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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marathi_since_Indian_independence_in_1947"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Marathi since Indian independence in 1947 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marathi_since_Indian_independence_in_1947-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geographic distribution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geographic distribution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 International </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Dialects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Dialects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Varhadi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varhadi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Varhadi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varhadi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zadi_Boli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zadi_Boli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Zadi Boli </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zadi_Boli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Indian_Marathi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Indian_Marathi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Southern Indian Marathi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Indian_Marathi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Phonology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phonology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Writing </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Writing subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Devanagari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devanagari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Devanagari </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devanagari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_of_consonant–vowel_combination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_of_consonant–vowel_combination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Example of consonant–vowel combination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_of_consonant–vowel_combination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Modi_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Modi_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 The Modi alphabet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Modi_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonant_clusters_in_Devanagari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonant_clusters_in_Devanagari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Consonant clusters in Devanagari </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant_clusters_in_Devanagari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eyelash_reph/raphar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eyelash_reph/raphar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Eyelash reph/raphar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eyelash_reph/raphar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minimal_pairs[107]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minimal_pairs[107]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 Minimal pairs[107] </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minimal_pairs[107]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Braille" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Braille"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Braille </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Braille-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Grammar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sharing_of_linguistic_resources_with_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sharing_of_linguistic_resources_with_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sharing of linguistic resources with other languages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sharing_of_linguistic_resources_with_other_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sharing of linguistic resources with other languages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sharing_of_linguistic_resources_with_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dravidian_Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dravidian_Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Dravidian Influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dravidian_Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology_and_etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology_and_etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Morphology and etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology_and_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Counting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marathi_on_computers_and_the_Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marathi_on_computers_and_the_Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Marathi on computers and the Internet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marathi_on_computers_and_the_Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_language_processing_for_Marathi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_language_processing_for_Marathi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Natural language processing for Marathi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_language_processing_for_Marathi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corpus_Development_in_Marathi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corpus_Development_in_Marathi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Corpus Development in Marathi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corpus_Development_in_Marathi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marathi_Language_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marathi_Language_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Marathi Language Day </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marathi_Language_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Marathi language</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 122 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-122" aria-hidden="true" > 122 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi" title="Marathi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Marathi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मराठी भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मराठी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة المراثية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة المراثية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="মাৰাঠী ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মাৰাঠী ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_marathi" title="Idioma marathi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma marathi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80" title="मराठी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="मराठी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_dili" title="Marathi dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Marathi dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مراتی دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مراتی دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="মারাঠি ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মারাঠি ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi-g%C3%AD" title="Marathi-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Marathi-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Marathi" title="Basa Marathi – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Basa Marathi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D2%BB%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Маратһи теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Маратһи теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%85%D1%96_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Маратхі (мова) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маратхі (мова)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B3%D1%96_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Маратгі (мова) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Маратгі (мова)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80" title="मराठी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मराठी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marati" title="Marati – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Marati" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Маратхийски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маратхийски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marateg" title="Marateg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Marateg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi" title="Marathi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marathi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marati_(pinulongan)" title="Marati (pinulongan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Marati (pinulongan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%A1th%C5%A1tina" title="Maráthština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maráthština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi" title="Marathi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Marathi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_(sprog)" title="Marathi (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Marathi (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi" title="Marathi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Marathi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%93%DE%A9" title="މަރާޓީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މަރާޓީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मराठी भाषा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मराठी भाषा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_keel" title="Marathi keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Marathi keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B9_(%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1)" title="Μαράτι (γλώσσα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαράτι (γλώσσα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_marati" title="Idioma marati – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma marati" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marata_lingvo" title="Marata lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marata lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathera" title="Marathera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Marathera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="زبان مراتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان مراتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_bhasa" title="Marathi bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Marathi bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_(langue)" title="Marathi (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marathi (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Mharaitis" title="An Mharaitis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Mharaitis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_marathi" title="Lingua marathi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua marathi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A0%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="મરાઠી ભાષા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મરાઠી ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80" title="मराठी – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="मराठी" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi-ng%C3%AE" title="Marathi-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Marathi-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%9D%BC%ED%8B%B0%EC%96%B4" title="마라티어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마라티어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marati" title="Marati – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Marati" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मराठी भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मराठी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_jezik" title="Marathi jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Marathi jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marata-linguo" title="Marata-linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Marata-linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="মারাঠি ঠার – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মারাঠি ঠার" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Marathi" title="Bahasa Marathi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Marathi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi" title="Marathi – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Marathi" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B8_(%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3)" title="Маратхи (æвзаг) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Маратхи (æвзаг)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marat%C3%AD" title="Maratí – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Maratí" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_marathi" title="Lingua marathi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua marathi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%94%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מראטהית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מראטהית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A0%E0%B2%BF" title="ಮರಾಠಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮರಾಠಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მარათული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარათული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimarathi" title="Kimarathi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kimarathi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Маратхи – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Маратхи" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_marath%C3%AE" title="Zimanê marathî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê marathî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Маратхи тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Маратхи тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Marathica" title="Lingua Marathica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Marathica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathu_valoda" title="Marathu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Marathu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marath%C5%B3_kalba" title="Marathų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Marathų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_marathi" title="Lengua marathi – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua marathi" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_marathi" title="Lengua marathi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua marathi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%A1thi_nyelv" title="Maráthi nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Maráthi nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मराठी भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मराठी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_maraty" title="Fiteny maraty – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny maraty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A0%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="മറാഠി ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മറാഠി ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मराठी भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मराठी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მარათული ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მარათული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%89" title="مراتى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مراتى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="مراتی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مراتی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Marathi" title="Bahasa Marathi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Marathi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Марати хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Марати хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratitlaht%C5%8Dlli" title="Maratitlahtōlli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Maratitlahtōlli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_(taal)" title="Marathi (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Marathi (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मराठी भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मराठी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मराठी भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मराठी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="マラーティー語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マラーティー語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraathii" title="Maraathii – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Maraathii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi" title="Marathi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Marathi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi" title="Marathi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Marathi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marata" title="Marata – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Marata" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A0%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE" title="ମରାଠୀ ଭାଷା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମରାଠୀ ଭାଷା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮਰਾਠੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਰਾਠੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%B9%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="مراٹھی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مراٹھی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi" title="Marathi – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Marathi" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%BC%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="مراټي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مراټي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_marathi" title="Lenga marathi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga marathi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_marathi" title="Język marathi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język marathi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_marata" title="Língua marata – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua marata" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_marathi" title="Limba marathi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba marathi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_simi" title="Marathi simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Marathi simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B8_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Маратхи (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маратхи (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="मराठीभाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मराठीभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱴᱷᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_leid" title="Marathi leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Marathi leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_marathi" title="Gjuha marathi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha marathi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="මරාථි භාෂාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මරාථි භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Marathi language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%BA%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="مراٺي ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مراٺي ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%A1th%C4%8Dina" title="Maráthčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maráthčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="زمانی ماراتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ماراتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B8_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Маратхи (језик) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маратхи (језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_jezik" title="Marathi jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Marathi jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathin_kieli" title="Marathin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Marathin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi" title="Marathi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Marathi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Marathi" title="Wikang Marathi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Marathi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="மராத்திய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மராத்திய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A0%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="మరాఠీ భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మరాఠీ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B5" title="ภาษามราฐี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษามราฐี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A0%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ಮರಾಠಿ ಬಾಸೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಮರಾಠಿ ಬಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathice" title="Marathice – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Marathice" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%85%D1%96_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Маратхі (мова) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маратхі (мова)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%B9%DA%BE%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مراٹھی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مراٹھی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%89%DA%86%DB%95" title="ماراتىچە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ماراتىچە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Marathi" title="Tiếng Marathi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Marathi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minarathi" title="Minarathi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Minarathi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="马拉地语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马拉地语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%8F%90%E6%96%87" title="馬拉提文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬拉提文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meratki" title="Meratki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Meratki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="马拉地语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马拉地语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Marathi" title="Bahasa Marathi – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Marathi" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_zyvon" title="Marathi zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Marathi zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1571#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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searchaux" style="display:none">Indo-Aryan language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Maharashtrian language" redirects here. For the Prakrit, see <a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri Prakrit</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Maharashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Maharashtra">Languages of Maharashtra</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Marathi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Marāṭhī</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">मराठी, 𑘦𑘨𑘰𑘙𑘲</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB_and_Modi_scripts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB_and_Modi_scripts.svg/200px-Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB_and_Modi_scripts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB_and_Modi_scripts.svg/300px-Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB_and_Modi_scripts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB_and_Modi_scripts.svg/400px-Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB_and_Modi_scripts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="139" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">The word "Marāṭhī" in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> & <a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi script</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Marathi: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marathi" title="Help:IPA/Marathi">[məˈɾaːʈʰiː]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0f\/MarathiLanguage_pronunciation.ogg\/MarathiLanguage_pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"MarathiLanguage pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/MarathiLanguage_pronunciation.ogg/MarathiLanguage_pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:MarathiLanguage_pronunciation.ogg" title="File:MarathiLanguage pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a> English: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/məˈrɑːti/</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">Western India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> (north)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> (in the districts of <a href="/wiki/Belagavi_district" title="Belagavi district">Belagavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kannada" title="Uttara Kannada">Karwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagalkote_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagalkote district">Bagalkote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vijayapura_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayapura district">Vijayapura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalaburagi_district" title="Kalaburagi district">Kalaburagi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bidar_district" title="Bidar district">Bidar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> (majorly in <a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a>, and among a small number of population in <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> (in the districts of <a href="/wiki/Burhanpur_district" title="Burhanpur district">Burhanpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betul_district" title="Betul district">Betul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhindwara_district" title="Chhindwara district">Chhindwara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balaghat_district" title="Balaghat district">Balaghat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li>Union-territories of <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a><a href="#cite_note-dadra-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-C-16_Population_By_Mother_Tongue-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Indian_Linguistics-3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Kasargod" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasargod">Kasargod</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Marathi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 83 million (2011)<a href="#cite_note-e27-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 16 million (2011)<a href="#cite_note-e27-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Indo-Aryan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Indo-Aryan languages">Southern</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi-Konkani_languages" title="Marathi-Konkani languages">Marathi–Konkani</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Marathi</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early form</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri Prakrit</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Standard Marathi<a href="#cite_note-kas-5">[5]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a> (major)<a href="#cite_note-kas-5">[5]</a></li> <li>Zadi Boli<a href="#cite_note-misalpav.com-6">[6]</a></li> <li>Southern Indian Marathi<a href="#cite_note-salc.uchicago.edu-7">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Marathi_dialect" title="Thanjavur Marathi dialect">Thanjavur Marathi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasargodan_Marathi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasargodan Marathi (page does not exist)">Kasargodan Marathi</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhatage-8">[8]</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indian_language" title="East Indian language">East Indian Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judæo-Marathi</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> (official) (<a href="/wiki/Marathi_phonology" title="Marathi phonology">Marathi alphabet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> (historical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi script</a> (historical)<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Signing_System" title="Indian Signing System">Indian Signing System</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages of India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a><a href="#cite_note-ic-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-goa-12">[12]</a> (additional)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman and Diu</a><a href="#cite_note-dadra-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-C-16_Population_By_Mother_Tongue-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Marathi_Language" title="Ministry of Marathi Language">Ministry of Marathi Language</a> and various <a href="#Marathi_organisations">other institutions</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=mr">mr</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=285">mar</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Either: <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mar" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:mar">mar</a></code> – Modern Marathi <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/omr" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:omr">omr</a></code> – Old Marathi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/omr">omr</a></code> Old Marathi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mara1378">mara1378</a></code>  Modern Marathi <code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oldm1244">oldm1244</a></code>  Old Marathi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=59-AAF-o">59-AAF-o</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Marathi_speaker_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Marathi_speaker_map.svg/320px-Marathi_speaker_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Marathi_speaker_map.svg/480px-Marathi_speaker_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Marathi_speaker_map.svg/640px-Marathi_speaker_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  regions where Marathi is the language of the majority or plurality</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  regions where Marathi is the language of a significant minority</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Geographic_distribution_of_Marathi_language.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Geographic_distribution_of_Marathi_language.png/320px-Geographic_distribution_of_Marathi_language.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Geographic_distribution_of_Marathi_language.png/480px-Geographic_distribution_of_Marathi_language.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Geographic_distribution_of_Marathi_language.png/640px-Geographic_distribution_of_Marathi_language.png 2x" data-file-width="2806" data-file-height="2080" /></a><div style="text-align:left;">Map of Marathi language in India (district-wise). Darker shades imply a greater percentage of native speakers of Marathi in each district.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> Marathi (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/məˈrɑːti/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> मराठी, Marāṭhī, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marathi" title="Help:IPA/Marathi">[məˈɾaːʈʰiː]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0f\/MarathiLanguage_pronunciation.ogg\/MarathiLanguage_pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"MarathiLanguage pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/MarathiLanguage_pronunciation.ogg/MarathiLanguage_pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:MarathiLanguage_pronunciation.ogg" title="File:MarathiLanguage pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Classical_languages_of_India" title="Classical languages of India">classical</a> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan language</a> predominantly spoken by <a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Marathi people</a> in the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and is also spoken in other states like in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a>, and the territory of <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dadra-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-C-16_Population_By_Mother_Tongue-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> It is the official language of Maharashtra, and an additional official language in the state of <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, where it is used for replies, when requests are received in Marathi. It is one of the 22 <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled languages of India">scheduled languages of India</a>, with 83 million speakers as of 2011. Marathi ranks 13th in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">list of languages with most native speakers in the world</a>. Marathi has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">third largest number</a> of native speakers in India, after <a href="/wiki/Hindi_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi Language">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-16">[16]</a> The language has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indian languages.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the <a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi Marathi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kas-5">[5]</a> Marathi was designated as a classical language by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> in October 2024.<a href="#cite_note-IT_Oct2024-18">[18]</a> Marathi distinguishes <a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">inclusive and exclusive</a> forms of 'we' and possesses three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a>: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Its <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> contrasts <a href="/wiki/Apico-alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Apico-alveolar">apico-alveolar</a> with <a href="/wiki/Alveopalatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveopalatal">alveopalatal</a> <a href="/wiki/Affricates" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricates">affricates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral">alveolar</a> with <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_lateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex lateral">retroflex</a> laterals ([l] and [ɭ] (Marathi letters ल and ळ respectively).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali200911–15-19">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marathi_literature" title="Marathi literature">Marathi literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foot_bahubali2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Foot_bahubali2.jpg/220px-Foot_bahubali2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Foot_bahubali2.jpg/330px-Foot_bahubali2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Foot_bahubali2.jpg/440px-Foot_bahubali2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>981 A.D. Prakrit inscription at the foot of <a href="/wiki/Bahubali" title="Bahubali">Bahubali statue</a> at Jain temple in <a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a> It was derived from <a href="/wiki/Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakrit language">Prakrit language</a></figcaption></figure> Indian languages, including Marathi, that belong to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan language family</a> are derived from early forms of <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>. Marathi is one of several languages that further descend from <a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri Prakrit</a>. Further changes led to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a> followed by Old Marathi.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> However, this is challenged by Bloch (1970), who states that <a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a> was formed after Marathi had already separated from the Middle Indian dialect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloch197032-21">[21]</a> The earliest example of Marathi as a separate language dates to approximately 3rd century BCE: a stone inscription found in a cave at <a href="/wiki/Naneghat" title="Naneghat">Naneghat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Junnar" title="Junnar">Junnar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pune_district" title="Pune district">Pune district</a> had been written in Maharashtri using <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gaha_Sattasai" title="Gaha Sattasai">Gaha Sattasai</a> is an ancient collection of poems composed approximately 2,000 years ago in ancient Marathi also known as <a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri Prakrit</a> or simply <a href="/wiki/Maharashtri" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtri">Maharashtri</a>. It is a collection of poetry attributed to the Satavahana King Hala. A committee appointed by the Maharashtra State Government to get the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India#Classical_languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Classical</a> status for Marathi has claimed that Marathi existed at least 2,300 years ago .<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Marathi, a derivative of Maharashtri <a href="/wiki/Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakrit language">Prakrit language</a>, is probably first attested in a 739 CE <a href="/wiki/Indian_copper_plate_inscriptions" title="Indian copper plate inscriptions">copper-plate inscription</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Satara_district" title="Satara district">Satara</a>. Several inscriptions dated to the second half of the 11th century feature Marathi, which is usually appended to <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a> in these inscriptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian_Lee_Novetzke201653-26">[26]</a> The earliest Marathi-only inscriptions are the ones issued during the <a href="/wiki/Shilahara" title="Shilahara">Shilahara</a> rule, including a <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1012 CE stone inscription from Akshi taluka of <a href="/wiki/Raigad_district" title="Raigad district">Raigad district</a>, and a 1060 or 1086 CE copper-plate inscription from Dive that records a land grant (<a href="/wiki/Agrahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrahara">agrahara</a>) to a Brahmin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian_Lee_Novetzke201653–54-27">[27]</a> A 2-line 1118 CE Prakrit inscription at <a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a> records a grant by the <a href="/wiki/Hoysala" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala">Hoysalas</a>. These inscriptions suggest that Prakrit was a standard written language by the 12th century. However, after the Gaha Sattasai there is no record of any literature produced in Marathi until the late 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian_Lee_Novetzke201654-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yadava_period">Yadava period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Yadava period">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Marathi_language" title="Special:EditPage/Marathi language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Marathi+language%22">"Marathi language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Marathi+language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Marathi+language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Marathi+language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Marathi+language%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Marathi+language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (January 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> After 1187 CE, the use of Marathi grew substantially in the inscriptions of the <a href="/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty">Yadava</a> kings, who earlier used Kannada and Sanskrit in their inscriptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian_Lee_Novetzke201653–54-27">[27]</a> Marathi became the dominant language of epigraphy during the last half century of the dynasty's rule (14th century), and may have been a result of the Yadava attempts to connect with their Marathi-speaking subjects and to distinguish themselves from the Kannada-speaking <a href="/wiki/Hoysala" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala">Hoysalas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian_Lee_Novetzke201653-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Talbot2001-29">[29]</a> Further growth and usage of the language was because of two religious sects – the <a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varkari" class="mw-redirect" title="Varkari">Varkari</a> <a href="/wiki/Panthan" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthan">panthan</a>s – who adopted Marathi as the medium for preaching their doctrines of devotion. Marathi was used in court life by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty">Yadava</a> kings. During the reign of the last three Yadava kings, a great deal of literature in verse and prose, on astrology, medicine, <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a>, kings and courtiers were created. Nalopakhyana, Rukminiswayamvara and Shripati's Jyotisharatnamala (1039) are a few examples. The oldest book in prose form in Marathi, Vivēkasindhu (विवेकसिंधु), was written by <a href="/wiki/Mukundaraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukundaraj">Mukundaraja</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a> yogi and arch-poet of Marathi. Mukundaraja bases his exposition of the basic tenets of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a> and the yoga marga on the utterances or teachings of <a href="/wiki/Shankaracharya" title="Shankaracharya">Shankaracharya</a>. Mukundaraja's other work, Paramamrta, is considered the first systematic attempt to explain the Vedanta in the Marathi language Notable examples of Marathi prose are "Līḷācarītra" (लीळाचरित्र), events and anecdotes from the miracle-filled the life of <a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhar Swami</a> of the Mahanubhava sect compiled by his close disciple, Mahimbhatta, in 1238. The <a href="/wiki/Leela_Charitra" title="Leela Charitra">Līḷācarītra</a> is thought to be the first biography written in the Marathi language. Mahimbhatta's second important literary work is the Shri Govindaprabhucharitra or Ruddhipurcharitra, a biography of Shri Chakradhar Swami's guru, Shri Govind Prabhu. This was probably written in 1288. The Mahanubhava sect made Marathi a vehicle for the propagation of religion and culture. Mahanubhava literature generally comprises works that describe the incarnations of gods, the history of the sect, commentaries on the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>, poetical works narrating the stories of the life of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and grammatical and etymological works that are deemed useful to explain the philosophy of sect. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_and_Deccan_Sultanate_period">Medieval and Deccan Sultanate period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medieval and Deccan Sultanate period">edit</a>]</div> The 13th century Varkari saint <a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Dnyaneshwar</a> (1275–1296) wrote a treatise in Marathi on Bhagawat Gita popularly called <a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwari" title="Dnyaneshwari">Dnyaneshwari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amrutanubhav" title="Amrutanubhav">Amrutanubhava</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMokashi198739-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Mukund Raj was a poet who lived in the 13th century and is said to be the first poet who composed in Marathi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKher1895446–454-32">[32]</a> He is known for the Viveka-Siddhi and Parammruta which are metaphysical, pantheistic works connected with orthodox <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Vedantism</a>. The 16th century saint-poet <a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a> (1528–1599) is well known for composing the Eknāthī Bhāgavat, a commentary on Bhagavat Purana and the devotional songs called Bharud.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Mukteshwar translated the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> into Marathi; <a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a> (1608–49) transformed Marathi into a rich literary language. His poetry contained his inspirations. Tukaram wrote over 3000 <a href="/wiki/Abhang" title="Abhang">abhangs</a> or devotional songs.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_Press-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manmath_Swami" title="Manmath Swami">Manmathswamy</a>(1561-1631) wrote a large volume of poetry and literature in Marathi. The Shivparv Ambhag composed by him is still read with interest by <a href="/wiki/Veerashaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Veerashaiva">Veerashaiva</a> people of Marathwada. Apart from this, the Pararamrhasya, a spiritual book composed by him on Shatsthalsiddhanta, is also recited.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Marathi was widely used during the Sultanate period. Although the rulers were Muslims, the local feudal landlords and the revenue collectors were Hindus and so was the majority of the population. To simplify administration and revenue collection, the sultans promoted use of Marathi in official documents. However, the Marathi language from the era is heavily <a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian language in South Asia">Persianised</a> in its vocabulary.