in Islam, or it does not satisfy the conditions of validity, or if it is against the notion of philanthropy. Since <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> is an Islamic institution, it becomes void if the founder converts to another religion.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to the Mālikī school of thought, the termination of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> may be specified in its founding declaration. As the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> would expire whenever its termination conditions are fulfilled (e.g., the last beneficiary). The <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> property then <a href="/wiki/Reversion_(law)" title="Reversion (law)">reverts</a> to the founder or to their heirs.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_location">History and location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waqf&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History and location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madina_trip_169.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Madina_trip_169.jpg/220px-Madina_trip_169.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Madina_trip_169.jpg/330px-Madina_trip_169.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Madina_trip_169.jpg/440px-Madina_trip_169.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="3968" /></a><figcaption>Uthman <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> (Medina)</figcaption></figure> <p>The practices attributed to Muhammad have promoted the institution of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> from the earliest part of Islamic history.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two oldest known <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqfiya</i></span> (deed) documents are from the 9th century, while a third one dates from the early 10th century, all three within the Abbasid Period. The oldest dated <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqfiya</i></span> goes back to 876 CE and concerns a multi-volume edition of the Qur'an currently held by the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museum" title="Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum">Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sackler2016_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sackler2016-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A possibly older <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqfiya</i></span> is a papyrus held by the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> Museum in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, with no written date but considered to be from the mid-9th century. The next oldest document is a marble tablet whose inscription bears the Islamic date equivalent to 913 CE and states the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> status of an inn, but is in itself not the original deed; it is held at the <a href="/wiki/Eretz_Israel_Museum" title="Eretz Israel Museum">Eretz Israel Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (December 2017)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By the early 1800's, more than half of all arable land in the Ottoman Empire was classified as a waqf. In relation to present day countries, this figure included 75 percent of arable land in Turkey , one-fifth in Egypt, one-seventh in Iran, one-half in Algeria, one-third in Tunisia, and one-third in Greece. <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waqf&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The total number of registered endowments in Saudi Arabia is 33,229.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waqf&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Jerusalem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Waqf" title="Jerusalem Waqf">Jerusalem Waqf</a></div> <p>In the 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Haseki_Sultan_Complex" title="Haseki Sultan Complex">Haseki Sultan Complex</a> charitable complex was founded by the wife of Suleyman the Magnificent and serviced 26 villages; the institution also included shops, a bazaar, two soap plants, 11 flour mills and two bathhouses located in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-khan_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khan-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For several centuries, the income generated by these businesses contributed in the maintenance of a mosque, a soup kitchen, and two traveler and pilgrim inns.<sup id="cite_ref-khan_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khan-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waqf&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest pious foundations in Egypt were charitable gifts, and not in the form of a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span>. The first mosque built by '<a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-%27As" class="mw-redirect" title="Amr ibn al-'As">Amr ibn al-'As</a> is an example of this: the land was donated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qaysaba_bin_Kulthum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qaysaba bin Kulthum (page does not exist)">Qaysaba bin Kulthum</a>, and the mosque's expenses were then paid by the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-mal" title="Bayt al-mal">Bayt al-mal</a></i></span>. The earliest known <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span>, founded by financial official Abū Bakr Muḥammad bin Ali al-Madhara'i in 919 (during the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_dynasty" title="Abbasid dynasty">Abbasid period</a>), is a pond called Birkat Ḥabash together with its surrounding orchards, whose revenue was to be used to operate a hydraulic complex and feed the poor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waqf&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Central_Waqf_Council" title="Central Waqf Council">Central Waqf Council</a></div> <p>Early references to <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> in India can be found in the 14th-century work <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Insha-i-Mahru</i></span> by Aynul Mulk ibn Mahru. According to the book, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muhammad of Ghor</a> dedicated two villages in favor of a <a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">congregational mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, and, handed its administration to the <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Isl%C4%81m" title="Shaykh al-Islām">Shaykh al-Islām</a> (highest ecclesiastical officer of the Empire). In the coming years, several more <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> were created, as the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> flourished.