Core app quality | App quality | Android Developers

<!doctype html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta name="google-signin-client-id" content="721724668570-nbkv1cfusk7kk4eni4pjvepaus73b13t.apps.googleusercontent.com"> <meta name="google-signin-scope" content="profile email https://www.googleapis.com/auth/developerprofiles https://www.googleapis.com/auth/developerprofiles.award"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Android Developers"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta name="theme-color" content="#34a853"><meta charset="utf-8"> <meta content="IE=Edge" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="manifest" href="/_pwa/android/manifest.json" crossorigin="use-credentials"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//www.gstatic.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="//fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="//fonts.googleapis.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="//apis.google.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="//www.google-analytics.com" crossorigin><link rel="stylesheet" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Google+Sans:400,500,600,700|Google+Sans+Text:400,400italic,500,500italic,600,600italic,700,700italic|Roboto+Mono:400,500,700&display=swap"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Icons&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined&display=block"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/android/css/app.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/android/css/dark-theme.css" disabled> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/android/images/favicon.svg"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/android/images/touchicon-180.png"><link rel="canonical" href="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality"><link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Android Developers" href="https://developer.android.com/s/opensearch.xml"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="ar" href="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality?hl=ar" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="bn" href="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality?hl=bn" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality?hl=zh-cn" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality?hl=zh-tw" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="fa" href="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality?hl=fa" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality?hl=fr" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="de" href="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality?hl=de" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="he" href="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality?hl=he" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="hi" href="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality?hl=hi" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="id" href="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality?hl=id" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="it" href="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality?hl=it" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="ja" href="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality?hl=ja" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="ko" href="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality?hl=ko" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="pl" href="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality?hl=pl" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="pt-BR" href="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality?hl=pt-br" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality?hl=ru" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="es-419" href="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality?hl=es-419" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="th" href="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality?hl=th" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="tr" href="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality?hl=tr" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="vi" href="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality?hl=vi" /><title>Core app quality  |  App quality  |  Android Developers</title> <meta property="og:title" content="Core app quality  |  App quality  |  Android Developers"><meta name="description" content="App quality directly influences the long-term success of your app—in terms of installs, user rating and reviews, engagement, and user retention."> <meta property="og:description" content="App quality directly influences the long-term success of your app—in terms of installs, user rating and reviews, engagement, and user retention."><meta property="og:url" content="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality"><meta property="og:image" content="https://developer.android.com/static/images/social/android-developers.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="675"><meta property="og:locale" content="en"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Article", "headline": "Core app quality" } </script><script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [{ "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "name": "App quality", "item": "https://developer.android.com/quality" },{ "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "name": "Core app quality", "item": "https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality" }] } </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/extras.css"></head> <body class="" template="page" theme="android-theme" type="article" appearance layout="docs" display-toc pending> <devsite-progress type="indeterminate" id="app-progress"></devsite-progress> <section class="devsite-wrapper"> <devsite-cookie-notification-bar></devsite-cookie-notification-bar><devsite-header role="banner"> <div class="devsite-header--inner nocontent"> <div class="devsite-top-logo-row-wrapper-wrapper"> <div class="devsite-top-logo-row-wrapper"> <div class="devsite-top-logo-row"> <button type="button" id="devsite-hamburger-menu" class="devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Navigation menu button" visually-hidden aria-label="Open menu"> </button> <div class="devsite-product-name-wrapper"> <a href="/" class="devsite-site-logo-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Site logo" track-type="globalNav" track-name="androidDevelopers" track-metadata-position="nav" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/android/images/lockup-dark-theme.svg" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" class="devsite-dark-theme" alt="Android Developers"> <img src="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/android/images/lockup.svg" class="devsite-site-logo" alt="Android Developers"> </picture> </a> <span class="devsite-product-name"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" > <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> </li> </ul> </span> </div> <div class="devsite-top-logo-row-middle"> <div class="devsite-header-upper-tabs"> <devsite-tabs class="upper-tabs"> <nav class="devsite-tabs-wrapper" aria-label="Upper tabs"> <tab class="devsite-dropdown devsite-dropdown-full "> <a href="https://developer.android.com/get-started" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/get-started" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event android-dropdown-tab" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Essentials" track-name="essentials" > Essentials </a> <a href="#" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Dropdown menu for Essentials" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/get-started" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Essentials" track-name="essentials" class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-toggle devsite-icon devsite-icon-arrow-drop-down"></a> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown" aria-label="submenu" hidden> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-content"> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown android-dropdown-primary android-dropdown-studio"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Gemini in Android Studio</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Your AI development companion for Android development. </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/gemini-in-android" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/gemini-in-android" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="gemini in android studio" tooltip class="button button-primary" > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Learn more </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/studio" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/studio" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="gemini in android studio" tooltip class="button button-white" > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Get Android Studio </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-launch"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Get started</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Start by creating your first app. Go deeper with our training courses or explore app development on your own. </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/get-started/overview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/get-started/overview" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get started" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Hello world </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/courses" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/courses" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get started" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Training courses </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/get-started/codelabs" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/get-started/codelabs" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get started" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Tutorials </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/kotlin" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/kotlin" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get started" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Kotlin for Android </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://play.google.com/console/about/guides/monetize/" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://play.google.com/console/about/guides/monetize/" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get started" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Monetization with Play ↗️ </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-multiple-screens"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Extend by device</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Build apps that give your users seamless experiences from phones to tablets, watches, and more. </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/adaptive-apps" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/adaptive-apps" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="extend by device" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Adaptive apps </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/wear" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/wear" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="extend by device" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Wear OS </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/cars" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/cars" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="extend by device" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android for Cars </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/tv" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/tv" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="extend by device" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android TV </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/chrome-os" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/chrome-os" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="extend by device" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> ChromeOS </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/multi-device-development" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/multi-device-development" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="extend by device" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Cross-device SDK </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-platform"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Build by category</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Learn to build for your use case by following Google's prescriptive and opinionated guidance. </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/games" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/games" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build by category" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Games </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/media" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/media" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build by category" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Camera & Media </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/social-and-messaging" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/social-and-messaging" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build by category" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Social & messaging </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/health-and-fitness" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/health-and-fitness" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build by category" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Health & Fitness </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/productivity" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/productivity" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build by category" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Productivity </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/work/overview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/work/overview" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build by category" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Enterprise apps </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-stars"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Get the latest</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Stay in touch with the latest releases throughout the year, join our preview programs, and give us your feedback. </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/latest-updates" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/latest-updates" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get the latest" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Latest updates </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/latest-updates/experimental" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/latest-updates/experimental" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get the latest" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Experimental updates </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/studio/preview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/studio/preview" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get the latest" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android Studio preview </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/jetpack/androidx/versions" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/jetpack/androidx/versions" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get the latest" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Jetpack & Compose libraries </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/training/wearables/versions/4" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/training/wearables/versions/4" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get the latest" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Wear OS preview </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/design-for-safety/privacy-sandbox" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design-for-safety/privacy-sandbox" track-metadata-position="nav - essentials" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="get the latest" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Privacy Sandbox </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </tab> <tab class="devsite-dropdown devsite-dropdown-full devsite-active "> <a href="https://developer.android.com/design" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event android-dropdown-tab" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="primary nav" aria-label="Design & Plan, selected" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Design & Plan" track-name="design & plan" > Design & Plan </a> <a href="#" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Dropdown menu for Design & Plan" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Design & Plan" track-name="design & plan" class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-toggle devsite-icon devsite-icon-arrow-drop-down"></a> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown" aria-label="submenu" hidden> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-content"> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-layout"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>UI Design</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Design a beautiful user interface using Android best practices.