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The Persian influence continues to this day with many Persian derived words used in everyday speech such as bāg (Garden), kārkhānā (factory), shahar (city), bāzār (market), dukān (shop), hushār (clever), kāḡaḏ (paper), khurchi (chair), jamin (land), jāhirāt (advertisement), and hazār (thousand)<a href="#cite_note-iranicaonline.org-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Marathi also became language of administration during the <a href="/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Ahmadnagar Sultanate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Adilshahi of Bijapur also used Marathi for administration and record keeping.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maratha_Confederacy">Maratha Confederacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Maratha Confederacy">edit</a>]</div> Marathi gained prominence with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Kingdom">Maratha Kingdom</a> beginning with the reign of <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a>. In his court, Shivaji replaced Persian, the common courtly language in the region, with Marathi. The Marathi language used in administrative documents also became less <a href="/wiki/Persianised" class="mw-redirect" title="Persianised">Persianised</a>. Whereas in 1630, 80% of the vocabulary was Persian, it dropped to 37% by 1677.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> His reign stimulated the deployment of Marathi as a tool of systematic description and understanding.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Shivaji Maharaj commissioned one of his officials, <a href="/wiki/Khando_Ballal" title="Khando Ballal">Balaji Avaji Chitnis</a>, to make a comprehensive lexicon to replace Persian and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> terms with their Sanskrit equivalents. This led to production of 'Rājavyavahārakośa', the thesaurus of state usage in 1677.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Subsequent Maratha rulers extended the confederacy. These excursions by the Marathas helped to spread Marathi over broader geographical regions. This period also saw the use of Marathi in transactions involving land and other business. Documents from this period, therefore, give a better picture of the life of common people. There are a number of <a href="/wiki/Bakhar" title="Bakhar">Bakhars</a> (journals or narratives of historical events) written in Marathi and Modi script from this period. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_scriptures_on_the_walls_in_Big_Temple,_Thanjavur_-_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ancient_scriptures_on_the_walls_in_Big_Temple%2C_Thanjavur_-_2.JPG/220px-Ancient_scriptures_on_the_walls_in_Big_Temple%2C_Thanjavur_-_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ancient_scriptures_on_the_walls_in_Big_Temple%2C_Thanjavur_-_2.JPG/330px-Ancient_scriptures_on_the_walls_in_Big_Temple%2C_Thanjavur_-_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ancient_scriptures_on_the_walls_in_Big_Temple%2C_Thanjavur_-_2.JPG/440px-Ancient_scriptures_on_the_walls_in_Big_Temple%2C_Thanjavur_-_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="787" /></a><figcaption>Marathi inscription inside <a href="/wiki/Brihadisvara_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadisvara temple">Brihadisvara temple</a> complex, Thanjavur</figcaption></figure> In the 18th century during Peshwa rule, some well-known works such as Yatharthadeepika by <a href="/wiki/Vaman_Pandit" title="Vaman Pandit">Vaman Pandit</a>, Naladamayanti Swayamvara by <a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Pandit" title="Raghunath Pandit">Raghunath Pandit</a>, Pandava Pratap, Harivijay, Ramvijay by Shridhar Pandit and Mahabharata by <a href="/wiki/Moropant" title="Moropant">Moropant</a> were produced. Krishnadayarnava and Sridhar were poets during the <a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwa</a> period. New literary forms were successfully experimented with during the period and classical styles were revived, especially the Mahakavya and Prabandha forms. The most important hagiographies of Varkari Bhakti saints were written by <a href="/wiki/Mahipati" title="Mahipati">Mahipati</a> in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_Press-34">[34]</a> Other well known literary scholars of the 17th century were <a href="/wiki/Mukteshwar" title="Mukteshwar">Mukteshwar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shridhar" title="Shridhar">Shridhar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-45">[45]</a> Mukteshwar was the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a> and is the most distinguished poet in the Ovi meter. He is most known for translating the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> in Marathi but only a part of the Mahabharata translation is available and the entire Ramayana translation is lost. Shridhar Kulkarni came from the <a href="/wiki/Pandharpur" title="Pandharpur">Pandharpur</a> area and his works are said to have superseded the Sanskrit epics to a certain extent. This period also saw the development of Powada (ballads sung in honour of warriors), and <a href="/wiki/Lavani" title="Lavani">Lavani</a> (romantic songs presented with dance and instruments like tabla). Major poet composers of <a href="/wiki/Powada" title="Powada">Powada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lavani" title="Lavani">Lavani</a> songs of the 17th and the 18th century were Anant Phandi, Ram Joshi and <a href="/wiki/Honaji_Bala" title="Honaji Bala">Honaji Bala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_colonial_period">British colonial period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: British colonial period">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British colonial period</a> starting in early 1800s saw standardisation of Marathi grammar through the efforts of the Christian missionary <a href="/wiki/William_Carey_(missionary)" title="William Carey (missionary)">William Carey</a>. Carey's dictionary had fewer entries and Marathi words were in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>. Translations of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> were the first books to be printed in Marathi. These translations by William Carey, the <a href="/wiki/Marathi_Christians" title="Marathi Christians">American Marathi mission</a> and the Scottish missionaries led to the development of a peculiar pidginised Marathi called "Missionary Marathi" in the early 1800s.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The most comprehensive Marathi-English dictionary was compiled by Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Molesworth" title="James Thomas Molesworth">James Thomas Molesworth</a> and Major <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Candy" title="Thomas Candy">Thomas Candy</a> in 1831. The book is still in print nearly two centuries after its publication.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The colonial authorities also worked on standardising Marathi under the leadership of Molesworth and Candy. They consulted Brahmins of <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a> for this task and adopted the Sanskrit dominated dialect spoken by the elite in the city as the standard dialect for Marathi.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rao1994-51">[51]</a> The first Marathi translation of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> was published in 1811 by the <a href="/wiki/Serampore_Mission_Press" title="Serampore Mission Press">Serampore press</a> of William Carey.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The first Marathi newspaper called Durpan was started by <a href="/wiki/Balshastri_Jambhekar" title="Balshastri Jambhekar">Balshastri Jambhekar</a> in 1832.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Newspapers provided a platform for sharing literary views, and many books on social reforms were written. The First Marathi periodical Dirghadarshan was started in 1840. The Marathi language flourished, as Marathi drama gained popularity. Musicals known as <a href="/wiki/Sangeet_Natak" title="Sangeet Natak">Sangeet Natak</a> also evolved.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Keshavasut" class="mw-redirect" title="Keshavasut">Keshavasut</a>, the father of modern Marathi poetry published his first poem in 1885. The late-19th century in Maharashtra saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/Essayist" class="mw-redirect" title="Essayist">essayist</a> <a href="/wiki/Vishnushastri_Chiplunkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnushastri Chiplunkar">Vishnushastri Chiplunkar</a> with his periodical, Nibandhmala that had essays that criticised social reformers like <a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Phule</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a>. He also founded the popular Marathi periodical of that era called <a href="/wiki/Kesari_(Marathi_newspaper)" title="Kesari (Marathi newspaper)">Kesari</a> in 1881.<a href="#cite_note-O'Hanlon2002-55">[55]</a> Later under the editorship of <a href="/wiki/Lokmanya_Tilak" class="mw-redirect" title="Lokmanya Tilak">Lokmanya Tilak</a>, the newspaper was instrumental in spreading Tilak's nationalist and social views.<a href="#cite_note-rao2008-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-58">[58]</a> Phule and Deshmukh also started their periodicals, <a href="/wiki/Deenbandhu" title="Deenbandhu">Deenbandhu</a> and Prabhakar, that criticised the prevailing Hindu culture of the day.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The 19th century and early 20th century saw several books published on Marathi grammar. Notable grammarians of this period were <a href="/wiki/Dadoba_Pandurang" title="Dadoba Pandurang">Tarkhadkar</a>, A.K.Kher, Moro Keshav Damle, and R.Joshi<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The first half of the 20th century was marked by new enthusiasm in literary pursuits, and socio-political activism helped achieve major milestones in <a href="/wiki/Marathi_literature" title="Marathi literature">Marathi literature</a>, drama, music and film. Modern Marathi prose flourished: for example, <a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Chintaman_Kelkar" title="Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar">N.C.Kelkar</a>'s biographical writings, novels of <a href="/wiki/Hari_Narayan_Apte" title="Hari Narayan Apte">Hari Narayan Apte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narayan_Sitaram_Phadke" title="Narayan Sitaram Phadke">Narayan Sitaram Phadke</a> and <a href="/wiki/V._S._Khandekar" class="mw-redirect" title="V. S. Khandekar">V. S. Khandekar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a>'s nationalist literature and plays of Mama Varerkar and Kirloskar. In folk arts, <a href="/wiki/Patthe_Bapurao" title="Patthe Bapurao">Patthe Bapurao</a> wrote many lavani songs during the late colonial period. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marathi_since_Indian_independence_in_1947">Marathi since Indian independence in 1947</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Marathi since Indian independence in 1947">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marathinewspapers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Marathinewspapers.jpg/220px-Marathinewspapers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Marathinewspapers.jpg/330px-Marathinewspapers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Marathinewspapers.jpg/440px-Marathinewspapers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption> The popular <a href="/wiki/List_of_Marathi-language_newspapers" title="List of Marathi-language newspapers">Marathi language newspapers</a> at a newsstand in Mumbai, 2006</figcaption></figure> After <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Indian independence</a>, Marathi was accorded the status of a <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">scheduled language</a> on the national level. In 1956, the then Bombay state was reorganised, which brought most Marathi and Gujarati speaking areas under one state. Further re-organization of the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay</a> state on 1 May 1960, created the Marathi speaking Maharashtra and Gujarati speaking Gujarat state respectively. With state and cultural protection, Marathi made great strides by the 1990s. A literary event called <a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Marathi_Sahitya_Sammelan" title="Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan">Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan</a> (All-India Marathi Literature Meet) is held every year. In addition, the Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Natya Sammelan (All-India Marathi Theatre Convention) is also held annually. Both events are very popular among Marathi speakers. Notable works in Marathi in the latter half of the 20th century include Khandekar's <a href="/wiki/Yayati" title="Yayati">Yayati</a>, which won him the <a href="/wiki/Jnanpith_Award" title="Jnanpith Award">Jnanpith Award</a>. Also <a href="/wiki/Vijay_Tendulkar" title="Vijay Tendulkar">Vijay Tendulkar</a>'s plays in Marathi have earned him a reputation beyond <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>. <a href="/wiki/P.L.Deshpande" class="mw-redirect" title="P.L.Deshpande">P.L. Deshpande</a> (popularly known as PuLa), <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Vaman_Shirwadkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar">Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/P.K.Atre" class="mw-redirect" title="P.K.Atre">P.K. Atre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prabodhankar_Thackeray" title="Prabodhankar Thackeray">Prabodhankar Thackeray</a> and Vishwas Patil are known for their writings in Marathi in the fields of drama, comedy and social commentary. <a href="/wiki/Bashir_Momin_Kavathekar" title="Bashir Momin Kavathekar">Bashir Momin Kavathekar</a> wrote Lavani's and folk songs for <a href="/wiki/Tamasha" title="Tamasha">Tamasha</a> artists.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In 1958 the term "<a href="/wiki/Dalit_literature#Dalit_literature_in_Maharashtra" title="Dalit literature">Dalit literature</a>" was used for the first time, when the first conference of Maharashtra Dalit Sahitya Sangha (Maharashtra Dalit Literature Society) was held at <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, a movement inspired by 19th century social reformer, <a href="/wiki/Jyotiba_Phule" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotiba Phule">Jyotiba Phule</a> and eminent dalit leader, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Bhimrao_Ambedkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhimrao Ambedkar">Bhimrao Ambedkar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baburao_Bagul" title="Baburao Bagul">Baburao Bagul</a> (1930–2008) was a pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a> writings in Marathi.<a href="#cite_note-han-64">[64]</a> His first collection of stories, Jevha Mi Jat Chorali (जेव्हा मी जात चोरली, "When I Stole My Caste"), published in 1963, created a stir in <a href="/wiki/Marathi_literature" title="Marathi literature">Marathi literature</a> with its passionate depiction of a cruel society and thus brought in new momentum to Dalit literature in Marathi.<a href="#cite_note-sa-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Gradually with other writers like <a href="/wiki/Namdeo_Dhasal" title="Namdeo Dhasal">Namdeo Dhasal</a> (who founded <a href="/wiki/Dalit_Panther" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalit Panther">Dalit Panther</a>), these Dalit writings paved way for the strengthening of Dalit movement.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Notable Dalit authors writing in Marathi include <a href="/wiki/Arun_Kamble" class="mw-redirect" title="Arun Kamble">Arun Kamble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shantabai_Kamble" title="Shantabai Kamble">Shantabai Kamble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raja_Dhale" title="Raja Dhale">Raja Dhale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namdev_Dhasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Namdev Dhasal">Namdev Dhasal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daya_Pawar" class="mw-redirect" title="Daya Pawar">Daya Pawar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annabhau_Sathe" title="Annabhau Sathe">Annabhau Sathe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laxman_Mane" title="Laxman Mane">Laxman Mane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laxman_Gaikwad" title="Laxman Gaikwad">Laxman Gaikwad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharankumar_Limbale" title="Sharankumar Limbale">Sharankumar Limbale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhau_Panchbhai" title="Bhau Panchbhai">Bhau Panchbhai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kishor_Shantabai_Kale" title="Kishor Shantabai Kale">Kishor Shantabai Kale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Jadhav" title="Narendra Jadhav">Narendra Jadhav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keshav_Meshram" title="Keshav Meshram">Keshav Meshram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urmila_Pawar" title="Urmila Pawar">Urmila Pawar</a>, Vinay Dharwadkar, Gangadhar Pantawane, <a href="/wiki/Kumud_Pawde" title="Kumud Pawde">Kumud Pawde</a> and Jyoti Lanjewar.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In recent decades there has been a trend among Marathi speaking parents of all social classes in major urban areas of sending their children to <a href="/wiki/English-medium_education" title="English-medium education">English medium schools</a>. There is some concern that this may lead to the marginalisation of the language.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution">edit</a>]</div> Marathi is primarily spoken in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a><a href="#cite_note-eth-73">[73]</a> and parts of neighbouring states of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> (majorly in <a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a>, and among a small number of population in <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a>), <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> (in the districts of <a href="/wiki/Burhanpur_district" title="Burhanpur district">Burhanpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betul_district" title="Betul district">Betul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhindwara_district" title="Chhindwara district">Chhindwara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balaghat_district" title="Balaghat district">Balaghat</a>), <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> (in the districts of <a href="/wiki/Belagavi_district" title="Belagavi district">Belagavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kannada" title="Uttara Kannada">Karwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagalkote_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagalkote district">Bagalkote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vijayapura_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayapura district">Vijayapura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalaburagi_district" title="Kalaburagi district">Kalaburagi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bidar_district" title="Bidar district">Bidar</a>), <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, union-territories of <a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman and Diu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dadra-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-C-16_Population_By_Mother_Tongue-2">[2]</a> The former Maratha ruled cities of <a href="/wiki/Baroda" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroda">Baroda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indore" title="Indore">Indore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jabalpur" title="Jabalpur">Jabalpur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Tanjore</a> have had sizeable Marathi-speaking populations for centuries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Marathi is also spoken by <a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Maharashtrian</a> migrants to other parts of India and overseas.<a href="#cite_note-eth-73">[73]</a> For instance, the people from western India who emigrated to Mauritius in the early 19th century also speak Marathi.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marathi_Speaker_Comparison_Plain_File.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Number of Marathi speakers is more than combined population of Germany and Netherlands." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Marathi_Speaker_Comparison_Plain_File.jpg/290px-Marathi_Speaker_Comparison_Plain_File.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Marathi_Speaker_Comparison_Plain_File.jpg/435px-Marathi_Speaker_Comparison_Plain_File.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Marathi_Speaker_Comparison_Plain_File.jpg/580px-Marathi_Speaker_Comparison_Plain_File.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Poster showcasing comparison of Marathi language speakers with <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Germany" title="Demographics of Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. </figcaption></figure> There were 83 million native Marathi speakers in India, according to the 2011 census, making it the third most spoken native language after Hindi and Bengali. Native Marathi speakers form 6.86% of India's population. Native speakers of Marathi formed 70.34% of the population in Maharashtra, 10.89% in Goa, 7.01% in Dadra and Nagar Haveli, 4.53% in Daman and Diu, 3.38% in Karnataka, 1.7% in Madhya Pradesh, and 1.52% in Gujarat.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: International">edit</a>]</div> The following table is a list of the geographic distribution of Marathi speakers as it appears in the 2019 edition of <a href="/wiki/SIL_Ethnologue" class="mw-redirect" title="SIL Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>, a language reference published by <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a>, which is based in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-75">[75]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>International geographic distribution as per <a href="/wiki/SIL_Ethnologue" class="mw-redirect" title="SIL Ethnologue">Ethnologue.</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Speaker population </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td>13,100 </td> <td>2016 census </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td>8,300 </td> <td>2016 census </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> </td> <td>23,000 </td> <td>Leclerc 2018a </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> </td> <td>17,000 </td> <td>Leclerc 2018c </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </td> <td>2,900 </td> <td>2013 census </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> </td> <td>6,410 </td> <td>2011 census </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a> </td> <td>73,600 </td> <td>2015 census </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Status">edit</a>]</div> Marathi is the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and additional official language in the state of <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ic-11">[11]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a> is the sole official language; however, Marathi may also be used for any or all official purposes in case any request is received in Marathi.