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aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Affixation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affixation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Affixation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affixation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Compounding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compounding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reduplicative_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduplicative_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Reduplicative compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduplicative_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Tone changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllable_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllable_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Syllable structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllable_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Syntax subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basic_word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Basic word order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_SOV_word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_SOV_word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Examples of SOV word order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_SOV_word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_SVO_word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_SVO_word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Examples of SVO word order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_SVO_word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intransitive_sentences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intransitive_sentences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Intransitive sentences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intransitive_sentences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Word_order_in_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_order_in_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Word order in phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_order_in_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Focalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Focalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Focalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Focalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verb_focalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb_focalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>Verb focalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb_focalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noun_phrase_focalization_(Nonsubject)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_phrase_focalization_(Nonsubject)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.2</span> <span>Noun phrase focalization (Nonsubject)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_phrase_focalization_(Nonsubject)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noun_phrase_focalization_(Demonstrative)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_phrase_focalization_(Demonstrative)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.3</span> <span>Noun phrase focalization (Demonstrative)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_phrase_focalization_(Demonstrative)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noun_phrase_focalization_(Subject)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_phrase_focalization_(Subject)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.4</span> <span>Noun phrase focalization (Subject)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_phrase_focalization_(Subject)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverbial_focalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverbial_focalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.5</span> <span>Adverbial focalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverbial_focalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prepositional_phrase_focalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prepositional_phrase_focalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.6</span> <span>Prepositional phrase focalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prepositional_phrase_focalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polar_interrogatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polar_interrogatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Polar interrogatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polar_interrogatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wh-questions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wh-questions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span><i>Wh</i>-questions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wh-questions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Particles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Particles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Particles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topic_particle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topic_particle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.1</span> <span>Topic particle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topic_particle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Only"_particle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Only"_particle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9.2</span> <span>"Only" particle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Only"_particle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_bangime" title="Idioma bangime – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma bangime" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_bangime" title="Idioma bangime – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma bangime" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangime" title="Bangime – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bangime" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EA%B8%B0%EB%A9%94%EC%96%B4" title="방기메어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="방기메어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen_Bangime" title="Harshen Bangime – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshen Bangime" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibangi-Me" title="Kibangi-Me – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kibangi-Me" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A1%E8%AA%9E" title="バンギメ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バンギメ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Dogon,_Bangeri_Me" title="Lenga Dogon, Bangeri Me – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Dogon, Bangeri Me" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_bangime" title="Język bangime – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język bangime" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бангери – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бангери" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_Bengime" title="Gjuha Bengime – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha Bengime" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Bangime" title="Tiếng Bangime – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Bangime" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1982696#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Bangi_language" title="Bangi language">Bangi language</a> of central Africa.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #dddddd;">Bangime</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #dddddd;"><span title="Bangime-language text"><i lang="dba">Baŋgɛri-mɛ</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dogon cliffs</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Bangande</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">3,500 (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan20183_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan20183-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #dddddd;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/dba" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:dba">dba</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bang1363">bang1363</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/8172">Bangime</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Dogon_languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Map_of_the_Dogon_languages.svg/320px-Map_of_the_Dogon_languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Map_of_the_Dogon_languages.svg/480px-Map_of_the_Dogon_languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Map_of_the_Dogon_languages.svg/640px-Map_of_the_Dogon_languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="941" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff6969; color:black;"> </span> Bangi-me, among the Dogon languages</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mali_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Approximate location where Bangime is spoken"><img alt="Approximate location where Bangime is spoken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mali_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Mali_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mali_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Mali_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mali_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Mali_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="1568" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.658%;left:50.747%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bangime"><img alt="Approximate location where Bangime is spoken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Bangime</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Mali</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bangime_language&params=14.81_N_3.77_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°49′N</span> <span class="longitude">3°46′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.81°N 3.77°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">14.81; -3.77</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Bangime</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <span title="Bangime-language text"><i lang="dba">bàŋɡí–mɛ̀</i></span>, or, in full, <span title="Bangime-language text"><i lang="dba">Bàŋgɛ́rí-mɛ̀</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHantgan2010_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHantgan2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a> spoken by 3,500<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan20183_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan20183-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ethnic <a href="/wiki/Dogon_people" title="Dogon people">Dogon</a> in seven villages in southern <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, who call themselves the <span title="Bangime-language text"><i lang="dba">bàŋɡá–ndɛ̀</i></span> ("hidden people").