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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Scientific work</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scientific_work-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scientific work subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scientific_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meteorology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meteorology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Meteorology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meteorology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Measuring_mountains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measuring_mountains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Measuring mountains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measuring_mountains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colour_blindness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colour_blindness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Colour blindness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colour_blindness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gas_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Gas laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atomic_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atomic_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Atomic theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atomic_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relative_atomic_weights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relative_atomic_weights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Relative atomic weights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relative_atomic_weights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_investigations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_investigations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Other investigations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_investigations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experimental_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experimental_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Experimental approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experimental_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Public life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disability_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disability_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Disability and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disability_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Dalton</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 102 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">102 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="جون دالتون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون دالتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="জন ডেল্টন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জন ডেল্টন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Dalton" title="Con Dalton – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Con Dalton" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="جان دالتون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان دالتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="জন ডাল্টন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জন ডাল্টন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Джон Дальтан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Дальтан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джон Далтон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джон Далтон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton_(videnskabsmand)" title="John Dalton (videnskabsmand) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Dalton (videnskabsmand)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="जोन डाल्टन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="जोन डाल्टन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Τζων Ντάλτον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζων Ντάλτον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="جان دالتون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان دالتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E7%88%BE%E9%A0%93" title="道爾頓 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="道爾頓" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EB%8F%8C%ED%84%B4" title="존 돌턴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 돌턴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ջոն Դալթոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոն Դալթոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="जॉन डाल्टन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉन डाल्टन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ג'ון דלטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון דלטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜಾನ್ ಡಾಲ್ಟನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾನ್ ಡಾಲ್ಟನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ დალტონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯონ დალტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джон Дальтон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джон Дальтон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Жон Дальтон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жон Дальтон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Dalton" title="Ioannes Dalton – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Dalton" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEons_Daltons" title="Džons Daltons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džons Daltons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Џон Далтон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џон Далтон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BA" title="ജോൺ ഡാൽട്ടൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോൺ ഡാൽട്ടൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="जॉन डाल्टन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जॉन डाल्टन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ დალტონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯონ დალტონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="جون دالتون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون دالتون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Жон Делтон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жон Делтон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျွန် ဒေါလ်တန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျွန် ဒေါလ်တန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="जोन डाल्टन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जोन डाल्टन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="ジョン・ドルトン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・ドルトン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D" title="ଜନ୍ ଡାଲଟନ୍ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜନ୍ ଡାଲଟନ୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_Jon" title="Dalton Jon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dalton Jon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜੋਹਨ ਡਾਲਟਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੋਹਨ ਡਾਲਟਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%B9%D9%86" title="جان ڈالٹن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جان ڈالٹن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Дальтон, Джон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дальтон, Джон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi-han.tawl-tun" title="Yi-han.tawl-tun – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Yi-han.tawl-tun" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%B9%D9%86" title="جان ڈالٹن – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="جان ڈالٹن" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ජෝන් ඩෝල්ටන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජෝන් ඩෝල්ටන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%B5%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86" title="جۆن داڵتۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆن داڵتۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Џон Далтон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џон Далтон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜான் டால்ட்டன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜான் டால்ட்டன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="జాన్ డాల్టన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జాన్ డాల్టన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="จอห์น ดอลตัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอห์น ดอลตัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джон Дальтон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Дальтон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%B9%D9%86" title="جان ڈالٹن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جان ڈالٹن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF" title="约翰·道尔顿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="约翰·道尔顿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="John Dalton" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E8%80%B3%E9%A0%93" title="道耳頓 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="道耳頓" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British chemist and physicist (1766–1844)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named John Dalton, see <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="John Dalton (disambiguation)">John Dalton (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">John Dalton</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Dalton_by_Thomas_Phillips,_1835.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/John_Dalton_by_Thomas_Phillips%2C_1835.jpg/220px-John_Dalton_by_Thomas_Phillips%2C_1835.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/John_Dalton_by_Thomas_Phillips%2C_1835.jpg/330px-John_Dalton_by_Thomas_Phillips%2C_1835.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/John_Dalton_by_Thomas_Phillips%2C_1835.jpg/440px-John_Dalton_by_Thomas_Phillips%2C_1835.jpg 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Dalton by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Phillips" title="Thomas Phillips">Thomas Phillips</a>, 1835</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1766-09-06</span>)</span>6 September 1766<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Eaglesfield,_Cumbria" title="Eaglesfield, Cumbria">Eaglesfield</a>, Cumberland, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 July 1844<span style="display:none">(1844-07-27)</span> (aged 77)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, Lancashire, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic theory">Atomic theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_multiple_proportions" title="Law of multiple proportions">Law of multiple proportions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dalton%27s_law_of_partial_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalton's law of partial pressure">Dalton's law of partial pressure</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour blindness">Daltonism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dalton_Minimum" title="Dalton Minimum">Dalton Minimum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">Dalton (unit)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (1826)<br /><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> (1822)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author abbrev. (botany)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Jn.Dalton</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Dalton_Signature_c1827.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/John_Dalton_Signature_c1827.svg/150px-John_Dalton_Signature_c1827.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/John_Dalton_Signature_c1827.svg/225px-John_Dalton_Signature_c1827.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/John_Dalton_Signature_c1827.svg/300px-John_Dalton_Signature_c1827.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="154" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Dalton</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span>; 5 or 6 September 1766 – 27 July 1844) was an English <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">meteorologist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He introduced the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic theory">atomic theory</a> into chemistry. He also researched <a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">colour blindness</a>; as a result, the umbrella term for red-green congenital colour blindness disorders is <i>Daltonism</i> in several languages.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscription_above_the_door,_birthplace_of_John_Dalton,_Eaglesfield_(geograph_4245532).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Inscription_above_the_door%2C_birthplace_of_John_Dalton%2C_Eaglesfield_%28geograph_4245532%29.jpg/220px-Inscription_above_the_door%2C_birthplace_of_John_Dalton%2C_Eaglesfield_%28geograph_4245532%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Inscription_above_the_door%2C_birthplace_of_John_Dalton%2C_Eaglesfield_%28geograph_4245532%29.jpg/330px-Inscription_above_the_door%2C_birthplace_of_John_Dalton%2C_Eaglesfield_%28geograph_4245532%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Inscription_above_the_door%2C_birthplace_of_John_Dalton%2C_Eaglesfield_%28geograph_4245532%29.jpg/440px-Inscription_above_the_door%2C_birthplace_of_John_Dalton%2C_Eaglesfield_%28geograph_4245532%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Historical plaque marking birthplace of John Dalton</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_marking_the_birthplace_of_John_Dalton,_Eaglesfield_(geograph_4245539).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Plaque_marking_the_birthplace_of_John_Dalton%2C_Eaglesfield_%28geograph_4245539%29.jpg/220px-Plaque_marking_the_birthplace_of_John_Dalton%2C_Eaglesfield_%28geograph_4245539%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Plaque_marking_the_birthplace_of_John_Dalton%2C_Eaglesfield_%28geograph_4245539%29.jpg/330px-Plaque_marking_the_birthplace_of_John_Dalton%2C_Eaglesfield_%28geograph_4245539%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Plaque_marking_the_birthplace_of_John_Dalton%2C_Eaglesfield_%28geograph_4245539%29.jpg/440px-Plaque_marking_the_birthplace_of_John_Dalton%2C_Eaglesfield_%28geograph_4245539%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Modern plaque marking birthplace of John Dalton</figcaption></figure> <p>John Dalton was born on 5 or 6 September 1766 into a <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> family in <a href="/wiki/Eaglesfield,_Cumbria" title="Eaglesfield, Cumbria">Eaglesfield</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Cockermouth" title="Cockermouth">Cockermouth</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Cumberland" title="Cumberland">Cumberland</a>, England.