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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taboos_and_special_registers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taboos_and_special_registers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Taboos and special registers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taboos_and_special_registers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taboos and special registers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taboos_and_special_registers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women's_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Women's language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In-laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In-laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>In-laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In-laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yele language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeleg" title="Yeleg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yeleg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A9l%C3%AE_Dnye" title="Yélî Dnye – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yélî Dnye" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_y%C3%A9l%C3%AE_dnye" title="Idioma yélî dnye – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma yélî dnye" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yele_(langue)" title="Yele (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yele (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%90%EB%A0%88%EC%96%B4" title="옐레어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="옐레어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yele_jezik" title="Yele jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Yele jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Yele" title="Pagsasao a Yele – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Yele" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_yele" title="Lingua yele – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua yele" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyele" title="Kiyele – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiyele" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Yele" title="Lenga Yele – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Yele" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_yele" title="Język yele – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język yele" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Йеле – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Йеле" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_Yele" title="Gjuha Yele – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha Yele" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A9l%C3%AE_Dnye" title="Yélî Dnye – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yélî Dnye" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Yele" title="Tiếng Yele – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Yele" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%9A%E6%B6%85%E8%AA%9E" title="耶里多涅語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="耶里多涅語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36942#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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.longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yele_language&params=11_21_S_154_09_E_region:PG_type:isle_dim:50000_scale:2500000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">11°21′S</span> <span class="longitude">154°09′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.350°S 154.150°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-11.350; 154.150</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C3%A9l%C3%AE_Dnye_language&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Yélî Dnye language">Yélî Dnye language</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unclassified language spoken in Papua New Guinea</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #fd79da;">Yele</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #fd79da;"><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">Yélî Dnye</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jelɯ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈɳʲɛ]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Rossel_Island" title="Rossel Island">Rossel Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiade_Archipelago" title="Louisiade Archipelago">Louisiade Archipelago</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">5,000 (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yele_%E2%80%93_West_New_Britain_languages" title="Yele – West New Britain languages">Yele – West New Britain languages</a> ?<br /><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>? <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <b>Yele</b></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #fd79da;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/yle" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:yle">yle</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/yele1255">yele1255</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10812">Yele</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yele_language&params=11_21_S_154_09_E_region:PG_type:isle_dim:50000_scale:2500000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">11°21′S</span> <span class="longitude">154°09′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.350°S 154.150°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-11.350; 154.150</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-NIMA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIMA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>Yele language</b>, or <span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle"><b>Yélî Dnye</b></i></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yle-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[jelɯ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈɳʲɛ]</a></span>), is the language of <a href="/wiki/Rossel_Island" title="Rossel Island">Rossel Island</a>, the easternmost island in the <a href="/wiki/Louisiade_Archipelago" title="Louisiade Archipelago">Louisiade Archipelago</a> off the eastern tip of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>. There were an estimated 5,000 speakers in 2015, comprising the entire ethnic population.<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known for its many <a href="/wiki/Doubly_articulated_consonant" title="Doubly articulated consonant">doubly articulated consonants</a>. The language remains unclassified by linguists. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yele_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For now, the language is best considered <a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">unclassified</a>. It has been classified as a tentative language isolate that may turn out to be related to the <a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a> language isolates of <a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a> (in a tentative <a href="/wiki/Yele_%E2%80%93_West_New_Britain_languages" title="Yele – West New Britain languages">Yele – West New Britain family</a>), or alternatively closest to Sudest in the <a href="/wiki/Papuan_Tip_languages" title="Papuan Tip languages">Papuan Tip languages</a> of the Oceanic family. Typologically it is more similar to the Oceanic languages of southern New Guinea than to the isolates of New Britain. Word order tends to be <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a> (SOV; verb-final).<sup id="cite_ref-Stebbins_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stebbins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stebbins et al. (2018) classifies Yélî Dnye as an isolate.<sup id="cite_ref-Stebbins_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stebbins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They explain similarities with Austronesian as being due to contact and diffusion. Usher classifies it as an Oceanic language, with regular sound correspondences obscured by the development of the doubly articulated consonants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yele_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yele has a uniquely rich set of <a href="/wiki/Doubly_articulated_consonant" title="Doubly articulated consonant">doubly articulated consonants</a>. In nearly all the languages of the world which have them, these are <a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Labial–velar consonant">labial–velar consonants</a>—that is, they are pronounced simultaneously with the lips and the back of the tongue, such as a simultaneous <i>p</i> and <i>k</i>. However, Yele is known to contrast other doubly articulated positions: besides labial–velar, it has two distinct <i><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93coronal" class="mw-redirect" title="Labial–coronal">labial–coronal</a></i> articulations, all as both stops and nasals as illustrated below. There are also doubly articulated approximants: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l͡βʲ]</span> as in <span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">lvámê</i></span> (a type of cane) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j͡β̞]</span>. The Yele <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w̪/</span> is more precisely a labial–dental <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[β̞͡ð̞]</span>, and may also have an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[β]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Levinson_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levinson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These doubly articulated consonants do not contrast with <a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialization</a> except in the case of the labial–velars. </p><p>The two <a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">coronal</a> articulations are </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a> <a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Denti-alveolar">denti-alveolar</a>, sometimes transcribed ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">tʸ, nʸ</span>⟩ etc. or simply ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">t, n</span>⟩ etc.,</li> <li>sub-apical <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex</a>, possibly varying as <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a> <a href="/wiki/Post-alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-alveolar">post-alveolar</a>, variously transcribed ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ṭ, ṇ</span>⟩ etc., ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ʈ, ɳ</span>⟩ etc.,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This transcription with retroflex IPA symbols does not appear in Levinson (2022), Henderson (1995) or Henderson (2004). (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or simply ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">t, n</span>⟩ etc.