<a href="#cite_note-goa-12">[12]</a> Marathi is included among the languages that are part of the Eighth Schedule of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>, thus granting it the status of a "scheduled language".<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Maharashtra" title="Government of Maharashtra">Government of Maharashtra</a> has applied to the Ministry of Culture to grant <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">classical language</a> status to Marathi language, which was approved by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> on 3 October 2024.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-IT_Oct2024-18">[18]</a> The contemporary grammatical rules described by <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Sahitya_Parishad" title="Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad">Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad</a> and endorsed by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Maharashtra" title="Government of Maharashtra">Government of Maharashtra</a> are supposed to take precedence in standard written Marathi.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Traditions of Marathi Linguistics and the above-mentioned rules give special status to <a href="/wiki/Tatsama" title="Tatsama">tatsamas</a>, words adapted from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. This special status expects the rules for tatsamas to be followed as in Sanskrit. This practice provides Marathi with a large corpus of Sanskrit words to cope with the demands of new technical words whenever needed. In addition to all universities in Maharashtra, <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Sayajirao_University_of_Baroda" title="Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda">Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a>,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Osmania_University" title="Osmania University">Osmania University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karnataka_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnataka University">Karnataka University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dharwad" title="Dharwad">Dharwad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gulbarga_University" title="Gulbarga University">Gulbarga University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kalaburagi" title="Kalaburagi">Kalaburagi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Devi_Ahilya_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi Ahilya University">Devi Ahilya University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indore" title="Indore">Indore</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goa_University" title="Goa University">Goa University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> have special departments for higher studies in Marathi linguistics. <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_University,_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi">Jawaharlal Nehru University</a> (New Delhi) has announced plans to establish a special department for Marathi.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Marathi Day is celebrated on 27 February, the birthday of the poet <a href="/wiki/Kusumagraj" title="Kusumagraj">Kusumagraj</a> (Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar).<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dialects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marathi-Konkani_languages" title="Marathi-Konkani languages">Marathi-Konkani languages</a></div> Standard Marathi is based on dialects used by academics and the print media. Indic scholars distinguish 42 dialects of spoken Marathi. Dialects bordering other major language areas have many properties in common with those languages, further differentiating them from standard spoken Marathi. The bulk of the variation within these dialects is primarily <a href="/wiki/Lexical_analysis" title="Lexical analysis">lexical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonological" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonological">phonological</a> (e.g. accent placement and pronunciation). Although the number of dialects is considerable, the degree of intelligibility within these dialects is relatively high.<a href="#cite_note-UCLA-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varhadi">Varhadi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Varhadi">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi dialect</a></div> Varhadi (Varhādi) (वऱ्हाडि) or Vaidarbhi (वैदर्भि) is spoken in the Western Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. In Marathi, the <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex lateral approximant">retroflex lateral approximant</a> ḷ [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a>] is common, while sometimes in the Varhadii dialect, it corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Palatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal">palatal</a> <a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximant</a> y (IPA: [j]), making this dialect quite distinct. Such <a href="/wiki/Phonetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic">phonetic</a> shifts are common in spoken Marathi and, as such, the spoken dialects vary from one region of Maharashtra to another. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zadi_Boli">Zadi Boli</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Zadi Boli">edit</a>]</div> Zaadi Boli or Zhaadiboli<a href="#cite_note-misalpav.com-6">[6]</a> (झाडिबोलि) is spoken in Zaadipranta (a forest rich region) of far eastern Maharashtra or eastern Vidarbha or western-central Gondwana comprising <a href="/wiki/Gondia_district" title="Gondia district">Gondia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhandara_district" title="Bhandara district">Bhandara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandrapur_district" title="Chandrapur district">Chandrapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gadchiroli_district" title="Gadchiroli district">Gadchiroli</a> and some parts of <a href="/wiki/Nagpur_district" title="Nagpur district">Nagpur</a> of Maharashtra.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Zaadi Boli Sahitya Mandal and many literary figures are working for the conservation of this dialect of Marathi. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Indian_Marathi">Southern Indian Marathi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Southern Indian Marathi">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Marathi_dialect" title="Thanjavur Marathi dialect">Thanjavur Marathi</a> तञ्जावूर् मराठि, Namadeva Shimpi Marathi, Arey Marathi (Telangana), Kasaragod (north Kerala) and Bhavsar Marathi are some of the dialects of Marathi spoken by many descendants of Maharashtrians who migrated to <a href="/wiki/Southern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern India">Southern India</a>. These dialects retain the 17th-century basic form of Marathi and have been considerably influenced by the Dravidian languages<a href="#cite_note-salc.uchicago.edu-7">[7]</a> after the migration. These dialects have speakers in various parts of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Indian_Linguistics-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Marathi_dialect" title="Thanjavur Marathi dialect">Thanjavur Marathi</a>, spoken in <a href="/wiki/Tanjore" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjore">Tanjore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judæo-Marathi</a>, spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a> Jews</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indian_language" title="East Indian language">East Indian Marathi</a>, spoken by the Indian Christian <a href="/wiki/Bombay_East_Indians" title="Bombay East Indians">East Indian</a> ethno-religious group</li></ul> Other <a href="/wiki/Marathi%E2%80%93Konkani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathi–Konkani languages">Marathi–Konkani languages</a> and dialects spoken in Maharashtra include <a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrian Konkani">Maharashtrian Konkani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malvani_language" title="Malvani language">Malvani</a>, Sangameshwari, <a href="/wiki/Agri_dialect" title="Agri dialect">Agri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andh_language" title="Andh language">Andh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varli_language" title="Varli language">Warli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phudagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Phudagi">Vadvali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kadodi_language" title="Kadodi language">Samavedi</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marathi_phonology" title="Marathi phonology">Marathi phonology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> Vowels in native words are: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> There is almost no phonemic length distinction, even though it is indicated in the script. Some educated speakers try to maintain a length distinction in learned borrowings (<a href="/wiki/Tatsama" title="Tatsama">tatsamas</a>) from Sanskrit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali2009-90">[90]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] There are no nasal vowels, although some speakers of Puneri and Kokni dialects maintain nasalisation of vowels that was present in old Marathi and continues to be orthographically present in modern Marathi.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Marathi furthermore contrasts /əi, əu/ with /ai, au/. There are two more vowels in Marathi to denote the pronunciations of English words such as of /æ/ in act and /ɔ/ in all. These are written as ⟨अ‍ॅ⟩ and ⟨ऑ⟩. The default vowel has two allophones apart from <a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>. The most prevalent allophone is <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a>, which results in कळ (kaḷa) being more commonly pronounced as [kɤːɺ̢ ] rather than [kəɺ̢ ]. Another rare allophone is <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a>, which occurs in words such as महाराज (mahārāja): [mʌɦaˈrad͡ʒ].<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Marathi retains several features of Sanskrit that have been lost in other Indo-Aryan languages such as Hindi and Bengali, especially in terms of pronunciation of vowels and consonants. For instance, Marathi retains the original diphthong qualities of ⟨ऐ⟩ [əi], and ⟨औ⟩ [əu] which became monophthongs in Hindi. However, similar to speakers of Western Indo-Aryan languages and Dravidian languages, Marathi speakers tend to pronounce syllabic consonant ऋ ṛ as [ru], unlike Northern Indo-Aryan languages which changed it to [ri] (e.g. the original Sanskrit pronunciation of the language's name was saṃskṛtam, while in day-to-day Marathi it is saṃskrut. In other Indic languages, it is closer to sanskrit). Spoken Marathi allows for conservative stress patterns in words like शब्द (śabda) with an emphasis on the ending vowel sound, a feature that has been lost in Hindi due to <a href="/wiki/Schwa_deletion" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa deletion">Schwa deletion</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Consonants<a href="#cite_note-masica-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveopalatal_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveopalatal consonant">(Alveolo-) palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <th>plain </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n̪</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>murmured </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">mʱ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">nʱ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɳʱ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th>voiceless </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʰ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡ɕʰ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡ʃʰ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>voiced </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">d͡ʑ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>murmured </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">bʱ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">dʱ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">d͡zʱ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">zʱ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɖʱ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">d͡ʑʱ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">d͡ʒʱ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɡʱ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant fricative">s̪</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <th>plain </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>murmured </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ʋʱ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">lʱ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">jʱ</a>)<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Flap</a>/<a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <th>plain </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiced retroflex lateral flap">𝼈</a>)<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <th>murmured </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɾʱ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">rʱ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Marathi used to have a /t͡sʰ/ but it merged with /s/.<a href="#cite_note-masica-93">[93]</a></li> <li>Some speakers pronounce /d͡z, d͡zʱ/ as fricatives but the aspiration is maintained in /zʱ/.<a href="#cite_note-masica-93">[93]</a></li></ul> A defining feature of the Marathi language is the split of Indo-Aryan ल /la/ into a <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_lateral_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex lateral flap">retroflex lateral flap</a> ळ (ḷa) and alveolar ल (la). It shares this feature with <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi Language">Punjabi</a>. For instance, कुळ (kuḷa) for the Sanskrit कुलम् (kulam, 'clan') and कमळ (kamaḷ) for Sanskrit कमलम् (kamalam 'lotus'). Marathi got ळ possibly due to long contact from Dravidian languages; there are some ḷ words loaned from Kannada like ṭhaḷak from taḷaku but most of the words are native. <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> did have /ɭ, ɭʱ/ as well, but they merged with /ɖ, ɖʱ/ by the time of classical Sanskrit.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing">Writing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Writing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dnyaneshwari_Verse_In_Modi_Script.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dnyaneshwari_Verse_In_Modi_Script.png/220px-Dnyaneshwari_Verse_In_Modi_Script.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dnyaneshwari_Verse_In_Modi_Script.png/330px-Dnyaneshwari_Verse_In_Modi_Script.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dnyaneshwari_Verse_In_Modi_Script.png/440px-Dnyaneshwari_Verse_In_Modi_Script.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi script</a> was used to write Marathi</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balbodh" title="Balbodh">Balbodh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi script</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marathi_Modi_script_stamp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Marathi_Modi_script_stamp.png/220px-Marathi_Modi_script_stamp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Marathi_Modi_script_stamp.png/330px-Marathi_Modi_script_stamp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Marathi_Modi_script_stamp.png/440px-Marathi_Modi_script_stamp.png 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>An effort to conserve the "Modi Script" under <a href="/wiki/India_Posts" class="mw-redirect" title="India Posts">India Post</a>'s My Stamp scheme. Here, the word 'Marathi' is printed in the "<a href="/wiki/Modi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Modi alphabet">Modi Script</a>".</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadamba alphabet">Kadamba script</a> and its variants have been historically used to write Marathi in the form of inscriptions on stones and copper plates.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The Marathi version of <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>, called Balbodh, is similar to the Hindi Devanagari alphabet except for its use for certain words. Some words in Marathi preserve the <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a>, which has been omitted in other languages which use Devanagari. For example, the word 'रंग' (colour) is pronounced as 'ranga' in Marathi & 'rang' in other languages using Devanagari, and 'खरं' (true), despite the <a href="/wiki/Anuswara" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuswara">anuswara</a>, is pronounced as 'khara'. The anuswara in this case is used to avoid <a href="/wiki/Schwa_deletion_in_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages">schwa deletion</a> in pronunciation; most other languages using Devanagari show schwa deletion in pronunciation despite the presence of schwa in the written spelling. From the 13th century until the beginning of British rule in the 19th century, Marathi was written in the <a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi script</a> for administrative purposes but in Devanagari for literature. Since 1950 it has been written in the Balbodh style of Devanagari. Except for Father Thomas Stephens' <a href="/wiki/Krista_Purana" title="Krista Purana">Krista Purana</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> in the 1600s, Marathi has mainly been printed in Devanagari because <a href="/wiki/William_Carey_(missionary)" title="William Carey (missionary)">William Carey</a>, the pioneer of printing in Indian languages, was only able to print in Devanagari. He later tried printing in Modi but by that time, Balbodh Devanagari had been accepted for printing.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devanagari">Devanagari</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Devanagari">edit</a>]</div> Marathi is usually written in the <a href="/wiki/Balbodh" title="Balbodh">Balbodh</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> version of <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script, an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> consisting of 36 <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> letters and 16 initial-<a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> letters. It is written from left to right. The Devanagari alphabet used to write Marathi is slightly different from the Devanagari alphabets of Hindi and other languages: there are additional letters in the Marathi alphabet and Western punctuation is used. William Carey in 1807 Observed that as with other parts of India, a traditional <a href="/wiki/Digraphia" title="Digraphia">duality</a> existed in script usage between Devanagari for religious texts, and <a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a> for commerce and administration. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Although in the Mahratta country the Devanagari character is well known to men of education, yet a character is current among the men of business which is much smaller, and varies considerably in form from the Nagari, though the number and power of the letters nearly correspond.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowels_2">Vowels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Devanagari</th> <th>Transliterated</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <td>अ</td> <td>a</td> <td>/ə/</td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MRv01-a.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/MRv01-a.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/MRv01-a.ogg/MRv01-a.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td></tr> <tr> <td>आ</td> <td>ā</td> <td>/a(ː)/</td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="MRv02-aa.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/MRv02-aa.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/MRv02-aa.ogg/MRv02-aa.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td></tr> <tr> <td>इ</td> <td>i</td> <td>/i/</td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MRv03-i.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/MRv03-i.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/MRv03-i.ogg/MRv03-i.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ई</td> <td>ī</td> <td>/i(ː)/</td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MRv04-ee.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/MRv04-ee.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/MRv04-ee.ogg/MRv04-ee.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td></tr> <tr> <td>उ</td> <td>u</td> <td>/u/</td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MRv05-u.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/MRv05-u.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/MRv05-u.ogg/MRv05-u.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ऊ</td> <td>ū</td> <td>/u(ː)/</td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MRv06-oo.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/MRv06-oo.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/MRv06-oo.ogg/MRv06-oo.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ऋ</td> <td>ṛ</td> <td>/ru/</td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_6" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MRv13-ru.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/MRv13-ru.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/MRv13-ru.ogg/MRv13-ru.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ए</td> <td>e</td> <td>/e/</td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_7" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MRv07-e.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/MRv07-e.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/MRv07-e.ogg/MRv07-e.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ऐ</td> <td>ai</td> <td>/əi/</td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_8" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MRv08-aii.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/MRv08-aii.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/MRv08-aii.ogg/MRv08-aii.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ओ</td> <td>o</td> <td>/o/</td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_9" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MRv09-o.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/MRv09-o.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/MRv09-o.ogg/MRv09-o.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td></tr> <tr> <td>औ</td> <td>au</td> <td>/əu/</td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_10" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MRv10-ouu.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/MRv10-ouu.