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahru_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahru-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As per the Wakf Act 1954 (later Wakf Act 1995) enacted by the government of India, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> are categorized as (a) <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> by user such as graveyards, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Musafir Khanas</i></span> (Sarai) and <i>Chowltries</i> etc., (b) <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">waqf</i></span> under <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Mashrutul-khidmat</i></span> (Service Inam) such as <i><a href="/wiki/Khazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazi">Khazi</a></i> service, <i>Nirkhi</i> service, <i>Pesh Imam</i> service and <i><a href="/wiki/Khateeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Khateeb">Khateeb</a></i> service etc., and (c) <i>Wakf Alal-aulad</i> is dedicated by the Donor (<i>Wakif</i>) for the benefit of their kith and kin and for any purpose recognised by Muslim law as pious, religious or charitable. After the enactment Wakf Act 1954, the Union government directed to all the states governments to implement the Act for administering the wakf institutions like mosques, <a href="/wiki/Dargah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dargah">dargahs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hussainiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussainiya">hussainiyas</a>, graveyards, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">takhiyas</i></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Eidgah" title="Eidgah">eidgah</a></i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Anjuman_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Anjuman (disambiguation)">anjumans</a>, and various religious and charitable institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-ap_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A statutory body under Government of India, which also oversees <a href="/wiki/Central_Wakf_Council,_India#State_Wakf_Boards" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Wakf Council, India">State Wakf Boards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn the State Wakf Boards work towards management, regulation and protect the Wakf properties by constituting District Wakf Committees, <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">Mandal</a> Wakf Committees and Committees for the individual Wakf Institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-ap_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As per the report of <a href="/wiki/Sachar_Committee" title="Sachar Committee">Sachar Committee</a> (2006) there are about 500,000 registered Wakfs with 600,000 acres (2,400 km<sup>2</sup>) land in India, and <a href="/wiki/Rs." class="mw-redirect" title="Rs.">Rs.</a> 60 billion book value.<sup id="cite_ref-summary_hindu_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-summary_hindu-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-w_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waqf&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Zanzibar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While it is difficult to pinpoint the historical origins of <i>waqf</i> in East Africa, the practice began to formalize in the 17th Century after the <a href="/wiki/Said_bin_Sultan" title="Said bin Sultan">Sultan of Oman, Sayyid Saïd</a>, had cemented his control over Zanzibar and the East African coastline.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until this point, archeological evidence has unearthed several old mosques along the Swahili Coast which are believed to be informal <i>waqf</i> dating as far back as the 8th Century.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formalization of <i>waqf</i> can be traced back to 1820 when Sultan Said moved the Omani Sultanate to Stone Town, Zanzibar. This marked a shift from <i>waqf</i> as an Islamic scriptural imperative to a local and centralized institutional practice legitimated by the royal family. From this point onward, the urban development of the port city of the East African archipelago was shaped by <i>waqf</i> practices. As such, the majority of greater Stone Town became <i>waqf</i> property made available for free habitation or cemeteries by noblemen, approximately 6.4% of which was public housing for the poor. </p><p>It is important to note that economic changes in Zanzibar shaped <i>waqf</i> practices overtime. Under Omani rule slavery and the cash crop industry was booming, specifically because of the exportation of spices, which strengthened the elite class of the Omani aristocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the context of growing inequality, the nobility used <i>waqf</i> to provide public housing to slaves and peasants as well mosques, madrasahs and land for free habitation and cultivation. For instance, all 66 mosques in Stone Town were waqf privately financed and owned by noble waqif as a display of social status and duty to their neighborhood.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under this system, the architectural configuration of Stone Town was entirely managed by the Sultanate and its network of nobility. This effectively allowed elites to practice <i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a></i> through <i>waqf</i> while doubling as a means to secure control over the local population. </p><p>The East African archipelago underwent an economic recession from 1860 to 1880 that threatened the private property of the elite class.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a time when landowners were forced to sell or mortgage their properties to foreign investors, <i>waqf</i> became a means to legally safeguard properties under conditions of debt. In donating assets to the public, the aristocracy managed to preserve their wealth while providing land, financial support and community spaces such as mosques to the general public. </p><p>When Zanzibar became a British protectorate in 1890, almost half the island was <i>waqf</i> property.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to establish control, the British realised that they would either have to privatise <i>waqf</i> or gain administrative control over them. A series of decrees were subsequently issues to incorporate all <i>waqf</i> properties into the colonial bureaucracy. The Waqf Property Decree which formed the Waqf Commission in 1905 was composed of a majority of British officials and a minority of Islamic authorities to represent the Sultanate who maintained a degree of influence over the island.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shift marked the further formalization of <i>waqf</i> into the state apparatus, a move which allowed the English to directly control the preservation and maintenance of publicly used assets as well as the surplus revenues generated from them. It was also part of what <a href="/wiki/Ali_Mazrui" title="Ali Mazrui">Ali Mazrui</a> calls the 'dis-Islamization' and 'de-Arabization' of Swahili culture by British colonialism, a strategy used to rid the territory of Omani influence.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Mazrui speaks of this in the context of the Swahili language, it can also be seen by the way in which the British deviated from the Islamic values underpinning <i>waqf</i> practices. What was initially intended as a charitable practice that would provide social services was replaced by a focus on profit over public welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ruptured the social and political relations that were formed between the upper and lower classes during Omani rule as the underlying values used to manage waqf were lost in translation. </p><p>The Zanzibari Revolution which followed a year after independence in 1963 installed a new government under the helm of the Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important part of the revolution was the prosecution of the Zanzibari elite of Arabic descent. This left a significant portion of land, much of which was <i>waqf</i>, to be nationalised by the newly independent state as part of their socialist development programme.