</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/design/ui" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design/ui" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="ui design" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Design for Android </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/mobile" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/mobile" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="ui design" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Mobile </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/large-screens" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/large-screens" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="ui design" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Large screens (e.g., tablets) </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/widget" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/widget" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="ui design" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Widgets </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/wear" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/wear" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="ui design" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Wear OS </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/tv" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/tv" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="ui design" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android TV </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-design"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Architecture</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Design robust, testable, and maintainable app logic and services.</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/topic/architecture/intro" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/topic/architecture/intro" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="architecture" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Introduction </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/topic/libraries/view-binding" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/topic/libraries/view-binding" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="architecture" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Libraries </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/navigation/navigation-principles" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/guide/navigation/navigation-principles" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="architecture" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Navigation </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/topic/modularization" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/topic/modularization" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="architecture" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Modularization </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/training/testing/fundamentals" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/training/testing/fundamentals" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="architecture" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Testing </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-vitals"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Quality</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Plan for app quality and align with Play store guidelines.</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/quality" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/quality" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="quality" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Overview </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/quality/core-value" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/quality/core-value" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="quality" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Core value </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/quality/user-experience" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/quality/user-experience" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="quality" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> User experience </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/quality/technical" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/quality/technical" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="quality" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Technical quality </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/quality/privacy-and-security" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/quality/privacy-and-security" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="quality" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Security </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-security-2"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Security</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Safeguard users against threats and ensure a secure Android experience.</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/security" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/security" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="security" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Overview </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/privacy-and-security/about" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/privacy-and-security/about" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="security" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Privacy </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/identity" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/identity" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="security" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Identity </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/security/fraud-prevention" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/security/fraud-prevention" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="security" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Fraud prevention </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-earth"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Build for Billions</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Create the best experience for entry-level devices</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/build-for-billions" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/build-for-billions" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build for billions" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Overview </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/build-for-billions" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/docs/quality-guidelines/build-for-billions" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build for billions" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> About new markets </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/androidgo" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/androidgo" track-metadata-position="nav - design & plan" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build for billions" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android (Go edition) </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </tab> <tab class="devsite-dropdown devsite-dropdown-full "> <a href="https://developer.android.com/develop" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/develop" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event android-dropdown-tab" track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Develop" track-name="develop" > Develop </a> <a href="#" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Dropdown menu for Develop" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/develop" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Develop" track-name="develop" class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-toggle devsite-icon devsite-icon-arrow-drop-down"></a> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown" aria-label="submenu" hidden> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-content"> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown android-dropdown-primary android-dropdown-ai"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Build AI experiences</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Build AI-powered Android apps with Gemini APIs and more. </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/ai" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/ai" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="build ai experiences" tooltip class="button button-primary" > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Get started </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-flag"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Core areas</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Get the samples and docs for the features you need.</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/samples" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/samples" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="core areas" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Samples </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/quick-guides" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/quick-guides" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="core areas" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Try Quick Guidesᵇᵉᵗᵃ </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/develop/ui" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/develop/ui" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="core areas" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> User interfaces </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/permissions/overview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/permissions/overview" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="core areas" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Permissions </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/develop/background-work" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/develop/background-work" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="core areas" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Background work </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/data" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/data" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="core areas" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Data and files </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/develop#core-areas" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/develop#core-areas" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="core areas" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> All core areas ⤵️ </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-tools-2"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Tools and workflow</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Use the IDE to write and build your app, or create your own pipeline.</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/studio/write" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/studio/write" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="tools and workflow" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Write and debug code </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/build/gradle-build-overview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/build/gradle-build-overview" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="tools and workflow" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Build projects </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/training/testing" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/training/testing" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="tools and workflow" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Test your app </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/topic/performance/overview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/topic/performance/overview" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="tools and workflow" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Performance </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/tools" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/tools" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="tools and workflow" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Command-line tools </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/tools/gradle-api" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/reference/tools/gradle-api" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="tools and workflow" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Gradle plugin API </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-multiple-screens"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Device tech</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Write code for form factors. Connect devices and share data.</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/large-screens/get-started-with-large-screens" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/large-screens/get-started-with-large-screens" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="device tech" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Large screens (e.g., tablets) </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/training/wearables" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/training/wearables" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="device tech" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Wear OS </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/health-and-fitness/guides" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/health-and-fitness/guides" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="device tech" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android Health </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/connectivity/cross-device-sdk/overview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/connectivity/cross-device-sdk/overview" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="device tech" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Cross-device SDK </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/training/cars" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/training/cars" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="device tech" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android for Cars </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/training/tv" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/training/tv" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="device tech" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android TV </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/chrome-os/intro" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/chrome-os/intro" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="device tech" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> ChromeOS </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column android-dropdown"> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section android-dropdown-section-icon android-dropdown-section-icon-core-library"> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Libraries</li> <li class="devsite-nav-description">Browse API reference documentation with all the details.