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Bangande is the name of the ethnicity of this community and their population grows at a rate of 2.5% per year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan20181-3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan20181-3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bangande consider themselves to be Dogon, but other Dogon people insist they are not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHantgan2013b_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHantgan2013b-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bangime is an <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered language</a> classified as 6a - Vigorous by <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long known to be highly divergent from the (other) <a href="/wiki/Dogon_languages" title="Dogon languages">Dogon languages</a>, it was first proposed as a possible isolate by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Blench" title="Roger Blench">Blench</a> (2005). Heath and Hantgan have hypothesized that the cliffs surrounding the Bangande valley provided isolation of the language as well as safety for Bangande people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan20185_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan20185-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though Bangime is not closely related to Dogon languages, the Bangande still consider their language to be Dogon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHantgan2013b_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHantgan2013b-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hantgan and List report that Bangime speakers seem unaware that it is not mutually intelligible with any Dogon language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHantganList2018_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHantganList2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roger Blench, who discovered the language was not a <a href="/wiki/Dogon_languages" title="Dogon languages">Dogon language</a>, notes, </p> <dl><dd><i>This language contains some Niger–Congo roots but is lexically very remote from all other languages in West Africa. It is presumably the last remaining representative of the languages spoken prior to the expansion of the Dogon proper,</i></dd></dl> <p>which he dates to 3,000–4,000 years ago.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Bangime has been characterised as an <a href="/wiki/Anti-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-language">anti-language</a>, i.e., a language that serves to prevent its speakers from being understood by outsiders, possibly associated with the Bangande villages having been a refuge for escapees from slave <a href="/wiki/Caravan_(travellers)" title="Caravan (travellers)">caravans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHantganList2018_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHantganList2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blench (2015) speculates that Bangime and Dogon languages have a substratum from a "missing" branch of <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilo-Saharan">Nilo-Saharan</a> that had split off relatively early from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Nilo-Saharan" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Nilo-Saharan">Proto-Nilo-Saharan</a>, and tentatively calls that branch "Plateau".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlench2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlench2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locations">Locations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Health and Hantgan report that Bangime is spoken in the Bangande valley, which cuts into the western edge of the Dogon high plateau in eastern <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>. Blench reports that Bangime is spoken in 7 villages east of Karge, near <a href="/wiki/Bandiagara" title="Bandiagara">Bandiagara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mopti_Region" title="Mopti Region">Mopti Region</a>, central <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> (Blench 2007).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The villages are: </p> <ul><li>Bara (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bara]</span>)</li> <li>Bounou (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bunu]</span>)</li> <li>Niana (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲana]</span>) (also called Nani)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan20181_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan20181-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Die'ni (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jene]</span>)</li> <li>Digari (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[diɡarɔ]</span>) (also called Digarou)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan20181_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan20181-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogo,_Mopti" title="Dogo, Mopti">Doro</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dɔrɔ]</span>)</li> <li>Due (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔjeni]</span>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bangime uses various morphological processes, including clitics, affixation, reduplication, compounding, and tone change.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It does not use case-marking for noun phrase subjects and objects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201815_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201815-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bangime is a largely <a href="/wiki/Isolating_language" title="Isolating language">isolating language</a>. The only productive affixes are the plural and a <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a>, which are seen in the words for the people and language above.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affixation">Affixation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Affixation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bangime has both <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suffixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffixation">suffixation</a>. The following chart provides examples of <a href="/wiki/Affixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Affixation">affixation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201866,_97,_98,_211,_320_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201866,_97,_98,_211,_320-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Suffixation </th> <th>Prefixation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Possessor-of-X Derivative Suffix </td> <td>Agentive Suffix </td> <td>Causative Suffix </td> <td>Pluralization Suffix </td> <td>'Thing' Prefix to Nouns </td></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sjɛ̀ɛ̀ⁿ-tjɛ́ɛ́ⁿ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">force, power-possessor-of-X‍ derivative</p></div><p style="display: none;">sjɛ̀ɛ̀ⁿ-tjɛ́ɛ́ⁿ</p><p style="display: none;">{force, power-possessor-of-X‍ derivative}</p><p style="clear: left;">‘soldier, policeman’<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201897_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201897-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ɲɔ̀ŋɔ̀ndɔ̀-ʃɛ̀ɛ̀ⁿ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">write-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="agentive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AGT</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ɲɔ̀ŋɔ̀ndɔ̀-ʃɛ̀ɛ̀ⁿ</p><p style="display: none;">write-AGT</p><p style="clear: left;">‘writer, scribe’<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201898_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201898-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">twàà-ndà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">arrive-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="causative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CAUS</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">twàà-ndà</p><p style="display: none;">arrive-CAUS</p><p style="clear: left;">‘deliver (message, object)’<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018211_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018211-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bùrⁿà-ndɛ́</p><p style="margin: 0px;">stick-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">bùrⁿà-ndɛ́</p><p style="display: none;">stick-PL</p><p style="clear: left;">‘sticks’<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201866_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201866-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kì-bɛ́ndɛ́</p><p style="margin: 0px;">thing-long</p></div><p style="display: none;">kì-bɛ́ndɛ́</p><p style="display: none;">thing-long</p><p style="clear: left;">‘something long, a long one’<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018320_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018320-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compounding">Compounding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Compounding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bangime creates some words by <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compounding</a> two morphemes together. A nasal linker is often inserted between the two morphemes. This linker matches the following consonant's place of articulation, with /m/ used before labials, /n/ before alveolars, and /ŋ/ before velars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018134_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018134-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below are examples of compound words in Bangime. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tàŋà-m̀-bógó</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ear-(linker)-wide</p></div><p style="display: none;">tàŋà-m̀-bógó</p><p style="display: none;">ear-(linker)-wide</p><p style="clear: left;">‘elephant’<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018135_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018135-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">náá-ḿ-bííⁿ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bush/outback-(linker)-goat</p></div><p style="display: none;">náá-ḿ-bííⁿ</p><p style="display: none;">bush/outback-(linker)-goat</p><p style="clear: left;">'wild goat’<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018140_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018140-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduplicative_compounds">Reduplicative compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reduplicative compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some compound words in Bangime are formed by full or partial <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a>. The following chart contains some examples. In the chart, v indicates a vowel (v̀ is a low tone, v̄ is a mid tone, v́ is a high tone), C indicates a consonant, and N indicates a nasal phoneme. Subscripts are used to show the reduplication of more than one vowel (v<sub>1</sub> and v<sub>2</sub>). The repeated segment is shown in bold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018135-140_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018135-140-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partial reduplication is also seen alongside a change in vowel quality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018137-138_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018137-138-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chart also displays a few examples of this. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Reduplicative Compounds in Bangime </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Reduplication Structure </th> <th>Reduplication Type </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Loose English Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Cv̀Cv̀-Cv́Cɛ̀ɛ̀ </td> <td>Partial </td> <td><b>dɔ̀r</b>ɔ̀-<b>dɔ̀r</b>ɛ̀ɛ̀ </td> <td>'sand fox'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018136_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018136-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cv́N-CV(C)ɛ̀ɛ̀ </td> <td>Partial </td> <td><b>bó</b>m-<b>bò</b>jɛ̀ɛ̀ </td> <td>'frog'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018136_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018136-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cv́<sub>1</sub>NCv́<sub>1</sub>-N-Cv́<sub>2</sub>NCɛ̀(ɛ̀) </td> <td>Partial </td> <td><b>b</b>é<b>nd</b>é-ḿ-<b>b</b>á<b>nd</b>ɛ̀ɛ̀ </td> <td>'vine'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018136_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018136-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cv̀N-Cv̀(C)ɛ̀ɛ̀ </td> <td>Partial </td> <td><b>pà</b>m-<b>pàⁿ</b>ɛ̀ɛ̀ </td> <td>'stirring stick'<sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018136_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018136-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cv̀Cv̀-Cv́Cv́ </td> <td>Full </td> <td><b>jɔ̀rɔ̀</b>-<b>jɔ́rɔ́</b> </td> <td>'herb (Blepharis)'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018138_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018138-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cv̀<sub>1</sub>Cv̀<sub>1</sub>-Cv́<sub>2</sub>Cv̀<sub>2</sub>(C)ɛ̀ </td> <td>Partial </td> <td><b>j</b>ì<b>g</b>ì-<b>j</b>á<b>g</b>àjɛ̀ </td> <td>'chameleon'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018138_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018138-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cv̀N-Cv́NCv̄ </td> <td>Partial </td> <td><b>kɔ̀</b>ŋ-<b>kɔ́</b>mbɛ̄ </td> <td>'pied crow'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018139_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018139-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cv́Cv́-NCv́Cv̀ </td> <td>Partial </td> <td><b>tím</b>é-ń-<b>tím</b>ɛ́ɛ̀ </td> <td>'bush (Scoparia)'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018139_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018139-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cv́<sub>1</sub>Cv́<sub>1</sub>-NCv́<sub>2</sub>Cv̀<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>Partial </td> <td><b>k</b>é<b>r</b>é-ŋ́-<b>k</b>ɑ́<b>rⁿ</b>à </td> <td>'forked stick'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018139_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018139-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Càà-Cɛ́ɛ́ </td> <td>Partial </td> <td><b>s</b>ààⁿ-<b>s</b>ɛ́ɛ́ⁿ </td> <td>'Vachellia tortilis'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018137_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018137-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cìì-Cáá </td> <td>Partial </td> <td><b>ʒ</b>ììⁿ-<b>ʒ</b>ááⁿ </td> <td>'tree (Mitragyna)'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018138_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018138-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cìì-CáCɛ̀ɛ̀ </td> <td>Partial </td> <td><b>ʒ</b>ììⁿ-<b>ʒ</b>áwⁿɛ̀ɛ̀ </td> <td>'bush (Hibiscus)'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018138_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018138-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone_changes">Tone changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tone changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another morphological process used in Bangime is tone changes. One example of this is that the tones on vowels denote the <a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">tense</a> of the word. For example, keeping the same vowel but changing a high tone to a low tone changes the tense from <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a> to <a href="/wiki/Imperfective_aspect" title="Imperfective aspect">imperfective</a> 1st person singular.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018250_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018250-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dɛ́ɛ́</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cultivate.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="future tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FUT</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">dɛ́ɛ́</p><p style="display: none;">cultivate.FUT</p><p style="clear: left;">‘cultivate (future tense)’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dɛ̀ɛ̀</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cultivate.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">dɛ̀ɛ̀</p><p style="display: none;">cultivate.IPFV.1SG</p><p style="clear: left;">‘I am cultivating’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Low tone is used for the tenses of imperfective 1st person singular, deontic, imperative singular, and perfective 3rd person singular. They are also used for perfective 3rd person singular along with an additional morpheme. High tone is used for the future tense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018250_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018250-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bangime has 28 <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>. The chart below lists 7 short oral vowels, each of which can be <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasalised_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasalised vowel">nasalized</a>, or both. All these vowel types can occur phonetically, but <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">short</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasalized vowels</a> are sometimes allophones of oral vowels. This occurs when they are adjacent to nasalized semivowels (/wⁿ/ [<a href="/wiki/W%CC%83" class="mw-redirect" title="W̃">w̃</a>] and /jⁿ/ [<a href="/wiki/J%CC%83" class="mw-redirect" title="J̃">j̃</a>]) or /ɾⁿ/ [ɾ̃]. <a href="/wiki/Long_vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowels">Long</a> nasalized vowels are more common as phonemes than short nasalized vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201823_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201823-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vowels have an <a href="/wiki/Advanced_and_retracted_tongue_root" title="Advanced and retracted tongue root">±ATR</a> distinction, which affects neighbouring consonants, but unusually for such systems, there is no ATR <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> in Bangime.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Vowel Phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bangime has 22 <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>, shown in the chart below. Consonants that appear in square brackets are the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> symbol, when different from the symbol used by <i>A Grammar of Bangime</i>. A superscript "n" indicates a <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalized</a> consonant. Sounds in parentheses are either <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a> or limited to use in <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeias</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201819_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201819-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Consonant Phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_consonant" title="Palato-alveolar consonant">Palato-alveolar</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stops</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricates</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a>]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a>]</span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a>]</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">Sonorants</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">oral</span> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span>) <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">nasal</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_release" title="Nasal release">wⁿ</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Nasal_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Nasal labial–velar approximant">w̃</a>]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_release" title="Nasal release">ɾⁿ</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal tap">ɾ̃</a>]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_release" title="Nasal release">jⁿ</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Nasal_palatal_approximant" title="Nasal palatal approximant">j̃</a>]</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>NC sequences tend to drop the plosive, and often lenite to a nasalized sonorant: [búndà] ~ [búr̃a] ~ [bún] 'finish', [támbà] ~ [táw̃à] ~ [támà] 'chew'. </p><p>/b/ and /ɡ/ appear as [ʋ] and [ɣ], depending on the ATR status of the adjacent vowels. </p><p>/s/ appears as [ʃ] before non-low vowels, /t/ and /j/ as [tʃ] and [ʒ] before either of the high front vowels. /j/ is realized as [dʒ] after a nasal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone">Tone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bangime uses high, mid, and low <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a> levels as well as contoured tones (used in the last syllable of a word).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201829_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201829-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three tones on <a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" title="Mora (linguistics)">moras</a>(short syllables): high, low and rising. In addition, falling tone may occur on long (bimoraic) syllables. Syllables may also have no inherent tone.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Each <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a> has a lexical tone melody of /H/, /M/, or /L/ (high, mid, or low, respectively) for level tones or /LH/, /HL/, or /ML/ for contoured tones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201829_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201829-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nouns, adjectives, and numerals have lexical tone melodies. Terracing can also occur, giving a single level pitch to multiple words.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201812_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201812-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stem morphemes (such as nouns and verbs) may contain tonal ablaut/stem-wide tone overlays.