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The revolution highlights a crucial turn point in <i>waqf</i> institutions in Zanzibar, namely the 'public' ownership of these assets that disposed of the need for a <i>waqif</i>. In this way, <i>waqf</i> was further cemented as a political institution regulated by a centralized state while being managed by <i>mutawallis</i>. It allowed the poorest inhabitants of Stone Town to reside in <i>waqf</i> buildings that were previously reserved for the relatives of <i>waqif</i> families. While this may appear to be an act of good fortune, the nationalisation of all <i>waqf</i> assets led to the loss and destruction of many properties because of a lack of funding because the state did not have the means to preserve <i>waqf</i> as effectively as it were under the private control of <i>waqif</i> nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Bowen, when practicing Islam, Muslims "engage in a dialogue between potentially conflicting cultural orders: the universalistic imperatives of Islam (as locally understood) and the values embedded in a particular society".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Bowen analyzes how Islamic rituals are practiced in context, this logic can arguably be applied to how the history of waqf in Zanzibar is shaped by "local cultural concerns and to universalistic scriptural imperatives".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, this conflict is evident in the way in which <i>waqf</i> has historically served a dual purpose in Zanzibar; to satisfy the inalienable Islamic law of <i>waqf</i> as a source of charity and thereby public welfare while doubling as a tool of domination used by the ruling class to maintain the dependence of the lower classes. While the former was somewhat preserved as a scripture-based normative foundation of <i>waqf</i> institutions, the nature and dynamics of the latter was contingent on the nature and dynamics of regime changes in Zanzibar. Under Omani rule, <i>waqf</i> was practiced by the aristocratic class as an outward demonstration of Islamic piety while simultaneously serving as a means to control slaves and the local population through social housing, educational facilities and religious institutions like mosques. When an economic recession threatened the position of the elite, noblemen used <i>waqf</i> to maintain ownership of their properties to avoid selling or mortgaging their land thereby altering the economic function of the practice. After the British gained control of Zanzibar and further formalized <i>waqf</i> as a political institution, it was used to culturally subvert the local population and gradually rid it off its Arabic origins. This persisted after independence when the newly independent state sought to further eliminate Arabic influence by nationalizing all waqf properties as a means to gain control of private property. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waqf&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>waqf</i> institutions were not popular in all parts of the Muslim world. In West Africa, very few examples of the institution can be found, and were usually limited to the area around <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Djenn%C3%A9" title="Djenné">Djenné</a> in <a href="/wiki/Massina_Empire" title="Massina Empire">Massina Empire</a>. Instead, Islamic west African societies placed a much greater emphasis on non-permanent acts of charity. According to expert Illife, this can be explained by West Africa's tradition of "personal largesse." The imam would make himself the collector and distributor of charity, thus building his personal prestige.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to Hamas, all of historic Palestine is an Islamic waqf.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahms2006_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahms2006-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This belief, a relatively recent one, forms part of the group's mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern Europe</a>, there are several places in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> that were originally built under the waqf system, such as <a href="/wiki/Gornji_Vakuf-Uskoplje" title="Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje">Gornji Vakuf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Donji_Vakuf" title="Donji Vakuf">Donji Vakuf</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funding_of_schools_and_hospitals">Funding of schools and hospitals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waqf&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Funding of schools and hospitals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Endowment_Charter_(%27Waqfiyya%27)_of_Haseki_H%C3%BCrrem_Sultan_(TIEM_2192).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Endowment_Charter_%28%27Waqfiyya%27%29_of_Haseki_H%C3%BCrrem_Sultan_%28TIEM_2192%29.jpg/220px-Endowment_Charter_%28%27Waqfiyya%27%29_of_Haseki_H%C3%BCrrem_Sultan_%28TIEM_2192%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Endowment_Charter_%28%27Waqfiyya%27%29_of_Haseki_H%C3%BCrrem_Sultan_%28TIEM_2192%29.jpg/330px-Endowment_Charter_%28%27Waqfiyya%27%29_of_Haseki_H%C3%BCrrem_Sultan_%28TIEM_2192%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Endowment_Charter_%28%27Waqfiyya%27%29_of_Haseki_H%C3%BCrrem_Sultan_%28TIEM_2192%29.jpg/440px-Endowment_Charter_%28%27Waqfiyya%27%29_of_Haseki_H%C3%BCrrem_Sultan_%28TIEM_2192%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Endowment Charter (Waqfiyya) of <a href="/wiki/Hurrem_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurrem Sultan">Hürrem Sultan</a>. The deed mentioned the buildings known from later sources as the Haseki Hürrem Sultan Mosque, Madrasa and <a href="/wiki/Haseki_Sultan_Imaret" title="Haseki Sultan Imaret">Imaret</a> (soup-kitchen), and contain a detailed explanation as to how expenditures will be made to take care of the endowment's operations, such as the care and cleaning of the buildings, the salaries of the people who worked in them, and so forth. AD 1556-1557 (AH 964). <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts">Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>After the Islamic waqf law and <a href="/wiki/Madrassah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrassah">madrassah</a> foundations were firmly established by the 10th century, the number of <a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Bimaristan</a> hospitals multiplied throughout Islamic lands. By the 11th century, many Islamic cities had several hospitals. The waqf trust institutions funded the hospitals for various expenses, including the wages of doctors, <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophthalmology in medieval Islam">ophthalmologists</a>, surgeons, <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacist" title="Pharmacist">pharmacists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">domestics</a> and all other staff, the purchase of foods and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/medicine" class="extiw" title="wikt:medicine">medicines</a>; hospital equipment such as beds, mattresses, bowls and perfumes; and repairs to buildings. The waqf trusts also funded medical schools, and their <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenues</a> covered various expenses such as their maintenance and the payment of teachers and students.<sup id="cite_ref-Micheau1996_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Micheau1996-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the more peculiar examples of healthcare-related waqfs, in the city of Tripoli, a man had set up a waqf which employed two people who would "walk through the hospitals every day and speak quietly to one another in the patients' hearing, remarking on their improvement and good colour".