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/MRv10-ouu.ogg/MRv10-ouu.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td></tr> <tr> <td>अं</td> <td>aṃ</td> <td>/əm/</td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_11" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="MRv11-um.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/MRv11-um.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/MRv11-um.ogg/MRv11-um.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td></tr> <tr> <td>अः</td> <td>aḥ</td> <td>/əɦə/</td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_12" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MRv12-aha.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/MRv12-aha.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/MRv12-aha.ogg/MRv12-aha.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonants_2">Consonants</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>क</th> <th>ख</th> <th>ग</th> <th>घ</th> <th>ङ</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>ka /kə/<audio id="mwe_player_13" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MR01-ka.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/MR01-ka.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/MR01-ka.ogg/MR01-ka.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>kha /kʰə/<audio id="mwe_player_14" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="MR02-kha.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/MR02-kha.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4d/MR02-kha.ogg/MR02-kha.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>ga /ɡə/<audio id="mwe_player_15" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MR03-ga.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/MR03-ga.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/MR03-ga.ogg/MR03-ga.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>gha /ɡʱə/<audio id="mwe_player_16" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MR04-gha.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/MR04-gha.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/MR04-gha.ogg/MR04-gha.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>ṅa (/ŋə/)<audio id="mwe_player_17" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MR05-nga.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/MR05-nga.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/45/MR05-nga.ogg/MR05-nga.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>च</th> <th>छ</th> <th>ज</th> <th>झ</th> <th>ञ</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>ca, ċa /t͡ɕə/ or /t͡sə/ <audio id="mwe_player_18" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MR06-cha.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/MR06-cha.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/MR06-cha.ogg/MR06-cha.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>cha /t͡ɕʰə/ <audio id="mwe_player_19" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MR07-chha.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/MR07-chha.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/MR07-chha.ogg/MR07-chha.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>ja, j̈a /d͡ʑə/ or /d͡zə/ <audio id="mwe_player_20" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MR08-ja.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/MR08-ja.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/MR08-ja.ogg/MR08-ja.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>jha, j̈ha /d͡ʑʱə/ or /d͡zʱə/ <audio id="mwe_player_21" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MR09-jha.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/MR09-jha.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/MR09-jha.ogg/MR09-jha.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>ña (/ɲə/)<audio id="mwe_player_22" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MR10-nya.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/MR10-nya.ogg" type="audio/ogg; 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codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/MR12-Tha.ogg/MR12-Tha.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>ḍa /ɖə/ <audio id="mwe_player_25" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MR13-Da.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/MR13-Da.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/MR13-Da.ogg/MR13-Da.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>ḍha /ɖʱə/ <audio id="mwe_player_26" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MR14-Dha.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/MR14-Dha.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/MR14-Dha.ogg/MR14-Dha.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>ṇa /ɳə/<audio id="mwe_player_27" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MR15-Na.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/MR15-Na.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/MR15-Na.ogg/MR15-Na.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>त</th> <th>थ</th> <th>द</th> <th>ध</th> <th>न</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>ta /tə/ <audio id="mwe_player_28" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="MR16-ta.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/MR16-ta.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/MR16-ta.ogg/MR16-ta.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>tha /tʰə/ <audio id="mwe_player_29" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MR17-tha.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/MR17-tha.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/MR17-tha.ogg/MR17-tha.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>da /də/ <audio id="mwe_player_30" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MR18-da.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/MR18-da.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/MR18-da.ogg/MR18-da.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>dha /dʱə/ <audio id="mwe_player_31" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="MR19-dha.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/MR19-dha.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/MR19-dha.ogg/MR19-dha.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>na /nə/<audio id="mwe_player_32" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="MR20-na.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/MR20-na.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/MR20-na.ogg/MR20-na.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>प</th> <th>फ</th> <th>ब</th> <th>भ</th> <th>म</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>pa /pə/ <audio id="mwe_player_33" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MR21-pa.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/MR21-pa.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/MR21-pa.ogg/MR21-pa.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>pha /pʰə/ or /fə/ <audio id="mwe_player_34" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MR22-pha.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/MR22-pha.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d2/MR22-pha.ogg/MR22-pha.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>ba /bə/ <audio id="mwe_player_35" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MR23-ba.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/MR23-ba.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/MR23-ba.ogg/MR23-ba.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>bha /bʱə/ <audio id="mwe_player_36" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MR24-bha.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/MR24-bha.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/MR24-bha.ogg/MR24-bha.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>ma /mə/<audio id="mwe_player_37" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MR25-ma.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/MR25-ma.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/MR25-ma.ogg/MR25-ma.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>य</th> <th>र</th> <th>ल</th> <th>व</th> <th>श</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>ya /jə/ <audio id="mwe_player_38" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MR26-ya.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/MR26-ya.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/89/MR26-ya.ogg/MR26-ya.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>ra /ɾə/<audio id="mwe_player_39" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MR27-ra.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/MR27-ra.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/MR27-ra.ogg/MR27-ra.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>la /lə/ <audio id="mwe_player_40" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MR28-la.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/MR28-la.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c2/MR28-la.ogg/MR28-la.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>va /ʋə/<audio id="mwe_player_41" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MR29-wa.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/MR29-wa.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/MR29-wa.ogg/MR29-wa.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>śa /ʃə/ <audio id="mwe_player_42" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="MR30-sha.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/MR30-sha.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/MR30-sha.ogg/MR30-sha.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>ष</th> <th>स</th> <th>ह</th> <th>ळ</th> <th>क्ष</th> <th>ज्ञ </th></tr> <tr> <td>ṣa /ʂə/<audio id="mwe_player_43" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="MR31-sha2.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/MR31-sha2.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/MR31-sha2.ogg/MR31-sha2.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>sa /sə/ <audio id="mwe_player_44" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MR32-sa.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/MR32-sa.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/MR32-sa.ogg/MR32-sa.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>ha /ɦə/ <audio id="mwe_player_45" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="MR33-ha.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/MR33-ha.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/MR33-ha.ogg/MR33-ha.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>ḷa /ɭə/ <audio id="mwe_player_46" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="MR34-La.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/MR34-La.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d2/MR34-La.ogg/MR34-La.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>kṣa /kɕə/<audio id="mwe_player_47" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="MR35-ksha.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/MR35-ksha.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/MR35-ksha.ogg/MR35-ksha.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td> <td>jña /dɲə/<audio id="mwe_player_48" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="50" style="width:50px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="MR36-dnya.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/MR36-dnya.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/64/MR36-dnya.ogg/MR36-dnya.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td></tr></tbody></table> It is written from left to right. Devanagari used to write Marathi is slightly different from that of Hindi or other languages. It uses additional vowels and consonants that are not found in other languages that also use Devanagari. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Example_of_consonant–vowel_combination">Example of consonant–vowel combination</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Example of consonant–vowel combination">edit</a>]</div> Combination of the vowels with K: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Script</th> <th>Pronunciation (IPA) </th></tr> <tr> <td>क</td> <td>/kə/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>का</td> <td>/kaː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>कि</td> <td>/ki/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>की</td> <td>/kiː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>कु</td> <td>/ku/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>कू</td> <td>/kuː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>कृ</td> <td>/kru/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>के</td> <td>/ke/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>कै</td> <td>/kəi̯/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>को</td> <td>/ko/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>कौ</td> <td>/kəu̯/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>कं</td> <td>/kəm/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>कः</td> <td>/kəɦ(ə)/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Modi_alphabet">The Modi alphabet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The Modi alphabet">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Modi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Modi alphabet">Modi alphabet</a></div> From the thirteenth century until 1950, Marathi, especially for business use, was written in the <a href="/wiki/Modi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Modi alphabet">Modi alphabet</a>, a cursive script designed for minimising the lifting of pen from paper while writing.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonant_clusters_in_Devanagari">Consonant clusters in Devanagari</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Consonant clusters in Devanagari">edit</a>]</div> In Devanagari, consonant letters by default come with an inherent <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a>. Therefore, तयाचे will be 'təyāche', not 'tyāche'. To form 'tyāche', you will have to write it as त् + याचे, giving त्याचे. When two or more consecutive consonants are followed by a vowel then a <a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87" class="extiw" title="mr:जोडाक्षरे">jodakshar</a> (consonant cluster) is formed. Some examples of consonant clusters are shown below: <ul><li>त्याचे – tyāche – "his"</li> <li>प्रस्ताव – prastāva – "proposal"</li> <li>विद्या – vidyā – "knowledge"</li> <li>म्यान – myān – "Sheath/scabbard"</li> <li>त्वरा – tvarā – "immediate/Quick"</li> <li>महत्त्व – mahattva – "importance"</li> <li>फक्त – phakta – "only"</li> <li>बाहुल्या – bāhulyā – "dolls"</li> <li>कण्हेरी – kaṇherī – "<a href="/wiki/Nerium" title="Nerium">oleander</a>" (known for its flowers)</li> <li>न्हाणे – nhāṇe – "bathing"</li> <li>म्हणून – mhaṇūna – "therefore"</li> <li>तऱ्हा – taṟhā – "different way of behaving"</li> <li>कोल्हा – kolhā – "fox"</li> <li>केव्हा – kevhā – "when"</li></ul> In writing, Marathi has a few <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> that are rarely seen in the world's languages, including those denoting the so-called "nasal aspirates" (ṇh (ण्ह), nh (न्ह) and mh (म्ह)) and liquid aspirates (rh, ṟh, lh (ल्ह), and vh व्ह). Some examples are given above. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eyelash_reph/raphar">Eyelash reph/raphar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Eyelash reph/raphar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Zero-width_joiner" title="Zero-width joiner">Zero-width joiner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">Virama</a></div>The eyelash reph/raphar (रेफ/ रफार) (र्‍) exists in Marathi as well as Nepali. The eyelash reph/raphar (र्‍) is produced in Unicode by the sequence <big>[</big><big>ra</big> र <big>] </big>+ <big>[</big><big>virāma ्</big>] + <big>[ZWJ]</big> and <big>[</big><big>rra</big> ऱ <big>]</big>+ <big>[</big><big>virāma ्</big>] + <big>[ZWJ]</big>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In Marathi, when 'र' is the first consonant of a <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant cluster</a> and occurs at the beginning of a syllable, it is written as an eyelash reph/raphar.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td>तर्‍हा </td></tr> <tr> <td>वाऱ्याचा </td></tr> <tr> <td>ऱ्हास </td></tr> <tr> <td>ऱ्हस्व </td></tr> <tr> <td>सुऱ्या </td></tr> <tr> <td>दोऱ्या </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Minimal_pairs[107]">Minimal pairs<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Minimal pairs[107]">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Using the (Simple) Reph/Raphar </th> <th>Using the Eyelash Reph/Raphar </th></tr> <tr> <td>आचार्यास (to the teacher) </td> <td>आचार्‍यास (to the cook) </td></tr> <tr> <td>दर्या (ocean) </td> <td>दर्‍या (valleys) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Braille">Braille</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Braille">edit</a>]</div> In February 2008, <a href="/wiki/Swagat_Thorat" title="Swagat Thorat">Swagat Thorat</a> published India's first Braille newspaper, the Marathi Sparshdnyan, a news, politics and current affairs fort nightly magazine.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marathi_grammar" title="Marathi grammar">Marathi grammar</a></div> Marathi grammar shares similarities with other modern <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> Acharya <a href="/wiki/Hemachandra" title="Hemachandra">Hemachandra</a> is the grammarian of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri Prakrit</a>. The first modern book exclusively concerning Marathi grammar was printed in 1805 by <a href="/wiki/William_Carey_(missionary)" title="William Carey (missionary)">William Carey</a>. Marathi employs <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative" class="mw-redirect" title="Agglutinative">agglutinative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inflectional" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflectional">inflectional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Analytic_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Analytic (linguistics)">analytical</a> forms.<a href="#cite_note-Bhosale_et_al-109">[109]</a> Unlike most other Indo-Aryan languages, Marathi has kept three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical genders</a>: masculine, feminine and neuter. The primary word order of Marathi is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Marathi follows a <a href="/wiki/Split-ergative" class="mw-redirect" title="Split-ergative">split-ergative</a> pattern of verb <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agreement (grammar)">agreement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Case_marking" class="mw-redirect" title="Case marking">case marking</a>: it is ergative in constructions with either <a href="/wiki/Perfective" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfective">perfective</a> transitive verbs or with the obligative ("should", "have to") and it is nominative elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali2009179–80-111">[111]</a> An unusual feature of Marathi, as compared to other <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, is that it displays <a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">inclusive and exclusive we</a>, common to the <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a>. Other similarities to Dravidian include the extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Participial_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Participial construction">participial constructions</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhosale_et_al-109">[109]</a> and also to a certain extent the use of the two <a href="/wiki/Anaphoric_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaphoric pronoun">anaphoric pronouns</a> swətah and apəṇ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali2009263-112">[112]</a> Numerous scholars have noted the existence of <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> linguistic patterns in the Marathi language.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sharing_of_linguistic_resources_with_other_languages">Sharing of linguistic resources with other languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sharing of linguistic resources with other languages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marathi_sign_board.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Marathi_sign_board.JPG/220px-Marathi_sign_board.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Marathi_sign_board.JPG/330px-Marathi_sign_board.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Marathi_sign_board.JPG/440px-Marathi_sign_board.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Marathi neon signboard at <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Police" title="Maharashtra Police">Maharashtra Police</a> headquarters in Mumbai.</figcaption></figure> Marathi is primarily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtri" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtri">Maharashtri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a>. Formal Marathi draws literary and technical vocabulary from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch1970-114">[114]</a> Marathi has also shared directions, vocabulary, and grammar with languages such as Indian <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch1970-114">[114]</a> Over a period of many centuries, the Marathi language and people have also come into contact with foreign languages such as <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-iranicaonline.org-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, and European romance languages such as <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> and other European languages.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch1970-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dravidian_Influence">Dravidian Influence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Dravidian Influence">edit</a>]</div> Spoken in the historically active region of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a>, the language has been subject to contact and mostly one-way influence with the surrounding Dravidian languages. Up to 5% of Marathi's basic vocabulary is of a Dravidian origin.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> According to various scholars like Bloch (1970) and Southworth (1971), Marathi's very origins can be traced to a <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Substratum_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substratum (linguistics)">substratum</a> origin with surrounding Dravidian language.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology_and_etymology">Morphology and etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Morphology and etymology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Marathi_language" title="Special:EditPage/Marathi language">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (April 2016) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Spoken Marathi contains a high number of Sanskrit-derived (<a href="/wiki/Tatsama" title="Tatsama">tatsama</a>) words. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Such words are for example nantar (from nantara or after), pūrṇa (pūrṇa or complete, full, or full measure of something), ola (ola or damp), kāraṇ (kāraṇa or cause), puṣkaḷ (puṣkala or much, many), satat (satata or always), vichitra (vichitra or strange), svatah (svatah or himself/herself), prayatna (prayatna or effort, attempt), bhītī (from bhīti, or fear) and bhāṇḍe (bhāṇḍa or vessel for cooking or storing food). Other words ("<a href="/wiki/Tadbhava" title="Tadbhava">tadbhavas</a>") have undergone <a href="/wiki/Phonological_change" title="Phonological change">phonological changes</a> from their Sanskrit roots, for example dār (dwāra or door), ghar (gṛha or house), vāgh (vyāghra or tiger), paḷaṇe (palāyate or to run away), kiti (kati or how many) have undergone more modification. Examples of words borrowed from other Indian and foreign languages include: <ul><li>Hawā: "air" directly borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> hawa</li> <li>Jamin: "land" borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> zamin</li> <li>Kaydā: "law" borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> qaeda</li> <li>"Mahiti" : "information" borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> "Mahiyya"</li> <li>Jāhirāt: "advertisement" is derived from Arabic zaahiraat</li> <li>Marjī: "wish" is derived from Persian marzi</li> <li>Shiphāras: "recommendation" is derived from Persian sefaresh</li> <li>Hajērī: "attendance" from Urdu haziri</li> <li>Aṇṇā: "father", "grandfather" or "elder brother" borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a></li> <li>Undir: "rat" borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Munda languages</a></li></ul> A lot of English words are commonly used in conversation and are considered to be assimilated into the Marathi vocabulary. These include words like "pen" (पेन, pen) and "shirt" (शर्ट, sharṭa) whose native Marathi counterparts are lekhaṇī (लेखणी) and sadarā (सदरा) respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compounds">Compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Compounds">edit</a>]</div> Marathi uses many <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> processes to join words together, forming <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compounds</a>. For example, ati + uttam gives the word atyuttam, Ganesh + Utsav = Ganeshotsav, miith-bhaakar ("salt-bread"), udyog-patii ("businessman"), ashṭa-bhujaa ("eight-hands", name of a Hindu goddess). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counting">Counting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Counting">edit</a>]</div> Like many other languages, Marathi uses distinct names for the numbers 1 to 20 and each multiple of 10, and composite ones for those greater than 20. As with other Indic languages, there are distinct names for the fractions <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄4, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄2, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3⁄4. They are pāva, ardhā, and pāuṇa, respectively. For most fractions greater than 1, the prefixes savvā-, sāḍē-, pāvaṇe- are used. There are special names for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3⁄2 (dīḍ), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">5⁄2 (aḍīch), and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">7⁄2 (aut). Powers of ten are denoted by separate specific words as depicted in the table below. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Number power to 10</th> <th>Marathi Number name<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></th> <th>In <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td>Eka, Ekaka</td> <td>एक/एकक </td></tr> <tr> <td>101</td> <td>Daha, Dashaka</td> <td>दहा/दशक </td></tr> <tr> <td>102</td> <td>Shambhara, Shataka</td> <td>शंभर/शतक </td></tr> <tr> <td>103</td> <td>Hajara, Sahasra,</td> <td>हजार/सहस्र </td></tr> <tr> <td>104</td> <td>Dasha Hajara, Dasha Sahasra</td> <td>दशहजार/दशसहस्र </td></tr> <tr> <td>105</td> <td>Lakha, Laksha</td> <td>लाख/लक्ष </td></tr> <tr> <td>106</td> <td>Daha Lakha, Dasha Laksha</td> <td>दहा लाख (दशलक्ष) </td></tr> <tr> <td>107</td> <td>Koti</td> <td>कोटी </td></tr> <tr> <td>108</td> <td>Dasha Koti</td> <td>दशकोटी </td></tr> <tr> <td>109</td> <td>Abja, Arbuda</td> <td>अब्ज/अर्बुद </td></tr> <tr> <td>1010</td> <td>Dasha-Abja</td> <td>दशाब्ज </td></tr> <tr> <td>1011</td> <td>Vrunda</td> <td>वृंद </td></tr> <tr> <td>1012</td> <td>Kharva (Kharab)</td> <td>खर्व </td></tr> <tr> <td>1013</td> <td>Nikharva</td> <td>निखर्व </td></tr> <tr> <td>1014</td> <td>Sashastra</td> <td>सशस्त्र </td></tr> <tr> <td>1015</td> <td>Mahapadma, Padma</td> <td>महापद्म/पद्म </td></tr> <tr> <td>1016</td> <td>Kamala</td> <td>कमळ </td></tr> <tr> <td>1017</td> <td>Shanku, Shankha</td> <td>शंकू/शंक </td></tr> <tr> <td>1017</td> <td>Skanda</td> <td>स्कंद </td></tr> <tr> <td>1018</td> <td>Suvachya</td> <td>सुवाच्य </td></tr> <tr> <td>1019</td> <td>Jaladhi, Samudra</td> <td>जलधी/समुद्र </td></tr> <tr> <td>1020</td> <td>Krutya</td> <td>कृत्य </td></tr> <tr> <td>1021</td> <td>Antya</td> <td>अंत्य </td></tr> <tr> <td>1022</td> <td>Ajanma</td> <td>आजन्म </td></tr> <tr> <td>1023</td> <td>Madhya</td> <td>मध्य </td></tr> <tr> <td>1024</td> <td>Lakshmi</td> <td>लक्ष्मी </td></tr> <tr> <td>1025</td> <td>Parardha</td> <td>परार्ध </td></tr></tbody></table> A positive integer is read by breaking it up from the tens digit leftwards, into parts each containing two digits, the only exception being the hundreds place containing only one digit instead of two. For example, 1,234,567 is written as 12,34,567 and read as 12 lakh 34 Hazara 5 she 67 (१२ लाख ३४ हजार ५ शे ६७). Every two-digit number after 18 (11 to 18 are predefined) is read backward. For example, 21 is read एक-वीस (1-twenty). Also, a two digit number that ends with a 9 is considered to be the next tens place minus one. For example, 29 is एकोणतीस (एक-उणे-तीस) (thirty minus one). Two digit numbers used before Hazara are written in the same way. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marathi_on_computers_and_the_Internet">Marathi on computers and the Internet</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Marathi on computers and the Internet">edit</a>]</div> Shrilipee, Shivaji, kothare 2,4,6, <a href="/wiki/Kiran_fonts" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiran fonts">Kiran fonts</a> KF-Kiran<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> and many more (about 48) are <a href="/wiki/Clip_font" title="Clip font">clip fonts</a> that were used prior to the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> standard for <a href="/wiki/Devanagari_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanagari script">Devanagari script</a>. Clip fonts are in vogue on PCs even today since most computers use English keyboards. Even today a large number of printed publications such as books, newspapers and magazines are prepared using these ASCII based fonts. However, clip fonts cannot be used on <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> since those did not have <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> compatibility. Earlier Marathi suffered from weak support by computer operating systems and <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> services, as have other Indian languages. But recently, with the introduction of language localisation projects and new technologies, various software and Internet applications have been introduced. Marathi typing software is widely used and display interface packages are now available on <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>. Many Marathi websites, including Marathi newspapers, have become popular especially with Maharashtrians outside India. Online projects such as the <a href="/wiki/Marathi_Wikipedia" title="Marathi Wikipedia">Marathi language Wikipedia</a>, with 76,000+ articles, the Marathi blogroll, and Marathi blogs have gained immense popularity.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_language_processing_for_Marathi">Natural language processing for Marathi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Natural language processing for Marathi">edit</a>]</div> More recent attention has focused on developing <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a> tools for Marathi. Some studies proposed a couple of <a href="/wiki/Text_corpora" class="mw-redirect" title="Text corpora">text corpora</a> for Marathi. L3CubeMahaSent<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> is the first major publicly available Marathi dataset for <a href="/wiki/Sentiment_analysis" title="Sentiment analysis">sentiment analysis</a>. It contains about 16,000 distinct tweets classified into three broad classes, such as positive, negative, and neutral. L3Cube-MahaNER <a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> is a dataset for <a href="/wiki/Named-entity_recognition" title="Named-entity recognition">named-entity recognition</a> consisting of 25,000 manually tagged sentences categorised according to the eight entity classes. There are at least two public available datasets for <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a> detection in Marathi: L3Cube-MahaHate <a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> and HASOC2021.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The HASOC2021 dataset was proposed for conducting a <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> competition on hate, offensive, and profane content identification in Marathi collocated with Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (FIRE 2021). The participants of the competition presented 25 solutions based on <a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">supervised learning</a>. The winning teams<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> used pre-trained <a href="/wiki/Language_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Language models">language models</a> (XLM-RoBERTa, Language Agnostic <a href="/wiki/BERT_(language_model)" title="BERT (language model)">BERT</a> Sentence Embeddings (LaBSE)) fine-tuned on the HASOC2021 dataset proposed by the organisers. The participants also experimented with the joint use of multilingual data for fine-tuning. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corpus_Development_in_Marathi">Corpus Development in Marathi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Corpus Development in Marathi">edit</a>]</div> Text <a href="/wiki/Text_corpus" title="Text corpus">Corpus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corpus_linguistics" title="Corpus linguistics">Corpus Linguistics</a> show how texts, sentences, or words from written or spoken language have changed over time or how they have been used in an organised way. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/LSIV0-V11/LSI-V7/">Volume VII: 'Indo-Aryan Languages (Southern Group)</a> of the '<a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Survey_of_India" title="Linguistic Survey of India">Linguistic Survey of India</a>' by <a href="/wiki/George_Abraham_Grierson" title="George Abraham Grierson">George Abraham Grierson</a> describes first systematic and structured attempt to create documentation of Marathi language data. Corpora in Marathi Attempts have been made to create <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corpus_of_Marathi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corpus of Marathi (page does not exist)">Corpus of Marathi</a>. One of the first efforts to make a corpus with Indian text was the Kolhapur Corpus of Indian English<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> (Shastri, 1986). The corpus was developed at the University in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharastra</a>, but Indian English was studied. The <a href="/wiki/IIT_Bombay" title="IIT Bombay">IIT Bombay</a> WordNet<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> (IndoWordNet; Bhattacharya, 2010) project in Indian languages includes Marathi. WordNet do not give word counts for further useful data analysis. The raw text based corpus in Marathi<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> (Ramamoorthy et al., 2019a) is based on sampled pages from different select books. This work is carried out at <a href="/wiki/Central_Institute_of_Indian_Languages" title="Central Institute of Indian Languages">Central Institute of Indian Languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>. A corpus-based linguistic study at the University of Mumbai explores the language contact between English and Marathi by compiling and analysing an over-arching corpus of English loan-words in Marathi existing between the years 2001 and 2020. The study also investigates the attitudes of Marathi speakers towards English loan-words in contemporary Marathi, attempting to understand their motivations for borrowing English words (Doibale, 2022).<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The work at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mumbai" title="University of Mumbai">University of Mumbai</a> by Belhekar and Bhargava (2023)<a href="#cite_note-:0-132">[132]</a> provided the first Marathi word count collection (Marathi WordCorp). The <a href="/wiki/Bag-of-words_model" title="Bag-of-words model">bag-of-words</a> (BoW) model was used to make 1-gram (single-word) Marathi WordCorp. They used more than 700 complete works of literature. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/">Google Books Ngram Viewer</a> (Michel et al., 2011)<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> is a relatively new and advanced method that shows how the frequency of n-grams has changed over a specific period. There is no database of Indian languages in the Google Books Ngram viewer. The Indian Languages Word Corpus<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianlangwordcorp.shinyapps.io/ILWC/">ILWC</a>) WebApp, which was made by Belhekar and Bhargava,<a href="#cite_note-:0-132">[132]</a> shows how often words are used by decade from before 1920 to 2020. The limitation with the method is that it only gives researchers the raw OCR data to "combine and collapse frequencies of correctly and incorrectly recognised words" (p. 2).<a href="#cite_note-:0-132">[132]</a> Statistical Models for Marathi Corpora Attempts to evaluate statistical models for Marathi language Corpuses and text-collections have been carried out. For the Marathi corpus (Marathi WordCorp), the y-intercept of Zipf's law is reported as 12.49, and the coefficient is 0.89 and these numbers show that Zipf's law is applicable for Marathi language.<a href="#cite_note-:0-132">[132]</a> The coefficients show that the number of words and texts used in the corpus metadata is enough. Heaps' law intercept for the Marathi word corpora is 2.48, and the coefficient is 0.73.<a href="#cite_note-:0-132">[132]</a> The coefficient values show that there are more unique words in Marathi writings than would be expected. The higher number of unique words could be due to the number of alphabets (36 consonant letters and 16 initial-vowel letters, with each consonant taking 14 forms with vowel pairs), the orthographic features of the Devanagari script (for example, the same word can be written in different ways), the use of consonant clusters (jodakshar), the number of suffixes a word can have, etc. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marathi_Language_Day">Marathi Language Day</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Marathi Language Day">edit</a>]</div> Marathi Language Day (मराठी दिन/मराठी दिवस <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> Marathi Din/Marathi Diwas is celebrated on 27 February every year across the Indian states of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>. This day is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Marathi_Language" title="Ministry of Marathi Language">Ministry of Marathi Language</a>. It is celebrated on the Birthday of eminent Marathi Poet <a href="/wiki/Kusumagraj" title="Kusumagraj">V.V. Shirwadkar</a>, popularly known as Kusumagraj.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Essay competitions and seminars are arranged in schools and colleges, and government officials are asked to conduct various events.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navi_Peth" title="Navi Peth">Navi Peth</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dadra-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dadra_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dadra_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dadra_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dadra_1-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://dnh.nic.in/deptdoc/vguide.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107091953/http://dnh.nic.in/deptdoc/vguide.pdf">Archived</a> 7 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-C-16_Population_By_Mother_Tongue-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C-16_Population_By_Mother_Tongue_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-C-16_Population_By_Mother_Tongue_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-C-16_Population_By_Mother_Tongue_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-C-16_Population_By_Mother_Tongue_2-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html">"C-16 Population By Mother Tongue"</a>. censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 3 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=censusindia.gov.in&rft.atitle=C-16+Population+By+Mother+Tongue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indian_Linguistics-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Indian_Linguistics_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indian_Linguistics_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fCmz4B8I62QC">Indian Linguistics</a>. 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John Benjamins Publishing Company: 101, 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027238139" title="Special:BookSources/9789027238139"><bdi>9789027238139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Oriental+and+African+Language+Library&rft.atitle=Marathi&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=101%2C+139&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789027238139&rft.aulast=Dho%E1%B9%85ga%E1%B8%8De&rft.aufirst=Rame%C5%9Ba&rft.au=Wali%2C+Kashi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-misalpav.com-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-misalpav.com_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-misalpav.com_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.misalpav.com/node/30533">"झाडी बोली (मराठी भाषेतील सौंदर्यस्थळे) | मिसळपाव"</a>. www.misalpav.com. Retrieved 15 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.misalpav.com&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80+%28%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%87%29+%7C+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.misalpav.com%2Fnode%2F30533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-salc.uchicago.edu-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-salc.uchicago.edu_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-salc.uchicago.edu_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://salc.uchicago.edu/language-study/marathi">"Marathi | South Asian Languages and Civilizations"</a>. salc.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 15 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=salc.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Marathi+%7C+South+Asian+Languages+and+Civilizations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsalc.uchicago.edu%2Flanguage-study%2Fmarathi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhatage-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhatage_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGhatage">Ghatage</a>. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGhatage (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-know-your-city-modi-script-7758105/">"Know Your City: The Modi script, using which Maratha empire would conduct business"</a>. 5 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Know+Your+City%3A+The+Modi+script%2C+using+which+Maratha+empire+would+conduct+business&rft.date=2022-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fcities%2Fpune%2Fpune-know-your-city-modi-script-7758105%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/other-modi-wave-how-700-year-marathi-script-is-making-a-comeback/articleshow/70111334.cms">"'Other' Modi wave: How 700-year Marathi script is making a comeback"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 7 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=%27Other%27+Modi+wave%3A+How+700-year+Marathi+script+is+making+a+comeback&rft.date=2019-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fmumbai%2Fother-modi-wave-how-700-year-marathi-script-is-making-a-comeback%2Farticleshow%2F70111334.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ic-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ic_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ic_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/6809/1/official_language_act.pdf">"The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987"</a> (PDF). indiacode.nic.in. Retrieved 12 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indiacode.nic.in&rft.atitle=The+Goa%2C+Daman+and+Diu+Official+Language+Act%2C+1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiacode.nic.in%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F6809%2F1%2Fofficial_language_act.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-goa-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goa_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goa_12-1">b</a> The Goa, Daman, and Diu Official Language Act, 1987 makes Konkani the official language but provides that Marathi may also be used "for all or any of the official purposes". The Government also has a policy of replying in Marathi to correspondence received in Marathi. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm">[2]</a>, pp. para 11.3 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090919055657/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm">Archived</a> 19 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal2008" class="citation book cs1">Lal, M. B. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a1hg-aCdw_4C&dq=marathi+silvassa&pg=RA2-PA4">N. E. R. Exam</a>. Upkar Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7482-464-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7482-464-6"><bdi>978-81-7482-464-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=N.+E.+R.+Exam.&rft.pub=Upkar+Prakashan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-7482-464-6&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=M.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da1hg-aCdw_4C%26dq%3Dmarathi%2Bsilvassa%26pg%3DRA2-PA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaminskyRoger2011" class="citation book cs1">Kaminsky, Arnold P.; Roger, D. Long PH D. (23 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xabOEAAAQBAJ&dq=marathi+silvassa&pg=PA153">India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic [2 volumes]</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37463-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37463-0"><bdi>978-0-313-37463-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Today%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Life+in+the+Republic+%26%2391%3B2+volumes%26%2393%3B&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2011-09-23&rft.isbn=978-0-313-37463-0&rft.aulast=Kaminsky&rft.aufirst=Arnold+P.&rft.au=Roger%2C+D.+Long+PH+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxabOEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmarathi%2Bsilvassa%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf">"Abstract of Language Strength in India: 2011 Census"</a> (PDF). Censusindia.gov.in.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abstract+of+Language+Strength+in+India%3A+2011+Census&rft.pub=Censusindia.gov.