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201829_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201829-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in nouns with <a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">determiners</a> (definite or possessor), the determined form of the noun uses the opposite tone of the first tone in the lexical melody. A few examples of this process are listed in the chart below.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201830_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201830-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Tonal Ablaut in Nouns with Determiners </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Melody </th> <th>Undetermined Singular </th> <th>Determined Plural </th> <th>Loose English Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>/L/ </td> <td>bùrⁿà </td> <td>DET búrⁿá-ndɛ̀ </td> <td>'stick' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/LH/ </td> <td>dʒɛ̀ndʒɛ́ </td> <td>DET dʒɛ́ndʒɛ́-ndɛ̀ </td> <td>'crocodile' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/M/ </td> <td>dījà </td> <td>DET dìjà-ndɛ́ </td> <td>'village' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ML/ </td> <td>dāndì </td> <td>DET dàndì-ndɛ́ </td> <td>'chilli pepper' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/H/ </td> <td>párí </td> <td>DET pàrì-ndɛ́ </td> <td>'arrow' </td></tr> <tr> <td>/HL/ </td> <td>jáámbɛ̀ </td> <td>DET jàà-ndɛ́ </td> <td>'child' </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Phrases and clauses can show <a href="/wiki/Tone_sandhi" title="Tone sandhi">tone sandhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201812_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201812-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllable_structure">Syllable structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Syllable structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bangime allows for the <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> types C onset, CC onset, and C code, giving a syllable structure of (C)CV(C). The only consonants used as codas are the semivowels /w/ and /j/ and their corresponding nasalized phonemes. Usually, only monosyllabic words end in consonants.<sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201819_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201819-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></sup> The following chart displays examples of these syllable types. For words with multiple syllables, syllables are separated by periods and the syllable of interest is bolded. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Syllables in Bangime </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Syllable Type </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Loose English Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>CV </td> <td>kɛ́ </td> <td>'thing'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201818_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201818-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>CCV </td> <td>bɔ̀.<b>mbɔ̀</b>.rɔ̀ </td> <td>'hat'<sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201821_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201821-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>CVC </td> <td>dèj </td> <td>'grain'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201824_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201824-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_word_order">Basic word order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Basic word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The subject noun phrase is always clause-initial in Bangime, apart from some clause-initial particles. In simple transitive sentences, SOV (subject, object, verb) word order is used for the present tense, imperfective and SVO (subject, verb, object) word order is used for the past tense, perfective.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201815_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201815-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_of_SOV_word_order">Examples of SOV word order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Examples of SOV word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018344_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018344-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">S</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">séédù</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="single argument of canonical intransitive verb">S</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[∅</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dà]</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr>]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[ā</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">O</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">būrⁿà]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">stick]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[ŋ̀</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">V</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kùmbò]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">look.for.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr>]</p></div><p style="display: none;">S . . . O . V</p><p style="display: none;">séédù [∅ dà] [ā būrⁿà] [ŋ̀ kùmbò]</p><p style="display: none;">S [3SG IPFV] [DEF stick] [3SG look.for.IPFV]</p><p style="clear: left;">'Seydou is looking for the stick'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018212_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018212-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">S</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">séédù</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="single argument of canonical intransitive verb">S</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[∅</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dà]</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr>]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[à</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">O</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dwàà]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tree]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[ŋ̀</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">V</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sɛ̀gɛ̀ɛ̀]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tilt.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr>]</p></div><p style="display: none;">S . . . O . V</p><p style="display: none;">séédù [∅ dà] [à dwàà] [ŋ̀ sɛ̀gɛ̀ɛ̀]</p><p style="display: none;">S [3SG IPFV] [DEF tree] [3SG tilt.IPFV]</p><p style="clear: left;">'Seydou is tilting the tree'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018188_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018188-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">S</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[ŋ̀</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bé]</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">O</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[làkírí]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[couscous]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[ŋ̄</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">V</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dìjà]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr>]</p></div><p style="display: none;">S . O . V</p><p style="display: none;">[ŋ̀ bé] [làkírí] [ŋ̄ dìjà]</p><p style="display: none;">[1SG NEG] [couscous] [1SG eat.IPFV]</p><p style="clear: left;">'I don't eat couscous'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_of_SVO_word_order">Examples of SVO word order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Examples of SVO word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018340_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018340-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">S</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">séédù</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="single argument of canonical intransitive verb">S</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[∅</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">V</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">màà-rā]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">build.<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="PFV1: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">PFV1</abbr>]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">O</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kūwò</p><p style="margin: 0px;">house</p></div><p style="display: none;">S . V O</p><p style="display: none;">séédù [∅ màà-rā] kūwò</p><p style="display: none;">S [3SG build.PFV1] house</p><p style="clear: left;">'Seydou built a house'<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018327_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018327-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">S</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[ŋ̀</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">V</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dʒíí-ndì]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="causative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CAUS</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="PFV2: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">PFV2</abbr>]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[à</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">O</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jāāmbɛ̀]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">child]</p></div><p style="display: none;">S V . O</p><p style="display: none;">[ŋ̀ dʒíí-ndì] [à jāāmbɛ̀]</p><p style="display: none;">[1SG eat-CAUS.PFV2] [DEF child]</p><p style="clear: left;">'I fed/nourished the child'<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018273_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018273-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">S</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[ŋ̀</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">V</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dɛ́gù]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hit.<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="PFV2: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">PFV2</abbr>]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[à</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">O</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kūrɛ̄ɛ̀]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dog]</p></div><p style="display: none;">S V . O</p><p style="display: none;">[ŋ̀ dɛ́gù] [à kūrɛ̄ɛ̀]</p><p style="display: none;">[1SG hit.PFV2] [DEF dog]</p><p style="clear: left;">'I hit the dog'<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201857_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201857-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">S</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[∅</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kóó]</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr>]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[ŋ́</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">V</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jāgà]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cut.