<sup id="cite_ref-hospitalWalkerWaqf_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hospitalWalkerWaqf-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparisons_with_trust_law">Comparisons with trust law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waqf&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Comparisons with trust law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>waqf</i> in <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a>, which developed in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">medieval Islamic world</a> from the 7th to 9th centuries, bears a notable resemblance to the English <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trust law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every <i>waqf</i> was required to have a <i>waqif</i> (founder), <i>mutawillis</i> (trustee), <i><a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a></i> (judge) and beneficiaries.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under both a <i>waqf</i> and a trust, "property is reserved, and its <a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">usufruct</a> appropriated, for the benefit of specific individuals, or for a general charitable purpose; the corpus becomes <a href="/wiki/Inalienable_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Inalienable rights">inalienable</a>; <a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">estates</a> for life in favor of successive beneficiaries can be created" and "without regard to the law of <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">inheritance</a> or the rights of the heirs; and continuity is secured by the successive appointment of trustees or <i>mutawillis</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only significant distinction between the Islamic <i>waqf</i> and English trust was "the express or implied reversion of the <i>waqf</i> to charitable purposes when its specific object has ceased to exist",<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this difference only applied to the <i>waqf ahli</i> (Islamic family trust) rather than the <i>waqf khairi</i> (devoted to a charitable purpose from its inception). Another difference was the English vesting of "legal estate" over the trust property in the trustee, though the "trustee was still bound to administer that property for the benefit of the beneficiaries." In this sense, the "role of the English trustee therefore does not differ significantly from that of the <i>mutawalli</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Personal trust law developed in England at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, during the 12th and 13th centuries. The Court of Chancery, under the principles of equity, enforced the rights of absentee Crusaders who had made temporary assignments of their lands to caretakers. It has been speculated that this development may have been influenced by the <i>waqf</i> institutions in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waqf&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Waqf_Council" title="Central Waqf Council">Central Waqf Council</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Islamic_Waqf" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Islamic Waqf">Jerusalem Islamic Waqf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charitable_trust" title="Charitable trust">Charitable trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economic_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic economic jurisprudence">Islamic economic jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic economics in the world">Islamic economics in the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_foundation" title="Private foundation">Private foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">Trust law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakah">Zakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqf_of_Ibshir_Mustafa_Pasha_Complex" title="Waqf of Ibshir Mustafa Pasha Complex">Waqf of Ibshir Mustafa Pasha Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AWQAF_Africa" title="AWQAF Africa">AWQAF Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana_Waqf_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryana Waqf Board">Haryana Waqf Board</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Awqaf_(Egypt)" title="Ministry of Awqaf (Egypt)">Ministry of Awqaf (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Evkaf" title="Ministry of Evkaf">Ministry of Evkaf</a> (Ottoman Empire)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Waqf_Administrator" title="Office of the Waqf Administrator">Office of the Waqf Administrator</a> (Bangladesh)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waqf&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awqafsa.org.za/what-is-waqf/">"What is Waqf"</a>. Awqaf SA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010234449/http://www.awqafsa.org.za/what-is-waqf/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Waqf&rft.pub=Awqaf+SA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awqafsa.org.za%2Fwhat-is-waqf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaqf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalfanOgura2012" class="citation journal cs1">Khalfan, Khalfan Amour; Ogura, Nobuyuki (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13527258.2011.607175">"Sustainable Architectural Conservation according to Traditions of Islamic waqf : the World Heritage–listed Stone Town of Zanzibar"</a>. <i>International Journal of Heritage Studies</i>. <b>18</b> (6): 588–604. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13527258.2011.607175">10.1080/13527258.2011.607175</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1352-7258">1352-7258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Heritage+Studies&rft.atitle=Sustainable+Architectural+Conservation+according+to+Traditions+of+Islamic+waqf+%3A+the+World+Heritage%E2%80%93listed+Stone+Town+of+Zanzibar&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=588-604&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13527258.2011.607175&rft.issn=1352-7258&rft.aulast=Khalfan&rft.aufirst=Khalfan+Amour&rft.au=Ogura%2C+Nobuyuki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F13527258.2011.607175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaqf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaqutayanAriffinMohsinMahdzir2018" class="citation journal cs1">Baqutayan, Shadiya Mohamed S.; Ariffin, Aini Suzana; Mohsin, Magda Ismail A.; Mahdzir, Akbariah Mohd (1 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.sciendo.com/MJSS/mjss.2018.9.issue-4/mjss-2018-0124/mjss-2018-0124.pdf">"Waqf Between the Past and Present"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences</i>. <b>9</b> (4): 149–155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fmjss-2018-0124">10.2478/mjss-2018-0124</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2039-2117">2039-2117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterranean+Journal+of+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Waqf+Between+the+Past+and+Present&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=149-155&rft.date=2018-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fmjss-2018-0124&rft.issn=2039-2117&rft.aulast=Baqutayan&rft.aufirst=Shadiya+Mohamed+S.&rft.au=Ariffin%2C+Aini+Suzana&rft.au=Mohsin%2C+Magda+Ismail+A.&rft.au=Mahdzir%2C+Akbariah+Mohd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.sciendo.com%2FMJSS%2Fmjss.2018.9.issue-4%2Fmjss-2018-0124%2Fmjss-2018-0124.