<sup id="cite_ref-CHF_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-odnb_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was a weaver.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received his early education from his father and from Quaker John Fletcher, who ran a private school in the nearby village of <a href="/wiki/Pardshaw_Young_Friends%27_Centre" title="Pardshaw Young Friends' Centre">Pardshaw Hall</a>. Dalton's family was too poor to support him for long and he began to earn his living, from the age of ten, in the service of wealthy local Quaker Elihu Robinson.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/John_Dalton" title="Special:EditPage/John Dalton">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>When he was 15, Dalton joined his older brother Jonathan in running a Quaker school in <a href="/wiki/Kendal" title="Kendal">Kendal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westmorland" title="Westmorland">Westmorland</a>, about 45 miles (72 km) from his home. Around the age of 23, Dalton may have considered studying law or medicine, but his relatives did not encourage him, perhaps because being a <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">Dissenter</a>, he was barred from attending English universities. He acquired much scientific knowledge from informal instruction by <a href="/wiki/John_Gough_(natural_philosopher)" title="John Gough (natural philosopher)">John Gough</a>, a blind philosopher who was gifted in the sciences and arts. At 27, he was appointed teacher of mathematics and <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a> at the "Manchester Academy" in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dissenting_academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissenting academy">dissenting academy</a> (the lineal predecessor, following a number of changes of location, of <a href="/wiki/Harris_Manchester_College,_Oxford" title="Harris Manchester College, Oxford">Harris Manchester College, Oxford</a>). He remained for seven years, until the college's worsening financial situation led to his resignation. Dalton began a new career as a private tutor in the same two subjects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_work">Scientific work</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meteorology">Meteorology</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalton-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1793 copy of Dalton's first publication, "Meteorological Observations and Essays"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Dalton-1.jpg/190px-Dalton-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Dalton-1.jpg/285px-Dalton-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Dalton-1.jpg/380px-Dalton-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="4184" /></a><figcaption>1793 copy of Dalton's first publication, "<i>Meteorological Observations and Essays"</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Dalton's early life was influenced by a prominent Quaker, Elihu Robinson,<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a competent <a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">meteorologist</a> and instrument maker, from Eaglesfield, <a href="/wiki/Cumberland" title="Cumberland">Cumberland</a>, who interested him in problems of mathematics and meteorology. During his years in Kendal, Dalton contributed solutions to problems and answered questions on various subjects in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ladies%27_Diary" title="The Ladies' Diary">The Ladies' Diary</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Gentleman%27s_Diary" title="Gentleman's Diary">Gentleman's Diary</a></i>. In 1787 at age 21 he began his meteorological diary in which, during the succeeding 57 years, he entered more than 200,000 observations.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He rediscovered <a href="/wiki/George_Hadley" title="George Hadley">George Hadley</a>'s theory of atmospheric circulation (now known as the <a href="/wiki/Hadley_cell" title="Hadley cell">Hadley cell</a>) around this time.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1793 Dalton's first publication, <i>Meteorological Observations and Essays</i>, contained the seeds of several of his later discoveries but despite the originality of his treatment, little attention was paid to them by other scholars. A second work by Dalton, <i>Elements of English Grammar</i> (or <i>A new system of grammatical instruction: for the use of schools and academies</i>), was published in 1801.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Measuring_mountains">Measuring mountains</h4></div> <p>After leaving the <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a>, Dalton returned annually to spend his holidays studying meteorology, something which involved a lot of hill-walking. Until the advent of aeroplanes and <a href="/wiki/Weather_balloon" title="Weather balloon">weather balloons</a>, the only way to make measurements of temperature and humidity at altitude was to climb a mountain. Dalton estimated the height using a <a href="/wiki/Barometer" title="Barometer">barometer</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a> did not publish maps for the Lake District until the 1860s. Before then, Dalton was one of the few authorities on the heights of the region's mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was often accompanied by Jonathan Otley, who also made a study of the heights of the local peaks, using Dalton's figures as a comparison to check his work. Otley published his information in his map of 1818. Otley became both an assistant and a friend to Dalton.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colour_blindness">Colour blindness</h3></div> <p>In 1794, shortly after his arrival in Manchester, Dalton was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" title="Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society">Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society</a>, the "Lit & Phil", and a few weeks later he communicated his first paper on "Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours", in which he postulated that shortage in colour perception was caused by discoloration of the liquid medium of the eyeball. As both he and his brother were <a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">colour blind</a>, he recognised that the condition must be hereditary.<sup id="cite_ref-daltoncb_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daltoncb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Dalton's theory was later disproven, his early research into colour vision deficiency was recognized after his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examination of his preserved eyeball in 1995 demonstrated that Dalton had <a href="/wiki/Deuteranopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteranopia">deuteranopia</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Congenital_red-green_color_blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital red-green color blindness">congenital red-green color blindness</a> in which the gene for medium wavelength sensitive (green) <a href="/wiki/Photopsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Photopsin">photopsins</a> is missing.<sup id="cite_ref-daltoncb_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daltoncb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals with this form of colour blindness see every colour as mapped to blue, yellow or gray, or, as Dalton wrote in his seminal paper,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>That part of the image which others call red, appears to me little more than a shade, or defect of light; after that the orange, yellow and green seem one colour, which descends pretty uniformly from an intense to a rare yellow, making what I should call different shades of yellow.</p></blockquote> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:608px;max-width:608px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%96%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%22%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%22_-_%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of a river through the forest at sunset, with orange lichen-covered rocks in the foreground, a purple and yellowish pink sunset sky, a river reflecting the sky colors, and bright green trees and plants." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%96%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%22%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%22_-_%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3.jpg/300px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%96%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%22%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%22_-_%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%96%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%22%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%22_-_%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3.jpg/450px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%96%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%22%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%22_-_%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%96%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%22%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%22_-_%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3.jpg/600px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%96%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%22%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%22_-_%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="2067" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Normal vision</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deuteranopia_sight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The same photograph with its colors modified to simulate red–green color blindness. The orange areas of rocks, yellowish pink areas of the sky, and green plants now appear to have similar yellowish color, while purple parts of the sky and river look blue or gray." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Deuteranopia_sight.jpg/300px-Deuteranopia_sight.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Deuteranopia_sight.jpg/450px-Deuteranopia_sight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Deuteranopia_sight.jpg/600px-Deuteranopia_sight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Simulated red–green color blindness</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gas_laws">Gas laws</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalton_John_profile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Dalton_John_profile.jpg/210px-Dalton_John_profile.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Dalton_John_profile.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="442" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d2WWgTGJsIw"><span class="plainlinks">Profiles in Chemistry:How John Dalton's meteorological studies led to the discovery of atoms</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Heritage_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical Heritage Foundation">Chemical Heritage Foundation</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1800, Dalton became secretary of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, and in the following year he presented an important series of lectures, entitled "Experimental Essays" on the constitution of mixed gases; the <a href="/wiki/Pressure_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure (physics)">pressure</a> of steam and other <a href="/wiki/Vapour" class="mw-redirect" title="Vapour">vapours</a> at different temperatures in a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">air</a>; on <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>; and on the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">thermal expansion</a> of gases. The four essays, presented between 2 and 30 October 1801, were published in the <i>Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester</i> in 1802. </p><p>The second essay opens with the remark,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There can scarcely be a doubt entertained respecting the reducibility of all elastic fluids of whatever kind, into liquids; and we ought not to despair of effecting it in <a href="/wiki/Cryogenics" title="Cryogenics">low temperatures</a> and by strong pressures exerted upon the unmixed gases further.</p></blockquote> <p>After describing experiments to ascertain the pressure of steam at various points between 0 and 100 °C (32 and 212 °F), Dalton concluded from observations of the <a href="/wiki/Vapour_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Vapour pressure">vapour pressure</a> of six different liquids, that the variation of vapour pressure for all liquids is equivalent, for the same variation of temperature, reckoning from vapour of any given pressure. </p><p>In the fourth essay he remarks,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I see no sufficient reason why we may not conclude, that all elastic fluids under the same pressure expand equally by heat—and that for any given expansion of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, the corresponding expansion of air is proportionally something less, the higher the temperature. ... It seems, therefore, that general laws respecting the absolute quantity and the nature of heat, are more likely to be derived from elastic fluids than from other substances.</p></blockquote> <p>He enunciated <a href="/wiki/Gay-Lussac%27s_law" title="Gay-Lussac's law">Gay-Lussac's law</a>, published in 1802 by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac">Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac</a> (Gay-Lussac credited the discovery to unpublished work from the 1780s by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Charles" title="Jacques Charles">Jacques Charles</a>). In the two or three years following the lectures, Dalton published several papers on similar topics. "On the Absorption of Gases by Water and other Liquids" (read as a lecture on 21 October 1803, first published in 1805)<sup id="cite_ref-Dalton1805_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalton1805-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contained his law of partial pressures now known as <a href="/wiki/Dalton%27s_law" title="Dalton's law">Dalton's law</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atomic_theory">Atomic theory</h3></div> <p>Arguably the most important of all Dalton's investigations are concerned with the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic theory">atomic theory</a> in chemistry. While his name is inseparably associated with this theory, the origin of Dalton's atomic theory is not fully understood.