</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/packages" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/reference/packages" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="libraries" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android platform </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/jetpack/androidx/explorer" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/jetpack/androidx/explorer" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="libraries" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Jetpack libraries </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/jetpack/androidx/releases/compose" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/jetpack/androidx/releases/compose" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="libraries" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Compose libraries </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/android/reference/packages" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/android/reference/packages" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="libraries" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Play services ↗️ </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://play.google.com/sdks" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://play.google.com/sdks" track-metadata-position="nav - develop" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="libraries" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Play SDK index ↗️ </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://developer.android.com/distribute" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/distribute" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - google play" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Google Play" track-name="google play" > Google Play </a> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://developer.android.com/community" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/community" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - community" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Community" track-name="community" > Community </a> </tab> </nav> </devsite-tabs> </div> <devsite-search enable-signin enable-search enable-suggestions enable-query-completion project-name="App quality" tenant-name="Android Developers" > <form class="devsite-search-form" action="https://developer.android.com/s/results" method="GET"> <div class="devsite-search-container"> <button type="button" search-open class="devsite-search-button devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons" aria-label="Open search"></button> <div class="devsite-searchbox"> <input aria-activedescendant="" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-label="Search" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="listbox" autocomplete="off" class="devsite-search-field devsite-search-query" name="q" placeholder="Search" role="combobox" type="text" value="" > <div class="devsite-search-image material-icons" aria-hidden="true"> </div> <div class="devsite-search-shortcut-icon-container" aria-hidden="true"> <kbd class="devsite-search-shortcut-icon">/</kbd> </div> </div> </div> </form> <button type="button" search-close class="devsite-search-button devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons" aria-label="Close search"></button> </devsite-search> </div> <devsite-appearance-selector></devsite-appearance-selector> <devsite-language-selector> <ul role="presentation"> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="en" >English</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="de" >Deutsch</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="es_419" >Español – América Latina</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="fr" >Français</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="id" >Indonesia</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="it" >Italiano</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="pl" >Polski</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="pt_br" >Português – Brasil</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="vi" >Tiếng Việt</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="tr" >Türkçe</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ru" >Русский</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="he" >עברית</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ar" >العربيّة</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="fa" >فارسی</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="hi" >हिंदी</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="bn" >বাংলা</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="th" >ภาษาไทย</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="zh_cn" >中文 – 简体</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="zh_tw" >中文 – 繁體</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ja" >日本語</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ko" >한국어</a> </li> </ul> </devsite-language-selector> <a class="devsite-header-link devsite-top-button button gc-analytics-event" href="https://developer.android.com/studio" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Site header link" > Android Studio </a> <devsite-user enable-profiles id="devsite-user"> <span class="button devsite-top-button" aria-hidden="true" visually-hidden>Sign in</span> </devsite-user> </div> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-collapsible-section "> <div class="devsite-header-background"> <div class="devsite-product-id-row" > <div class="devsite-product-description-row"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" > <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <a href="https://developer.android.com/quality" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Lower Header" data-value="1" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="1" track-metadata-eventdetail="App quality" > App quality </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-doc-set-nav-row"> <devsite-tabs class="lower-tabs"> <nav class="devsite-tabs-wrapper" aria-label="Lower tabs"> <tab > <a href="https://developer.android.com/quality" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/quality" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - overview" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Overview" track-name="overview" > Overview </a> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://developer.android.com/quality/core-value" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/quality/core-value" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - core value" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Core value" track-name="core value" > Core value </a> </tab> <tab class="devsite-active"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/quality/user-experience" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/quality/user-experience" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - user experience" track-metadata-module="primary nav" aria-label="User experience, selected" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: User experience" track-name="user experience" > User experience </a> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://developer.android.com/quality/technical" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/quality/technical" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - technical quality" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Technical quality" track-name="technical quality" > Technical quality </a> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://developer.android.com/quality/privacy-and-security" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/quality/privacy-and-security" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - privacy & security" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Privacy & Security" track-name="privacy & security" > Privacy & Security </a> </tab> </nav> </devsite-tabs> </div> </div> </div> </div> </devsite-header> <devsite-book-nav scrollbars > <div class="devsite-book-nav-filter" > <span class="filter-list-icon material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></span> <input type="text" placeholder="Filter" aria-label="Type to filter" role="searchbox"> <span class="filter-clear-button hidden" data-title="Clear filter" aria-label="Clear filter" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <nav class="devsite-book-nav devsite-nav nocontent" aria-label="Side menu"> <div class="devsite-mobile-header"> <button type="button" id="devsite-close-nav" class="devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Close navigation" aria-label="Close navigation"> </button> <div class="devsite-product-name-wrapper"> <a href="/" class="devsite-site-logo-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Site logo" track-type="globalNav" track-name="androidDevelopers" track-metadata-position="nav" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/android/images/lockup-dark-theme.svg" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" class="devsite-dark-theme" alt="Android Developers"> <img src="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/android/images/lockup.svg" class="devsite-site-logo" alt="Android Developers"> </picture> </a> <span class="devsite-product-name"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" > <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> </li> </ul> </span> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-book-nav-wrapper"> <div class="devsite-mobile-nav-top"> <ul class="devsite-nav-list"> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/get-started" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Essentials" track-name="essentials" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Essentials" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Essentials </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs devsite-nav-has-menu "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Essentials" track-name="essentials" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="Essentials"> More </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="Essentials"> </span> </span> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-active" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Design & Plan" track-name="design & plan" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Design & Plan" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Design & Plan </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs devsite-nav-has-menu "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Design & Plan" track-name="design & plan" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="Design & Plan"> More </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="Design & Plan"> </span> </span> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs"> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Overview" track-name="overview" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Overview" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Overview </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality/core-value" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Core value" track-name="core value" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Core value" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Core value </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality/user-experience" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children devsite-nav-active" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: User experience" track-name="user experience" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: User experience" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="_book"> User experience </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="_book"> </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality/technical" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Technical quality" track-name="technical quality" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Technical quality" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Technical quality </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality/privacy-and-security" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Privacy & Security" track-name="privacy & security" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Privacy & Security" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Privacy & Security </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/develop" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Develop" track-name="develop" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Develop" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Develop </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs devsite-nav-has-menu "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Develop" track-name="develop" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="Develop"> More </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="Develop"> </span> </span> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/distribute" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Google Play" track-name="google play" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Play" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Play </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/community" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Community" track-name="community" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Community" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Community </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/studio" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android Studio" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android Studio </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-mobile-nav-bottom"> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="_book"> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/quality/user-experience" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /quality/user-experience" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/quality/user-experience" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Core app quality</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Form factors</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/quality-guidelines/large-screen-app-quality" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/quality-guidelines/large-screen-app-quality" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/quality-guidelines/large-screen-app-quality" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Large screen app quality</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/quality-guidelines/wear-app-quality" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/quality-guidelines/wear-app-quality" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/quality-guidelines/wear-app-quality" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Wear OS app quality</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/quality-guidelines/tv-app-quality" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/quality-guidelines/tv-app-quality" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/quality-guidelines/tv-app-quality" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>TV app quality</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/docs/quality-guidelines/car-app-quality" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /docs/quality-guidelines/car-app-quality" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/docs/quality-guidelines/car-app-quality" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Car app quality</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Accessibility</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/guide/topics/ui/accessibility" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /guide/topics/ui/accessibility" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/guide/topics/ui/accessibility" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>In this guide</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Build and test apps for accessibility</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/guide/topics/ui/accessibility/apps" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /guide/topics/ui/accessibility/apps" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/guide/topics/ui/accessibility/apps" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Make apps more accessible</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/guide/topics/ui/accessibility/principles" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /guide/topics/ui/accessibility/principles" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/guide/topics/ui/accessibility/principles" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Principles for improving app accessibility</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/guide/topics/ui/accessibility/testing" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /guide/topics/ui/accessibility/testing" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/guide/topics/ui/accessibility/testing" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Test