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaqf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hisham Yaacob, 2006, Waqf Accounting in Malaysian State Islamic Religious Institutions: The Case of Federal Territory SIRC, unpublished Master dissertation, International Islamic University Malaysia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters,_R.,_Abouseif,_Doris_Behrens,_Powers,_D.S.,_Carmona,_A.,_Layish,_A.,_Lambton,_Ann_K.S.,_Deguilhem,_Randi,_McChesney,_R.D.,_Kozlowski,_G.C.,_M.B._Hooker2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Peters, R., Abouseif, Doris Behrens, Powers, D.S., Carmona, A., Layish, A., Lambton, Ann K.S., Deguilhem, Randi, McChesney, R.D., Kozlowski, G.C., M.B. Hooker; et al. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/wakf-COM_1333">"Waḳf"</a>. In P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs (ed.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (2nd ed.). Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wa%E1%B8%B3f&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Peters%2C+R.%2C+Abouseif%2C+Doris+Behrens%2C+Powers%2C+D.S.%2C+Carmona%2C+A.%2C+Layish%2C+A.%2C+Lambton%2C+Ann+K.S.%2C+Deguilhem%2C+Randi%2C+McChesney%2C+R.D.%2C+Kozlowski%2C+G.C.%2C+M.B.+Hooker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fwakf-COM_1333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaqf" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2212668">"The Ottoman Constitution, Promulgated the 7th Zilbridje, 1293 (11/23 December, 1876)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_International_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Journal of International Law">The American Journal of International Law</a></i>. <b>2</b> (4 (Supplement: Official Documents (Oct., 1908))). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2212668/page/n1">367</a>–387. 1 October 1908. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2212668">10.2307/2212668</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2212668">2212668</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246006581">246006581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=The+Ottoman+Constitution%2C+Promulgated+the+7th+Zilbridje%2C+1293+%2811%2F23+December%2C+1876%29&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4+%28Supplement%3A+Official+Documents+%28Oct.%2C+1908%29%29&rft.pages=367-387&rft.date=1908-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246006581%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2212668%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2212668&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjstor-2212668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaqf" class="Z3988"></span> - Translation inclosed in dispatch No. 113 in the MS. Records, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a>, dated 26 December 1876 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2212668">PDF version</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strauss2010-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Strauss2010_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohann_Strauss2010" class="citation book cs1">Johann Strauss (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/menalib/download/pdf/2734659?originalFilename=true">"A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the <i>Kanun-ı Esasi</i> and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages"</a>. In Christoph Herzog; Malek Sharif (eds.). <i>The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy</i>. <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>. pp. 21–51. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191011233851/https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/menalib/download/pdf/2734659?originalFilename=true">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Constitution+for+a+Multilingual+Empire%3A+Translations+of+the+Kanun-%C4%B1+Esasi+and+Other+Official+Texts+into+Minority+Languages&rft.btitle=The+First+Ottoman+Experiment+in+Democracy&rft.place=W%C3%BCrzburg&rft.pages=21-51&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Johann+Strauss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmenadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de%2Fmenalib%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F2734659%3ForiginalFilename%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaqf" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:5-91645">info page on book</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920231333/http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:5-91645">Archived</a> 20 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther University">Martin Luther University</a>) // Cited: p. 39 (PDF p. 41/338) // "[...]but the term[...]is widely used in the legal literature at that time. The same applies to the term "fonds <i>vakouf</i> (art. 48; "pious foundations", Turkish <i>vakıf</i>), which did not sound exotic either."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hassan (1984) as cited in HS Nahar and H Yaacob, 2011, Accountability in the Sacred Context: The case of management, accounting and reporting of a Malaysian cash awqaf institution, Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 87–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbasi2012" class="citation journal cs1">Abbasi, Muhammad Zubair (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/alq/26/2/article-p121_1.xml">"The Classical Islamic Law of Waqf: A Concise Introduction"</a>. <i>Arab Law Quarterly</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 121–153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157302512X629124">10.1163/157302512X629124</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0268-0556">0268-0556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+Law+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Classical+Islamic+Law+of+Waqf%3A+A+Concise+Introduction&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=121-153&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157302512X629124&rft.issn=0268-0556&rft.aulast=Abbasi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Zubair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Falq%2F26%2F2%2Farticle-p121_1.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaqf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaqutayanAriffinMohsinMahdzir2018" class="citation journal cs1">Baqutayan, Shadiya Mohamed S.; 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<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110622015150/http://www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/departments/departments.asp?dep=25&org=169&category=about">Archived</a> 22 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minorityaffairs.gov.in/newsite/main/subj_alloc.asp">Subjects allocated</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100924233558/http://minorityaffairs.gov.in/newsite/main/subj_alloc.asp">Archived</a> 24 September 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Minority_Affairs" title="Ministry of Minority Affairs">Ministry of Minority Affairs</a> website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-summary_hindu-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-summary_hindu_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070409035929/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2324/stories/20061215004700400.htm">Community on the margins</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-w-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-w_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://centralwakfcouncil.org/">Wakf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100918032546/http://centralwakfcouncil.org/">Archived</a> 18 September 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_Wakf_Council,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Wakf Council, India">Central Wakf Council, India</a> 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href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0928-9380">0928-9380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Law+and+Society&rft.atitle=%22Fantastic+Charities%22%3A+The+Transformation+of+Waqf+Practice+in+Colonial+Zanzibar&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=318&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156851908X366156&rft.issn=0928-9380&rft.aulast=Oberauer&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fils%2F15%2F3%2Farticle-p315_2.