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">Palatalization</a> occurs at all places of articulation. Stops may be either <a href="/wiki/Pre-nasalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-nasalized">pre-nasalized</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nasal_release" title="Nasal release">post-nasalized</a>. </p><p>Altogether, there are 58 attested consonants (56 demonstrated with solid <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">minimal pairs</a>) and one more that is somewhat dubious. The attested inventory is as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Consonants<sup id="cite_ref-Levinson_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levinson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Henderson_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar_consonant" title="Denti-alveolar consonant">Denti-alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar/retroflex</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial-velar_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Labial-velar consonant">Labial-velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization"><small>lab.</small></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)"><small>pal.</small></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labio-palatalization" title="Labio-palatalization"><small>lab-pal.</small></a> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small>lab.</small> </th> <th><small>pal.</small> </th> <th><small>lab-pal.</small> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small>lab.</small> </th> <th><small>pal.</small> </th> <th><small>lab-pal.</small> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small>lab.</small> </th> <th><small>pal.</small> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small>pal.</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">mʷ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">mʲ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">mʷʲ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n̪</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_nasal" title="Voiced labial–alveolar nasal">n̪͡m</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced labial–retroflex nasal">ɳ͡m</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ɳʲ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ɳ͡mʲ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ŋʷ</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_nasal" title="Voiced labial–velar nasal">ŋ͡m</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">pʷ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">pʲ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">pʷʲ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–alveolar plosive">t̪͡p</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">t̪ʲ</a></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̪͡ɕ]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–alveolar plosive">t̪͡pʲ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–retroflex plosive">ʈ͡p</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ʈʲ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ʈ͡pʲ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">kʲ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar plosive">k͡p</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">k͡pʲ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenasalized">Prenasalized</a> plosive </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mb</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mbʷ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mbʲ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mbʷʲ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n̪d̪</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n̪͡md̪͡b</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n̪d̪ʲ</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n̪d̪͡ʑ]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n̪͡md̪͡bʲ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɳɖ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɳ͡mɖ͡b</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɳɖʲ</span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ŋɡ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ŋɡʷ</span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ŋ͡mɡ͡b</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_release" title="Nasal release">Nasal release</a> </th> <td colspan="8"></td> <td>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈɳ</span> ?)</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈ͡pɳ͡m</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈɳʲ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈ͡pɳ͡mʲ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kŋ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kŋʷ</span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k͡pŋ͡m</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a></span>)</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">βʲ</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral approximant">Lateral approximant</a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">lʲ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l͡βʲ</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">w̪</a></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[β̞͡ð̞]</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The oral stops apart from the dentialveolars are lightly voiced between vowels when the following vowel is short, but not when it is long. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʈ/</span> is further reduced to a flap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɽ]</span>. All prenasalized stops are fully voiced. The palatalized denti-alveolar stops <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t̪ʲ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n̪d̪ʲ/</span> are pronounced as affricates <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̪͡ɕ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n̪d̪͡ʑ]</span>. </p><p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʈɳ/</span> (orthographic <i>dn</i>) is only attested from the inflectional clitic <i>-dniye</i>, and it is not clear that it is distinct from well-attested palatalized <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʈɳʲ/</span> (for <i>*-dnyiye</i>) (Levinson 2022:45). Some palatalized and labialized consonants are only attested from a handful of words. A gap in the chart above, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ɳ͡mɖ͡bʲ</span> (orthographic <i>mdy</i>), is plausible but unattested (Levinson 2022:45). Other gaps, namely <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*n̪ʲ</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*n̪͡mʲ</span> (orthographic <i>ńy</i> and <i>nmy</i>) seem to not exist (Levinson 2022:46). </p><p>Yele also has 34 vowels: ten oral qualities and seven <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal</a>, all long and short: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Vowels<sup id="cite_ref-Levinson_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levinson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Henderson_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><small>Oral</small> </th> <th colspan="2"><small>Nasal</small> </th> <th colspan="2"><small>Oral</small> </th> <th colspan="2"><small>Nasal</small> </th> <th colspan="2"><small>Oral</small> </th> <th colspan="2"><small>Nasal</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ĩ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ĩː</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯː</a></span></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ũ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ũː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span></td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃</a></span></td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃ː</a></span></td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span></td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">əː</a></span></td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ə̃</a></span></td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ə̃ː</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span></td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɔ̃</a></span></td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɔ̃ː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>(<a href="/wiki/Near-open_vowel" title="Near-open vowel">Near-</a>)<a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æː</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">æ̃</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">æ̃ː</a></span></td> <td colspan="4"></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɑ̃</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɑ̃ː</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Vowels may occur <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long or short</a>. SIL (1992/2004) interprets vowel sequences as being separated by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> rather than being in <a href="/wiki/Vowel_hiatus" title="Vowel hiatus">hiatus</a>. (Possibly redundant <i>y</i> or <i>w</i> are found in the sequences <i>iy</i> and <i>uw</i> followed by most short vowels.) Given that vowels may be long or short, Yele syllables may only be of the form V or CV, with V only being short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> at the beginning of a word (assuming lack of hiatus within a word). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yele_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th>Orthography </th> <td>a</td> <td>â</td> <td>b</td> <td>ch</td> <td>d</td> <td>e</td> <td>é</td> <td>ê</td> <td>gh</td> <td>i</td> <td>î</td> <td>j</td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>ń</td> <td>o</td> <td>ó</td> <td>p</td> <td>t</td> <td>u</td> <td>v</td> <td>w</td> <td>y</td> <td>꞉ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>IPA </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t̪ʲ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɣ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɯ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t̪ʲ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɳ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n̪</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t̪</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">β</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">w̪</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">j</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌̃</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Multigraph" title="Multigraph">multigraphs</a> for complex consonants are not always transparent. The labial-velar and labial-coronal consonants are written with the labial second: <i>kp</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k͡p/</span>, <i>dp</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʈ͡p/</span>, <i>tp</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t̪͡p/</span>, <i>ngm</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ͡m/</span>, <i>nm</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɳ͡m/</span>, <i>ńm</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n̪͡m/</span>, <i>lv</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l͡βʲ/</span>. Prenasalized <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mp/</span> is written <i>mb,</i> but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nd̪/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋɡ/</span> are written <i>nt</i> and <i>nk</i> to distinguish them from <i>nd</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nɖ/</span> and <i>ng</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span>. Prenasalized stops are written with an <i>m</i> when labial, including the doubly articulated stops <i>md</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɳ͡mɖ͡b/</span>, <i>mg</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ͡mɡ͡b/</span> and <i>mt</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n̪͡md̪͡b/</span>, and with <i>n</i> otherwise. Nasal release is likewise written <i>n</i> or <i>m,</i> as in <i>dny</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʈɳʲ/</span>, <i>kn</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kŋ/</span>, <i>dm</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʈ͡pɳ͡m/</span>, <i>km</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k͡pŋ͡m/</span>. Labialization is written <i>w,</i> and palatalization <i>y,</i> apart from <i>ch</i> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t̪ʲ/</span> and <i>nj</i> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nd̪ʲ/</span>. </p><p>Of the vowels, only <i>a</i> and <i>u</i> occur initially. Long vowels are written double, and nasal vowels with a preceding colon (<i>꞉a</i> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ã/</span>), except for short vowels after an orthographic nasal consonant, where vowel nasality is not contrastive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yele_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yele has been studied extensively by <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_linguistics" title="Cognitive linguistics">cognitive linguists</a>. It has an extensive set of spatial <a href="/wiki/Postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Postposition">postpositions</a>. Yele has eleven postpositions equivalent to English <i>on</i>; using different ones depending factors such as whether the object is on a table (horizontal), a wall (vertical), or atop a peak; whether or not it is attached to the surface; and whether it is solid or granular (distributed). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yele_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yele has a set of <a href="/wiki/Bound_and_free_morphemes" title="Bound and free morphemes">free</a> pronouns and a set of <a href="/wiki/Bound_and_free_morphemes" title="Bound and free morphemes">bound</a> possessive pronouns. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">Singular</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">Dual</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">Plural</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>English </th> <th>Yele </th> <th>English </th> <th>Yele </th> <th>English </th> <th>Yele </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">1st person</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bound_and_free_morphemes" title="Bound and free morphemes">free</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><b>I</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɳə</span></td> <td rowspan="2"><b>we two</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n̪o</span></td> <td rowspan="2"><b>we</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɳ͡mo</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bound_and_free_morphemes" title="Bound and free morphemes">bound</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n̪i</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɳ͡mɯ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">2nd person</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bound_and_free_morphemes" title="Bound and free morphemes">free</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Thou" title="Thou">thou</a></b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n̪i</span></td> <td rowspan="2"><b>you two</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈ͡pũ</span></td> <td rowspan="2"><b>you</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n̪͡mo</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bound_and_free_morphemes" title="Bound and free morphemes">bound</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">N-</span></a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈ͡pɯ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n̪͡me</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">3rd person</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bound_and_free_morphemes" title="Bound and free morphemes">free</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><b>he/she</b></td> <td>–</td> <td rowspan="2"><b>they two</b> </td> <td rowspan="2">–</td> <td rowspan="2"><b>they</b></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">–</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bound_and_free_morphemes" title="Bound and free morphemes">bound</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ji</span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taboos_and_special_registers">Taboos and special registers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yele_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Taboos and special registers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three different types of <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboos</a> present in Yélî Dnye: vocabulary avoided by women, vocabulary avoided when in the presence of <a href="/wiki/In-laws" class="mw-redirect" title="In-laws">in-laws</a>, and vocabulary related to <a href="/wiki/Sacred_places" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred places">sacred places</a>. However, since the language has fallen into disuse, many of this special vocabulary is no longer used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Additionally, special registers and terms are used when discussing shell money (<span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">kêndapî</i></span>), at a mortuary feast (<span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">kpaakpaa</i></span>) and during songs.<sup id="cite_ref-Levinson_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levinson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_language"><span id="Women.27s_language"></span>Women's language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yele_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Women's language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a form of women's speech, women avoid certain words, especially those related to the sea. Instead, other words are substituted.<sup id="cite_ref-Levinson_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levinson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Sample women's language terms </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Men's term</th> <th>Women's term</th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">ntii</i></span></td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">tpili</i></span></td> <td>sea </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">nt꞉ee</i></span></td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">tpyele</i></span></td> <td>sea (locative) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">nee</i></span></td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">dyudu</i></span></td> <td>canoe </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">kwede</i></span></td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">kódu yââ/mtene pyu</i></span></td> <td>bailer shell </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">lyé</i></span></td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">pele yââ</i></span></td> <td>coconut mat </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">mbwaa</i></span></td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">tolo</i></span></td> <td>fresh water </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">Lów꞉a</i></span></td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">mwada tpli pee</i></span></td> <td>Lów꞉a isle </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In-laws">In-laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yele_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In-laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since great respect is shown to in-laws on Rossel Island, speakers of Yélî Dnye will not say their in-laws' names, will only speak of each in-law using the polite third-person plural pronoun <span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">yi</i></span>, and will replace certain words when speaking near them. While the alternative vocabulary is mostly no longer used, the name and pronoun taboos are still observed. </p><p>Most of the taboo words are body parts, clothing or carried possessions. Not all body words are replaced, however: for example, 'neck', 'Adam's apple' and 'stomach' retain their everyday forms.