<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="PFV1: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">PFV1</abbr>]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[∅</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">màā</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">O</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kwāà]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">neck]</p></div><p style="display: none;">S . . V . . O</p><p style="display: none;">[∅ kóó] [ŋ́ jāgà] [∅ màā kwāà]</p><p style="display: none;">[3SG PFV] [3SG cut.PFV1] [3SG POSS neck]</p><p style="clear: left;">'He cut her throat'<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201867_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201867-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">S</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bīīⁿ-ndɛ̄</p><p style="margin: 0px;">goat.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[∅</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">V</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tām-bā]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bite.<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="PFV1: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">PFV1</abbr>]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">O</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nīì</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">S . V O</p><p style="display: none;">bīīⁿ-ndɛ̄ [∅ tām-bā] nīì</p><p style="display: none;">goat.PL [3PL bite.PFV1] 3PL</p><p style="clear: left;">'Some goats bit them'<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intransitive_sentences">Intransitive sentences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Intransitive sentences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018170_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018170-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[à</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">S</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bùrⁿà-ndɛ̀]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">stick-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[∅</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kóó]</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr>]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[ŋ́</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">V</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kɔ̄ndɔ̀]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">break.<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="PFV2: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">PFV2</abbr>]</p></div><p style="display: none;">. S . . . V</p><p style="display: none;">[à bùrⁿà-ndɛ̀] [∅ kóó] [ŋ́ kɔ̄ndɔ̀]</p><p style="display: none;">[DEF stick-PL] [3PL PFV] [3PL break.PFV2]</p><p style="clear: left;">'The sticks broke'<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201812_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201812-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[à</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">S</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jìbɛ̀-ndɛ́]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">person-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[∅</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kóó]</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr>]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[ŋ́</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">V</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ʃààkā]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">disperse]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[∅</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wāj̀]</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="RSLT: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">RSLT</abbr>]</p></div><p style="display: none;">. S . . . V . .</p><p style="display: none;">[à jìbɛ̀-ndɛ́] [∅ kóó] [ŋ́ ʃààkā] [∅ wāj̀]</p><p style="display: none;">[DEF person-PL] [3PL PFV] [3PL disperse] [3PL RSLT]</p><p style="clear: left;">'The people dispersed'<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018186_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018186-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">S</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jɛ̀-tɔ́-sì</p><p style="margin: 0px;">nobody</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[∅</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bè]</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[∅</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">V</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nóó]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">come.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr>]</p></div><p style="display: none;">S . . . V</p><p style="display: none;">jɛ̀-tɔ́-sì [∅ bè] [∅ nóó]</p><p style="display: none;">nobody [3SG NEG] [3SG come.PFV]</p><p style="clear: left;">'Nobody came'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018325_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018325-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">S</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bùrⁿā</p><p style="margin: 0px;">stick</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[∅</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dà]</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr>]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[∅</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">V</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kɔ̄-rⁿɔ̀]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">snap.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr>]</p></div><p style="display: none;">S . . . V</p><p style="display: none;">bùrⁿā [∅ dà] [∅ kɔ̄-rⁿɔ̀]</p><p style="display: none;">stick [3SG IPFV] [3SG snap.IPFV]</p><p style="clear: left;">'A stick is snapping'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_order_in_phrases">Word order in phrases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Word order in phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below are some examples of word order in various phrases. </p><p><b>DETERMINER</b> + NOUN PHRASE </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201836_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201836-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">DET</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">à</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">NP</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kòròŋgò</p><p style="margin: 0px;">donkey</p></div><p style="display: none;">DET NP</p><p style="display: none;">à kòròŋgò</p><p style="display: none;">DEF donkey</p><p style="clear: left;">'the donkey'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>POSSESSOR + <b>POSSESSEE</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201843_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201843-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">à</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">Possessor</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jààmbɛ̀</p><p style="margin: 0px;">child</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">màà</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">Possessee</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nàà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cow</p></div><p style="display: none;">. Possessor . Possessee</p><p style="display: none;">à jààmbɛ̀ màà nàà</p><p style="display: none;">DEF child POSS cow</p><p style="clear: left;">'the child's cow'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>NOUN PHRASE + <b>ADPOSITION</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018348_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018348-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">[</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[ā</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">NP]</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">būwò]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">field]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-weight: bold;font-style: italic;">Adposition</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kō</p><p style="margin: 0px;">in</p></div><p style="display: none;">[ NP] Adposition</p><p style="display: none;">[ā būwò] kō</p><p style="display: none;">[DEF field] in</p><p style="clear: left;">'in the field'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Focalization">Focalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Focalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bangime allows for the focalization of noun phrases, prepositional phrases, adverbs, and verbs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018334_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018334-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verb_focalization">Verb focalization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Verb focalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018336_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018336-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gìgɛ̀ndì</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sweep.VblN</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[ŋ̀</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dá]</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr>]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[ŋ́</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gìjɛ̀ndɛ̀]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sweep.Deon]</p></div><p style="display: none;">gìgɛ̀ndì [ŋ̀ dá] [ŋ́ gìjɛ̀ndɛ̀]</p><p style="display: none;">sweep.VblN [1SG IPFV] [1SG sweep.Deon]</p><p style="clear: left;">'Sweep(ing) [focus] is what I am doing/what I did'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Noun_phrase_focalization_(Nonsubject)"><span id="Noun_phrase_focalization_.28Nonsubject.29"></span>Noun phrase focalization (Nonsubject)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Noun phrase focalization (Nonsubject)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018337_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018337-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">séédù</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Seydou</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mí</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="patient-like argument (object) of canonical transitive verb">O</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[ŋ́</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dɛ̄gɛ̀]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hit.