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaqf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberauer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Oberauer, Norbert (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/ils/15/3/article-p315_2.xml">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Fantastic Charities": The Transformation of Waqf Practice in Colonial Zanzibar"</a>. <i>Islamic Law and Society</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156851908X366156">10.1163/156851908X366156</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0928-9380">0928-9380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Law+and+Society&rft.atitle=%22Fantastic+Charities%22%3A+The+Transformation+of+Waqf+Practice+in+Colonial+Zanzibar&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=319&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156851908X366156&rft.issn=0928-9380&rft.aulast=Oberauer&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fils%2F15%2F3%2Farticle-p315_2.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaqf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberauer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Oberauer, Norbert (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/ils/15/3/article-p315_2.xml">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Fantastic Charities": The Transformation of Waqf Practice in Colonial Zanzibar"</a>. <i>Islamic Law and Society</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156851908X366156">10.1163/156851908X366156</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0928-9380">0928-9380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Law+and+Society&rft.atitle=%22Fantastic+Charities%22%3A+The+Transformation+of+Waqf+Practice+in+Colonial+Zanzibar&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=320&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156851908X366156&rft.issn=0928-9380&rft.aulast=Oberauer&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fils%2F15%2F3%2Farticle-p315_2.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaqf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberauer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Oberauer, Norbert (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/ils/15/3/article-p315_2.xml">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Fantastic Charities": The Transformation of Waqf Practice in Colonial Zanzibar"</a>. <i>Islamic Law and Society</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156851908X366156">10.1163/156851908X366156</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0928-9380">0928-9380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Law+and+Society&rft.atitle=%22Fantastic+Charities%22%3A+The+Transformation+of+Waqf+Practice+in+Colonial+Zanzibar&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=321&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156851908X366156&rft.issn=0928-9380&rft.aulast=Oberauer&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fils%2F15%2F3%2Farticle-p315_2.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaqf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFair2001" class="citation book cs1">Fair, Laura (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sLLC-ft9sXMC"><i>Pastimes and Politics: Culture, Community, and Identity in 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Ohio University Press. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1384-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1384-5"><bdi>978-0-8214-1384-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pastimes+and+Politics%3A+Culture%2C+Community%2C+and+Identity+in+Post-Abolition+Urban+Zanzibar%2C+1890%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-1384-5&rft.aulast=Fair&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsLLC-ft9sXMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaqf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFair2001" class="citation book cs1">Fair, Laura (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sLLC-ft9sXMC"><i>Pastimes and Politics: Culture, Community, and Identity in Post-Abolition Urban Zanzibar, 1890–1945</i></a>. 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Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-252-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-252-0"><bdi>978-0-89680-252-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swahili+Beyond+the+Boundaries%3A+Literature%2C+Language%2C+and+Identity&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-89680-252-0&rft.aulast=Mazrui&rft.aufirst=Alamin+M.&rft.au=Mazrui%2C+Alamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do063rsBCIvMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaqf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalfanOgura2012" class="citation journal cs1">Khalfan, Khalfan Amour; Ogura, Nobuyuki (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-cultural-property/article/abs/contribution-of-islamic-waqf-to-managing-the-conservation-of-buildings-in-the-historic-stone-town-of-zanzibar/86FAD6D312F8FE8EE4948CAB1AA18452">"The Contribution of Islamic Waqf to Managing the Conservation of Buildings in the Historic Stone Town of Zanzibar"</a>. <i>International Journal of Cultural Property</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0940739112000112">10.1017/S0940739112000112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1465-7317">1465-7317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Cultural+Property&rft.atitle=The+Contribution+of+Islamic+Waqf+to+Managing+the+Conservation+of+Buildings+in+the+Historic+Stone+Town+of+Zanzibar&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0940739112000112&rft.issn=1465-7317&rft.aulast=Khalfan&rft.aufirst=Khalfan+Amour&rft.au=Ogura%2C+Nobuyuki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Finternational-journal-of-cultural-property%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fcontribution-of-islamic-waqf-to-managing-the-conservation-of-buildings-in-the-historic-stone-town-of-zanzibar%2F86FAD6D312F8FE8EE4948CAB1AA18452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaqf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMapuri1996" class="citation book cs1">Mapuri, Omar R. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GqYwAQAAIAAJ"><i>Zanzibar, the 1964 Revolution: Achievements and Prospects</i></a>. TEMA Publishers Company. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9987-25-011-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9987-25-011-0"><bdi>978-9987-25-011-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zanzibar%2C+the+1964+Revolution%3A+Achievements+and+Prospects&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=TEMA+Publishers+Company&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-9987-25-011-0&rft.aulast=Mapuri&rft.aufirst=Omar+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGqYwAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaqf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalfanOgura2012" class="citation journal cs1">Khalfan, Khalfan Amour; Ogura, Nobuyuki (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-cultural-property/article/abs/contribution-of-islamic-waqf-to-managing-the-conservation-of-buildings-in-the-historic-stone-town-of-zanzibar/86FAD6D312F8FE8EE4948CAB1AA18452">"The Contribution of Islamic Waqf to Managing the Conservation of Buildings in the Historic Stone Town of Zanzibar"</a>. <i>International Journal of Cultural Property</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0940739112000112">10.1017/S0940739112000112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1465-7317">1465-7317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Cultural+Property&rft.atitle=The+Contribution+of+Islamic+Waqf+to+Managing+the+Conservation+of+Buildings+in+the+Historic+Stone+Town+of+Zanzibar&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=160&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0940739112000112&rft.issn=1465-7317&rft.aulast=Khalfan&rft.aufirst=Khalfan+Amour&rft.au=Ogura%2C+Nobuyuki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Finternational-journal-of-cultural-property%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fcontribution-of-islamic-waqf-to-managing-the-conservation-of-buildings-in-the-historic-stone-town-of-zanzibar%2F86FAD6D312F8FE8EE4948CAB1AA18452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaqf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen1992" class="citation journal cs1">Bowen, John R. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/644912">"On Scriptural Essentialism and Ritual Variation: Muslim Sacrifice in Sumatra and Morocco"</a>. <i>American Ethnologist</i>. <b>19</b> (4): 656–671. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fae.1992.19.4.02a00020">10.1525/ae.1992.19.4.02a00020</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-0496">0094-0496</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/644912">644912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Ethnologist&rft.atitle=On+Scriptural+Essentialism+and+Ritual+Variation%3A+Muslim+Sacrifice+in+Sumatra+and+Morocco&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=656-671&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0094-0496&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F644912%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fae.1992.19.4.02a00020&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F644912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaqf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen1992" class="citation journal cs1">Bowen, John R. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/ae.1992.19.4.02a00020">"on scriptural essentialism and ritual variation: Muslim sacrifice in Sumatra and Morocco"</a>. <i>American Ethnologist</i>. <b>19</b> (4): 656–671. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fae.1992.19.4.02a00020">10.1525/ae.1992.19.4.02a00020</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-0496">0094-0496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Ethnologist&rft.atitle=on+scriptural+essentialism+and+ritual+variation%3A+Muslim+sacrifice+in+Sumatra+and+Morocco&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=656-671&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fae.1992.19.4.02a00020&rft.issn=0094-0496&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1525%2Fae.1992.19.4.02a00020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaqf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feierman, 1998, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrahms2006-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abrahms2006_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Max_Abrahms" title="Max Abrahms">Max Abrahms</a>, Why Terrorism Does Not Work, International Security, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Fall 2006), pg. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yitzhak Reiter (2007) '"All of Palestine is holy Muslim Waqf Land": A myth and its roots'. in Law, Custom and Statute in the Muslim World, pp. 173-197. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789047411307/Bej.9789004154537.i-263_010.xml">https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789047411307/Bej.9789004154537.i-263_010.xml</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201194406/https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789047411307/Bej.9789004154537.i-263_010.xml">Archived</a> 1 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=object;ISL;tr;Mus01;38;en">"Endowment Charter (Waqfiyya) of Haseki Hürrem Sultan"</a>. <i>Discover Islamic Art</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210806085258/http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=object;ISL;tr;Mus01;38;en">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover+Islamic+Art&rft.atitle=Endowment+Charter+%28Waqfiyya%29+of+Haseki+H%C3%BCrrem+Sultan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislamicart.museumwnf.org%2Fdatabase_item.php%3Fid%3Dobject%3BISL%3Btr%3BMus01%3B38%3Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaqf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Micheau1996-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Micheau1996_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMicheau1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Micheau, Francoise (1996). "The Scientific Institutions in the Medieval Near East". In Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, Régis (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_History_of_Arabic_Science" title="Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science">Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science</a></i>. Routledge. pp. 999–1001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-02063-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-02063-3"><bdi>978-0-415-02063-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Scientific+Institutions+in+the+Medieval+Near+East&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+History+of+Arabic+Science&rft.pages=999-1001&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-02063-3&rft.aulast=Micheau&rft.aufirst=Francoise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaqf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hospitalWalkerWaqf-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hospitalWalkerWaqf_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Mustafa_Al_Siba'ee2004" class="citation book cs1">Dr. Mustafa Al Siba'ee (2004). <i>Civilization of Faith</i>. IIPH. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/996085020X" title="Special:BookSources/996085020X"><bdi>996085020X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilization+of+Faith&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=IIPH&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=996085020X&rft.au=Dr.+Mustafa+Al+Siba%27ee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaqf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFGaudiosi1988">Gaudiosi 1988</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFGaudiosi1988">Gaudiosi 1988</a>, pp. 1237–40)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFGaudiosi1988">Gaudiosi 1988</a>, p. 1246)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFGaudiosi1988">Gaudiosi 1988</a>, pp. 1246–7)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFGaudiosi1988">Gaudiosi 1988</a>, p. 1247)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFHudson2003">Hudson 2003</a>, p. 32)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFGaudiosi1988">Gaudiosi 1988</a>, pp. 1244–5)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waqf&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArjomandFeiermanIlchmanKatz1998" class="citation cs2">Arjomand, Said Amir; Feierman, Steven; Ilchman, Warren Frederick; Katz, Stanley Nider; Queen, Edward L. (1998), <i>Philanthropy in the World's