<sup id="cite_ref-Levinson_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levinson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Sample in-law terms </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Everyday term</th> <th>In-law term</th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">ngwolo</i></span></td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">yi wuché / yi chéé dê</i></span></td> <td>eye </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">kópu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">yi kp꞉aa têdê</i></span></td> <td>words </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">kêê</i></span></td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">yi kéépi</i></span></td> <td>hand </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">yodo</i></span></td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">yi mbwene</i></span></td> <td>belly </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">péé</i></span></td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">yi mgéé</i></span></td> <td>basket </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">kada</i></span></td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">ghââ</i></span></td> <td>in front of </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">tpe/tpoo</i></span></td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">yi tapa</i></span></td> <td>vagina </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yele_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selected basic vocabulary items in Yélî Dnye:<sup id="cite_ref-dictionary_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>gloss</th> <th>Yélî Dnye </th></tr> <tr> <td>bird</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">ńmê</i></span>; <span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">ńmo</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>blood</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">wêê</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bone</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">dînê</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>breast</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">ngmo</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ear</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">ngweńe</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>eat</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">ma</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>egg</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">w꞉uu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>eye</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">ngwolo</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fire</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">ndê</i></span>; <span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">ndyuw꞉e</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>give</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">yeede</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>go</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">lê</i></span>; <span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">lili</i></span>; <span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">nî</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ground</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">mbwóó</i></span>; <span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">têpê</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hair</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">gh꞉aa</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>head</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">mbodo</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>leg</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">yi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>louse</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">y꞉emê wee</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>man</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">pi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>moon</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">d꞉ââ</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>name</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">pi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>one</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">ngmidi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>road, path</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">maa</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>see</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">m꞉uu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sky</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">mbóó</i></span>; <span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">vyââ</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>stone</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">chêêpî</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sun</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">kââdî</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tongue</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">dêê</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tooth</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">nyóó</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tree</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">yi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>two</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">miyó</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>water</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">mbwaa</i></span>; <span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">tolo</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>woman</td> <td><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">kumbwada</i></span>; <span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">pyââ</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yele_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sample text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Yélî Dnye:</b> </p> <dl><dd><span title="Yele-language text"><i lang="yle">Kiye w꞉ââ u pi Peetuuki, ka kwo, Doongê. Nê kuu. Daa a w꞉ââ. Nkal u w꞉ââ. Nkal ngê yinê kaa ngê. W꞉ââ dono. Pi yilî u te. U nuu u pi da tóó. Pi u lama daa tóó. M꞉iituwo Yidika, Mépé tp꞉oo mî kiye ngê. Daanté. Mépé dono ngê pyodo. Apê, W꞉ââ mbwámê nînê châpwo. Nkal ngê kwo, "Up꞉o" . W꞉ââ mî mbêpê wo, chii mênê. Mépé ngê w꞉ââ mbwámê mêdîpê châpwo. Awêde ka kwo, Doongê. Pi maa daa t꞉a. A danêmbum u dî.</i></span></dd></dl> <p><b>Yélî Dnye in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>:</b> </p> <dl><dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="yle-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kijɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>w̪ɑ̃ː<span class="wrap"> </span>u<span class="wrap"> </span>pi<span class="wrap"> </span>pɛːt̪uːki,<span class="wrap"> </span>ka<span class="wrap"> </span>kʷɔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈɔːŋə<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>ɳə<span class="wrap"> </span>kuː<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈaː<span class="wrap"> </span>a<span class="wrap"> </span>w̪ɑ̃ː<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋɡal<span class="wrap"> </span>u<span class="wrap"> </span>w̪ɑ̃ː<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋɡal<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋə<span class="wrap"> </span>jiɳə<span class="wrap"> </span>kaː<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋə<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>w̪ɑ̃ː<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈɔɳɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>pi<span class="wrap"> </span>jilɯ<span class="wrap"> </span>u<span class="wrap"> </span>t̪ɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>u<span class="wrap"> </span>ɳuː<span class="wrap"> </span>u<span class="wrap"> </span>pi<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈa<span class="wrap"> </span>t̪oː<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>pi<span class="wrap"> </span>u<span class="wrap"> </span>lama<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈaː<span class="wrap"> </span>t̪oː<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>mĩːt̪uw̪ɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>jiʈika,<span class="wrap"> </span>mepe<span class="wrap"> </span>t̪͡pɔ̃ː<span class="wrap"> </span>mɯ<span class="wrap"> </span>kijɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋə<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈaːn̪d̪e<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>mepe<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈoɳo<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋə<span class="wrap"> </span>pʲɔʈɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>apə,<span class="wrap"> </span>w̪ɑ̃ː<span class="wrap"> </span>mbʷæmə<span class="wrap"> </span>ɳɯɳə<span class="wrap"> </span>tʲɑpʷɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋɡal<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋə<span class="wrap"> </span>kʷɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>upɔ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>w̪ɑ̃ː<span class="wrap"> </span>mɯ<span class="wrap"> </span>mbəpə<span class="wrap"> </span>w̪ɔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tʲiː<span class="wrap"> </span>məɳə<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>mepe<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋə<span class="wrap"> </span>w̪ɑ̃ː<span class="wrap"> </span>mbʷæmə<span class="wrap"> </span>məʈɯpə<span class="wrap"> </span>tʲɑpʷɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>aw̪əʈɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>ka<span class="wrap"> </span>kʷɔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈɔːŋə<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>pi<span class="wrap"> </span>maː<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈaː<span class="wrap"> </span>t̪ã<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>a<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈaɳəmbum<span class="wrap"> </span>u<span class="wrap"> </span>tɯ<span class="wrap"> </span>|</span></dd></dl> <p><b>Translation:</b> </p> <dl><dd>The savage dog is called "Peetuuki", and he lives at Doongê. It's nothing to do with me. It's not my dog. It's Nkal's dog. He raised it. It's a bad dog. It bites everyone. It doesn't like anyone. Recently it bit Mépé's son, Yidika. It really bit him hard. Mépé became very angry, and said, 'I'm going to kill that dog'. The dog ran away into the bush, so Mépé could not kill it. So now it's still there at Doongê, so there's not a safe road through there. That's the end of my story.</dd></dl> <p>(SIL 1992/2004) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yele_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e25-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/yle">Yele</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIMA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NIMA_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNIMA2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/National_Imagery_and_Mapping_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="National Imagery and Mapping Agency">NIMA</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TnHGVP_BfgUC&pg=PA177"><i>Sailing Directions 164 (Enroute): New Guinea</i></a> (9th ed.). Annapolis: Lighthouse Press. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781577855699" title="Special:BookSources/9781577855699"><bdi>9781577855699</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sailing+Directions+164+%28Enroute%29%3A+New+Guinea&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pages=177&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Lighthouse+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781577855699&rft.au=NIMA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTnHGVP_BfgUC%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYele+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stebbins-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stebbins_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stebbins_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stebbins et al. 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinson-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levinson_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levinson_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levinson_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levinson_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levinson_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levinson_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Levinson 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henderson-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henderson_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henderson_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dictionary-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson & Henderson 1999</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yele_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson1995" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, James E. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/160609178.pdf"><i>Phonology and Grammar of Yele, Papua New Guinea</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pacific Linguistics B. Vol. 112. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0858834286" title="Special:BookSources/0858834286"><bdi>0858834286</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonology+and+Grammar+of+Yele%2C+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Pacific+Linguistics+B&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0858834286&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F160609178.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYele+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2004" class="citation web cs1">Henderson, James E. (2004) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/42372">"Yele Organised Phonology Data"</a>. <i>SIL</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIL&rft.atitle=Yele+Organised+Phonology+Data&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fresources%2Farchives%2F42372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYele+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendersonAnne_Henderson,_compilers1999" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, James E.; Anne Henderson, compilers (1999) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/52299"><i>Rossel to English, English to Rossel Dictionary</i></a>. Dictionaries of Papua New Guinea. Vol. 9. Ukarumpa: Summer Institute of Linguistics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rossel+to+English%2C+English+to+Rossel+Dictionary&rft.place=Ukarumpa&rft.series=Dictionaries+of+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.pub=Summer+Institute+of+Linguistics&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft.au=Anne+Henderson%2C+compilers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fresources%2Farchives%2F52299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYele+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadefogedIan_Maddieson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" title="Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ian_Maddieson" title="Ian Maddieson">Ian Maddieson</a> (1996). <i>The Sounds of the World's Languages</i>. Oxford: Blackwell's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19814-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19814-8"><bdi>0-631-19814-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sounds+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell%27s&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-631-19814-8&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Ian+Maddieson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYele+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinson2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_C._Levinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen C. Levinson">Levinson, Stephen C.</a> (2003). <i>Space in Language and Cognition: Explorations in Cognitive Diversity</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-01196-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-01196-5"><bdi>0-521-01196-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+in+Language+and+Cognition%3A+Explorations+in+Cognitive+Diversity.&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-01196-5&rft.aulast=Levinson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYele+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinson2022" class="citation book cs1">Levinson, Stephen C. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110733853"><i>A Grammar of Yélî Dnye: The Papuan Language of Rossel Island</i></a>. De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110733853">10.1515/9783110733853</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-073385-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-073385-3"><bdi>978-3-11-073385-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249083265">249083265</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Y%C3%A9l%C3%AE+Dnye%3A+The+Papuan+Language+of+Rossel+Island&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249083265%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110733853&rft.isbn=978-3-11-073385-3&rft.aulast=Levinson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%2F9783110733853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYele+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStebbinsEvansTerrill2018" class="citation book cs1">Stebbins, Tonya; Evans, Bethwyn; Terrill, Angela (2018). "The Papuan languages of Island Melanesia". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). <i>The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide</i>. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 775–894. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7"><bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Papuan+languages+of+Island+Melanesia&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+the+New+Guinea+Area%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=The+World+of+Linguistics&rft.pages=775-894&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-11-028642-7&rft.aulast=Stebbins&rft.aufirst=Tonya&rft.au=Evans%2C+Bethwyn&rft.au=Terrill%2C+Angela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYele+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yele_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinson2022" class="citation book cs1">Levinson, Stephen C. (2022-06-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110733853/html"><i>A Grammar of Yélî Dnye</i></a>. De Gruyter Mouton. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110733853">10.1515/9783110733853</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-073385-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-073385-3"><bdi>978-3-11-073385-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249083265">249083265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Y%C3%A9l%C3%AE+Dnye&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2022-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249083265%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110733853&rft.isbn=978-3-11-073385-3&rft.aulast=Levinson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110733853%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYele+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Paradisec has <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/search?language_code=yle">multiple collections with Yele materials</a>, including two collections of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Capell" title="Arthur Capell">Arthur Cappell</a>'s materials (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/AC1">AC1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/AC2">AC2</a>).</li> <li>The World Atlas of Language Structures lists 44 typological features of "Yelî Dnye" based on from James Henderson's 1975 and 1995 grammars of the language. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_yel">https://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_yel</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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style="width:1%">Central <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Papua</a>, Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ok_languages" title="Ok languages">Ok-Oksapmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dani languages">Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat%E2%80%93Kamoro_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Asmat–Kamoro languages">Asmat-Kamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek_languages" title="Mek languages">Mek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paniai_Lakes_languages" title="Paniai Lakes languages">Paniai Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bomberai_languages" title="West Bomberai languages">West Bomberai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somahai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Somahai languages">Somahai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Papua</a>, Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anim_languages" title="Anim languages">Anim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Awyu_languages" title="Greater Awyu languages">Greater Awyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayagaric_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayagaric languages">Kayagaric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolopom_languages" title="Kolopom languages">Kolopom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Marori language">Marori</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southwest <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gogodala%E2%80%93Suki_languages" title="Gogodala–Suki languages">Gogodala-Suki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikori_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Turama–Kikori languages">Turama-Kikori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awin%E2%80%93Pa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Awin–Pa languages">Awin-Pa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finisterre%E2%80%93Huon_languages" title="Finisterre–Huon