<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="PFV1: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">PFV1</abbr>]</p></div><p style="display: none;">séédù mí [ŋ́ dɛ̄gɛ̀]</p><p style="display: none;">Seydou 1SG.O [3SG hit.PFV1]</p><p style="clear: left;">'It was me [focus] that I Seydou hit'<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Noun_phrase_focalization_(Demonstrative)"><span id="Noun_phrase_focalization_.28Demonstrative.29"></span>Noun phrase focalization (Demonstrative)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Noun phrase focalization (Demonstrative)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018336_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018336-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">séédù</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="single argument of canonical intransitive verb">S</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kā</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Dem</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[ŋ̄</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dījà]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat.<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="PFV1: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">PFV1</abbr>]</p></div><p style="display: none;">séédù kā [ŋ̄ dījà]</p><p style="display: none;">S Dem [3SG eat.PFV1]</p><p style="clear: left;">'That [focus] is what Seydou ate'<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Noun_phrase_focalization_(Subject)"><span id="Noun_phrase_focalization_.28Subject.29"></span>Noun phrase focalization (Subject)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Noun phrase focalization (Subject)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018339_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018339-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">séédù</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="single argument of canonical intransitive verb">S</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[ŋ̀</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wóré]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go.<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="PFV1: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">PFV1</abbr>]</p></div><p style="display: none;">séédù [ŋ̀ wóré]</p><p style="display: none;">S [FOC go.PFV1]</p><p style="clear: left;">'It was Seydou [focus] who went'<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adverbial_focalization">Adverbial focalization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Adverbial focalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018338_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018338-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ŋìjɛ̀</p><p style="margin: 0px;">yesterday</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[ŋ̀</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">máá-rà]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">build.<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="IPFV1: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">IPFV1</abbr>]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[à</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kùwò]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">house]</p></div><p style="display: none;">ŋìjɛ̀ [ŋ̀ máá-rà] [à kùwò]</p><p style="display: none;">yesterday [1SG build.IPFV1] [DEF house]</p><p style="clear: left;">'It was yesterday [focus] that I built the house'<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prepositional_phrase_focalization">Prepositional phrase focalization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Prepositional phrase focalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018349_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018349-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[kā</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[Dem</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kò]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">with]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[∅</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ná]</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr>]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[ŋ́</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dɛ̀ɛ̀]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cultivate.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr>]</p></div><p style="display: none;">[kā kò] [∅ ná] [ŋ́ dɛ̀ɛ̀]</p><p style="display: none;">[Dem with] [1SG IPFV] [1SG cultivate.IPFV]</p><p style="clear: left;">'It's with that [focus] that I farm'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polar_interrogatives">Polar interrogatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Polar interrogatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bangime uses [à], a clause-final particle, after a statement to make it a yes/no question. This particle is glossed with a Q. Below are some examples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018349_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018349-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[kúúⁿ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[market</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ŋ́-kò]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Link-in]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[à</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wóré]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go.<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="PFV1: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">PFV1</abbr>]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">à</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="question word" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">Q</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">[kúúⁿ ŋ́-kò] [à wóré] à</p><p style="display: none;">[market Link-in] [2SG go.PFV1] Q</p><p style="clear: left;">'Was it to the market [focus] that you-Sg went?'<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">séédù</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="single argument of canonical intransitive verb">S</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">à</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="question word" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">Q</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">séédù à</p><p style="display: none;">S Q</p><p style="clear: left;">"Is it Seydou?'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[ŋ̀</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">núú]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">come.<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="PFV2: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">PFV2</abbr>]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">má</p><p style="margin: 0px;">here</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">à</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="question word" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">Q</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">[ŋ̀ núú] má à</p><p style="display: none;">[1SG come.PFV2] here Q</p><p style="clear: left;">'Did I come here?'<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wh-questions"><i>Wh</i>-questions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Wh-questions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Wh</i>-words are focalized in Bangime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018350_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018350-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below are some examples for these interrogatives. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018351_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018351-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">já</p><p style="margin: 0px;">who</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">má</p><p style="margin: 0px;">SFoc.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[∅</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wóré]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr>]</p></div><p style="display: none;">já má [∅ wóré]</p><p style="display: none;">who SFoc.IPFV [FOC go.IPFV]</p><p style="clear: left;">'Who will go?'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018351_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018351-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">já</p><p style="margin: 0px;">who</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">à</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="question word" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">Q</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">já à</p><p style="display: none;">who Q</p><p style="clear: left;">'Who is it?'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018351_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018351-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nɛ́-sìⁿ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">what</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[∅</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tí-wɔ́]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">fall.<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="PFV1: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">PFV1</abbr>]</p></div><p style="display: none;">nɛ́-sìⁿ [∅ tí-wɔ́]</p><p style="display: none;">what [FOC fall.PFV1]</p><p style="clear: left;">'What fell?'<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018351_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018351-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kà</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Dem</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nɛ́-sìⁿ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">what</p></div><p style="display: none;">kà nɛ́-sìⁿ</p><p style="display: none;">Dem what</p><p style="clear: left;">'What is that?'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018352_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018352-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kótè</p><p style="margin: 0px;">where</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[∅</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nā]</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr>]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[∅</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wōré]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr>]</p></div><p style="display: none;">kótè [∅ nā] [∅ wōré]</p><p style="display: none;">where [3SG IPFV] [3SG go.IPFV]</p><p style="clear: left;">'Where is he/she going?'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Particles">Particles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Particles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Topic_particle">Topic particle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Topic particle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The topic particle is [hɔ̀ɔ̀ⁿ] and this morpheme follows a noun phrase. The following example shows a topical constituent preceding a clause.