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href="#Användning_av_fri_energi_för_bestämning_av_spontanitet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Användning av fri energi för bestämning av spontanitet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Användning_av_fri_energi_för_bestämning_av_spontanitet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Användning_av_entropi_för_bestämning_av_spontanitet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Användning_av_entropi_för_bestämning_av_spontanitet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Användning av entropi för bestämning av spontanitet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Användning_av_entropi_för_bestämning_av_spontanitet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spontan process</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 21 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عملية تلقائية – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عملية تلقائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proc%C3%A9s_espontani" title="Procés espontani – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Procés espontani" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_process" title="Spontaneous process – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Spontaneous process" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceso_espont%C3%A1neo" title="Proceso espontáneo – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proceso espontáneo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="فرایند خودبخودی – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرایند خودبخودی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processus_spontan%C3%A9" title="Processus spontané – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Processus spontané" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%B0%9C_%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="자발 과정 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자발 과정" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proses_spontan" title="Proses spontan – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Proses spontan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processo_spontaneo" title="Processo spontaneo – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Processo spontaneo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99" title="תהליך ספונטני – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תהליך ספונטני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%99%BA%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="自発過程 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自発過程" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontan_prosess" title="Spontan prosess – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spontan prosess" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processo_espont%C3%A2neo" title="Processo espontâneo – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Processo espontâneo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81" title="Спонтанный процесс – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спонтанный процесс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneity_(chemistry)" title="Spontaneity (chemistry) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spontaneity (chemistry)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontani_proces" title="Spontani proces – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Spontani proces" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontani_proces" title="Spontani proces – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Spontani proces" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemiallisen_reaktion_spontaanisuus" title="Kemiallisen reaktion spontaanisuus – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kemiallisen reaktion spontaanisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontanelik_(kimya)" title="Spontanelik (kimya) – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Spontanelik (kimya)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A1_tr%C3%ACnh_t%E1%BB%B1_ph%C3%A1t" title="Quá trình tự phát – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quá trình tự phát" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%99%BC%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="自發過程 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自發過程" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2254570#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spontan_process" title="Visa innehållssidan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskussion:Spontan_process&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskussion om innehållssidan [inte skriven än] [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ändra språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">svenska</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visningar"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spontan_process"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spontan_process&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spontan_process&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spontan_process&action=history" title="Tidigare versioner av sidan [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktyg" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktyg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktyg</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Fler alternativ" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Åtgärder </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spontan_process"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spontan_process&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spontan_process&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spontan_process&action=history"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Allmänt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:L%C3%A4nkar_hit/Spontan_process" title="Lista över alla wikisidor som länkar hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Sidor som länkar hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Senaste_relaterade_%C3%A4ndringar/Spontan_process" rel="nofollow" title="Visa senaste ändringarna av sidor som den här sidan länkar till [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterade ändringar</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Specialsidor" title="Lista över alla specialsidor [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Specialsidor</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spontan_process&oldid=50175577" title="Permanent länk till den här versionen av sidan"><span>Permanent länk</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spontan_process&action=info" title="Mer information 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Bok&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Spontan+process"><span>Skapa en bok</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Spontan_process&action=show-download-screen"><span>Ladda ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spontan_process&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvänlig version av den här sidan [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvänlig version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andra projekt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a 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2022 kl. 15.35 av <a href="/wiki/Anv%C3%A4ndare:InternetArchiveBot" class="mw-userlink" title="Användare:InternetArchiveBot" data-mw-revid="50175577"><bdi>InternetArchiveBot</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/Anv%C3%A4ndardiskussion:InternetArchiveBot" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="Användardiskussion:InternetArchiveBot">Diskussion</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Bidrag/InternetArchiveBot" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Bidrag/InternetArchiveBot">Bidrag</a>)</span> <span class="comment">(Räddar 1 källor och märker 0 som döda.) #IABot (v2.0.8.6)</span></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spontan_process&diff=prev&oldid=50175577" title="Spontan process">skillnad</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spontan_process&direction=prev&oldid=50175577" title="Spontan process">← Äldre version</a> | visa nuvarande version (skillnad) | Nyare version → (skillnad)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><p>Inom <a href="/wiki/Termodynamik" title="Termodynamik">termodynamiken</a> är en <b>spontan process</b> en process som sker utan någon extern inmatning till systemet. En mer teknisk definition är tidsutvecklingen för ett system där det frigör <a href="/wiki/Fri_energi" title="Fri energi">fri energi</a> och det rör sig till ett lägre, mer termodynamiskt stabilt energitillstånd (närmare <a href="/wiki/Termodynamisk_j%C3%A4mvikt" title="Termodynamisk jämvikt">termodynamisk jämvikt</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karaktären hos fri energiändring följer den allmänna regeln för termodynamiska mått, där en frigörelse av fri energi från systemet motsvarar en negativ ändring av systemets fria energi och en positiv ändring av den fria energin hos omgivningen. </p><p>Beroende på processens natur bestäms den fria energin annorlunda. <a href="/wiki/Gibbs_fria_energi" title="Gibbs fria energi">Gibbs fria energiförändring</a> används till exempel när det gäller processer som uppstår under konstanta tryck- och temperaturförhållanden, medan <a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_fria_energi" title="Helmholtz fria energi">Helmholtz fria energiförändring</a> används för processer som uppstår under konstanta volym- och temperaturförhållanden. Värdet och till och med tecknet på de båda fria energiförändringarna kan bero på temperatur och tryck eller volym. Eftersom spontana processer kännetecknas av en minskning av systemets fria energi behöver de inte drivas av en extern energikälla. </p><p>För fall som berör ett isolerat system där ingen energi utbyts med omgivningen kännetecknas spontana processer av en ökning av <a href="/wiki/Entropi" title="Entropi">entropin</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Översikt"><span id=".C3.96versikt"></span>Översikt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spontan_process&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Översikt" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spontan_process&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Översikt"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I allmänhet avgör spontaniteten i en process bara om en process kan inträffa eller inte och ger ingen indikation på om processen kommer att inträffa eller inte. Med andra ord är spontanitet ett nödvändigt, men inte tillräckligt, villkor för att en process faktiskt ska kunna ske. Dessutom innebär spontanitet ingen antydan om hur snabbt som en spontan process kan uppstå. </p><p>Som ett exempel är omvandlingen av en <a href="/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant">diamant</a> till <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafit</a> en spontan process vid rumstemperatur och tryck. Trots att den är spontan sker inte denna process eftersom energin för att bryta de starka kol-kolbindningarna är större än frisättningen av fri energi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Användning_av_fri_energi_för_bestämning_av_spontanitet"><span id="Anv.C3.A4ndning_av_fri_energi_f.C3.B6r_best.C3.A4mning_av_spontanitet"></span>Användning av fri energi för bestämning av spontanitet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spontan_process&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Användning av fri energi för bestämning av spontanitet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spontan_process&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Användning av fri energi för bestämning av spontanitet"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>För en process som sker vid konstant temperatur och tryck kan spontanitet bestämmas med hjälp av förändringen i Gibbs fria energi, som ges av: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta G=\Delta H-T\Delta S\,,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>G</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>H</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>S</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta G=\Delta H-T\Delta S\,,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/168a97376522e8148fa099767865425696ef39cb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:19.806ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta G=\Delta H-T\Delta S\,,}"></span> </p><p>om tecknet på <i>ΔG</i> beror på tecknen på förändringar i entalpi (<i>ΔH</i>) och <a href="/wiki/Entropi" title="Entropi">entropi</a> (<i>ΔS</i>). Tecknet på <i>ΔG</i> ändras från positivt till negativt (eller vice versa) där <i>T</i> = <i>ΔH</i>/<i>ΔS</i>. </p><p>I de fall där <i>ΔG</i> är </p> <ul><li>negativt, är processen spontan och kan fortsätta i framåtriktad riktning som den är beskriven.