your app's accessibility</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Advanced topics</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/guide/topics/ui/accessibility/custom-views" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /guide/topics/ui/accessibility/custom-views" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/guide/topics/ui/accessibility/custom-views" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Make custom views more accessible</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/guide/topics/ui/accessibility/service" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /guide/topics/ui/accessibility/service" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/guide/topics/ui/accessibility/service" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Create your own accessibility service</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/guide/topics/ui/accessibility/additional-resources" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /guide/topics/ui/accessibility/additional-resources" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/guide/topics/ui/accessibility/additional-resources" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Additional resources</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>On Google Play</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-external"><a href="https://developers.google.com/games/services/checklist" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: https://developers.google.com/games/services/checklist" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/games/services/checklist" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Play games quality</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="external" data-title="External" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="Essentials" aria-label="Side menu" hidden> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Gemini in Android Studio </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/gemini-in-android" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Learn more" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Learn more </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/studio" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Get Android Studio" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Get Android Studio </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Get started </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/get-started/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Hello world" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Hello world </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/courses" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Training courses" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Training courses </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/get-started/codelabs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Tutorials" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Tutorials </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/kotlin" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Kotlin for Android" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Kotlin for Android </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://play.google.com/console/about/guides/monetize/" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Monetization with Play ↗️" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Monetization with Play ↗️ </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Extend by device </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/adaptive-apps" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Adaptive apps" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Adaptive apps </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/wear" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Wear OS" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Wear OS </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/cars" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android for Cars" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android for Cars </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/tv" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android TV" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android TV </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/chrome-os" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: ChromeOS" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > ChromeOS </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/multi-device-development" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Cross-device SDK" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Cross-device SDK </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Build by category </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/games" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Games" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Games </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/media" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Camera & Media" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Camera & Media </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/social-and-messaging" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Social & messaging" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Social & messaging </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/health-and-fitness" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Health & Fitness" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Health & Fitness </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/productivity" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Productivity" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Productivity </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/work/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Enterprise apps" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Enterprise apps </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Get the latest </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/latest-updates" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Latest updates" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Latest updates </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/latest-updates/experimental" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Experimental updates" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Experimental updates </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/studio/preview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android Studio preview" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android Studio preview </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/jetpack/androidx/versions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Jetpack & Compose libraries" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Jetpack & Compose libraries </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/training/wearables/versions/4" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Wear OS preview" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Wear OS preview </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design-for-safety/privacy-sandbox" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Privacy Sandbox" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Privacy Sandbox </span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="Design & Plan" aria-label="Side menu" hidden> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > UI Design </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Design for Android" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Design for Android </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui/mobile" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Mobile" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Mobile </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui/large-screens" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Large screens (e.g., tablets)" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Large screens (e.g., tablets) </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui/widget" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Widgets" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Widgets </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui/wear" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Wear OS" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Wear OS </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui/tv" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android TV" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android TV </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Architecture </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/topic/architecture/intro" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Introduction" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Introduction </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/topic/libraries/view-binding" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Libraries" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Libraries </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/guide/navigation/navigation-principles" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Navigation" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Navigation </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/topic/modularization" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Modularization" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Modularization </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/training/testing/fundamentals" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Testing" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Testing </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Quality </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Overview" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Overview </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality/core-value" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Core value" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Core value </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality/user-experience" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: User experience" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > User experience </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality/technical" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Technical quality" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Technical quality </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality/privacy-and-security" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Security" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Security </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Security </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/security" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Overview" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Overview </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/privacy-and-security/about" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Privacy" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Privacy </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Identity" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Identity </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/security/fraud-prevention" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Fraud prevention" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Fraud prevention </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Build for Billions </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/build-for-billions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Overview" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Overview </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/quality-guidelines/build-for-billions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: About new markets" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > About new markets </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/guide/topics/androidgo" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android (Go edition)" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android (Go edition) </span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="Develop" aria-label="Side menu" hidden> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Build AI experiences </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/ai" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Get started" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Get started </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Core areas </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/samples" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Samples" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Samples </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quick-guides" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Try Quick Guidesᵇᵉᵗᵃ" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Try Quick Guidesᵇᵉᵗᵃ </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/develop/ui" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: User interfaces" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > User interfaces </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/guide/topics/permissions/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Permissions" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Permissions </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/develop/background-work" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Background work" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Background work </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/guide/topics/data" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Data and files" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Data and files </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/develop#core-areas" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: All core areas ⤵️" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > All core areas ⤵️ </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Tools and workflow </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/studio/write" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Write and debug code" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Write and debug code </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/build/gradle-build-overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Build projects" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Build projects </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/training/testing" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Test your app" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Test your app </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/topic/performance/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Performance" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Performance </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/tools" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Command-line tools" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Command-line tools </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/reference/tools/gradle-api" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Gradle plugin API" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Gradle plugin API </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Device tech </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/guide/topics/large-screens/get-started-with-large-screens" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Large screens (e.g., tablets)" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Large screens (e.g., tablets) </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/training/wearables" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Wear OS" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Wear OS </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/health-and-fitness/guides" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android Health" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android Health </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/guide/topics/connectivity/cross-device-sdk/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Cross-device SDK" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Cross-device SDK </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/training/cars" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android