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018447_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018447-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[nɛ̀</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hɔ̀ɔ̄ⁿ]</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="topic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TOP</abbr>]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nɛ̀</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[∅</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bè]</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[∅</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wóré]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IPFV</abbr>]</p></div><p style="display: none;">[nɛ̀ hɔ̀ɔ̄ⁿ] nɛ̀ [∅ bè] [∅ wóré]</p><p style="display: none;">[1PL TOP] 1PL [1PL NEG] [1PL go.IPFV]</p><p style="clear: left;">'As for us, we aren't going'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Only"_particle"><span id=".22Only.22_particle"></span>"Only" particle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: "Only" particle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The morpheme [pàw] can mean either 'all' or 'only.' The following example shows this morpheme as an 'only' quantifier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018451_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018451-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[ŋ̀</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tí-jè]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sit.<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="PFV2: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">PFV2</abbr>]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="jig" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pàw</p><p style="margin: 0px;">only</p></div><p style="display: none;">[ŋ̀ tí-jè] pàw</p><p style="display: none;">[1SG sit.PFV2] only</p><p style="clear: left;">'I merely sat down'<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Bangime_word_list" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Bangime word list">Bangime word list</a> (Wiktionary)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan20183-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan20183_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan20183_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHantgan2010-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHantgan2010_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHantgan2010">Hantgan 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan20181-3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan20181-3_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 1-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHantgan2013b-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHantgan2013b_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHantgan2013b_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHantgan2013b">Hantgan 2013b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Bangime". <i>Ethnologue</i>. Retrieved 2019-03-22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan20185-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan20185_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHantganList2018-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHantganList2018_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHantganList2018_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHantganList2018">Hantgan & List 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlench2015-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlench2015_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlench2015">Blench 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan20181-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan20181_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan20181_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201815-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201815_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201815_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201866,_97,_98,_211,_320-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201866,_97,_98,_211,_320_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, pp. 66, 97, 98, 211, 320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201897-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201897_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201898-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201898_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018211-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018211_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201866-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201866_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018320-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018320_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018134-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018134_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018135-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018135_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018140-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018140_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018135-140-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018135-140_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 135-140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018137-138-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018137-138_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 137-138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018136-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018136_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018136_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018136_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018136_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018138-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018138_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018138_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018138_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018138_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018139-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018139_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018139_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018139_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018137-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018137_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018250-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018250_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018250_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201823-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201823_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201819-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201819_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201819_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201829-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201829_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201829_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201829_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201812-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201812_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201812_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201812_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201830-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201830_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201818-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201818_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201821-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201821_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201824-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201824_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018344-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018344_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018212-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018212_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018188-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018188_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018340-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018340_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018327-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018327_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018273-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018273_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201857-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201857_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201867-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201867_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018170-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018170_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018186-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018186_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018325-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018325_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201836-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201836_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201843-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan201843_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018348-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018348_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018334-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018334_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018336-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018336_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018336_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018337-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018337_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018339-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018339_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018338-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018338_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018349-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018349_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018349_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018350-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018350_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018351-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018351_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018351_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018351_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018351_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018352-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018352_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018447-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018447_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018451-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathHantgan2018451_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathHantgan2018">Heath & Hantgan 2018</a>, p. 451.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlench2015" class="citation journal cs1">Blench, Roger (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Isolates/MT%20XX%20Blench%20off%20print.pdf">"Was there a now-vanished branch of Nilo-Saharan on the Dogon Plateau? Evidence from substrate vocabulary in Bangime and Dogon"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mother Tongue</i> (20).