</li> <li>positivt, är processen icke-spontan som den är beskriven, men kan fortsätta spontant i motsatt riktning.</li> <li>noll, är processen i jämvikt, utan någon nettoförändring som sker över tid.</li></ul> <p>Denna uppsättning regler kan användas för att fastställa fyra distinkta fall genom att undersöka tecknen på <i>ΔS</i> och <i>ΔH</i>. </p> <ul><li>När <i>ΔS</i> > 0 och <i>ΔH</i> < 0 är processen alltid spontan som den är beskriven.</li> <li>När <i>ΔS</i> < 0 och <i>ΔH</i> > 0 är processen aldrig spontan, men den omvända processen är alltid spontan.</li> <li>När <i>ΔS</i> > 0 och <i>ΔH</i> > 0 kommer processen att vara spontan vid höga temperaturer och icke-spontan vid låga temperaturer.</li> <li>När <i>ΔS</i> < 0 och <i>ΔH</i> < 0 kommer processen att vara spontan vid låga temperaturer och icke-spontan vid höga temperaturer.</li></ul> <p>I de två senare fallen bestäms den temperatur vid vilken spontaniteten ändras av de relativa magnituderna <i>ΔS</i> och <i>ΔH</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Användning_av_entropi_för_bestämning_av_spontanitet"><span id="Anv.C3.A4ndning_av_entropi_f.C3.B6r_best.C3.A4mning_av_spontanitet"></span>Användning av entropi för bestämning av spontanitet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spontan_process&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Användning av entropi för bestämning av spontanitet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spontan_process&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Användning av entropi för bestämning av spontanitet"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vid användning av entropiförändringen av en process för att bedöma spontanitet är det viktigt att noggrant överväga definitionen av systemet och omgivningen. <a href="/wiki/Termodynamikens_andra_huvudsats" title="Termodynamikens andra huvudsats">Termodynamikens andra huvudsats</a> säger att en process som innehåller ett isolerat system kommer att vara spontan om systemets entropi ökar med tiden. För öppna eller slutna system måste dock satsen ändras så att den totala entropin i det kombinerade systemet och omgivningen måste öka, eller </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta S_{\text{total}}=\Delta S_{\text{system}}+\Delta S_{\text{surroundings}}\geq 0\,.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>total</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>system</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>surroundings</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta S_{\text{total}}=\Delta S_{\text{system}}+\Delta S_{\text{surroundings}}\geq 0\,.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a07447f181d54f3b1c81b7be7ddc8d3d717a7c5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:39.552ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta S_{\text{total}}=\Delta S_{\text{system}}+\Delta S_{\text{surroundings}}\geq 0\,.}"></span> </p><p>Detta kriterium kan sedan användas för att förklara hur det är möjligt för entropin i ett öppet eller slutet system att minska under en spontan process. En minskning av systementropi kan endast uppstå spontant om entropiförändringen i omgivningen både har positivt tecken och har är större än systemets entropiförändring: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta S_{\text{surroundings}}>0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>surroundings</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>></mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta S_{\text{surroundings}}>0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1553a412cfc201d0696137bb6a0f8660f5a4ec41" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:17.11ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta S_{\text{surroundings}}>0}"></span> </p><p>och </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left|\Delta S_{\text{surroundings}}\right|>\left|\Delta S_{\text{system}}\right|}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>|</mo> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>surroundings</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>|</mo> </mrow> <mo>></mo> <mrow> <mo>|</mo> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>system</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>|</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left|\Delta S_{\text{surroundings}}\right|>\left|\Delta S_{\text{system}}\right|}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/707aca3c14b1c6239315d61718ce12cf5fa758ae" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:27.03ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left|\Delta S_{\text{surroundings}}\right|>\left|\Delta S_{\text{system}}\right|}"></span> </p><p>I många processer sker ökningen av omgivningens entropi genom värmeöverföring från systemet till omgivningen (dvs. en <a href="/wiki/Exoterm_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Exoterm process">exoterm process</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spontan_process&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spontan_process&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endergon_reaktion" title="Endergon reaktion">Endergon reaktion</a>: reaktioner som inte är spontana vid standardtemperatur, tryck och koncentrationer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">Diffusion</a>: spontana fenomen som minimerar Gibbs fria energi.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spontan_process&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spontan_process&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/gloss/sponprocess.html">Spontaneous process</a> - Purdue University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemed.chem.wisc.edu/chempaths/GenChem-Textbook/Entropy-and-Spontaneous-Reactions-623.html">Entropy and Spontaneous Reactions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091213190957/http://chemed.chem.wisc.edu/chempaths/GenChem-Textbook/Entropy-and-Spontaneous-Reactions-623.html">Arkiverad</a> 13 december 2009 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091213190957/http://chemed.chem.wisc.edu/chempaths/GenChem-Textbook/Entropy-and-Spontaneous-Reactions-623.html">Arkiverad</a> 2009-12-13 - ChemEd DL</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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