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-In_Search_of_El_Dorado:_John_Dalton_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-In_Search_of_El_Dorado:_John_Dalton-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory may have been suggested to him either by researches on <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a> (<i>olefiant gas</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> (<i>carburetted hydrogen</i>) or by analysis of <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> (<i>protoxide of azote</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide</a> (<i>deutoxide of azote</i>), both views resting on the authority of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thomson_(chemist)" title="Thomas Thomson (chemist)">Thomas Thomson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1814 to 1819, Irish chemist <a href="/wiki/William_Higgins_(chemist)" title="William Higgins (chemist)">William Higgins</a> claimed that Dalton had plagiarised his ideas, but Higgins' theory did not address relative atomic mass.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent evidence suggests that Dalton's development of thought may have been influenced by the ideas of another Irish chemist <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Higgins" title="Bryan Higgins">Bryan Higgins</a>, who was William's uncle. Bryan believed that an atom was a heavy central particle surrounded by an atmosphere of <a href="/wiki/Caloric_theory" title="Caloric theory">caloric</a>, the supposed substance of heat at the time. The size of the atom was determined by the diameter of the caloric atmosphere. Based on the evidence, Dalton was aware of Bryan's theory and adopted very similar ideas and language, but he never acknowledged Bryan's anticipation of his caloric model.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the essential novelty of Dalton's atomic theory is that he provided a method of calculating relative atomic weights for the chemical elements, which provides the means for the assignment of molecular formulas for all chemical substances. Neither Bryan nor William Higgins did this, and Dalton's priority for that crucial innovation is uncontested.<sup id="cite_ref-In_Search_of_El_Dorado:_John_Dalton_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-In_Search_of_El_Dorado:_John_Dalton-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study of Dalton's laboratory notebooks, discovered in the rooms of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoscoeHarden1896_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoscoeHarden1896-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concluded that so far from Dalton being led by his search for an explanation of the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_multiple_proportions" title="Law of multiple proportions">law of multiple proportions</a> to the idea that chemical combination consists in the interaction of atoms of definite and characteristic weight, the idea of atoms arose in his mind as a purely physical concept, forced on him by study of the physical properties of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">atmosphere</a> and other gases. The first published indications of this idea are to be found at the end of his paper "On the Absorption of Gases by Water and other Liquids"<sup id="cite_ref-Dalton1805_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalton1805-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> already mentioned. There he says: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Why does not water admit its bulk of every kind of gas alike? This question I have duly considered, and though I am not able to satisfy myself completely I am nearly persuaded that the circumstance depends on the weight and number of the ultimate particles of the several gases.</p></blockquote> <p>He then proposes relative weights for the atoms of a few elements, without going into further detail. However, a recent study of Dalton's laboratory notebook entries concludes he developed the chemical atomic theory in 1803 to reconcile <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a>’s and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a>’s analytical data on the composition of nitric acid, not to explain the solubility of gases in water.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main points of Dalton's atomic theory, as it eventually developed, are: </p> <ol><li>Elements are made of extremely small particles called <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a>.</li> <li>Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass and other properties; atoms of different elements differ in size, mass and other properties.</li> <li>Atoms cannot be subdivided, created or destroyed.</li> <li>Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-number ratios to form <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical compounds">chemical compounds</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical reactions">chemical reactions</a>, atoms are combined, separated or rearranged.</li></ol> <p>In his first extended published discussion of the atomic theory (1808), Dalton proposed an additional (and controversial) "rule of greatest simplicity". This rule could not be independently confirmed, but some such assumption was necessary in order to propose formulas for a few simple molecules, upon which the calculation of atomic weights depended. This rule dictated that if the atoms of two different elements were known to form only a single compound, like hydrogen and oxygen forming water or hydrogen and nitrogen forming ammonia, the molecules of that compound shall be assumed to consist of one atom of each element. For elements that combined in multiple ratios, such as the then-known two oxides of carbon or the three oxides of nitrogen, their combinations were assumed to be the simplest ones possible. For example, if two such combinations are known, one must consist of an atom of each element, and the other must consist of one atom of one element and two atoms of the other.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was merely an assumption, derived from faith in the simplicity of nature. No evidence was then available to scientists to deduce how many atoms of each element combine to form molecules. But this or some other such rule was absolutely necessary to any incipient theory, since one needed an assumed molecular formula in order to calculate relative atomic weights. Dalton's "rule of greatest simplicity" caused him to assume that the formula for water was OH and <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> was NH, quite different from our modern understanding (H<sub>2</sub>O, NH<sub>3</sub>). On the other hand, his simplicity rule led him to propose the correct modern formulas for the two oxides of carbon (CO and CO<sub>2</sub>). Despite the uncertainty at the heart of Dalton's atomic theory, the principles of the theory survived. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relative_atomic_weights">Relative atomic weights</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_New_System_of_Chemical_Philosophy_fp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/A_New_System_of_Chemical_Philosophy_fp.jpg/220px-A_New_System_of_Chemical_Philosophy_fp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/A_New_System_of_Chemical_Philosophy_fp.jpg/330px-A_New_System_of_Chemical_Philosophy_fp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/A_New_System_of_Chemical_Philosophy_fp.jpg/440px-A_New_System_of_Chemical_Philosophy_fp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="2571" /></a><figcaption>Various atoms and <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> as depicted in John Dalton's <i>A New System of Chemical Philosophy</i> (1808)</figcaption></figure> <p>Dalton published his first table of relative <a href="/wiki/Atomic_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weight">atomic weights</a> containing six elements (hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, sulfur and phosphorus), relative to the weight of an atom of hydrogen conventionally taken as 1.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalton1805_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalton1805-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since these were only relative weights, they do not have a unit of weight attached to them. Dalton provided no indication in this paper how he had arrived at these numbers, but in his laboratory notebook, dated 6 September 1803,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoscoeHarden189683_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoscoeHarden189683-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a list in which he set out the relative weights of the atoms of a number of elements, derived from analysis of water, ammonia, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, etc. by chemists of the time. </p><p>The extension of this idea to substances in general necessarily led him to the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_multiple_proportions" title="Law of multiple proportions">law of multiple proportions</a>, and the comparison with experiment brilliantly confirmed his deduction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoscoeHarden189650–51_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoscoeHarden189650–51-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the paper "On the Proportion of the Several Gases in the Atmosphere", read by him in November 1802, the law of multiple proportions appears to be anticipated in the words: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The elements of oxygen may combine with a certain portion of nitrous gas or with twice that portion, but with no intermediate quantity.</p></blockquote> <p>But there is reason to suspect that this sentence may have been added some time after the reading of the paper, which was not published until 1805.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compounds were listed as binary, ternary, quaternary, etc. (molecules composed of two, three, four, etc. atoms) in the <i>New System of Chemical Philosophy</i> depending on the number of atoms a compound had in its simplest, empirical form. </p><p>Dalton hypothesised the structure of compounds can be represented in whole number ratios. So, one atom of element X combining with one atom of element Y is a binary compound. Furthermore, one atom of element X combining with two atoms of element Y or vice versa, is a ternary compound. Many of the first compounds listed in the <i>New System of Chemical Philosophy</i> correspond to modern views, although many others do not. </p><p>Dalton used his own symbols to visually represent the atomic structure of compounds. They were depicted in the <i>New System of Chemical Philosophy</i>, where he listed 21 elements and 17 simple molecules. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_investigations">Other investigations</h3></div> <p>Dalton published papers on such diverse topics as rain and dew and the origin of springs (hydrosphere); on heat, the colour of the sky, steam and the <a href="/wiki/Specular_reflection" title="Specular reflection">reflection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refraction</a> of light; and on the grammatical subjects of the <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participles</a> of the English language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Experimental_approach">Experimental approach</h3></div> <p>As an investigator, Dalton was often content with rough and <a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">inaccurate</a> instruments, even though better ones were obtainable. Sir <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> described him as "a very coarse experimenter", who "almost always found the results he required, trusting to his head rather than his hands."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, historians who have replicated some of his crucial experiments have confirmed Dalton's skill and precision. </p><p>In the preface to the second part of Volume I of his <i>New System</i>, he says he had so often been misled by taking for granted the results of others that he determined to write "as little as possible but what I can attest by my own experience", but this independence he carried so far that it sometimes resembled lack of receptivity. Thus he distrusted, and probably never fully accepted, <a href="/wiki/Gay-Lussac" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay-Lussac">Gay-Lussac</a>'s conclusions as to the combining volumes of gases. </p><p>He held unconventional views on <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>. Even after its elementary character had been settled by Davy, he persisted in using the atomic weights he himself had adopted, even when they had been superseded by the more accurate determinations of other chemists. </p><p>He always objected to the chemical notation devised by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius">Jöns Jacob Berzelius</a>, although most thought that it was much simpler and more convenient than his own cumbersome system of circular symbols. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_publications">Other publications</h2></div> <p>For <i><a href="/wiki/Rees%27s_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" title="Rees's Cyclopædia">Rees's Cyclopædia</a></i> Dalton contributed articles on Chemistry and Meteorology, but the topics are not known. </p><p>He contributed 117 <i>Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester</i> from 1817 until his death in 1844 while president of that organisation. Of these the earlier are the most important. In one of them, read in 1814, he explains the principles of <a href="/wiki/Volumetric_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Volumetric analysis">volumetric analysis</a>, in which he was one of the earliest researchers. In 1840 a paper on <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenates</a>, often regarded as a weaker work, was refused by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, and he was so incensed that he published it himself. He took the same course soon afterwards with four other papers, two of which ("On the quantity of <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">bases</a> and salts in different varieties of salts" and "On a new and easy method of analysing sugar") contain his discovery, regarded by him as second in importance only to atomic theory, that certain <a href="/wiki/Anhydrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhydrate">anhydrates</a>, when dissolved in water, cause no increase in its volume, his inference being that the salt enters into the pores of the water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_life">Public life</h2></div> <p>Even before he had propounded the atomic theory, Dalton had attained a considerable scientific reputation. In 1803, he was chosen to give a series of lectures on natural philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">Royal Institution</a> in London, and he delivered another series of lectures there in 1809–1810. Some witnesses reported that he was deficient in the qualities that make an attractive lecturer, being harsh and indistinct in voice, ineffective in the treatment of his subject, and singularly wanting in the language and power of illustration<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>In 1810, Sir Humphry Davy asked him to offer himself as a candidate for the <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellowship of the Royal Society">fellowship of the Royal Society</a>, but Dalton declined, possibly for financial reasons. In 1822 he was proposed without his knowledge, and on election paid the usual fee<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Six years previously he had been made a corresponding member of the French <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie des Sciences">Académie des Sciences</a>, and in 1830 he was elected as one of its eight foreign associates in place of Davy<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In 1833, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Earl Grey</a>'s government conferred on him a pension of <a href="/wiki/GBP" class="mw-redirect" title="GBP">£</a>150, raised in 1836 to £300 (equivalent to £17,981 and £35,672 in 2023, respectively)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Dalton was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1834.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A young <a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a>, who later studied and published (1843) on the nature of heat and its relationship to mechanical work, was a pupil of Dalton in his last years<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Dalton_by_Thomas_Phillips,_1835.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/John_Dalton_by_Thomas_Phillips%2C_1835.jpg/170px-John_Dalton_by_Thomas_Phillips%2C_1835.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/John_Dalton_by_Thomas_Phillips%2C_1835.jpg/255px-John_Dalton_by_Thomas_Phillips%2C_1835.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/John_Dalton_by_Thomas_Phillips%2C_1835.jpg/340px-John_Dalton_by_Thomas_Phillips%2C_1835.jpg 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Dalton in later life by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Phillips" title="Thomas Phillips">Thomas Phillips</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a>, London (1835)</figcaption></figure> <p>Dalton never married and had only a few close friends. As a Quaker, he lived a modest and unassuming personal life.<sup id="cite_ref-CHF_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the 26 years prior to his death, Dalton lived in a room in the home of the Rev W. Johns, a published botanist, and his wife, in George Street, Manchester. Dalton and Johns died in the same year (1844).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalton's daily round of laboratory work and <a href="/wiki/Tutoring" title="Tutoring">tutoring</a> in Manchester was broken only by annual excursions to the <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a> and occasional visits to London. In 1822 he paid a short visit to Paris, where he met many distinguished resident men of science. He attended several of the earlier meetings of the <a href="/wiki/British_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="British Association for the Advancement of Science">British Association</a> at <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, Dublin and <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disability_and_death">Disability and death</h2></div> <p>Dalton suffered a minor stroke in 1837, and a second in 1838 left him with a speech impairment, although he remained able to perform experiments. In May 1844 he had another stroke; on 26 July, while his hand was trembling, he recorded his last meteorological observation. On 27 July, in Manchester, Dalton fell from his bed and was found dead by his attendant. </p><p>Dalton was accorded a civic funeral with full honours. His body lay in state in <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Town_Hall" title="Manchester Town Hall">Manchester Town Hall</a> for four days and more than 40,000 people filed past his coffin. The funeral procession included representatives of the city's major civic, commercial, and scientific bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbcbio_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcbio-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried in Manchester in <a href="/wiki/Ardwick#History" title="Ardwick">Ardwick Cemetery</a>; the cemetery is now a playing field, but pictures of the original grave may be found in published materials.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalton_John_Chantrey_bust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dalton_John_Chantrey_bust.jpg/170px-Dalton_John_Chantrey_bust.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dalton_John_Chantrey_bust.jpg/255px-Dalton_John_Chantrey_bust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dalton_John_Chantrey_bust.jpg/340px-Dalton_John_Chantrey_bust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="1076" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Dalton by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Legatt_Chantrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Legatt Chantrey">Chantrey</a>, 1854</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Dalton_statue_Manchester_City_Hall_20051020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/John_Dalton_statue_Manchester_City_Hall_20051020.jpg/170px-John_Dalton_statue_Manchester_City_Hall_20051020.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/John_Dalton_statue_Manchester_City_Hall_20051020.jpg/255px-John_Dalton_statue_Manchester_City_Hall_20051020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/John_Dalton_statue_Manchester_City_Hall_20051020.jpg/340px-John_Dalton_statue_Manchester_City_Hall_20051020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Dalton by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Leggatt_Chantrey" title="Francis Leggatt Chantrey">Chantrey</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Dalton_Street_Blue_Plaque_Manchester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/John_Dalton_Street_Blue_Plaque_Manchester.jpg/220px-John_Dalton_Street_Blue_Plaque_Manchester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/John_Dalton_Street_Blue_Plaque_Manchester.jpg/330px-John_Dalton_Street_Blue_Plaque_Manchester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/John_Dalton_Street_Blue_Plaque_Manchester.jpg/440px-John_Dalton_Street_Blue_Plaque_Manchester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1913" data-file-height="1913" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> on John Dalton Street in Manchester from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Much of Dalton's written work, collected by the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, was damaged during <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Blitz" title="Manchester Blitz">bombing on 24 December 1940</a>. It prompted <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> to say, "John Dalton's records, carefully preserved for a century, were destroyed during the World War II bombing of Manchester. It is not only the living who are killed in war". The damaged papers are in the <a href="/wiki/John_Rylands_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rylands Library">John Rylands Library</a>.</li> <li>A bust of Dalton, by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Legatt_Chantrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Legatt Chantrey">Chantrey</a>, paid for by public subscription<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was placed in the entrance hall of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Manchester_Institution" title="Royal Manchester Institution">Royal Manchester Institution</a>. Chantrey's large statue of Dalton, erected while Dalton was alive was placed in <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Town_Hall" title="Manchester Town Hall">Manchester Town Hall</a> in 1877. He "is probably the only scientist who got a statue in his lifetime".<sup id="cite_ref-bbcbio_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcbio-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Manchester-based Swiss <a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">phrenologist</a> and sculptor <a href="/wiki/William_Bally" title="William Bally">William Bally</a> made a cast of the interior of Dalton's cranium and of a <a href="/wiki/Cyst" title="Cyst">cyst</a> therein, having arrived at the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Royal_Infirmary" title="Manchester Royal Infirmary">Manchester Royal Infirmary</a> too late to make a cast of the head and face. A cast of the head was made, by a Mr Politi, whose arrival at the scene preceded that of Bally.<sup id="cite_ref-dalton_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalton-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>John Dalton Street connects <a href="/wiki/Deansgate" title="Deansgate">Deansgate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Square,_Manchester" title="Albert Square, Manchester">Albert Square</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_city_centre" title="Manchester city centre">centre of Manchester</a>.</li> <li>The John Dalton building at <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University" title="Manchester Metropolitan University">Manchester Metropolitan University</a> is occupied by the Faculty of Science and Engineering. Outside it stands <a href="/wiki/William_Theed" title="William Theed">William Theed</a>'s statue of Dalton, erected in <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_Gardens" title="Piccadilly Gardens">Piccadilly</a> in 1855, and moved there in 1966.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> commemorates the site of his laboratory at 36 George Street in Manchester.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a> established two Dalton Chemical Scholarships, two Dalton Mathematical Scholarships, and a Dalton Prize for Natural History. A hall of residence is named <a href="/wiki/Dalton-Ellis_Hall#Dalton_Hall" title="Dalton-Ellis Hall">Dalton Hall</a>.</li> <li>The Dalton Medal has been awarded only twelve times by the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dalton_(crater)" title="Dalton (crater)">Dalton crater</a> on the Moon was named after Dalton.</li> <li>"Daltonism" is a lesser-known synonym of colour-blindness and, in some languages, variations on this have persisted in common usage: for example, 'daltonien' is the French adjectival equivalent of 'colour-blind', and 'daltónico'/'daltonica' is the Spanish and the Italian.</li> <li>The inorganic section of the UK's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a> is named the Dalton Division, and the society's academic journal for inorganic chemistry is called <a href="/wiki/Dalton_Transactions" title="Dalton Transactions">Dalton Transactions</a>.</li> <li>In honour of Dalton's work, many chemists and biochemists use the unit of mass <a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">dalton</a> (symbol Da), also known as the unified atomic mass unit, equal to 1/12 the mass of a neutral atom of <a href="/wiki/Carbon-12" title="Carbon-12">carbon-12</a>). The dalton is <a href="/wiki/Non-SI_units_mentioned_in_the_SI" title="Non-SI units mentioned in the SI">officially accepted for use with the SI</a>.</li> <li>Quaker schools have named buildings after Dalton: for example, a schoolhouse in the primary sector of <a href="/wiki/Ackworth_School" title="Ackworth School">Ackworth School</a>, is called Dalton.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_Township,_Ontario" title="Dalton Township, Ontario">Dalton Township</a> in southern Ontario was named after him. In 2001 the name was lost when the township was absorbed into the City of <a href="/wiki/Kawartha_Lakes" title="Kawartha Lakes">Kawartha Lakes</a> but in 2002 the Dalton name was affixed to a new park, <a href="/wiki/Dalton_Digby_Wildlands_Provincial_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalton Digby Wildlands Provincial Park">Dalton Digby Wildlands Provincial Park</a>.</li> <li>Asteroid <a href="/wiki/12292_Dalton" class="mw-redirect" title="12292 Dalton">(12292) Dalton</a> was named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1213917922">.mw-parser-output .botanist-bordered{border:0 solid #ddd;border-width:2px 0;padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .botanist .nickname{font-weight:bold}</style><div class="metadata botanist-bordered"><span class="botanist">The standard <a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (A)">author abbreviation</a> <span class="vcard"><span class="fn n"><span class="nickname">Jn.Dalton</span></span></span> is used to indicate this person as the author when <a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">citing</a> a <a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">botanical name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDalton1834" class="citation book cs1">Dalton, John (1834). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ot8KAAAAIAAJ"><i>Meteorological Observations and Essays</i></a> (2 ed.). Manchester: Harrison and Crosfield<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meteorological+Observations+and+Essays&rft.place=Manchester&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Harrison+and+Crosfield&rft.date=1834&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOt8KAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalton1893" class="citation book cs1">Dalton, John (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V5sEAAAAYAAJ"><i>Foundations of the Atomic Theory</i></a>. Edinburgh: William F. Clay<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+the+Atomic+Theory&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=William+F.