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011Census%2FC-16_25062018_NEW.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> "arts, South Asian". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite. </li> <li id="cite_note-IT_Oct2024-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IT_Oct2024_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IT_Oct2024_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumarRoy2024" class="citation magazine cs1">Kumar, Vivek; Roy, Suryagni (3 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/marathi-pali-prakrit-assamese-bengali-classical-languages-2610800-2024-10-03">"Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, Bengali now among classical languages"</a>. India Today. Retrieved 3 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Marathi%2C+Pali%2C+Prakrit%2C+Assamese%2C+Bengali+now+among+classical+languages&rft.date=2024-10-03&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Vivek&rft.au=Roy%2C+Suryagni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia%2Fstory%2Fmarathi-pali-prakrit-assamese-bengali-classical-languages-2610800-2024-10-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali200911–15-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali200911–15_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDhongdeWali2009">Dhongde & Wali 2009</a>, pp. 11–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandharipande1997" class="citation book cs1">Pandharipande, Rajeshwari (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FeNBEAAAQBAJ&q=jain&pg=PT24">Marathi</a>. Routledge. p. xxxvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-00319-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-00319-9"><bdi>0-415-00319-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marathi&rft.pages=xxxvii&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-00319-9&rft.aulast=Pandharipande&rft.aufirst=Rajeshwari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFeNBEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Djain%26pg%3DPT24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloch197032-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloch197032_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBloch1970">Bloch 1970</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Upinder (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC">A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</a>. Pearson Education India. p. 384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0"><bdi>978-81-317-1120-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1120-0&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3lUIIYxWkEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'ArmsThurnauAlcock2001" class="citation book cs1">D'Arms, John H.; Thurnau, Arthur F.; Alcock, Susan E. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77020-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77020-0"><bdi>978-0-521-77020-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires%3A+Perspectives+from+Archaeology+and+History&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001-08-09&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77020-0&rft.aulast=D%27Arms&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Thurnau%2C+Arthur+F.&rft.au=Alcock%2C+Susan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMBuPx1rdGYIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChattopadhyaya1974" class="citation book cs1">Chattopadhyaya, Sudhakar (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC">Some Early Dynasties of South India</a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 35–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2941-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2941-1"><bdi>978-81-208-2941-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Early+Dynasties+of+South+India&rft.pages=35-37&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-81-208-2941-1&rft.aulast=Chattopadhyaya&rft.aufirst=Sudhakar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D78I5lDHU2jQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClara_Lewis2018" class="citation web cs1">Clara Lewis (16 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/clamour-grows-for-marathi-to-be-given-classical-language-status/articleshow/63776578.cms">"Clamour grows for Marathi to be given classical language status"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 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Oxford University Press. pp. 211–213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803123-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803123-9"><bdi>978-0-19-803123-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Precolonial+India+in+Practice%3A+Society%2C+Region%2C+and+Identity+in+Medieval+Andhra&rft.pages=211-213&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001-09-20&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803123-9&rft.au=Cynthia+Talbot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpfAKljlCJq0C%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMokashi198739-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMokashi198739_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMokashi1987">Mokashi 1987</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoderet1926" class="citation journal cs1">Doderet, W. 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Retrieved 27 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Loksatta&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%21&rft.date=2013-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.loksatta.com%2Fviva-news%2Fcelebration-of-marathi-bhasha-din-on-27-february-and-use-of-marathi-language-66025%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+language" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloch1970" class="citation book cs1">Bloch, J (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1noaklDiSOEC&pg=PP17">Formation of the Marathi Language</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2322-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2322-8"><bdi>978-81-208-2322-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Formation+of+the+Marathi+Language&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-81-208-2322-8&rft.aulast=Bloch&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1noaklDiSOEC%26pg%3DPP17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhatage1970" class="citation book cs1">Ghatage, A.M (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MarathiOfKasargod/page/n10/mode/1up">Marathi Of Kasargod</a>. Mumbai.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marathi+Of+Kasargod&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Ghatage&rft.aufirst=A.M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMarathiOfKasargod%2Fpage%2Fn10%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhongdeWali2009" class="citation book cs1">Dhongde, Ramesh Vaman; Wali, Kashi (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zVVOvi5C8uIC">Marathi</a>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-38139" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-38139"><bdi>978-90-272-38139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marathi&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-272-38139&rft.aulast=Dhongde&rft.aufirst=Ramesh+Vaman&rft.au=Wali%2C+Kashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzVVOvi5C8uIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li>A Survey of Marathi Dialects. VIII. Gāwḍi, A. M. Ghatage & P. P. Karapurkar. The State Board for Literature and Culture, Bombay. 1972.</li> <li>Marathi: The Language and its Linguistic Traditions - Prabhakar Machwe, Indian and Foreign Review, 15 March 1985.</li> <li>'Atyavashyak Marathi Vyakaran' (Essential Marathi Grammar) - Dr. V. L. Vardhe</li> <li>'Marathi Vyakaran' (Marathi Grammar) - Moreshvar Sakharam More.</li> <li>'Marathi Vishwakosh, Khand 12 (Marathi World Encyclopedia, Volume 12), Maharashtra Rajya Vishwakosh Nirmiti Mandal, Mumbai</li> <li>'Marathyancha Itihaas' by Dr. Kolarkar, Shrimangesh Publishers, Nagpur</li> <li>'History of Medieval Hindu India from 600 CE to 1200 CE, by C. V. Vaidya</li> <li>Marathi Sahitya (Review of the Marathi Literature up to I960) by Kusumavati Deshpande, Maharashtra Information Centre, New Delhi</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Lee_Novetzke2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Lee_Novetzke" title="Christian Lee Novetzke">Christian Lee Novetzke</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z9kbDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">The Quotidian Revolution: Vernacularization, Religion, and the Premodern Public Sphere in India</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54241-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54241-8"><bdi>978-0-231-54241-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quotidian+Revolution%3A+Vernacularization%2C+Religion%2C+and+the+Premodern+Public+Sphere+in+India&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-231-54241-8&rft.au=Christian+Lee+Novetzke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz9kbDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKher1895" class="citation cs2">Kher, Appaji Kashinath (1895), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xO0EHQAACAAJ">A higher Anglo-Marathi grammar</a>, pp. 446–454</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+higher+Anglo-Marathi+grammar&rft.pages=446-454&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Kher&rft.aufirst=Appaji+Kashinath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxO0EHQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+language" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMokashi1987" class="citation cs2">Mokashi, Digambar Balkrishna (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vgLZGFH1ZTIC&pg=PA38">Palkhi: An Indian Pilgrimage</a>, SUNY Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-461-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-461-6"><bdi>978-0-88706-461-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palkhi%3A+An+Indian+Pilgrimage&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-461-6&rft.aulast=Mokashi&rft.aufirst=Digambar+Balkrishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvgLZGFH1ZTIC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+language" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_language&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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.sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Marathi at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Marathi_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:Marathi phrasebook">Phrasebook</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="mr:">Marathi edition</a> of Wikipedia</li></ul></div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Dictionaries</dt></dl> <ul><li>Molesworth, J. T. (James Thomas). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/molesworth/">A dictionary, Marathi, and English</a>. 2d ed., rev. and all. Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's press, 1857.</li> <li>Vaze, Shridhar Ganesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/vaze/">The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-English</a>. Poona: Arya-Bhushan Press, 1911.</li> <li>Tulpule, Shankar Gopal and Anne Feldhaus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/tulpule/">A dictionary of old Marathi</a>. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, 1999.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_grammar" title="Marathi grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_phonology" title="Marathi phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_literature" title="Marathi literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_poetry" title="Marathi poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyukta_Maharashtra_Samiti" title="Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti">Samyukta Maharashtra Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra State</a></li> <li><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="mr:">Marathi Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marathi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathi dialects">Marathi dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marathic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathic languages">Marathic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maharastri_Prakrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharastri Prakrit">Maharastri Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andh_language" title="Andh language">Andh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Marathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan Marathi">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Marathi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai Marathi language">East Indian (Mumbai dialect)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katkari_language" title="Katkari language">Katkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrian Konkani">Maharashtrian Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvani_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvani Konkani">Malvani Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phudagi_language" title="Phudagi language">Phudagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvedi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Samvedi language">Samvedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Marathi_dialect" title="Thanjavur Marathi dialect">Thanjavur Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a> (Varhadi-Nagpuri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varli_language" title="Varli language">Varli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marathi scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balbodh" title="Balbodh">Balbodh style</a> of <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathi Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathi Cinema">Marathi Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_theatre" title="Marathi theatre">Marathi theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_literature" title="Marathi literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Marathi people</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Marathi_people" title="List of Marathi people">List</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature#Awards" title="Indian literature">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_winners_for_Marathi" title="List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Marathi">Sahitya Akademi Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanpith_Award" title="Jnanpith Award">Jnanpith Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marathi_writers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Marathi writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marathi-language_poets" title="List of Marathi-language poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Marathi_Feature_Film" title="National Film Award for Best Marathi Feature Film">National Film Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x16px&#124;Emblem_of_Maharashtra_State_of_Maharashtra" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maharashtra" title="Template:Maharashtra"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maharashtra" title="Template talk:Maharashtra"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maharashtra" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maharashtra"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x16px&#124;Emblem_of_Maharashtra_State_of_Maharashtra" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Maharashtra.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Maharashtra"><img alt="Emblem of Maharashtra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Maharashtra.svg/24px-Flag_of_Maharashtra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Maharashtra.svg/36px-Flag_of_Maharashtra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Maharashtra.svg/48px-Flag_of_Maharashtra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Capital: <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li> <li>Second capital: <a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Maharashtra" title="Category:Maharashtra">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maharashtra" title="History of Maharashtra">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Maharashtra" title="Geography of Maharashtra">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Maharashtra" title="Economy of Maharashtra">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Maharashtra" title="Tourism in Maharashtra">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalsubai" title="Kalsubai">Highest point</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marathi language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Maharashtra" title="Culture of Maharashtra">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Marathi people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_literature" title="Marathi literature">Marathi literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_cinema" title="Marathi cinema">Marathi cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_cuisine" title="Maharashtrian cuisine">Maharashtrian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Maharashtra" title="Sports in Maharashtra">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Maharashtra" title="Category:Maharashtra">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desh_region" title="Desh region">Desh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandesh" title="Khandesh">Khandesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region">Mumbai Metropolitan Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathwada" title="Marathwada">Marathwada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidarbha" title="Vidarbha">Vidarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Maharashtra" title="North Maharashtra">North Maharashtra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Maharashtra" title="List of districts of Maharashtra">Divisions and Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amravati_division" title="Amravati division">Amravati division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akola_district" title="Akola district">Akola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amravati_district" title="Amravati district">Amravati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buldhana_district" title="Buldhana district">Buldhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washim_district" title="Washim district">Washim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavatmal_district" title="Yavatmal district">Yavatmal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Konkan_division" title="Konkan division">Konkan division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_City_district" title="Mumbai City district">Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Suburban_district" title="Mumbai Suburban district">Mumbai Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palghar_district" title="Palghar district">Palghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raigad_district" title="Raigad district">Raigad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnagiri_district" title="Ratnagiri district">Ratnagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudurg_district" title="Sindhudurg district">Sindhudurg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thane_district" title="Thane district">Thane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aurangabad_division" title="Aurangabad division">Aurangabad division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beed_district" title="Beed district">Beed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangabad_district,_Maharashtra" title="Aurangabad district, Maharashtra">Aurangabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanabad_district" title="Osmanabad district">Osmanabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hingoli_district" title="Hingoli district">Hingoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalna_district" title="Jalna district">Jalna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latur_district" title="Latur district">Latur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanded_district" title="Nanded district">Nanded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parbhani_district" title="Parbhani district">Parbhani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nagpur_division" title="Nagpur division">Nagpur division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhandara_district" title="Bhandara district">Bhandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrapur_district" title="Chandrapur district">Chandrapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadchiroli_district" title="Gadchiroli district">Gadchiroli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondia_district" title="Gondia district">Gondia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagpur_district" title="Nagpur district">Nagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardha_district" title="Wardha district">Wardha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nashik_division" title="Nashik division">Nashik division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmednagar_district" title="Ahmednagar district">Ahmednagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhule_district" title="Dhule district">Dhule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalgaon_district" title="Jalgaon district">Jalgaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandurbar_district" title="Nandurbar district">Nandurbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik_district" title="Nashik district">Nashik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pune_division" title="Pune division">Pune division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolhapur_district" title="Kolhapur district">Kolhapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pune_district" title="Pune district">Pune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangli_district" title="Sangli district">Sangli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satara_district" title="Satara district">Satara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solapur_district" title="Solapur district">Solapur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Million-plus cities in Maharashtra</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thane" title="Thane">Thane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimpri-Chinchwad" title="Pimpri-Chinchwad">Pimpri-Chinchwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik" title="Nashik">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyan-Dombivli" title="Kalyan-Dombivli">Kalyan-Dombivli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasai-Virar" title="Vasai-Virar">Vasai-Virar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangabad" title="Aurangabad">Aurangabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navi_Mumbai" title="Navi Mumbai">Navi Mumbai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cities with municipal