languages">Finisterre-Huon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainantu%E2%80%93Goroka_languages" title="Kainantu–Goroka languages">Kainantu-Goroka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu-Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Enga-Kewa-Huli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosavi_languages" title="Bosavi languages">Bosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duna-Bogaya_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Duna-Bogaya languages">Duna-Bogaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Peninsula" title="Papuan Peninsula">Papuan Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angan_languages" title="Angan languages">Angan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Binanderean_languages" title="Greater Binanderean languages">Greater Binanderean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagan_languages" title="Dagan languages">Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailuan_languages" title="Mailuan languages">Mailuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koiarian_languages" title="Koiarian languages">Koiarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goilalan_languages" title="Goilalan languages">Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yareban_languages" title="Yareban languages">Yareban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwalean_languages" title="Kwalean languages">Kwalean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manubaran_languages" title="Manubaran languages">Manubaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Nusantara</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Timor–Alor–Pantar languages">Timor-Alor-Pantar</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Halmahera_languages" title="North Halmahera languages">North Halmahera</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a></i><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Head_Peninsula" title="Bird's Head Peninsula">Bird's Head Peninsula</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="South Bird's Head languages">South Bird's Head</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="Nuclear South Bird's Head languages">Nuclear South Bird's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inanwatan%E2%80%93Duriankere_languages" title="Inanwatan–Duriankere languages">Inanwatan–Duriankere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konda%E2%80%93Yahadian_languages" title="Konda–Yahadian languages">Konda–Yahadian</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head languages">East Bird's Head</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantion%E2%80%93Meax_languages" title="Mantion–Meax languages">Nuclear East Bird's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatam%E2%80%93Mansim_languages" title="Hatam–Mansim languages">Hatam–Mansim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="West Bird's Head languages">West Bird's Head</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mor_language_(Papuan)" title="Mor language (Papuan)">Mor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumuri_language" title="Sumuri language">Tanah Merah</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tor%E2%80%93Kwerba_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor–Kwerba languages">Tor-Kwerba</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Sko</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Cenderawasih Bay</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Pauwasi_languages" title="East Pauwasi languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Pauwasi_languages" title="West Pauwasi languages">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimboran_languages" title="Nimboran languages">Nimboran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentani languages">Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepki%E2%80%93Murkim_languages" title="Lepki–Murkim languages">Lepki-Murkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angor_language" title="Angor language">Angor</a>-<a href="/wiki/Dera_language" title="Dera language">Dera</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofanma%E2%80%93Namla_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tofanma–Namla languages">Tofanma-Namla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yapen</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burmeso_language" title="Burmeso language">Burmeso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elseng_language" title="Elseng language">Elseng</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kapauri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapauri language">Kapauri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kembra_language" title="Kembra language">Kembra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keuw_language" title="Keuw language">Keuw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kimki_language" title="Kimki language">Kimki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massep_language" title="Massep language">Massep</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mawes_language" title="Mawes language">Mawes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molof_language" title="Molof language">Molof</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Usku_language" title="Usku language">Usku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yetfa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yetfa language">Yetfa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayono%E2%80%93Awbono_languages" title="Bayono–Awbono languages">Bayono-Awbono</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dem_language" title="Dem language">Dem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uhunduni_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uhunduni language">Uhunduni</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sepik" title="Sepik">Sepik</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ramu" title="Ramu">Ramu</a> basin <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu%E2%80%93Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Ramu–Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik-Ramu</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwomtari_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwomtari languages">Kwomtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Schultze_languages" title="Leonhard Schultze languages">Leonhard Schultze</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walio_languages" title="Walio languages">Walio</a>-<a href="/wiki/Papi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Papi languages">Papi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arafundi_languages" title="Arafundi languages">Arafundi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Piawi_languages" title="Piawi languages">Piawi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_May_languages" title="Left May languages">Left May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amto%E2%80%93Musan_languages" title="Amto–Musan languages">Amto-Musan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Busa_language_(Papuan)" title="Busa language (Papuan)">Busa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Tayap</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yad%C3%AB_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadë language">Yadë</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a> subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marienberg_languages" title="Marienberg languages">Marienberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapesh_languages" title="Arapesh languages">Arapesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urim_languages" title="Urim languages">Urim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimai_languages" title="Maimai languages">Maimai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapei_languages" title="Wapei languages">Wapei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palei_languages" title="Palei languages">Palei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_languages" title="One languages">One</a> (West Wapei)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumbo_languages" title="Monumbo languages">Monumbo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a> subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Middle_Sepik_languages" title="Middle Sepik languages">Middle Sepik</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndu_languages" title="Ndu languages">Ndu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukuma_languages" title="Nukuma languages">Nukuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_languages" title="Yellow River languages">Yellow River</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yerakai_language" title="Yerakai language">Yerakai</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sepik_languages" title="Upper Sepik languages">Upper Sepik</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wogamus_languages" title="Wogamus languages">Wogamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwam_languages" title="Iwam languages">Iwam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abau_language" title="Abau language">Abau</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_Hill_languages" title="Sepik Hill languages">Sepik Hill</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tama_languages" title="Tama languages">Tama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_languages" title="Ram languages">Ram</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amal_language" title="Amal language">Amal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a> subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lower_Ramu_languages" title="Lower Ramu languages">Lower Ramu</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottilien_languages" title="Ottilien languages">Ottilien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misegian_languages" title="Misegian languages">Misegian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ramu_languages" title="Middle Ramu languages">Middle Ramu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Grass_languages" title="Grass languages">Grass</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamolan_languages" title="Tamolan languages">Tamolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataitan_languages" title="Ataitan languages">Ataitan</a> (Tanggu)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Papua" title="Gulf of Papua">Gulf of Papua</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahoturi_River_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahoturi River languages">Pahoturi River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriomo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriomo languages">Oriomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso-Turumsa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Doso-Turumsa languages">Doso-Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komolom_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Komolom languages">Komolom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelmek-Maklew_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yelmek-Maklew languages">Yelmek-Maklew</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dibiyaso_language" title="Dibiyaso language">Dibiyaso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaki_Ae_language" title="Kaki Ae language">Kaki Ae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamula_language" title="Kamula language">Kamula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karami_language" title="Karami language">Karami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purari_language" title="Purari language">Purari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabo_language" title="Tabo language">Tabo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baining_languages" title="Baining languages">Baining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulil%E2%80%93Butam_languages" title="Taulil–Butam languages">Butam-Taulil</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makolkol_language" title="Makolkol language">Makolkol</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rossel_Island" title="Rossel Island">Rossel Island</a> <br />isolate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%A9l%C3%AE_Dnye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yélî Dnye language">Yélî Dnye</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pauwasi_languages" title="South Pauwasi languages">South Pauwasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Papuan_languages" title="East Papuan languages">East Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Papuan_languages" title="Southeast Papuan languages">Southeast Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat%E2%80%93Mombum_languages" title="Asmat–Mombum languages">Asmat–Mombum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly%E2%80%93Bulaka_River_languages" title="Trans-Fly–Bulaka River languages">Trans-Fly–Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani%E2%80%93Kwerba_languages" title="Dani–Kwerba languages">Dani–Kwerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_%E2%80%93_Sentani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head – Sentani languages">East Bird's Head – Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwomtari%E2%80%93Fas_languages" title="Kwomtari–Fas languages">Kwomtari–Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_May_%E2%80%93_Kwomtari_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Left May – Kwomtari languages">Left May – Kwomtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor%E2%80%93Kwerba%E2%80%93Nimboran_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran languages">Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="West Trans–New Guinea languages">West Trans–New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_Highlands_languages" title="West Papuan Highlands languages">West Papuan Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_and_South_New_Guinea_languages" title="Central and South New Guinea languages">Central and South New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_West_New_Guinea_languages" title="Central West New Guinea languages">Central West New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Guinea_Highlands_languages" title="East New Guinea Highlands languages">East New Guinea Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yele_%E2%80%93_West_New_Britain_languages" title="Yele – West New Britain languages">Yele – West New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepik%E2%80%93Ramu_languages" title="Sepik–Ramu languages">Sepik–Ramu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_languages" title="Indo-Pacific languages">Indo-Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Proto-Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Trans–New Guinea">Proto-Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Template:Languages of Papua New Guinea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Template talk:Languages of Papua New Guinea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Papua New Guinea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Languages of Papua New Guinea">Languages of Papua New Guinea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiri_Motu" title="Hiri Motu">Hiri Motu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin">Tok Pisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_Sign_Language" title="Papua New Guinean Sign Language">Papua New Guinean Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adzera_language" title="Adzera language">Adzera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanab_language" title="Amanab language">Amanab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awad_Bing_language" title="Awad Bing language">Awad Bing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barok_language" title="Barok language">Barok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimin_language" title="Bimin language">Bimin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bola_language_(Austronesian)" title="Bola language (Austronesian)">Bola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukawa_language" title="Bukawa language">Bugawac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedua_language" title="Dedua language">Dedua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobu_language" title="Dobu language">Dobu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iatmul_language" title="Iatmul language">Iatmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2te_language" title="Kâte language">Kâte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobon_language" title="Kobon language">Kobon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovai_language" title="Kovai language">Kovai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolai_language" title="Tolai language">Kuanua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuman_language_(New_Guinea)" title="Kuman language (New Guinea)">Kuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurti_language" title="Kurti language">Kurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihir_language" title="Lihir language">Lihir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandara_language" title="Mandara language">Mandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangseng_language" title="Mangseng language">Mangseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbula_language" title="Mbula language">Mbula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seim_language" title="Seim language">Mende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussau-Emira_language" title="Mussau-Emira language">Mussau-Emira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutu_language" title="Mutu language">Mutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekgini_language" title="Nekgini language">Nekgini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaing_language" title="Ngaing language">Ngaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niwer_Mil_language" title="Niwer Mil language">Niwer Mil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobonob_language" title="Nobonob language">Nobonob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numanggang_language" title="Numanggang language">Numanggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyindrou_language" title="Nyindrou language">Nyindrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Pele-Ata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petats_language" title="Petats language">Petats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoaaina_language" title="Ramoaaina language">Ramoaaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seimat_language" title="Seimat language">Seimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solong_language" title="Solong language">Solong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burum_language" title="Burum language">Somba-Siawari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suau_language" title="Suau language">Suau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangga_language" title="Tangga language">Tangga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobo language">Tobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uneapa_language" title="Uneapa language">Uneapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ura_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Ura language (Papua New Guinea)">Ura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitu_language" title="Vitu language">Vitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waris_language" title="Waris language">Waris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Papuan<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angan_languages" title="Angan languages">Angan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akoye_language" title="Akoye language">Akoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angaataha_language" title="Angaataha language">Angaataha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankave_language" title="Ankave language">Ankave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamtai_language" title="Hamtai language">Hamtai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasa_language" title="Kamasa language">Kamasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawacha_language" title="Kawacha language">Kawacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menya_language" title="Menya language">Menya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safeyoka_language" title="Safeyoka language">Safeyoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simbari_language" title="Simbari language">Simbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susuami_language" title="Susuami language">Susuami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tainae_language" title="Tainae language">Tainae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagwoia_language" title="Yagwoia language">Yagwoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yipma_language" title="Yipma language">Yipma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Awin%E2%80%93Pa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Awin–Pa languages">Awin–Pa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awin_language" title="Awin language">Awin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_language" title="Pa language">Pa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Binanderean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Binanderean