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mother+Tongue&rft.atitle=Was+there+a+now-vanished+branch+of+Nilo-Saharan+on+the+Dogon+Plateau%3F+Evidence+from+substrate+vocabulary+in+Bangime+and+Dogon&rft.issue=20&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerblench.info%2FLanguage%2FIsolates%2FMT%2520XX%2520Blench%2520off%2520print.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangime+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Blench, Roger, Bangime description and word list <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Isolates/Bangime%20wordlist%20paper.pdf">(2005)</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Isolates/Bangi%20me%20%20paper%20for%20MT.pdf">(2007)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHantgan2010" class="citation web cs1">Hantgan, Abbie (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200618154333/https://edmond.mpdl.mpg.de/imeji/file/_cwcyJ2vd8oGGVTd/ba/ee/85/93-e8b3-4caf-bc65-ee41f3e2dba2/0/original/34f3a90483c513e55845c2e4cab18c9c.pdf">"A Grammar of Bangime (draft)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edmond.mpdl.mpg.de/imeji/file/_cwcyJ2vd8oGGVTd/ba/ee/85/93-e8b3-4caf-bc65-ee41f3e2dba2/0/original/34f3a90483c513e55845c2e4cab18c9c.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Bangime+%28draft%29&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hantgan&rft.aufirst=Abbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedmond.mpdl.mpg.de%2Fimeji%2Ffile%2F_cwcyJ2vd8oGGVTd%2Fba%2Fee%2F85%2F93-e8b3-4caf-bc65-ee41f3e2dba2%2F0%2Foriginal%2F34f3a90483c513e55845c2e4cab18c9c.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangime+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHantgan2013a" class="citation thesis cs1">Hantgan, Abbie (2013a). <i>Aspects of Bangime phonology, morphology, and morphosyntax</i> (Ph.D. thesis). Indiana University. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2022%2F18024">2022/18024</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/893980514">893980514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Aspects+of+Bangime+phonology%2C+morphology%2C+and+morphosyntax&rft.degree=Ph.D.&rft.inst=Indiana+University&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2022%2F18024&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F893980514&rft.aulast=Hantgan&rft.aufirst=Abbie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangime+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHantgan2013b" class="citation web cs1">Hantgan, Abbie (2013b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4279672">"An introduction to the Bangande people and Bangime phonology and morphology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana University Bloomington</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+Bangande+people+and+Bangime+phonology+and+morphology&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Bloomington&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Hantgan&rft.aufirst=Abbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4279672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangime+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHantganList2018" class="citation book cs1">Hantgan, Abbie; List, Johann-Mattis (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01867003"><i>Bangime: Secret Language, Language Isolate, or Language Island?</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangime%3A+Secret+Language%2C+Language+Isolate%2C+or+Language+Island%3F&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Hantgan&rft.aufirst=Abbie&rft.au=List%2C+Johann-Mattis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-01867003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangime+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeathHantgan2018" class="citation book cs1">Heath, Jeffrey; Hantgan, Abbie (2018). <i>A Grammar of Bangime</i>. Mouton Grammar Library. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110765212">10.1515/9783110765212</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110557497" title="Special:BookSources/9783110557497"><bdi>9783110557497</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1015349027">1015349027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Bangime&rft.series=Mouton+Grammar+Library&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1015349027&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110765212&rft.isbn=9783110557497&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Hantgan%2C+Abbie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangime+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangime_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dogonlanguages.org/bangime.cfm">Bangime</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180317035743/http://dogonlanguages.org/bangime.cfm">Archived</a> 2018-03-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the Dogon languages and Bangime project</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Mali" title="Template:Languages of Mali"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Mali" title="Template talk:Languages of Mali"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Mali" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Mali"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Mali" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mali" title="Languages of Mali">Languages of Mali</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomu_language" title="Bomu language">Bomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozo_language" title="Bozo language">Tieyaxo Bozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escarpment_Dogon" title="Escarpment Dogon">Toro So Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasina_Fulfulde" title="Maasina Fulfulde">Maasina Fulfulde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyanka_language" title="Minyanka language">Mamara Senoufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kita_Maninka_language" title="Kita Maninka language">Kita Maninkakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soninke_language" title="Soninke language">Soninke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyraboro_Senni" title="Koyraboro Senni">Koyraboro Senni Songhay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senara_language" title="Senara language">Syenara Senoufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamasheq_language" title="Tamasheq language">Tamasheq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassonke_language" title="Kassonke language">Xaasongaxango</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Working language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dogon_languages" title="Dogon languages">Dogon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampari_Dogon" title="Ampari Dogon">Ampari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Dogon" title="Ana Dogon">Ana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankan_Tey_Dogon" title="Bankan Tey Dogon">Bankan Tey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Tey_Dogon" title="Ben Tey Dogon">Ben Tey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondum_Dogon" title="Bondum Dogon">Bondum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budu_Dogon" title="Budu Dogon">Budu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duleri_Dogon" title="Duleri Dogon">Duleri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamsai_Dogon" title="Jamsai Dogon">Jamsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mombo_Dogon" title="Mombo Dogon">Mombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanga_Dogon" title="Nanga Dogon">Nanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penange_Dogon" title="Penange Dogon">Penange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebul_Dogon" title="Tebul Dogon">Tebul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommo_So" title="Tommo So">Tommo So</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Plains_Dogon" title="Western Plains Dogon">Western Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanda_Dogon" title="Yanda Dogon">Yanda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyula_language" title="Dyula language">Dyula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maninka_language" title="Maninka language">Maninka</a> (<a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_language" title="N'Ko language">N'Ko</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor%C3%A9" title="Mooré">Mooré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaar_language" title="Pulaar language">Pulaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamou_language" title="Siamou language">Siamou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soninke_language" title="Soninke language">Soninke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supyire_language" title="Supyire language">Supyire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalunka_language" title="Yalunka language">Yalunka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humburi_Senni_language" title="Humburi Senni language">Humburi Senni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyra_Chiini_language" title="Koyra Chiini language">Koyra Chiini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyraboro_Senni" title="Koyraboro Senni">Koyraboro Senni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadaksahak" title="Tadaksahak">Tadaksahak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondi_Songway_Kiini" title="Tondi Songway Kiini">Tondi Songway Kiini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamako_Sign_Language" title="Bamako Sign Language">Bamako Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbey_Sign_Language" title="Berbey Sign Language">Berbey Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douentza_Sign_Language" title="Douentza Sign Language">Douentza Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebul_Sign_Language" title="Tebul Sign Language">Tebul Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_language_families" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_families" title="Template:Language families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_families" title="Template talk:Language families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_language_families" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Primary language families</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kx'a</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia<br />(<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Taiap</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yukian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora-Witoto</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates <br />(extant in 2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï/Joti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku</a> (Maku-Auari/Jukude)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Huaorani/Waorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.</li><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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