+Clay&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV5sEAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span>– Alembic Club reprint with some of Dalton's papers, along with some by <a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thomson_(chemist)" title="Thomas Thomson (chemist)">Thomas Thomson</a></li> <li>Dalton, John (1893.) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001424602?type%5B%5D=title&lookfor%5B%5D=Foundations%20of%20the%20Molecular%20Theory&ft=ft">Foundations of the Molecular Theory</a></i>. Edinburgh: William F. Clay, 1893. Retrieved 15 August 2022 – with essays by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac">Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Avogadro" title="Amedeo Avogadro">Amedeo Avogadro</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalton1808" class="citation book cs1">Dalton, John (1808). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newsystemofchemi01daltuoft"><i>A new system of chemical philosophy</i></a>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-153-05671-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-153-05671-7"><bdi>978-1-153-05671-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+new+system+of+chemical+philosophy&rft.pub=London&rft.date=1808&rft.isbn=978-1-153-05671-7&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewsystemofchemi01daltuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170530095643/http://www.library.manchester.ac.uk/search-resources/guide-to-special-collections/atoz/john-dalton-papers/">John Dalton Papers</a> at <a href="/wiki/John_Rylands_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rylands Library">John Rylands Library</a>, Manchester.</li> <li>Dalton, John (1808–1827). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/ff365590j">A New System of Chemical Philosophy</a></i> (all images freely available for download in a variety of formats from <a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Science History Institute</a> Digital Collections at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.sciencehistory.org/">digital.sciencehistory.org</a>).</li> <li>Dalton, John (1794). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/fb4949523">Extraordinary Facts Relating to the Vision of Colours: With Observations</a>.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.sciencehistory.org/">Science History Institute Digital Collections</a>.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalton-5.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1793 copy of Dalton's "Meteorological Observations and Essays""><img alt="1793 copy of Dalton's "Meteorological Observations and Essays"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dalton-5.png/80px-Dalton-5.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dalton-5.png/120px-Dalton-5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dalton-5.png/160px-Dalton-5.png 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="1162" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1793 copy of Dalton's <i>"Meteorological Observations and Essays"</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalton-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First page of "Meteorological Observations and Essays""><img alt="First page of "Meteorological Observations and Essays"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Dalton-4.jpg/75px-Dalton-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Dalton-4.jpg/113px-Dalton-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Dalton-4.jpg/150px-Dalton-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2581" data-file-height="4112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">First page of <i>"Meteorological Observations and Essays"</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Molecular_theory-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First page of a 1893 copy of "Foundations of the Molecular Theory" including Dalton's "Extracts from a New System of Chemical Philosophy""><img alt="First page of a 1893 copy of "Foundations of the Molecular Theory" including Dalton's "Extracts from a New System of Chemical Philosophy"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Molecular_theory-3.jpg/78px-Molecular_theory-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Molecular_theory-3.jpg/118px-Molecular_theory-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Molecular_theory-3.jpg/157px-Molecular_theory-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2515" data-file-height="3842" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">First page of a 1893 copy of "Foundations of the Molecular Theory" including Dalton's "<i>Extracts from a New System of Chemical Philosophy</i>"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Molecular_theory-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Second page of "Extracts from a New System of Chemical Philosophy""><img alt="Second page of "Extracts from a New System of Chemical Philosophy"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Molecular_theory-4.jpg/74px-Molecular_theory-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Molecular_theory-4.jpg/110px-Molecular_theory-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Molecular_theory-4.jpg/147px-Molecular_theory-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2551" data-file-height="4150" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Second page of "<i>Extracts from a New System of Chemical Philosophy</i>"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Molecular_theory-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Third page of "Extracts from a New System of Chemical Philosophy""><img alt="Third page of "Extracts from a New System of Chemical Philosophy"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Molecular_theory-5.jpg/79px-Molecular_theory-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Molecular_theory-5.jpg/118px-Molecular_theory-5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Molecular_theory-5.jpg/158px-Molecular_theory-5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2543" data-file-height="3870" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Third page of "<i>Extracts from a New System of Chemical Philosophy</i>"</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_chemistry" title="Pneumatic chemistry">Pneumatic chemistry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Including French, Russian, and Spanish, but very rarely in English.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalton believed that his vitreous humour possessed an abnormal blue tint, causing his anomalous colour perception, and he gave instructions for his eyes to be examined on his death, to test this hypothesis. His wishes were duly carried out, but no blue colouration was found, and Dalton's hypothesis was refuted. The shrivelled remains of one eye have survived to this day, and now belong to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ross, Sydney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Dalton">"John Dalton"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220903215223/https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Dalton">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Dalton&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Sydney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJohn-Dalton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=color-blindness">"color-blindness"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=color-blindness&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dcolor-blindness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHF-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CHF_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CHF_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/john-dalton">"John Dalton"</a>. <i>Science History Institute</i>. June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190811221915/https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/john-dalton">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+History+Institute&rft.atitle=John+Dalton&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fhistorical-profile%2Fjohn-dalton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-odnb-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Davis, Peter. "Robinson, Elihu". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F53552">10.1093/ref:odnb/53552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Robinson%2C+Elihu&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F53552&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biography.com/people/john-dalton-9265201">"John Dalton"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085827/https://www.biography.com/people/john-dalton-9265201">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Dalton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fpeople%2Fjohn-dalton-9265201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cockermouth.org.uk/dms-showpage.php?tid=606">"Pardshaw – Quaker Meeting House"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205251/http://www.cockermouth.org.uk/dms-showpage.php?tid=606">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pardshaw+%E2%80%93+Quaker+Meeting+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cockermouth.org.uk%2Fdms-showpage.php%3Ftid%3D606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1856" class="citation book cs1">Smith, R. Angus (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOsAAAAAYAAJ&q=angus+smith+john+dalton&pg=PP17"><i>Memoir of John Dalton and History of the Atomic Theory</i></a>. London: H. Bailliere. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-6437-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-6437-8"><bdi>978-1-4021-6437-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOsAAAAAYAAJ&q=angus+smith+john+dalton&pg=PP17">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoir+of+John+Dalton+and+History+of+the+Atomic+Theory&rft.place=London&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=H.+Bailliere&rft.date=1856&rft.isbn=978-1-4021-6437-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=R.+Angus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOsAAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dangus%2Bsmith%2Bjohn%2Bdalton%26pg%3DPP17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/john-dalton-atoms-eyesight-and-auroras">"John Dalton: atoms, eyesight and auroras"</a>. <i>Science and Industry Museum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202420/https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/john-dalton-atoms-eyesight-and-auroras">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+and+Industry+Museum&rft.atitle=John+Dalton%3A+atoms%2C+eyesight+and+auroras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk%2Fobjects-and-stories%2Fjohn-dalton-atoms-eyesight-and-auroras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/251166/George-Hadley">George Hadley</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503131015/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/251166/George-Hadley">Archived</a> 3 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Britannica.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica.com">Britannica.com</a></i>. Accessed 30 April 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/print/pageturn.html?id=PRINT_992146153503681">"Other: Dalton, John, 1766–1844 – Elements of English grammar, or A new system of grammatical instruction : for the use of schools and academies / by John Dalton ..."</a> <i>dla.library.upenn.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223025231/http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/print/pageturn.html?id=PRINT_992146153503681">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dla.library.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=Other%3A+Dalton%2C+John%2C+1766%E2%80%931844+%E2%80%93+Elements+of+English+grammar%2C+or+A+new+system+of+grammatical+instruction+%3A+for+the+use+of+schools+and+academies+%2F+by+John+Dalton+...&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdla.library.upenn.edu%2Fdla%2Fprint%2Fpageturn.html%3Fid%3DPRINT_992146153503681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141125161603/http://www.geog.port.ac.uk/webmap/thelakes/html/West/WS21P190.htm">"Thomas West's Guide to the Lakes, 1778/1821"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geog.port.ac.uk/webmap/thelakes/html/West/WS21P190.htm">the original</a> on 25 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+West%27s+Guide+to+the+Lakes%2C+1778%2F1821&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geog.port.ac.uk%2Fwebmap%2Fthelakes%2Fhtml%2FWest%2FWS21P190.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Fletcher Smith <i>Jonathan Otley, Man of Lakeland</i>, publ. Bookcase, 2007 ISBN 978-1-904147-23-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-daltoncb-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-daltoncb_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-daltoncb_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/03/sci_nat_the_life_and_work_of_john_dalton_(1766_1844)/html/4.stm">"Life and work of John Dalton – Colour Blindness"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809043457/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/03/sci_nat_the_life_and_work_of_john_dalton_(1766_1844)/html/4.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Life+and+work+of+John+Dalton+%E2%80%93+Colour+Blindness&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fshared%2Fspl%2Fhi%2Fpop_ups%2F03%2Fsci_nat_the_life_and_work_of_john_dalton_%281766_1844%29%2Fhtml%2F4.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegan1998" class="citation journal cs1">Regan, B. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1722488">"John Dalton's Colour Vision Legacy"</a>. <i>British Journal of Ophthalmology</i>. <b>82</b> (2): 203d. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjo.82.2.203d">10.1136/bjo.82.2.203d</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1722488">1722488</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Ophthalmology&rft.atitle=John+Dalton%27s+Colour+Vision+Legacy&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=203d&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1722488%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbjo.82.2.203d&rft.aulast=Regan&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1722488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalton1798" class="citation journal cs1">Dalton, John (1798). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011812155">"Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours: with observations"</a>. <i>Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester</i>. <b>5</b>: 28–45. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809042409/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011812155">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+the+Literary+and+Philosophical+Society+of+Manchester&rft.atitle=Extraordinary+facts+relating+to+the+vision+of+colours%3A+with+observations&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=28-45&rft.date=1798&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F011812155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalton1802" class="citation journal cs1">Dalton, John (1802). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3qdJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA550">"Essay II. On the Force of Steam or Vapour from Water and Various other Liquids, both is a Vacuum and in Air"</a>. <i>Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester</i>. 2nd. <b>5</b>: 550–551.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+the+Literary+and+Philosophical+Society+of+Manchester&rft.atitle=Essay+II.+On+the+Force+of+Steam+or+Vapour+from+Water+and+Various+other+Liquids%2C+both+is+a+Vacuum+and+in+Air&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=550-551&rft.date=1802&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3qdJAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalton1802" class="citation journal cs1">Dalton, John (1802). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3qdJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA600">"Essay IV. On the Expansion of Elastic Fluids by Heat"</a>. <i>Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester</i>. 2nd. <b>5</b>: 600.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+the+Literary+and+Philosophical+Society+of+Manchester&rft.atitle=Essay+IV.+On+the+Expansion+of+Elastic+Fluids+by+Heat&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=600&rft.date=1802&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3qdJAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalton1805-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dalton1805_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalton1805_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalton1805_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalton1805" class="citation journal cs1">Dalton, John (1805). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Pg5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA271">"On the Absorption of Gases by Water and other Liquids"</a>. <i>Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester</i>. 2nd. <b>6</b>: 271–287.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+the+Literary+and+Philosophical+Society+of+Manchester&rft.atitle=On+the+Absorption+of+Gases+by+Water+and+other+Liquids&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=271-287&rft.date=1805&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Pg5AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThackray1966" class="citation journal cs1">Thackray, Arnold W. 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Charles Scribner's Sons. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809040824/http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/chemistry-biographies/john-dalton">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dalton%2C+John&rft.btitle=Complete+Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fpeople%2Fscience-and-technology%2Fchemistry-biographies%2Fjohn-dalton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcbio-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbcbio_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcbio_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2003" class="citation news cs1">King, Kristine (10 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3178890.stm">"Science celebrates 'father of nanotech'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170816170900/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3178890.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Science+celebrates+%27father+of+nanotech%27&rft.date=2003-10-10&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Kristine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F3178890.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1970" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, Elizabeth C. (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johndaltonatomi00patt"><i>John Dalton and the Atomic Theory</i></a></span>. Garden City, New York: Doubleday.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Dalton+and+the+Atomic+Theory&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohndaltonatomi00patt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott,_T._Lenton1953" class="citation journal cs1">Elliott, T. Lenton (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208024526/http://search.jce.divched.org/JCEIndex/FMPro?-db=jceindex.fp5&-lay=wwwform&combo=dalton&-find=&-format=detail.html&-skip=12&-max=1&-token.2=12&-token.3=10">"John Dalton's Grave"</a>. <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>30</b> (11): 569. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953JChEd..30..569E">1953JChEd..30..569E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed030p569">10.1021/ed030p569</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.jce.divched.org/JCEIndex/FMPro?-db=jceindex.fp5&-lay=wwwform&combo=dalton&-find=&-format=detail.html&-skip=12&-max=1&-token.2=12&-token.3=10">the original</a> on 8 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=John+Dalton%27s+Grave&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=569&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed030p569&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953JChEd..30..569E&rft.au=Elliott%2C+T.+Lenton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.jce.divched.org%2FJCEIndex%2FFMPro%3F-db%3Djceindex.fp5%26-lay%3Dwwwform%26combo%3Ddalton%26-find%3D%26-format%3Ddetail.html%26-skip%3D12%26-max%3D1%26-token.2%3D12%26-token.3%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillington1906" class="citation book cs1">Millington, John Price (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S0cDAAAAYAAJ&q=Henry+Roscoe+John+Dalton&pg=PA167"><i>John Dalton</i></a>. London: J. M. Dent & Company. pp. 201–208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7222-3057-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7222-3057-2"><bdi>978-0-7222-3057-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223025219/https://books.google.com/books?id=S0cDAAAAYAAJ&q=Henry+Roscoe+John+Dalton&pg=PA167">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Dalton&rft.place=London&rft.pages=201-208&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent+%26+Company&rft.date=1906&rft.isbn=978-0-7222-3057-2&rft.aulast=Millington&rft.aufirst=John+Price&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS0cDAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DHenry%2BRoscoe%2BJohn%2BDalton%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dalton-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dalton_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Late Dr Dalton". <i>The Manchester Guardian</i>. 3 August 1844. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Manchester+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Late+Dr+Dalton&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1844-08-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openplaques.org/plaques/732">"John Dalton blue plaque"</a>. <i>openplaques.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170826154435/http://openplaques.org/plaques/732">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=openplaques.org&rft.atitle=John+Dalton+blue+plaque&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenplaques.org%2Fplaques%2F732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLimited" class="citation web cs1">Limited, Alamy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-blue-plaque-for-john-dalton-36-george-st-manchester-74275923.html">"Stock Photo – Blue plaque for John Dalton, 36 George St. Manchester"</a>. <i>Alamy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170826160804/http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-blue-plaque-for-john-dalton-36-george-st-manchester-74275923.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alamy&rft.atitle=Stock+Photo+%E2%80%93+Blue+plaque+for+John+Dalton%2C+36+George+St.+Manchester&rft.aulast=Limited&rft.aufirst=Alamy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alamy.com%2Fstock-photo-blue-plaque-for-john-dalton-36-george-st-manchester-74275923.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=12292">"IAU Minor Planet Center"</a>. <i>minorplanetcenter.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=minorplanetcenter.net&rft.atitle=IAU+Minor+Planet+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminorplanetcenter.net%2Fdb_search%2Fshow_object%3Fobject_id%3D12292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Plant_Names_Index" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">International Plant Names Index</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Jn.Dalton"><i> Jn.Dalton</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=+Jn.Dalton&rft.au=International+Plant+Names+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipni.org%2Fipni%2FadvAuthorSearch.do%3Ffind_abbreviation%3DJn.Dalton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenaway1966" class="citation book cs1">Greenaway, Frank (1966). <i>John Dalton and the Atom</i>. 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George Routledge and Sons: George<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Worthies+of+Cumberland%3A+John+Dalton&rft.place=George+Routledge+and+Sons&rft.pub=George&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Lonsdale&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpog6AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillington1906" class="citation book cs1">Millington, John Price (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johndalton00milliala"><i>John Dalton</i></a>. London: J. M. Dent & Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Dalton&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent+%26+Company&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Millington&rft.aufirst=John+Price&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohndalton00milliala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1970" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, Elizabeth C. (1970). <i>John Dalton and the Atomic Theory</i>. Garden City, New York: Anchor.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Dalton+and+the+Atomic+Theory&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Anchor&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocke2005" class="citation journal cs1">Rocke, Alan J. (2005). "In Search of El Dorado: John Dalton and the Origins of the Atomic Theory". <i>Social Research</i>. <b>72</b> (1): 125–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsor.2005.0003">10.1353/sor.2005.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40972005">40972005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141350239">141350239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Research&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+El+Dorado%3A+John+Dalton+and+the+Origins+of+the+Atomic+Theory&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=125-158&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141350239%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40972005%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsor.2005.0003&rft.aulast=Rocke&rft.aufirst=Alan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoscoe1895" class="citation book cs1">Roscoe, Henry E. (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kmcSAAAAIAAJ"><i>John Dalton and the Rise of Modern Chemistry</i></a>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780608325361" title="Special:BookSources/9780608325361"><bdi>9780608325361</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Dalton+and+the+Rise+of+Modern+Chemistry&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1895&rft.isbn=9780608325361&rft.aulast=Roscoe&rft.aufirst=Henry+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkmcSAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoscoeHarden1896" class="citation book cs1">Roscoe, Henry E. & Harden, Arthur (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0YwEAAAAYAAJ"><i>A New View of the Origin of Dalton's Atomic Theory</i></a>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4369-2630-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4369-2630-0"><bdi>978-1-4369-2630-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+View+of+the+Origin+of+Dalton%27s+Atomic+Theory&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1896&rft.isbn=978-1-4369-2630-0&rft.aulast=Roscoe&rft.aufirst=Henry+E.&rft.au=Harden%2C+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0YwEAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1856" class="citation book cs1">Smith, R. Angus (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOsAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP17"><i>Memoir of John Dalton and History of the Atomic Theory</i></a>. London: H. Bailliere. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-6437-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-6437-8"><bdi>978-1-4021-6437-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoir+of+John+Dalton+and+History+of+the+Atomic+Theory&rft.place=London&rft.pub=H.+Bailliere&rft.date=1856&rft.isbn=978-1-4021-6437-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=R.