for Cars" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android for Cars </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/training/tv" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android TV" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android TV </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/chrome-os/intro" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: ChromeOS" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > ChromeOS </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Libraries </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/reference/packages" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android platform" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android platform </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/jetpack/androidx/explorer" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Jetpack libraries" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Jetpack libraries </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/jetpack/androidx/releases/compose" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Compose libraries" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Compose libraries </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/android/reference/packages" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Play services ↗️" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Play services ↗️ </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://play.google.com/sdks" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Play SDK index ↗️" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Google Play SDK index ↗️ </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </devsite-book-nav> <section id="gc-wrapper"> <main role="main" class="devsite-main-content" has-book-nav has-sidebar > <div class="devsite-sidebar"> <div class="devsite-sidebar-content"> <devsite-toc class="devsite-nav" role="navigation" aria-label="On this page" depth="2" scrollbars ></devsite-toc> <devsite-recommendations-sidebar class="nocontent devsite-nav"> </devsite-recommendations-sidebar> </div> </div> <devsite-content> <article class="devsite-article"> <div class="devsite-article-meta nocontent" role="navigation"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" aria-label="Breadcrumb"> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <a href="https://developer.android.com/" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="1" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="1" track-metadata-eventdetail="Android Developers" > Android Developers </a> </li> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <div class="devsite-breadcrumb-guillemet material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></div> <a href="https://developer.android.com/design" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="2" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="2" track-metadata-eventdetail="" > Design & Plan </a> </li> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <div class="devsite-breadcrumb-guillemet material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></div> <a href="https://developer.android.com/quality" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="3" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="3" track-metadata-eventdetail="App quality" > App quality </a> </li> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <div class="devsite-breadcrumb-guillemet material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></div> <a href="https://developer.android.com/quality/user-experience" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="4" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="4" track-metadata-eventdetail="" > User experience </a> </li> </ul> <devsite-thumb-rating position="header"> </devsite-thumb-rating> </div> <h1 class="devsite-page-title" tabindex="-1"> Core app quality </h1> <devsite-feature-tooltip ack-key="AckCollectionsBookmarkTooltipDismiss" analytics-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" analytics-action-show="Callout Profile displayed" analytics-action-close="Callout Profile dismissed" analytics-label="Create Collection Callout" class="devsite-page-bookmark-tooltip nocontent" dismiss-button="true" id="devsite-collections-dropdown" dismiss-button-text="Dismiss" close-button-text="Got it"> <devsite-bookmark></devsite-bookmark> <span slot="popout-heading"> Stay organized with collections </span> <span slot="popout-contents"> Save and categorize content based on your preferences. </span> </devsite-feature-tooltip> <div class="devsite-page-title-meta"><devsite-view-release-notes></devsite-view-release-notes></div> <devsite-toc class="devsite-nav" depth="2" devsite-toc-embedded > </devsite-toc> <devsite-recommendations-dropdown class="nocontent"></devsite-recommendations-dropdown> <div class="devsite-article-body clearfix "> <i>Last updated: May 17, 2021</i> <p>A useful way to evaluate <a href="/quality">app excellence</a> is to walk through the workflows in your app and evaluate the smoothness and safety of the app experience.</p> <p>This checklist defines a set of core quality criteria and associated tests to help you assess the quality of your app. Some of these criteria might be easy to miss, and the tests help you remember to include them in your test plans.</p> <p>The checklist highlights the minimum quality that all apps should meet. Your testing will likely go well beyond what's described here.</p> <p>Each item in the quality checklist has a unique ID which you might find helpful to use when you communicate with your team. You can also <a href="/docs/quality-guidelines/2021/02">view the previous version of these guidelines</a>.</p> <div class="headerLine"><h2 id="ux" data-text="Visual experience" tabindex="-1">Visual experience</h2></div> <p> Your app should provide standard Android visual design and interaction patterns where appropriate, for a consistent and intuitive user experience. </p> <aside class="key-point">We recommend using <a href="https://material.io/components?platform=android">Material Design Components</a> for creating a user interface in place of Android platform components where possible. This enables the modern Android look and feel, and it helps provide UI consistency across Android versions.</aside> <table style="width:100%"> <tr> <th style="width:15%;">Area</th> <th style="width:10%;">ID</th> <th style="width:5%;">Tests</th> <th style="width:70%;">Description</th> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" >Navigation</td> <td>VX-N1</td> <td><a href="#CR-3">CR-3</a></td> <td>The app supports standard <a href="/design/patterns/navigation">Back button navigation</a> and does not make use of any custom, on-screen "Back button" prompts.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>VX-N2</td> <td><a href="#CR-3">CR-3</a></td> <td>The app supports <a href="/training/gestures/gesturenav">gesture navigation</a> for going back / going to the home screen.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>VX-N3</td> <td><a href="#CR-1">CR-1</a><br><a href="#CR-3">CR-3</a><br><a href="#CR-5">CR-5</a></td> <td><p>The app correctly preserves and restores user or app state.</p> <p>The app preserves user or app state when leaving the foreground and prevents accidental data loss due to back-navigation and other state changes.</p> <p>When returning to the foreground, the app should restore the preserved state and any significant stateful transaction that was pending. Examples include: changes to editable fields, game progress, menus, videos, and other sections of the app or game.</p> <ol> <li>When the app is resumed from the Recents app switcher, the app returns the user to the exact state in which it was last used. <li>When the app is resumed after the device wakes from the sleep (locked) state, the app returns the user to the exact state in which it was last used. <li>When the app is relaunched from Home or All Apps, it should do one of the following, depending on how much time has passed since it was last used: <ul> <li>If the app was last used a short time ago (minutes), restore the app state as close as possible to its previous state. <li>If more time has passed since the app was last used, try to restore the app as close as possible to its previous state; or start it from its home screen or some other default state. </li> </ul> </li> </ol> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" >Notifications</td> <td>VX-S1</td> <td><a href="#CR-9">CR-9</a></td> <td><p>Notifications follow design <a href="https://developer.android.com/design/ui/mobile/guides/home-screen/notifications">guidelines</a>. In particular:</p> <ol> <li>Notifications are not used for cross-promotion or advertising another product, as this is strictly prohibited by the Play Store.</li> <li><a href="/training/notify-user/channels">Notification channels</a> are defined according to best practices, rather than serving all notifications from one channel.</li> <li>Selecting <a href="https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2018/12/notifications-from-twitter-app.html"> the correct notification priority</a>.</li> <li>Multiple notifications are stacked into <a href="/training/notify-user/group">a single notification group</a>, where possible.</li> <li>Set <a href="/reference/androidx/core/app/NotificationCompat.Builder#setTimeoutAfter(long)">timeouts</a> for notifications where appropriate.</li> <li>Notifications are persistent only if related to ongoing events, such as music playback or a phone call. For more information, see the <a href="/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality#fn">Functionality section</a>.</li> </ol> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>VX-S2</td> <td><a href="#CR-9">CR-9</a></td> <td><p>For messaging apps, social apps and conversations:</p> <ol> <li>Use the <a href="/reference/androidx/core/app/NotificationCompat.MessagingStyle"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">MessagingStyle</code></a> notifications for conversations.</li> <li>Support the <a href="/training/notify-user/build-notification#reply-action">direct reply action</a>.</li> <li>Support <a href="/guide/topics/ui/conversations#shortcuts">conversation shortcuts</a>, and implement best practices for getting the <a href="/training/sharing/receive#get-best-ranking">best direct share ranking</a>.</li> <li>Support <a href="/guide/topics/ui/bubbles">bubbles</a>.</li> </ol> </tr> <tr> <td id="ui_and_graphics" rowspan="3" >UI and Graphics</td> <td>VX-U1</td> <td><a href="#CR-5">CR-5</a></td> <td><p>The app supports landscape and portrait orientations and folded and unfolded device states.</p> <p>Orientations and fold states expose essentially the same features and actions and preserve functional parity.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>VX-U2</td> <td><a href="#CR-5">CR-5</a></td> <td><p>App fills the app window in both orientations and is not letterboxed because of configuration changes, including device folding and unfolding.</p> <p>Minor letterboxing to compensate for small variations in screen geometry is acceptable. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>VX-U3</td> <td><a href="#CR-5">CR-5</a></td> <td>The app correctly handles rapid transitions between display orientations and device folding and unfolding without display rendering problems and without losing state.</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" >Visual quality</td> <td>VX-V1</td> <td><a href="#core">CR-all</a></td> <td><p>The app displays graphics, text, images, and other UI elements without noticeable distortion, blurring, or pixelation.</p> <ol> <li>The app should use <a href="/guide/topics/graphics/vector-drawable-resources">vector drawables</a> where possible. <li>The app provides high-quality graphics for all targeted screen sizes and form factors. <li>No aliasing at the edges of menus, buttons, and other UI elements is visible.</li> </ol> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>VX-V2</td> <td><a href="#core">CR-all</a></td> <td><p>The app displays text and text blocks in an acceptable manner for each of the app’s supported languages.</p> <ol> <li>Composition is acceptable in all supported form factors. <li>No cut-off letters or words are visible. <li>No improper word wraps within buttons or icons are visible. <li>There is sufficient spacing between text and surrounding elements.</li> </ol> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>VX-V3</td> <td><a href="#core">CR-all</a></td> <td>The app’s content, and all web contents referred to by the app, support <a href="/guide/topics/ui/look-and-feel/darktheme">dark theme</a>.</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" >Accessibility</td> <td>VX-A1</td> <td><a href="#core">CR-all</a></td> <td><p>Touch targets should be at least 48dp in size. <a href="/guide/topics/ui/accessibility/apps#large-controls">Learn more</a>.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>VX-A2</td> <td><a href="#core">CR-all</a></td> <td><p>The app’s text and foreground content should maintain a high enough color contrast ratio with its background:</p> <ul> <li>3.0:1 for large text / graphics</li> <li>4.5:1 for small text (text smaller than 18pt, or if the text is bold and smaller than 14pt)</li> </ul> <p>Learn more about <a href="https://material.io/design/usability/accessibility.html#color-and-contrast">color and contrast</a>.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>VX-A3</td> <td><a href="#core">CR-all</a></td> <td><a href="/guide/topics/ui/accessibility/apps#describe-ui-element">Describe each UI element</a>, except for <code translate="no" dir="ltr">TextView</code>, using <code translate="no" dir="ltr">contentDescription</code>.</td> </tr></table> <div class="headerLine"> <h2 id="fn" data-text="Functionality" tabindex="-1">Functionality</h2> </div> <p> Your app should implement the expected functional behavior. </p> <table style="width:100%"> <tr> <th style="width:15%;">Area</th> <th style="width:10%;">ID</th> <th style="width:5%;">Tests</th> <th style="width:70%;">Description</th> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">Audio</td> <td>FN-A1</td> <td><a href="#CR-1">CR-1</a><br><a href="#CR-8">CR-8</a></td> <td>Audio resumes when the app returns to the foreground, or indicates to the user that playback is in a paused state.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>FN-A2</td> <td><a href="#CR-1">CR-1</a><br><a href="#CR-2">CR-2</a><br><a href="#CR-8">CR-8</a></td> <td>If audio playback is a core feature, the app should support <a href="/guide/topics/media/mediaplayer#mpandservices">background playback</a>.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>FN-A3</td> <td><a href="#CR-0">CR-0</a></td> <td><p>When the user initiates audio playback, the app should do one of the following within one second:</p> <ol> <li>Start playing the audio. <li>Provide a visual indicator that the audio data is being prepared. </li> </ol> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>FN-A4</td> <td><a href="#CR-0">CR-0</a></td> <td>The app should request <a href="/guide/topics/media-apps/audio-focus">audio focus</a> when audio starts playing and abandon audio focus when playback stops. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>FN-A5</td> <td><a href="#CR-0">CR-0</a></td> <td>The app should <a href="/guide/topics/media-apps/audio-focus#audio-focus-change">handle other apps’ requests for audio focus</a>. For example, an app might reduce playback volume when another app plays speech.</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Media</td> <td>FN-M1</td> <td><a href="#CR-0">CR-0</a><br><a href="#CR-6">CR-6</a><br><a href="#CR-8">CR-8</a></td> <td>If the app plays audio in the background, it must create a <a href="https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2020/08/playing-nicely-with-media-controls.html">Notification styled with MediaStyle</a>. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>FN-M2</td> <td><a href="#CR-0">CR-0</a></td> <td>If the app plays video, it should support <a href="/guide/topics/ui/picture-in-picture">picture-in-picture</a> playback.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>FN-M3</td> <td><a href="#CR-0">CR-0</a></td> <td>If the app encodes video, it should do so using the HEVC video compression standard.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sharing</td> <td>FN-S1</td> <td><a href="#CR-0">CR-0</a></td> <td>The app should use the <a href="/training/sharing/send">Android Sharesheet</a> when sharing content. It can suggest targets that are unavailable to custom solutions.