Traditions</i>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33392-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33392-6"><bdi>978-0-253-33392-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philanthropy+in+the+World%27s+Traditions&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-253-33392-6&rft.aulast=Arjomand&rft.aufirst=Said+Amir&rft.au=Feierman%2C+Steven&rft.au=Ilchman%2C+Warren+Frederick&rft.au=Katz%2C+Stanley+Nider&rft.au=Queen%2C+Edward+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaqf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaudiosi1988" class="citation cs2">Gaudiosi, Monica M. (April 1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3909&context=penn_law_review">"The Influence of the Islamic Law of Waqf on the Development of the Trust in England: The Case of Merton College"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_Review" title="University of Pennsylvania Law Review">University of Pennsylvania Law Review</a></i>, <b>136</b> (4): 1231–1261, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3312162">10.2307/3312162</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3312162">3312162</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153149243">153149243</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Influence+of+the+Islamic+Law+of+Waqf+on+the+Development+of+the+Trust+in+England%3A+The+Case+of+Merton+College&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1231-1261&rft.date=1988-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153149243%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3312162%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3312162&rft.aulast=Gaudiosi&rft.aufirst=Monica+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.upenn.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D3909%26context%3Dpenn_law_review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaqf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson2003" class="citation cs2">Hudson, A. (2003), <i>Equity and Trusts</i> (3rd ed.), London: Cavendish Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85941-729-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85941-729-4"><bdi>978-1-85941-729-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Equity+and+Trusts&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cavendish+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85941-729-4&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaqf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorelonRashed1996" class="citation cs2">Morelon, Régis; Rashed, Roshdi (1996), <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_History_of_Arabic_Science" title="Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science"><i>Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science</i></a>, vol. 3, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12410-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12410-2"><bdi>978-0-415-12410-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+History+of+Arabic+Science&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-12410-2&rft.aulast=Morelon&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9gis&rft.au=Rashed%2C+Roshdi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaqf" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Real property, mortgage and wakf according to Ottoman law</i>, by D. Gatteschi. Pub. Wyman & Sons, 1884.</li> <li><i>Waqf in Central Asia: four hundred years in the history of a Muslim shrine, 1480–1889</i>, by R. D. McChesney. Princeton University Press, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/069105584X" title="Special:BookSources/069105584X">069105584X</a>.</li> <li><i>Wakf administration in India: a socio-legal study</i>, by Khalid Rashid. Vikas Pub., 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7069-0690-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7069-0690-X">0-7069-0690-X</a>.</li> <li>′′Le vakif – un aspect de la structure socio-économique de l'Empire Оttoman (XV-e - XVIII-e s.)′′, by Vera Moutaftchieva. Sofia-Press, 1981</li> <li>′′Inventory of Ottoman Turkish documents about waqf preserved in the Oriental Department at the St. St. Cyril and Methodius National Library. Part 1- Registers′′, by Evgeni Radushev, Svetlana Ivanova, Rumen Kovachev, Rossitsa Gradeva, Vera Mutafchieva. Sofia, IMIR, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/954-8872-50-1" title="Special:BookSources/954-8872-50-1">954-8872-50-1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://veramutafchieva.net/pdf/198.pdf">http://veramutafchieva.net/pdf/198.pdf </a></li> <li>′′Agrarian Relations in the Ottoman Empire in the 15th and 16th Centuries′′, by Vera P. Mutafchieva. New York, Columbia Univ. Press (East European monographs; CCLI) 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0880331488" title="Special:BookSources/0880331488">0880331488</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waqf&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Waqf" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Waqf">Waqf</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101006012318/http://www.aucegypt.edu/research/gerhart/MPDL/Pages/Home.aspx">[2]</a>, Muslim Philanthropy Digital Library, an open-source Library managed by the research program at the John D. Gerhart Center for Philanthropy and Civic Engagement at the American University in Cairo</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://huquq.com/maghniyah/public_trusts.htm">Islamic Law of waqf according to Five Islamic schools of jurisprudence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060904203201/http://huquq.com/maghniyah/">Archived</a> 4 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://huquq.com/maghniyah">Islamic Law According to Five schools of jurisprudence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060904203201/http://huquq.com/maghniyah/">Archived</a> 4 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://huquq.com/maghniyah">Islamic law concerning waqf (Public Trust)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060904203201/http://huquq.com/maghniyah/">Archived</a> 4 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i-cias.com/e.o/waqf.htm">Encyclopaedia of the Orient article on waqf</a></li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hodacenter.org">Hoda Center</a> in Gainesville, FL is also known (lovingly) as "The Waqf"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hulusiefendivakfi.org">Es Seyyid Osman Hulûsi Efendi Waqf</a> in Darende, in Turkiye.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awqaf.org">Kuwait Awqaf Public Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waqfuna.com">Waqfuna <b>موقع " وقفنا</b> "</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anindianmuslim.com/2009/08/should-waqf-boards-be-disbanded-in.html">Huge properties, little earnings: What ails the Waqf Boards in India?</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_social_changes_under_Islam" title="Early social changes under Islam">Early sociology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asabiyyah" title="Asabiyyah">solidarity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_and_engineering_in_the_Muslim_world" title="Timeline of science and engineering in the Muslim world">Timeline</a></li> <li><a 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world">Medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">ophthalmology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">Ijazah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">elementary school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_studies" title="Sufi studies">Sufi studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815509#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815509#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815509#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/852398/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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