+Angus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOsAAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPP17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth1998" class="citation book cs1">Smyth, A. L. (1998). <i>John Dalton, 1766–1844: A Bibliography of Works by and About Him, With an Annotated List of His Surviving Apparatus and Personal Effects</i>. Manchester Literary and Philosophical Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85928-438-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85928-438-4"><bdi>978-1-85928-438-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Dalton%2C+1766%E2%80%931844%3A+A+Bibliography+of+Works+by+and+About+Him%2C+With+an+Annotated+List+of+His+Surviving+Apparatus+and+Personal+Effects&rft.pub=Manchester+Literary+and+Philosophical+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85928-438-4&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span>- Original edition published by Manchester University Press in 1966</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThackray1972" class="citation book cs1">Thackray, Arnold (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johndaltoncritic00arno"><i>John Dalton: Critical Assessments of His Life and Science</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-47525-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-47525-0"><bdi>978-0-674-47525-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Dalton%3A+Critical+Assessments+of+His+Life+and+Science&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-674-47525-0&rft.aulast=Thackray&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohndaltoncritic00arno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/John_Dalton" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/John Dalton">John Dalton</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Dalton" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John Dalton">John Dalton</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource logo"><img alt="Wikisource logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works by or about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Dalton_(1766-1844)" class="extiw" title="s:Author:John Dalton (1766-1844)">John Dalton</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/14153">Works by John Dalton</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dalton, John (1766-1844)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Dalton,_John_(1766-1844)">"Dalton, John (1766–1844)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 13. 1888.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dalton%2C+John+%281766%E2%80%931844%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.date=1888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dalton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/manchesteruniversity/data/gb133-daltonmss">John Dalton Manuscripts</a> at <a href="/wiki/John_Rylands_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rylands Library">John Rylands Library</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Professional and academic associations </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_(apothecary)" title="Thomas Henry (apothecary)">Thomas Henry</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> President of the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" title="Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society">Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society</a> </b><br />1816–44 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Holme" title="Edward Holme">Edward Holme</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">John Hull</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" title="Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society">Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society</a> </b><br />1800–09 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">William Johns</div> </td></tr> 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Atomic_models" title="Template:Atomic models"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Atomic_models" title="Template talk:Atomic models"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atomic_models" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Atomic models"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Atomic_models" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_atomic_theory" title="History of atomic theory">Atomic models</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1804 <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Atomic_theory">Dalton model</a> (billiard ball model)</li> <li>1867 <a href="/wiki/Vortex_theory_of_the_atom" title="Vortex theory of the atom">vortex theory of the atom</a> (knot model)</li> <li>1902 <a href="/wiki/Cubical_atom" title="Cubical atom">Lewis model</a> (cubical atom model)</li> <li>1904 <a href="/wiki/Hantaro_Nagaoka#Saturnian_model_of_the_atom" title="Hantaro Nagaoka">Nagaoka model</a> (Saturnian model)</li> <li>1904 <a href="/wiki/Plum_pudding_model" title="Plum pudding model">plum pudding model</a></li> <li>1911 <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_model" title="Rutherford model">Rutherford model</a> (planetary model)</li> <li>1913 <a href="/wiki/Bohr_model" title="Bohr model">Bohr model</a> (old quantum model)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1926 <a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">electron cloud model</a></li> <li>1928 <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-like_atom" title="Hydrogen-like atom">Dirac–Gordon model</a> (relativistic quantum model)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Atoms" title="Category:Atoms">Category:Atoms</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Portal:Physics</a> / <a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="Template:Scientists whose names are used as units"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="Template talk:Scientists whose names are used as units"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scientists whose names are used as units"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Scientists whose names are used as units</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SI base units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">André-Marie Ampère</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">ampere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SI derived units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">becquerel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Celsius" title="Anders Celsius">Anders Celsius</a> (degree <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulomb</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (<a href="/wiki/Farad" title="Farad">farad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Harold_Gray" title="Louis Harold Gray">Louis Harold Gray</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">gray</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Henry_(unit)" title="Henry (unit)">henry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joule</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">newton</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ohm" title="Georg Ohm">Georg Ohm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">ohm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">pascal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens" title="Werner von Siemens">Werner von Siemens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unit)" title="Siemens (unit)">siemens</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Maximilian_Sievert" title="Rolf Maximilian Sievert">Rolf Maximilian Sievert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">sievert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">tesla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Weber_(unit)" title="Weber (unit)">weber</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-SI metric (<a href="/wiki/Centimetre%E2%80%93gram%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Centimetre–gram–second system of units">cgs</a>) units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Jonas_%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Anders Jonas Ångström">Anders Jonas Ångström</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom">angstrom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a> (<a href="/wiki/Debye" title="Debye">debye</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lor%C3%A1nd_E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s" title="Loránd Eötvös">Loránd Eötvös</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eotvos_(unit)" title="Eotvos (unit)">eotvos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gal_(unit)" title="Gal (unit)">gal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gauss_(unit)" title="Gauss (unit)">gauss</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gilbert_(physicist)" title="William Gilbert (physicist)">William Gilbert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gilbert_(unit)" title="Gilbert (unit)">gilbert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kayser" title="Heinrich Kayser">Heinrich Kayser</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kayser_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayser (unit)">kayser</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert" title="Johann Heinrich Lambert">Johann Heinrich Lambert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lambert_(unit)" title="Lambert (unit)">lambert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Langley" title="Samuel Langley">Samuel Langley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Langley_(unit)" title="Langley (unit)">langley</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maxwell_(unit)" title="Maxwell (unit)">maxwell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oersted" title="Oersted">oersted</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_L%C3%A9onard_Marie_Poiseuille" title="Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille">Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poise_(unit)" title="Poise (unit)">poise</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet">Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stokes_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stokes (unit)">stokes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rayl" title="Rayl">rayl</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">US<br /> customary</a> units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gabriel_Fahrenheit" title="Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit">Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit</a> (degree <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert" title="Johann Heinrich Lambert">Johann Heinrich Lambert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foot-lambert" title="Foot-lambert">foot-lambert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macquorn_Rankine" class="mw-redirect" title="Macquorn Rankine">William John Macquorn Rankine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rankine_scale" title="Rankine scale">degree Rankine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-systematic units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bel_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bel (unit)">bel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">curie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">curie</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Dalton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">dalton</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (<a href="/wiki/Faraday_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraday (unit)">faraday</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Mache" title="Heinrich Mache">Heinrich Mache</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mache_(unit)" title="Mache (unit)">Mache</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Napier" title="John Napier">John Napier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neper" title="Neper">neper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Antoine_Ferchault_de_R%C3%A9aumur" title="René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur">René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur</a> (<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9aumur_scale" title="Réaumur scale">degree Réaumur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roentgen_(unit)" title="Roentgen (unit)">roentgen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thomson_(unit)" title="Thomson (unit)">thomson</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli" title="Evangelista Torricelli">Evangelista Torricelli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Torr" title="Torr">torr</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="List of scientists whose names are used as units">List of scientists whose names are used as units</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants" title="List of scientists whose names are used in physical constants">Scientists whose names are used in physical constants</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">People whose names are used in chemical element names</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" title="Template:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" title="Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white"> Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society </span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;;width:1%;text-align:left;">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th Century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Peter Mainwaring</li> <li>James Massey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Percival" title="Thomas Percival">Dr Thomas Percival</a> (I)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th Century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Percival" title="Thomas Percival">Dr Thomas Percival</a> (II)</li> <li>George Walker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_(apothecary)" title="Thomas Henry (apothecary)">Thomas Henry</a> (I)</li> <li>Dr John Hull</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_(apothecary)" title="Thomas Henry (apothecary)">Thomas Henry</a> (II)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Holme" title="Edward Holme">Dr Edward Holme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaton_Hodgkinson" title="Eaton Hodgkinson">Eaton Hodgkinson</a></li> <li>John Moore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fairbairn" title="William Fairbairn">Sir William Fairbairn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">Bt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Binney" title="Edward William Binney">Edward William Binney</a> (I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Angus_Smith" title="Robert Angus Smith">Dr Robert Angus Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schunck" title="Edward Schunck">Dr Henry Edward Schunck</a> (I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (II)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Binney" title="Edward William Binney">Edward William Binney</a> (II)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (III)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schunck" title="Edward Schunck">Dr Henry Edward Schunck</a> (II)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Binney" title="Edward William Binney">Edward William Binney</a> (III)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (IV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Binney" title="Edward William Binney">Edward William