</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" >Background Service</td> <td>FN-B1</td> <td><a href="#CR-6">CR-6</a></td> <td>The app avoids running unnecessarily long services in the background. To ensure the smooth running of the user’s device, the system applies various <a href="/about/versions/oreo/background#services">restrictions on background services</a>. These are not considered good uses of background services: <ul> <li>Maintaining a network connection for notifications <li>Maintaining a Bluetooth connection <li>Keeping the GPS powered-on</li> </ul> <p>Learn how to <a href="/guide/background#categories_of_background_tasks">choose the right solution for your work</a>.</p> </td> </tr> </table> <div class="headerLine"> <h2 id="ps" data-text="Performance and stability" tabindex="-1">Performance and stability</h2> </div> <p> Your app should provide the performance, stability, compatibility, and responsiveness expected by users. </p> <table style="width:100%"> <tr> <th style="width:15%;">Area</th> <th style="width:10%;">ID</th> <th style="width:5%;">Tests</th> <th style="width:70%;">Description</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Stability </td><td>PS-S1</td> <td><a href="#core">CR-all</a><br><a href="#SD-1">SD-1</a></td> <td>The app does not <a href="/topic/performance/vitals/crash">crash</a> or <a href="/topic/performance/vitals/anr">block the UI thread</a> causing ANR (Android Not Responding”) errors. Utilize <a href="https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer/answer/9842757">Google Play’s pre-launch report</a> to identify potential stability issues. After deployment, pay attention to the <a href="/topic/performance/vitals">Android Vitals</a> page in the Google Play developer console. </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" >Performance</td> <td>PS-P1</td> <td><a href="#core">CR-all</a><br><a href="#SD-1">SD-1</a></td> <td><a href="https://medium.com/androiddevelopers/testing-app-startup-performance-36169c27ee55">The app loads quickly</a> or provides onscreen feedback to the user (a progress indicator or similar cue) if the app takes longer than two seconds to load. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>PS-P2</td> <td><a href="#CR-all">CR-all</a><br><a href="#SD-1">SD-1</a></td> <td>Apps should render frames every 16ms to achieve 60 frames per second. Developers can use the <a href="/topic/performance/rendering/inspect-gpu-rendering">Profile HWUI rendering</a> option in testing. If there are issues, tools are available to help diagnose <a href="/topic/performance/vitals/render">slow rendering</a>. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>PS-P3</td> <td><a href="#PM-1">PM-1</a></td> <td>With StrictMode enabled (see <a href="#strictmode">StrictMode Testing</a>, below), no red flashes (performance warnings from StrictMode) are visible when testing the app. Any red flashes indicate bad behaviors regarding storage, network access, or memory leaks. </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" >SDK</td> <td>PS-T1</td> <td><a href="#CR-0">CR-0</a></td> <td>The app runs on the latest public version of the Android platform without crashing or severely impacting core functionality.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>PS-T2</td> <td><a href="#SP-1">SP-1</a></td> <td>The app <a href="/distribute/best-practices/develop/target-sdk">targets the latest Android SDK</a> needed to align with Google Play requirements by setting the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">targetSdk</code> value.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>PS-T3</td> <td><a href="#SP-1">SP-1</a></td> <td>The app is built with the latest Android SDK by setting the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">compileSdk</code> value.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>PS-T4</td> <td><a href="#SP-2">SP-2</a><br><a href="#SP-3">SP-3</a></td> <td><a href="/topic/security/best-practices#services-dependencies-updated">Any Google or third-party SDKs used are up-to-date</a>. Any improvements to these SDKs, such as stability, compatibility, or security, should be available to users in a timely manner. <p>For Google SDKs, consider using SDKs powered by <a href="https://developers.google.com/android">Google Play services</a>, when available. These SDKs are backward compatible, receive automatic updates, reduce your app package size, and make efficient use of on-device resources.</p> <p>The developer is accountable for the entire app’s codebase, inclusive of any third-party SDKs used.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>PS-T5</td> <td><a href="#SP-3">SP-3</a></td> <td>The app does not use <a href="/distribute/best-practices/develop/restrictions-non-sdk-interfaces">non-SDK interfaces</a>.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>PS-T6</td> <td><a href="#SP-2">SP-2</a></td> <td>No debug libraries are included in the production app. This can cause performance as well as security issues.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Battery</td> <td>PS-B1</td> <td><a href="#BA-1">BA-1</a></td> <td>The app properly supports the power management features that were introduced in Android 6.0 (Doze and App Standby). In the case where core functionality is disrupted by power management, only qualified apps may request an exemption. See <a href="/training/monitoring-device-state/doze-standby#other_use_cases">Support for other use cases</a> in Doze and App Standby. <p>During development, developers can test app standby and doze behavior using <a href="/training/monitoring-device-state/doze-standby#testing_doze_and_app_standby">these ADB commands</a>.</p> <p>In terms of battery usage, developers can use the <a href="/studio/profile/power-profiler">Android Studio power profiler</a> or the <a href="/topic/performance/power/battery-historian">Battery Historian</a> tool, combined with planned background work, to diagnose unexpected battery use.</p> </td> </tr> </table> <div class="headerLine"> <h2 id="sc" data-text="Privacy & security" tabindex="-1">Privacy & security</h2> </div> <p> Your app should handle user data and personal information safely, with the appropriate level of permission. </p> <p> In addition to this checklist, applications published on the Google Play Store must also follow the <a href="https://play.google.com/about/privacy-security/user-data/">User Data policies</a> to protect users' privacy. </p> <table style="width:100%"> <tr> <th style="width:15%;">Area</th> <th style="width:10%;">ID</th> <th style="width:5%;">Tests</th> <th style="width:70%;">Description</th> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" >Permissions </td> <td>SC-P1</td> <td><a href="#SC-4">SC-4</a></td> <td>The app requests only the <em>absolute minimum</em> number of permissions that it needs to support its use case at hand. For some permissions such as location, use coarse location in place of fine location if possible. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>SC-P2</td> <td></td> <td> <p> The app requests permission to access sensitive data (such as <a href="https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer/answer/10208820">SMS, Call Log</a>, or <a href="https://developer.android.com/privacy-and-security/minimize-use-of-location">Location</a>) or services that cost money (such as Dialer or SMS) only when directly related to the core use cases of the apps. Implications related to these permissions should be prominently disclosed to the user. </p> <p> Depending on how you are using the permissions, there might be an <a href="https://developer.android.com/training/permissions/evaluating">alternative way</a> to fulfill your app's use case without relying on access to sensitive information. For example, instead of requesting permissions related to a user’s contacts, it may be more appropriate to request access by using an <a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/components/intents-common#Contacts">implicit intent</a>. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>SC-P3</td> <td><a href="#CR-0">CR-0</a></td> <td>The app requests runtime permissions in context, when the functionality is requested, rather than upfront during app startup. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>SC-P4</td> <td><a href="#CR-0">CR-0</a></td> <td><p>The app clearly conveys why certain permissions are needed or follow the recommended flow to <a href="/training/permissions/requesting#explain">explain why it needs a permission</a>.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>SC-P5</td> <td><a href="#CR-0">CR-0</a></td> <td>The app should <a href="/training/permissions/requesting#handle-denial">gracefully degrade</a> when users deny or revoke a permission. The app should not prevent the user from accessing the app altogether. </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" >Data & Files</td> <td>SC-DF1</td> <td><a href="#SC-1">SC-1</a></td> <td>All sensitive data is <a href="/topic/security/best-practices#internal-storage">stored in the app's internal storage</a>. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>SC-DF2</td> <td><a href="#SC-10">SC-10</a></td> <td><a href="/privacy-and-security/security-tips#user-data">No personal or sensitive user data</a> is logged to the system log or an app-specific log. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>SC-DF3</td> <td></td> <td>The app does not use any <a href="/training/articles/user-data-ids">non-resettable hardware IDs</a>, such as the IMEI, for identification purposes. </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Identity</td> <td>SC-ID1</td> <td><a href="#CR-0">CR-0</a></td> <td>The app provides <a href="/guide/topics/text/autofill-optimize#hints">hints to autofill</a> account credentials and other sensitive information, such as credit card info, physical address, and phone number. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>SC-ID2</td> <td><a href="#CR-0">CR-0</a></td> <td>Integrate <a href="/training/sign-in/passkeys">Credential Manager for Android</a> for a seamless sign-in experience that unifies support for passkeys, federated identity, and traditional passwords. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>SC-ID3</td> <td><a href="#CR-0">CR-0</a></td> <td>The app supports <a href="/training/sign-in/biometric-auth">biometric authentication</a> to protect financial transactions or sensitive information, such as important user documents. </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" >App Components</td> <td>SC-AC1</td> <td><a href="#SC-5">SC-5</a></td> <td> <p>The app sets the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">android:exported</code> attribute explicitly for all <a href="/guide/topics/manifest/activity-element#exported">activities</a>, <a href="/guide/topics/manifest/service-element#exported">services</a>, <a href="/guide/topics/manifest/receiver-element#exported">broadcast receivers,</a> and especially <a href="/guide/topics/manifest/provider-element#exported">content providers</a>. </p> <p> Only application components that <em>share data with other apps</em>, or components that <em>should be invoked by other apps</em>, are <a href="/guide/topics/manifest/service-element#exported">exported</a>. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>SC-AC2</td> <td><a href="#CR-0">CR-0</a><br><a href="#SC-4">SC-4</a></td> <td><p>All intents and broadcasts follow best practices:</p> <ol> <li><a href="/guide/components/intents-filters#Types">Use explicit intents</a> if the destination application is well defined. <li><a href="/topic/security/best-practices#permissions-intents">Use Intents to defer permissions to a different app that already has the permission.</a> <li><a href="/topic/security/best-practices#permissions-share-data">Share data securely across apps</a>. <li>Intents that contain a payload are <a href="/privacy-and-security/security-tips#input-validation">verified before use</a>. <li>If you need to pass an Intent to another app, so that the receiving app can invoke and expect a callback in the calling app, do not include a nested intent in the extras. Use a PendingIntent. <li>When setting up your PendingIntents, explicitly set the <a href="/reference/android/app/PendingIntent#FLAG_IMMUTABLE">immutable flag</a>, where applicable.</li> </ol> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>SC-AC3</td> <td><a href="#SC-3">SC-3</a></td> <td>All components that <em>share content between your apps</em> use <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><a href="/guide/topics/manifest/permission-element#plevel">android:protectionLevel="signature"</a></code> for <a href="/guide/topics/permissions/defining">custom permissions</a>. This includes <a href="/guide/topics/manifest/activity-element#prmsn">activities</a>, <a href="/guide/topics/manifest/service-element#prmsn">services</a>, <a href="/guide/topics/manifest/receiver-element#prmsn">broadcast receivers</a>, and especially <a href="/guide/topics/manifest/provider-element#prmsn">content providers</a>. <p>Apps should not rely on accessing a list of installed packages. The access has been restricted beginning in Android 11.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" >Networking </td> <td>SC-N1</td> <td><a href="#SC-9">SC-9</a></td> <td>All network traffic is sent over <a href="/training/articles/security-ssl">SSL</a>. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>SC-N2</td> <td><a href="#SC-6">SC-6</a></td> <td>The application declares a <a href="/training/articles/security-config">network security configuration</a>. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>SC-N3</td> <td></td> <td>If the application uses Google Play services, the <a href="/training/articles/security-gms-provider">security provider is initialized at application startup</a>. </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" >WebViews <td>SC-W1</td> <td><a href="#SC-6">SC-6</a></td> <td>Do not use <a href="/reference/android/webkit/WebSettings#setAllowUniversalAccessFromFileURLs(boolean)">setAllowUniversalAccessFromFileURLs()</a> for accessing local content. Instead, use <a href="/reference/androidx/webkit/WebViewAssetLoader">WebViewAssetLoader</a>. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>SC-W2</td> <td><a href="#SC-7">SC-7</a></td> <td>WebViews <a href="/privacy-and-security/security-tips#webview">should not use addJavaScriptInterface()</a> with untrusted content. <p> On Android 6.0 and above, use <a href="/privacy-and-security/security-best-practices#message-channels">HTML message channels</a> instead. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Execution</td> <td id="SC-E1">SC-E1</td> <td></td> <td>The app does not <a href="/privacy-and-security/security-tips#dynamic-code">dynamically load</a> code from outside the app's APK. Developers should use <a href="/guide/app-bundle">Android App Bundles</a>, which includes <a href="/guide/app-bundle/play-feature-delivery">Play Feature Delivery</a> and <a href="/guide/app-bundle/asset-delivery">Play Asset Delivery</a>. <p> As of August 2021, the use of Android App Bundles is mandatory for all new apps in the Google Play Store. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cryptography</td> <td>SC-C1</td> <td></td> <td>The app <a href="/privacy-and-security/security-tips#cryptography">uses strong, platform-provided cryptographic algorithms and a random number generator</a>. Also, the app does not implement custom algorithms. </td> </tr> </table> <div class="headerLine"> <h2 id="listing" data-text="Google Play" tabindex="-1">Google Play</h2> </div> <p> Be sure that your apps can be published on Google Play. </p> <table style="width:100%"> <tr> <th style="width:15%;">Area</th> <th style="width:10%;">ID</th> <th style="width:5%;">Tests</th> <th style="width:70%;">Description</th> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" >Policies</td> <td>GP-P1</td> <td><a href="#gp">GP-all</a></td> <td>The app strictly adheres to the terms of the <a href="https://play.google.com/about/developer-content-policy.html">Google Play Developer Content Policy</a> and does not offer inappropriate content, does not use the intellectual property or brand of others, and so on. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>GP-P2</td> <td><a href="#GP-1">GP-1</a></td> <td>The app maturity level is set appropriately, based on the <a href="https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer/bin/answer.py&answer=188189">Content Rating Guidelines</a>. </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" >App Details Page</td> <td>GP-D1</td> <td><a href="#GP-1">GP-1</a><br><a href="#GP-2">GP-2</a></td> <td><p>The app’s feature graphic follows the guidelines outlined in this <a href="https://support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer/answer/9866151?visit_id=637408759199927231-2278064029&rd=1#feature_graphic_requirements">support article</a>. Make sure that:</p> <ol> <li>The app listing includes a high-quality feature graphic. <li>The feature graphic does not contain device images, screenshots, or small text that will be illegible when scaled down and displayed on the smallest screen size that your app is targeting. <li>The feature graphic does not resemble an advertisement.