languages">Binanderean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baruga_language" title="Baruga language">Baruga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binandere_language" title="Binandere language">Binandere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewage_language" title="Ewage language">Ewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korafe_language" title="Korafe language">Korafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orokaiva_language" title="Orokaiva language">Orokaiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suena_language" title="Suena language">Suena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekora_language" title="Yekora language">Yekora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia_language" title="Zia language">Zia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bosavi_languages" title="Bosavi languages">Bosavi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimele_language" title="Aimele language">Aimele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beami_language" title="Beami language">Beami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edolo_language" title="Edolo language">Edolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluli_language" title="Kaluli language">Kaluli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasua_language" title="Kasua language">Kasua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onobasulu_language" title="Onobasulu language">Onobasulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_language" title="Sonia language">Sonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuave_language" title="Chuave language">Chuave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dom_language" title="Dom language">Dom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golin_language" title="Golin language">Golin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandawo_language" title="Kandawo language">Kandawo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaugel_language" title="Kaugel language">Kaugel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuman_language_(New_Guinea)" title="Kuman language (New Guinea)">Kuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maring_language" title="Maring language">Maring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melpa_language" title="Melpa language">Melpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narak_language" title="Narak language">Narak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nii_language" title="Nii language">Nii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomane_language" title="Nomane language">Nomane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt-Yui_language" title="Salt-Yui language">Salt-Yui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinasina_language" title="Sinasina language">Sinasina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembagla_language" title="Tembagla language">Tembagla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahgi_language" title="Wahgi language">Wahgi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="New Ireland languages">New Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilur_language" title="Bilur language">Bilur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanamaket_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanamaket language">Fanamaket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandas_language" title="Kandas language">Kandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konomala_language" title="Konomala language">Konomala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolai_language" title="Tolai language">Kuanua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_language" title="Label language">Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niwer_Mil_language" title="Niwer Mil language">Niwer Mil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patpatar_language" title="Patpatar language">Patpatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoaaina_language" title="Ramoaaina language">Ramoaaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Siar language">Siar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursurunga_language" title="Sursurunga language">Sursurunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwar_Feni_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Warwar Feni language">Warwar Feni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duna%E2%80%93Pogaya_languages" title="Duna–Pogaya languages">Duna–Pogaya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duna_language" title="Duna language">Duna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogaya_language" title="Pogaya language">Pogaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Kutubuan_languages" title="East Kutubuan languages">East Kutubuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasu_language" title="Fasu language">Fasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiwaga_language" title="Fiwaga language">Fiwaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foi_language" title="Foi language">Foi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fembe_language" title="Fembe language">Fembe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobasi_language" title="Gobasi language">Gobasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konai_language" title="Konai language">Konai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubo_language" title="Kubo language">Kubo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odoodee_language" title="Odoodee language">Odoodee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo_language_(New_Guinea)" title="Samo language (New Guinea)">Samo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angal_language" title="Angal language">Angal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nete_language" title="Nete language">Bisorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enga_language" title="Enga language">Enga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huli_language" title="Huli language">Huli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipili_language" title="Ipili language">Ipili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kewa_language" title="Kewa language">Kewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaka_language" title="Kyaka language">Kyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembena_language" title="Lembena language">Lembena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samberigi_language" title="Samberigi language">Samberigi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaki_Ae_language" title="Kaki Ae language">Kaki Ae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keoru_language" title="Keoru language">Keoru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opao_language" title="Opao language">Opao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orokolo_language" title="Orokolo language">Orokolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toaripi_language" title="Toaripi language">Toaripi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tairuma_language" title="Tairuma language">Tairuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ok%E2%80%93Oksapmin_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ok–Oksapmin languages">Ok–Oksapmin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimin_language" title="Bimin language">Bimin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiwol_language" title="Faiwol language">Faiwol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_language" title="Mian language">Mian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngalum_language" title="Ngalum language">Ngalum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninggerum_language" title="Ninggerum language">Ninggerum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oksapmin_language" title="Oksapmin language">Oksapmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setaman_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Setaman language">Setaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suganga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Suganga language">Suganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefol_language" title="Telefol language">Telefol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifal_language" title="Tifal language">Tifal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urap language">Urap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonggom_language" title="Yonggom language">Yonggom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadibi_language" title="Dadibi language">Dadibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folopa_language" title="Folopa language">Folopa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tirio_languages" title="Tirio languages">Tirio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abom_language" title="Abom language">Abom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baramu_language" title="Baramu language">Baramu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitur_language" title="Bitur language">Bitur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirio_Papuan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirio Papuan language">Tirio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Were_language" title="Were language">Were</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikobi_language" title="Ikobi language">Ikobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omati_language" title="Omati language">Omati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumu_language" title="Rumu language">Rumu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Larger families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finisterre%E2%80%93Huon_languages" title="Finisterre–Huon languages">Finisterre–Huon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainantu%E2%80%93Goroka_languages" title="Kainantu–Goroka languages">Kainantu–Goroka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramu%E2%80%93Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Ramu–Lower Sepik languages">Ramu–Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Papuan_languages" title="Southeast Papuan languages">Southeast Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enga_Sign_Language" title="Enga Sign Language">Enga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailge_Sign_Language" title="Kailge Sign Language">Kailge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehek_Sign_Language" title="Mehek Sign Language">Mehek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Avejaha_Sign_Language" title="Mount Avejaha Sign Language">Mount Avejaha</a></li> 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