Binney</a> (IV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Enfield_Roscoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Enfield Roscoe">Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Crawford_Williamson" title="William Crawford Williamson">William Crawford Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dukinfield_Darbishire" title="Robert Dukinfield Darbishire">Robert Dukinfield Darbishire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balfour_Stewart" title="Balfour Stewart">Balfour Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_Reynolds" title="Osborne Reynolds">Osborne Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schunck" title="Edward Schunck">Dr Henry Edward Schunck</a> (III)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schuster" title="Arthur Schuster">Prof. Sir Arthur Schuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilde_(engineer)" title="Henry Wilde (engineer)">Henry Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schunck" title="Edward Schunck">Dr Henry Edward Schunck</a> (IV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cosmo_Melvill_(naturalist)" title="James Cosmo Melvill (naturalist)">James Cosmo Melvill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Lamb" title="Horace Lamb">Prof. Sir Horace Lamb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th Century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Lamb" title="Horace Lamb">Prof. Sir Horace Lamb</a></li> <li>Charles Bailey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Boyd_Dawkins" title="William Boyd Dawkins">Prof. Sir William Boyd Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bailey_(engineer)" title="William Bailey (engineer)">Sir William Henry Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Baily_Dixon" title="Harold Baily Dixon">Prof. Harold Baily Dixon</a> (I)</li> <li>Francis Jones</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ernest_Weiss" title="Frederick Ernest Weiss">Prof. Frederick Ernest Weiss</a></li> <li>Francis Nicholson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_J._Hickson" title="Sydney J. Hickson">Prof. Sydney John Hickson</a></li> <li>William Thomson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith" title="Grafton Elliot Smith">Prof. Sir Grafton Elliot Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Alexander_Miers" title="Henry Alexander Miers">Prof. Sir Henry Alexander Miers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coward" title="Thomas Coward">Thomas Alfred Coward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Baily_Dixon" title="Harold Baily Dixon">Prof. Harold Baily Dixon</a> (II)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Cortie" title="Aloysius Cortie">Rev. Aloysius Laurence Cortie</a></li> <li>Herbert Levinstein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Prof. Sir William Lawrence Bragg</a></li> <li>Charles Edmond Stromeyer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mouat_Jones" title="Bernard Mouat Jones">Prof. Bernard Mouat Jones</a></li> <li>John Allan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_W._James" title="Reginald W. James">Prof. Reginald William James</a></li> <li>Robert Henry Clayton</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hartree" title="Douglas Hartree">Prof. Douglas Rayner Hartree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._J._Fleure" title="H. J. Fleure">Prof. Herbert John Fleure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi">Prof. Michael Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._B._L._Webster" title="T. B. L. Webster">Prof. Thomas Bertram Lonsdale Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_James,_Baron_James_of_Rusholme" title="Eric James, Baron James of Rusholme">Dr Eric John Francis James</a></li> <li>Horace Hayhurst (I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Jefferson" title="Geoffrey Jefferson">Prof. Sir Geoffrey Jefferson</a></li> <li>Sir Peter Percy F. R. Venables</li> <li>Dr F. C. Toy</li> <li>C. E. Young</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lipson" title="Henry Lipson">Prof. Henry Solomon Lipson</a> (I)</li> <li>Leonard Cohen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Pilkington" title="Margaret Pilkington">Margaret Pilkington</a></li> <li>Horace Hayhurst (II)</li> <li>Brian Rodgers</li> <li>Dr George N. Burkhardt</li> <li>Dr George James Kynch</li> <li>Dr Edward Noah Abrahart</li> <li>Anthony Edmund Rivers Goulty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lipson" title="Henry Lipson">Prof. Henry Solomon Lipson</a> (II)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Fairhurst" title="Harry S. Fairhurst">Harry M. Fairhurst</a></li> <li>David G. Wilson</li> <li>Dr Lionel J. R. Postle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netar_Mallick" title="Netar Mallick">Prof. Sir Netar P. Mallick</a> (I)</li> <li>Dr Brian S. H. Rarity</li> <li>Philip G. Livesey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._S._L._Cardwell" title="D. S. L. Cardwell">Prof. Donald Stephen Lowell Cardwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Fletcher_Cass" title="Edward Fletcher Cass">Dr Edward Fletcher Cass</a></li> <li>Prof. Alexander Donnachie</li> <li>Dianne Wilson</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st Century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Iain E. Gillespie</li> <li>Angus G. D. Yeaman</li> <li>Keith D. Buckley</li> <li>Vivienne Blackburn</li> <li>Mary, Lady Mallick</li> <li>David J. Higginson</li> <li>Prof. Kenneth M. Letherman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netar_Mallick" title="Netar Mallick">Prof. Sir Netar P. Mallick</a> (II)</li> <li>Dr Diana M. Leitch</li> <li>Dr Susan R. Hilton</li> <li>Ian Cameron</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;;width:1%;text-align:left;">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Honorary Membership</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society#Dalton_Medal" title="Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society">Dalton Medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;;width:1%;text-align:left;">Lectures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilde_(engineer)" title="Henry Wilde (engineer)">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">Joule</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Percival" title="Thomas Percival">Percival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;;width:1%;text-align:left;">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society#Memoirs" title="Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society"><i>Memoirs and Proceedings</i></a></li> <li><i>Who's Who of Greater Manchester</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" title="Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Category</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dalton_Medallists" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dalton_Medallists" title="Template:Dalton Medallists"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dalton_Medallists" title="Template talk:Dalton Medallists"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dalton_Medallists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dalton Medallists"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dalton_Medallists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society#Dalton_Medal" title="Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Dalton Medallists</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;;width:1%;text-align:left;">Recipients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schunck" title="Edward Schunck">Henry Edward Schunck</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Enfield_Roscoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Enfield Roscoe">Sir Henry Roscoe</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_Reynolds" title="Osborne Reynolds">Osborne Reynolds</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Sir Ernest Rutherford</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">Sir Joseph 'J. J.' Thomson</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Sir Lawrence Bragg</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Sir Cyril Hinshelwood</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Sir Harold Kroto</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fred_Bodmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Fred Bodmer">Sir Walter Bodmer</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Sir Roger Penrose</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lovell" title="Bernard Lovell">Sir Bernard Lovell</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Lord Rees of Ludlow</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Sir Konstantin Novoselov</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" title="Category:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Category</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41284#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41284#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41284#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083848146">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/56739674">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/15556/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdWMtccVyCMWrppcdJqwC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118678671">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50045107">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13746608g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13746608g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00437157">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Dalton, John <1766-1844>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RT1V029528">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35033140">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20000083969&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1663735">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070421064">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Dalton, John, 1766-1844"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000341217&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199633398">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810676217105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/362140">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260046105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514482206706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11641856?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Jn.Dalton">International Plant Names Index</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/805742">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118678671.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118678671">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/050637711">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6wd46cz">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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5.63% 82.418 1 Template:Atomic_models"," 5.62% 82.241 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.03% 73.623 1 Template:Botanist"," 4.65% 68.097 1 Template:Citation"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.803","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":14748184,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalton1798\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalton1802\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDalton1805\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDalton1808\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalton1834\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalton1893\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliott,_T._Lenton1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenaway1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrossman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrossman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrossman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrossman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry1854\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuntDulaiBowmakerMollon1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevere2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLimited\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLonsdale1874\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillington1906\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPatterson1970\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRegan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRocke2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRoscoe1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoscoeHarden1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1856\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSmyth1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThackray1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThackray1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson1810\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheelerPartington1960\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Atomic models\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 5,\n [\"Botanist\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite DNB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 10,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Dalton, John\"] = 1,\n [\"Dalton Medallists\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 2,\n [\"Inflation/year\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox scientist\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"OEtymD\"] = 1,\n [\"Other people\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Post-nominals\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 2,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 2,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-npo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 2,\n [\"Scientists whose names are used as non SI units\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource author-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-fgzdv","timestamp":"20241124053116","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"John Dalton","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Dalton","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q41284","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q41284","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-13T02:42:12Z","dateModified":"2024-11-16T16:29:30Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/00\/John_Dalton_by_Thomas_Phillips%2C_1835.jpg","headline":"British chemist and physicist (1766\u20131844)"}</script> </body> </html>