corporations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmednagar" title="Ahmednagar">Ahmednagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akola" title="Akola">Akola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amravati" title="Amravati">Amravati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhiwandi" title="Bhiwandi">Bhiwandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrapur" title="Chandrapur">Chandrapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhule" title="Dhule">Dhule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichalkaranji" title="Ichalkaranji">Ichalkaranji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalgaon" title="Jalgaon">Jalgaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolhapur" title="Kolhapur">Kolhapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latur" title="Latur">Latur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malegaon" title="Malegaon">Malegaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mira-Bhayandar" title="Mira-Bhayandar">Mira-Bhayandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanded" title="Nanded">Nanded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panvel" title="Panvel">Panvel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parbhani" title="Parbhani">Parbhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangli" title="Sangli">Sangli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solapur" title="Solapur">Solapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulhasnagar" title="Ulhasnagar">Ulhasnagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Maharashtra" title="Government of Maharashtra">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Maharashtra" title="List of chief ministers of Maharashtra">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Legislature" title="Maharashtra Legislature">Legislature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Legislative_Council" title="Maharashtra Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Legislative_Assembly" title="Maharashtra Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Police" title="Maharashtra Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_High_Court" title="Bombay High Court">Bombay High Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">Portal:India</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_India" title="Template:Languages of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_India" title="Template talk:Languages of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Official languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Union-level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">8th schedule</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a> (Manipuri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State-level only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_language" title="Garo language">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRNB_lects" class="mw-redirect" title="KRNB lects">Kamatapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_language" title="Kharia language">Kharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rai languages">Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rajbangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Major unofficial languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#More_than_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Over 1 million speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangri dialect">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#100,000_to_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">100,000 – 1 million speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi language">Adi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami_language" title="Angami language">Angami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongsen_Ao_language" title="Mongsen Ao language">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badaga_language" title="Badaga language">Badaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimasa_language" title="Dimasa language">Dimasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotta_Bhasha" title="Khotta Bhasha">Khotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolami language">Kolami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_language" title="Konyak language">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korku_language" title="Korku language">Korku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koya_language" title="Koya language">Koya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kui_language_(India)" title="Kui language (India)">Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvi_language" title="Kuvi language">Kuvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotha_language" title="Lotha language">Lotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malto_language" title="Malto language">Malto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mising_language" title="Mising language">Mising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishi_language" title="Nishi language">Nishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phom_language" title="Phom language">Phom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabha_language" title="Rabha language">Rabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sema_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sema language">Sema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_language" title="Sora language">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhul_language" title="Tangkhul language">Tangkhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thadou_language" title="Thadou language">Thadou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Languages of India">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_in_India" title="Multilingualism in India">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_India" title="List of endangered languages in India">Endangered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_states_by_most_spoken_scheduled_languages" title="Indian states by most spoken scheduled languages">Scheduled languages in states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indo-Aryan_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template talk:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-Aryan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kashmiri</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishtwari" title="Kishtwari">Kishtwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokskat" title="Brokskat">Brokskat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundal_Shahi_language" title="Kundal Shahi language">Kundal Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkoti_language" title="Kalkoti language">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Dardic)" title="Sawi language (Dardic)">Sawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pashayi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashayi_languages" title="Pashayi languages">Pashayi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kunar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dameli_language" title="Dameli language">Dameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangalami_language" title="Nangalami language">Nangalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumashti_language" title="Shumashti language">Shumashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotapuri-Katarqalai_language" title="Wotapuri-Katarqalai language">Wotapuri-Katarqalai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chitral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun">Kalasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar" title="Khowar">Khowar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazara Division</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilisso_language" title="Chilisso language">Chilisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gowro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirahi_language" title="Tirahi language">Tirahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiyali_language" title="Mankiyali language">Mankiyali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Northern Indo-Aryan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doteli" title="Doteli">Doteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumli_language" title="Jumli language">Jumli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_language" title="Kangri language">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadarwahi_language" title="Bhadarwahi language">Bhadarwahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churahi" title="Churahi">Churahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhateali" title="Bhateali">Bhateali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilaspuri" title="Bilaspuri">Bilaspuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambeali" title="Chambeali">Chambeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddi_language" title="Gaddi language">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangwali" title="Pangwali">Pangwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandeali" title="Mandeali">Mandeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasu_Pahari" title="Mahasu Pahari">Mahasu Pahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_language" title="Jaunsari language">Jaunsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullui" title="Kullui">Kullui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari_Kinnauri_language" title="Pahari Kinnauri language">Pahari Kinnauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduri_language" title="Hinduri language">Hinduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmauri_language" title="Sirmauri language">Sirmauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazi_language" title="Sarazi language">Sarazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Punjabi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inku_language" title="Inku language">Inku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_languages" title="Sindhi languages">Sindhi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholosi_language" title="Kholosi language">Kholosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwati_language" title="Luwati language">Luwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_languages" title="Gujarati languages">Gujarati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisan_ud-Dawat" title="Lisan ud-Dawat">Lisan ud-Dawat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandavra_language" title="Jandavra language">Jandavra</a></li> <li>Koli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachi_Koli_language" title="Kachi Koli language">Kachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadiyara_Koli_language" title="Wadiyara Koli language">Wadiyara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_language" title="Saurashtra language">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loarki_language" title="Loarki language">Loarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewati_language" title="Mewati language">Mewati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhawati_language" title="Shekhawati language">Shekhawati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Dhatki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_language" title="Od language">Od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bhil_languages" title="Bhil languages">Bhil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilali_language" title="Bhilali language">Bhilali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chodri_language" title="Chodri language">Chodri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhodia%E2%80%93Kukna_language" title="Dhodia–Kukna language">Dhodia–Kukna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanki_language" title="Dhanki language">Dhanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubli_language" title="Dubli language">Dubli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauria_language" title="Bauria language">Bauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilori_language" title="Bhilori language">Bhilori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawchi_language" title="Mawchi language">Mawchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magari_language" title="Magari language">Magari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palya_Bareli_language" title="Palya Bareli language">Palya Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri_Bareli_language" title="Pauri Bareli language">Pauri Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathwi_Bareli_language" title="Rathwi Bareli language">Rathwi Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardhi_language" title="Pardhi language">Pardhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamit_language" title="Gamit language">Gamit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalto_language" title="Kalto language">Kalto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasavi_language" title="Vasavi language">Vasavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaagri_Booli_language" title="Vaagri Booli language">Vaagri Booli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_language" title="Dawoodi language">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Romani_languages" title="Template:Romani languages">list of languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kauravi_dialect" title="Kauravi dialect">Kauravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a>/<a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu" title="Hyderabadi Urdu">Hyderabadi Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauji_language" title="Kannauji language">Kannauji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhukkadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhukkadi">Sadhukkadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parya_language" title="Parya language">Parya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bihari_languages" title="Bihari languages">Bihari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bhojpuric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magahi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maithili</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sadanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tharuic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kochila_Tharu" title="Kochila Tharu">Kochila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buksa_language" title="Buksa language">Buksa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhi_language" title="Majhi language">Majhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musasa_language" title="Musasa language">Musasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumhali_language" title="Kumhali language">Kumhali</a></li> <li>Kuswaric <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bote-Darai_language" title="Bote-Darai language">Bote-Darai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danwar_language" title="Danwar language">Danwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gauda%E2%80%93Kamarupa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda–Kamarupa languages">Gauda– Kamarupa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bengali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri language">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_Thar_language" title="Kharia Thar language">Kharia Thar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmukar_language" title="Kurmukar language">Kurmukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_Paharia_language" title="Mal Paharia language">Mal Paharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhailla_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Noakhailla language">Noakhailla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_language" title="Tanchangya language">Tanchangya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kamarupic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamrupi_dialects" title="Kamrupi dialects">Kamrupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalpariya_dialects" title="Goalpariya dialects">Goalpariya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_language_(Nepal)" title="Rajbanshi language (Nepal)">Rajbanshi (Nepal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chittagonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Odia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_language" title="Sambalpuri language">Sambalpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desia_language" title="Desia language">Desia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatri_language" title="Bhatri language">Bhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_Parja_language" title="Bodo Parja language">Bodo Parja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reli_language" title="Reli language">Reli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupia_language" title="Kupia language">Kupia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Halbic_languages" title="Halbic languages">Halbic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamar_language" title="Kamar language">Kamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhunjia_language_(Halbic)" title="Bhunjia language (Halbic)">Bhunjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahari_language" title="Nahari language">Nahari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marathi-Konkani_languages" title="Marathi-Konkani languages">Marathi– Konkani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marathic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andh_language" title="Andh language">Andh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar-Deccan_Marathi" title="Berar-Deccan Marathi">Berar Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varli_language" title="Varli language">Varli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phudagi_language" title="Phudagi language">Phudagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katkari_language" title="Katkari language">Katkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadodi_language" title="Kadodi language">Kadodi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konkanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrian Konkani">Maharashtrian Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarese_Konkani" title="Canarese Konkani">Canarese Konkani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Sanskrit">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_superstrate_in_Mitanni" title="Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni">Mitanni superstrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashokan_Prakrit" title="Ashokan Prakrit">Ashokan Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Early Ardhamagadhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle (<a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Hybrid_Sanskrit" title="Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit">Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_Prakrit" title="Dramatic Prakrit">Dramatic Prakrits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Ardhamagadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Shauraseni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhari_language" title="Gandhari language">Gāndhārī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_Prakrit" title="Gaudi Prakrit">Gaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paishachi" title="Paishachi">Paishachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late (<a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abahattha" title="Abahattha">Abahattha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elu" title="Elu">Elu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarupi_Prakrit" title="Kamarupi Prakrit">Kamarupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa Prakrit language">Khasa Prakrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto- languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazigar_language" title="Bazigar language">Bazigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinali%E2%80%93Lahul_languages" title="Chinali–Lahul languages">Chinali–Lahul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinali_language" title="Chinali language">Chinali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahul_Lohar_language" title="Lahul Lohar language">Lahul Lohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhgal" title="Sheikhgal">Sheikhgal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins and creoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Creole_Hindi" title="Andaman Creole Hindi">Andaman Creole Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bombay Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haflong_Hindi" title="Haflong Hindi">Haflong Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagamese_creole" title="Nagamese creole">Nagamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefamese" title="Nefamese">Nefamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1571#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1571#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1571#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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= 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichelShenAidenVeres2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFModhaMandlShahiMadhu2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMokashi1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMolesworthCandy1857\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaik1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNatarajan1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNatarajanEmmanuel_Sampath_Nelson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeneNorthRanasingheZampieri2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandharipande1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandharipande2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPardeshi2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPathan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatilRanadeSabaneLitake2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollock2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPolomé1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQasemi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajyashree1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRanade2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRao1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRao2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRao2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosalind_O\u0026#039;Hanlon2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSawant2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShastri1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSohoni2017\"] = 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[\"Languages of India\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 2,\n [\"Maharashtra\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Marathi language topics\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Multi-listen item small\"] = 49,\n [\"NZ\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 13,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sigfig\"] = 2,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 10,\n [\"Translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 2,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 6,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","260","18.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","14.3"],["recursiveClone 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