</li></ol> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>GP-D2</td> <td><a href="#GP-1">GP-1</a></td> <td>The app’s screenshots and videos do not show or reference non-Android devices. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>GP-D3</td> <td><a href="#GP-1">GP-1</a></td> <td>The app’s screenshots or videos do not represent the content and experience of your app in a misleading way.</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>User Support</td> <td>GP-X1</td> <td><a href="#GP-1">GP-1</a></td> <td>Common user-reported bugs in the Reviews tab of the Google Play page are addressed if they are reproducible and occur on many different devices. If a bug occurs on only a few devices, you should still address it if those devices are particularly popular or new. </td> </tr> </table> <div class="headerLine"> <h2 id="test-environment" data-text=" Setting up a test environment " tabindex="-1"> Setting up a test environment </h2> </div> <p> For the purpose of setting up a test environment for this checklist, we recommend the following: </p><ul> <li><strong>Focused on emulator testing</strong> - Android Emulator is a great way to test your app under different Android versions and screen resolutions. You should <a href="/tools/devices">set up emulated devices (AVDs)</a> to represent the most common form factors and hardware/software combinations for your target user base. In addition to testing for phones, we also recommend you test other form factors using the following emulators <em>at a minimum</em>: <ul> <li>Foldables - 7.6” Fold-in with outer display (this is listed under phones in the AVD Manager).</li> <li>Tablet - Pixel C 9.94” (2,560px x 1,800px).</li> <li>For mobile app notification testing, pair a mobile device / emulator with Wear OS emulator - Wear OS Round 1.84”.</li> </ul></li> <li><strong>Hardware devices</strong> - Your test environment should include a small number of actual hardware devices that represent the key form factors and hardware/software combinations that are currently available to consumers. It's not necessary to test on <em>every</em> device that's on the market — rather, you should focus on a small number of representative devices, even using one or two devices per form factor.</li> <li><strong>Device test labs</strong> - You can also use third party services, such as <a href="https://firebase.google.com/docs/test-lab/android/overview">Firebase Test Lab</a>, to test your app on a wider variety of devices.</li> <li><strong>Test with the latest Android version</strong> - In addition to testing representative Android versions for your target user base, you should always test against the latest version of Android (currently Android 14). This ensures that <a href="/about/versions/14/behavior-changes-14">the latest behavior changes</a> do not negatively impact your user’s experience.</li></ul> <p> For more comprehensive guidance on testing including unit testing, integration testing and UI testing, check out the <a href="/training/testing/fundamentals">Android testing fundamentals</a>. </p> <div class="headerLine"> <h2 id="tests" data-text=" Test procedures " tabindex="-1"> Test procedures </h2> </div> <p> These test procedures help you discover various types of quality issues in your app. You can combine the tests or integrate groups of tests together in your own test plans. See the sections above for references that associate criteria with these test procedures. </p> <table style="width:100%"> <tr> <th style="width:15%;">Type</th> <th style="width:10%;">Test</th> <th style="width:75%;">Description</th> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="10" id="core">Core Suite</td> <td id="CR-0">CR-0</td> <td><p>Navigate to all parts of the app — all screens, dialogs, settings, and all user flows.</p> <ol> <li>If the application allows for editing or content creation, game play, or media playback, make sure to test those flows.</li> <li>While testing the app, introduce interruptions from other apps, such as receiving a notification or a phone call; and apply transient changes to device attributes, such as network connectivity, battery function, GPS availability, and system load.</li> <li>Enter and test all in-app purchase flows</li> </ol> </td> </tr> <tr> <td id="CR-1">CR-1</td> <td>From each app screen, press the device's Home key or swipe up in gesture navigation, then re-launch the app from the All Apps screen.</td> </tr> <tr> <td id="CR-2">CR-2</td> <td>From each app screen, switch to another running app, and then return to the app under test using the Recents app switcher.</td> </tr> <tr> <td id="CR-3">CR-3</td> <td>From each app screen (and dialogs), press the Back button or use the back swipe gesture.</td> </tr> <tr> <td id="CR-5">CR-5</td> <td>From each app screen, rotate the device between landscape and portrait orientations and folded and unfolded states at least three times.</td> </tr> <tr> <td id="CR-6">CR-6</td> <td>Switch to another app to send the test app into the background. Go to Settings and check whether the test app has any services running while in the background. In Android 4.0 and higher, go to the Apps screen and find the app in the "Running" tab. </td> </tr> <tr> <td id="CR-7">CR-7</td> <td>Press the power button to put the device to sleep, then press the power button again to wake the screen.</td> </tr> <tr> <td id="CR-8">CR-8</td> <td>Set up a screen lock on the device. Press the power button to put the device to sleep (which locks the device). Then, press the power button again to wake the screen and unlock the device. </td> </tr> <tr> <td id="CR-9">CR-9</td> <td>Trigger and observe in the notifications drawer all types of notifications that the app can display. Expand notifications where applicable (Android 4.1 and higher), and tap on all available actions. </td> </tr> <tr> <td id="CR-10">CR-10</td> <td>Review Support for other use cases in Doze and App Standby.</td> </tr> <tr> <td id="SD-1">Install on SD Card</td> <td>SD-1</td> <td>Repeat <em>Core Suite</em> with the app installed to a <a href="/guide/topics/data/install-location">device’s SD card</a> (if the app supports this installation method). <p> To move the app to SD card, you can use Settings > App Info > Move to SD Card. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" id="SP-1">Performance and Stability</td> <td>SP-1</td> <td>Review the Android manifest file and build configuration to ensure that the application is built against the <a href="/guide/topics/manifest/uses-sdk-element#ApiLevels">latest available SDK</a> (<code translate="no" dir="ltr">targetSdk</code> and <code translate="no" dir="ltr">compileSdk</code>). </td> </tr> <tr> <td id="SP-2">SP-2</td> <td>Review the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">build.gradle</code> file for any outdated dependencies.</td> </tr> <tr> <td id="SP-3">SP-3</td> <td>Use the <a href="/distribute/best-practices/develop/restrictions-non-sdk-interfaces#studio-lint">Android Studio lint tool</a> to detect non-SDK interface usage. <a href="https://developer.android.com/distribute/best-practices/develop/restrictions-non-sdk-interfaces#test-for-non-sdk">Other alternative testing methods</a> also exist.</td> </tr> <tr id="tg33"> <td>Performance Monitoring</td> <td id="PM-1">PM-1</td> <td>Repeat <em>Core Suite</em> with <a href="/docs/quality-guidelines/core-app-quality#strictmode">StrictMode profiling enabled</a>. <p> Pay close attention to garbage collection and its impact on the user experience. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td id="BA-1">Battery <td>BA-1</td> <td>Repeat <em>Core Suite</em> across Doze and App Standby cycles. <p> Pay close attention to alarms, timers, notifications, syncs, and so on. See <a href="/training/monitoring-device-state/doze-standby#testing_doze_and_app_standby">Testing with Doze and App Standby</a> for requirements and guidelines. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="10" id="SC-1" >Security</td> <td>SC-1</td> <td>Review all data stored in external storage.</td> </tr> <tr> <td id="SC-2">SC-2</td> <td>Review how the data that’s loaded from external storage is handled and processed.</td> </tr> <tr> <td id="SC-3">SC-3</td> <td>Review all content providers defined in the Android manifest file. Make sure each provider has an appropriate <code translate="no" dir="ltr">protectionLevel</code>. </td> </tr> <tr> <td id="SC-4">SC-4</td> <td>Review all permissions that your app requires, in the manifest file, at runtime, and in the app settings screen (Settings > App Info) on the device. </td> </tr> <tr> <td id="SC-5">SC-5</td> <td>Review all <a href="/guide/topics/manifest/application-element">application components</a> defined in the Android manifest file for the appropriate export state. The exported property must be set explicitly for all components. </td> </tr> <tr> <td id="SC-6">SC-6</td> <td>Review the app's <a href="/training/articles/security-config">Network Security configuration</a>, ensuring that no lint checks on the configuration fail. </td> </tr> <tr> <td id="SC-7">SC-7</td> <td>For each WebView, navigate to a page that requires JavaScript.</td> </tr> <tr> <td id="SC-8">SC-8</td> <td>In each WebView, attempt to navigate to sites and content that aren’t loaded directly by your app.</td> </tr> <tr> <td id="SC-9">SC-9</td> <td>Declare a Network Security Configuration that <a href="/training/articles/security-config#CleartextTrafficPermitted">disables cleartext traffic</a>, then test the app. </td> </tr> <tr> <td id="SC-10">SC-10</td> <td>Run the application and exercise all core functionality, while <a href="/studio/command-line/logcat">observing the device log</a>. No private user information should be logged. </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" id="gp">Google Play</td> <td id="GP-1">GP-1</td> <td>Sign into the <a href="https://play.google.com/apps/publish/">Google Play Developer Console</a> to review your developer profile, app description, screenshots, feature graphic, content rating and user feedback. </td> </tr> <tr> <td id="GP-2">GP-2</td> <td>Download your feature graphic and screenshots, and scale them down to match the display sizes on the devices and form factors that you are targeting. </td> </tr> <tr> <td id="GP-3">GP-3</td> <td>Review all graphical assets, media, text, code libraries, and other content that’s packaged in the app or expansion file download.</td> </tr> </table> <h3 id="strictmode" data-text=" Testing with StrictMode " tabindex="-1"> Testing with StrictMode </h3> <p> For performance testing, we recommend enabling <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/StrictMode">StrictMode</a></code> in your app and using it to catch operations that could affect performance, network accesses, file reads/writes, and so on. Look for potentially problematic operations both on the main thread and on other threads. <p> You can set up a per-thread monitoring policy using <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/StrictMode.ThreadPolicy.Builder">StrictMode.ThreadPolicy.Builder</a></code> and enable all supported monitoring in the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">ThreadPolicy</code> using <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/StrictMode.ThreadPolicy.Builder#detectAll()">detectAll()</a></code>. <p> Make sure to enable <strong>visual notification</strong> of policy violations for the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">ThreadPolicy</code> using <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/StrictMode.ThreadPolicy.Builder#penaltyFlashScreen()">penaltyFlashScreen()</a></code>. <devsite-hats-survey class="nocontent" hats-id="VxqvKSur40kxBYCLVTd0SSGykbno" listnr-id="5207477"></devsite-hats-survey> </div> <devsite-recommendations display="in-page" hidden yield> </devsite-recommendations> <devsite-thumb-rating position="footer"> </devsite-thumb-rating> <devsite-recommendations id="recommendations-link" yield></devsite-recommendations> <div class="devsite-floating-action-buttons"> </div> </article> <devsite-content-footer class="nocontent"> <p>Content and code samples on this page are subject to the licenses described in the <a href="/license">Content License</a>. Java and OpenJDK are trademarks or registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates.</p> <p>Last updated 2024-10-03 UTC.</p> </devsite-content-footer> <devsite-notification > </devsite-notification> <div class="devsite-content-data"> <template class="devsite-content-data-template"> [[["Easy to understand","easyToUnderstand","thumb-up"],["Solved my problem","solvedMyProblem","thumb-up"],["Other","otherUp","thumb-up"]],[["Missing the information I need","missingTheInformationINeed","thumb-down"],["Too complicated / too many steps","tooComplicatedTooManySteps","thumb-down"],["Out of date","outOfDate","thumb-down"],["Samples / code issue","samplesCodeIssue","thumb-down"],["Other","otherDown","thumb-down"]],["Last updated 2024-10-03 UTC."],[],[]] </template> </div> </devsite-content> </main> <devsite-footer-promos class="devsite-footer"> <nav class="devsite-footer-promos nocontent" aria-label="Promotions"> <ul class="devsite-footer-promos-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-promo"> <a href="//x.com/AndroidDev" class="devsite-footer-promo-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer X Promo" > <picture> <source class="devsite-dark-theme" srcset="https://developer.android.com/_static/android/images/logo-x_dt.svg" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" loading="lazy" alt="X"> <img class="devsite-footer-promo-icon" src="/_static/android/images/logo-x.svg" loading="lazy" alt="X"> </picture> <span class="devsite-footer-promo-label"> X </span> </a> <div class="devsite-footer-promo-description">Follow @AndroidDev on X</div> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-promo"> <a href="//www.youtube.com/user/androiddevelopers" class="devsite-footer-promo-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer YouTube Promo" > <picture> <source class="devsite-dark-theme" srcset="https://developer.android.com/_static/android/images/logo-youtube_dt.svg" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" loading="lazy" alt="YouTube"> <img class="devsite-footer-promo-icon" src="//www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/product/2x/youtube_48dp.png" loading="lazy" alt="YouTube"> </picture> <span class="devsite-footer-promo-label"> YouTube </span> </a> <div class="devsite-footer-promo-description">Check out Android Developers on YouTube</div> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-promo"> <a href="//www.linkedin.com/showcase/androiddev" class="devsite-footer-promo-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer LinkedIn Promo" > <picture> <source class="devsite-dark-theme" srcset="https://developer.android.com/_static/android/images/logo-linkedin_dt.svg" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" loading="lazy" alt="LinkedIn"> <img class="devsite-footer-promo-icon" src="/_static/android/images/logo-linkedin.svg" loading="lazy" alt="LinkedIn"> </picture> <span class="devsite-footer-promo-label"> LinkedIn </span> </a> <div class="devsite-footer-promo-description">Connect with the Android Developers community on LinkedIn</div> </li> </ul> </nav> </devsite-footer-promos> <devsite-footer-linkboxes class="devsite-footer"> <nav class="devsite-footer-linkboxes nocontent" aria-label="Footer links"> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkboxes-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox "> <h3 class="devsite-footer-linkbox-heading no-link">More Android</h3> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkbox-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//www.android.com" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 1)" > Android </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//www.android.com/enterprise/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 2)" > Android for Enterprise </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//www.android.com/security-center/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 3)" > Security </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//source.android.com" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 4)" > Source </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/news" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 5)" > News </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//android-developers.googleblog.com/" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 6)" > Blog </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/podcasts" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 7)" > Podcasts </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox "> <h3 class="devsite-footer-linkbox-heading no-link">Discover</h3> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkbox-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/games" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 1)" > Gaming </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/ml" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 2)" > Machine Learning </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/health-and-fitness" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 3)" > Health & Fitness </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/media" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 4)" > Camera & Media </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/privacy" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 5)" > Privacy </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/training/connectivity/5g" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 6)" > 5G </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox "> <h3 class="devsite-footer-linkbox-heading no-link">Android Devices</h3> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkbox-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/large-screens" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 1)" > Large screens </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/wear" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 2)" > Wear OS </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/chrome-os" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 3)" > ChromeOS devices </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/cars" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 4)" > Android for cars </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/tv" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 5)" > Android TV </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox "> <h3 class="devsite-footer-linkbox-heading no-link">Releases</h3> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkbox-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/about/versions/15" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 1)" > Android 15 </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/about/versions/14" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 2)" > Android 14 </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/about/versions/13" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 3)" > Android 13 </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/about/versions/12" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 4)" > Android 12 </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/about/versions/11" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 5)" > Android 11 </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/about/versions/10" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 6)" > Android 10 </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/about/versions/pie" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 7)" > Pie </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox "> <h3 class="devsite-footer-linkbox-heading no-link">Documentation and Downloads</h3> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkbox-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/studio/intro" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 1)" > Android Studio guide </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/guide" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 2)" > Developers guides </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/reference" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 3)" > API reference </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/studio" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 4)" > Download Studio </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="/ndk" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 5)" > Android NDK </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox "> <h3 class="devsite-footer-linkbox-heading no-link">Support</h3> <ul class="devsite-footer-linkbox-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//issuetracker.google.com/issues/new?component=190923&template=841312" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 1)" > Report platform bug </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//issuetracker.google.com/issues/new?component=192697" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 2)" > Report documentation bug </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="//support.google.com/googleplay/android-developer" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 3)" > Google Play support </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-linkbox-item"> <a href="https://g.co/userresearch/androiddeveloperfooter" class="devsite-footer-linkbox-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Link (index 4)" > Join research studies </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </devsite-footer-linkboxes> <devsite-footer-utility class="devsite-footer"> <div class="devsite-footer-utility nocontent"> <nav class="devsite-footer-sites" aria-label="Other Google Developers websites"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/" class="devsite-footer-sites-logo-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Google Developers Link"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/android/images/lockup-google-for-developers-dark-theme.svg" media="(prefers-color-scheme: none)" class="devsite-dark-theme" loading="lazy" alt="Google Developers"> <img class="devsite-footer-sites-logo" src="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/android/images/lockup-google-for-developers.svg" loading="lazy" alt="Google Developers"> </picture> </a> <ul class="devsite-footer-sites-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-sites-item"> <a href="//developer.android.com" class="devsite-footer-sites-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Android Link" > Android </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-sites-item"> <a href="//developer.chrome.com/home" class="devsite-footer-sites-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Chrome Link" > Chrome </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-sites-item"> <a href="//firebase.google.com" class="devsite-footer-sites-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Firebase Link" > Firebase </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-sites-item"> <a href="//cloud.google.com" class="devsite-footer-sites-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Google Cloud Platform Link" > Google Cloud Platform </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-sites-item"> <a href="//developers.google.com/products/" class="devsite-footer-sites-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer All products Link" > All products </a> </li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="devsite-footer-utility-links" aria-label="Utility links"> <ul class="devsite-footer-utility-list"> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item "> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="//policies.google.com/privacy" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Privacy link" > Privacy </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item "> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="/license" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer License link" > License </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item "> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="/distribute/marketing-tools/brand-guidelines" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Brand guidelines link" > Brand guidelines </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item glue-cookie-notification-bar-control"> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="#" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Manage cookies link" aria-hidden="true" > Manage cookies </a> </li> <li class="devsite-footer-utility-item devsite-footer-utility-button"> <span class="devsite-footer-utility-description">Get news and tips by email</span> <a class="devsite-footer-utility-link gc-analytics-event" href="/updates" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Footer Subscribe link" > Subscribe </a> </li> </ul> <devsite-language-selector> <ul role="presentation"> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="en" >English</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="de" >Deutsch</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="es_419" >Español – América Latina</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="fr" >Français</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="id" >Indonesia</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="it" >Italiano</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="pl" >Polski</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="pt_br" >Português – Brasil</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="vi" >Tiếng Việt</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="tr" >Türkçe</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ru" >Русский</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="he" >עברית</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ar" >العربيّة</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="fa" >فارسی</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="hi" >हिंदी</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="bn" >বাংলা</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="th" >ภาษาไทย</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="zh_cn" >中文 – 简体</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="zh_tw" >中文 – 繁體</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ja" >日本語</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ko" >한국어</a> </li> </ul> </devsite-language-selector> </nav> </div> </devsite-footer-utility> <devsite-panel></devsite-panel> </section></section> <devsite-sitemask></devsite-sitemask> <devsite-snackbar></devsite-snackbar> <devsite-tooltip ></devsite-tooltip> <devsite-heading-link></devsite-heading-link> <devsite-analytics> <script type="application/json" analytics>[]</script> <script type="application/json" tag-management>{"at": "True", "ga4": [{"id": "G-QFRN08RN6E", "purpose": 0}], "ga4p": [{"id": "G-QFRN08RN6E", "purpose": 0}], "gtm": [{"id": "GTM-KMSWPCJ", "purpose": 0}], "parameters": {"internalUser": "False", "language": {"machineTranslated": "False", "requested": "en", "served": "en"}, "pageType": "article", "projectName": "App quality", "signedIn": "False", "tenant": "android", "recommendations": {"sourcePage": "", "sourceType": 0, "sourceRank": 0, "sourceIdenticalDescriptions": 0, "sourceTitleWords": 0, "sourceDescriptionWords": 0, "experiment": ""}, "experiment": {"ids": ""}}}</script> </devsite-analytics> <devsite-badger></devsite-badger> <android-fully-clickable target=" .android-case-study .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-grouped-resources .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-grouped-resources-primary .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-grouped-resources-secondary .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-guide-cards .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-illustrated-resources-index .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-illustrated-resources-primary .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-illustrated-resources-secondary .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-illustrated-resources-secondary-small .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-illustrated-resources-tertiary .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-illustrated-resources-tertiary-small .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-promo .devsite-landing-row-item, .android-quick-link, .android-samples .devsite-card-wrapper, .fully-clickable" watch=".android-samples, devsite-content"></android-fully-clickable> <script nonce="u6VMtX0Rel+MogWg055sKBXr2bLLUJ"> (function(d,e,v,s,i,t,E){d['GoogleDevelopersObject']=i; t=e.createElement(v);t.async=1;t.src=s;E=e.getElementsByTagName(v)[0]; E.parentNode.insertBefore(t,E);})(window, document, 'script', 'https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/android/js/app_loader.js', '[3,"en",null,"/js/devsite_app_module.js","https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625","https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/android","https://android-dot-devsite-v2-prod.appspot.com",null,null,["/_pwa/android/manifest.json","https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/images/video-placeholder.svg","https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/android/images/favicon.svg","https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/android/images/lockup.svg","https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Google+Sans:400,500,600,700|Google+Sans+Text:400,400italic,500,500italic,600,600italic,700,700italic|Roboto+Mono:400,500,700&display=swap"],1,null,[1,6,8,12,14,17,21,25,50,52,63,70,75,76,80,87,91,92,93,97,98,100,101,102,103,104,105,107,108,109,110,112,113,116,117,118,120,122,124,125,126,127,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,138,140,141,147,148,149,151,152,156,157,158,159,161,163,164,168,169,170,179,180,182,183,186,191,193,196],"AIzaSyAP-jjEJBzmIyKR4F-3XITp8yM9T1gEEI8","AIzaSyB6xiKGDR5O3Ak2okS4rLkauxGUG7XP0hg","developer.android.com","AIzaSyAQk0fBONSGUqCNznf6Krs82Ap1-NV6J4o","AIzaSyCCxcqdrZ_7QMeLCRY20bh_SXdAYqy70KY",null,null,null,["Search__enable_ai_eligibility_checks","Significatio__enable_by_tenant","Cloud__enable_cloud_shell_fte_user_flow","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_project_variables","Cloud__enable_cloud_dlp_service","Analytics__enable_clearcut_logging","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_view_transitions","Profiles__enable_complete_playlist_endpoint","MiscFeatureFlags__developers_footer_dark_image","CloudShell__cloud_code_overflow_menu","Experiments__reqs_query_experiments","EngEduTelemetry__enable_engedu_telemetry","BookNav__enable_tenant_cache_key","CloudShell__cloud_shell_button","Cloud__enable_cloud_facet_chat","Concierge__enable_pushui","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_firebase_utm","Cloud__enable_llm_concierge_chat","Profiles__enable_recognition_badges","Profiles__enable_dashboard_curated_recommendations","Cloud__enable_cloudx_ping","Cloud__enable_cloudx_experiment_ids","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_variable_operator","Profiles__enable_release_notes_notifications","MiscFeatureFlags__emergency_css","Cloud__enable_cloud_shell","TpcFeatures__enable_required_headers","Search__enable_ai_search_summaries","Search__enable_suggestions_from_borg","Cloud__enable_free_trial_server_call","Profiles__enable_awarding_url","TpcFeatures__enable_mirror_tenant_redirects","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_explain_this_code","MiscFeatureFlags__enable_dark_theme","Search__enable_dynamic_content_confidential_banner","Profiles__enable_profile_collections","Profiles__enable_page_saving","Cloud__enable_legacy_calculator_redirect","Profiles__enable_developer_profiles_callout","Profiles__enable_completecodelab_endpoint","Profiles__enable_public_developer_profiles","MiscFeatureFlags__developers_footer_image","Profiles__require_profile_eligibility_for_signin","Search__enable_page_map","DevPro__enable_cloud_innovators_plus","DevPro__enable_developer_subscriptions"],null,null,"AIzaSyBLEMok-5suZ67qRPzx0qUtbnLmyT_kCVE","https://developerscontentserving-pa.googleapis.com","AIzaSyCM4QpTRSqP5qI4Dvjt4OAScIN8sOUlO-k","https://developerscontentsearch-pa.googleapis.com",2,4,null,"https://developerprofiles-pa.googleapis.com",[3,"android","Android Developers","developer.android.com",null,"android-dot-devsite-v2-prod.appspot.com",null,null,[null,1,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[1],null,null,null,null,null,null,[1],[1,null,null,[1,20],"/recommendations"],null,null,null,[1,null,1],[1,1,null,1,1]],null,[18,null,null,null,null,null,"/images/lockup.svg","/images/touchicon-180.png",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1,null,null,null,"/images/lockup-dark-theme.svg",[]],[],null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[6,1,14,15,20,22,23,28,29,37,43],null,[[null,null,1],[1,1]],[[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[["G-QFRN08RN6E"],null,null,[["G-QFRN08RN6E",1]]],null,null,null,null,1],null,[[1,1],[2,2]]],null,4,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"android.devsite.google"],null,"pk_live_5170syrHvgGVmSx9sBrnWtA5luvk9BwnVcvIi7HizpwauFG96WedXsuXh790rtij9AmGllqPtMLfhe2RSwD6Pn38V00uBCydV4m"]') </script> <devsite-a11y-announce></devsite-a11y-announce> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Core app quality | App quality | Android Developers