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<li id="toc-Palladianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palladianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Palladianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palladianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neoclassicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neoclassicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Neoclassicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neoclassicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interior_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interior_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Interior design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interior_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_Revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_Revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Greek Revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_Revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Regional trends</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_trends-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regional trends subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Britain_and_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Britain_and_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Great Britain and Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Britain_and_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Malta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonial_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8.1</span> <span>Colonial Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8.2</span> <span>Independent Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rest_of_Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rest_of_Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Rest of Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rest_of_Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Neoclassical architecture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="عمارة كلاسيكية جديدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمارة كلاسيكية جديدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquiteutura_neocl%C3%A1sica" title="Arquiteutura neoclásica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arquiteutura neoclásica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoklassik_memarl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Neoklassik memarlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Neoklassik memarlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="নব্য-ধ্রুপদীয় স্থাপত্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নব্য-ধ্রুপদীয় স্থাপত্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Класіцызм (архітэктура) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Класіцызм (архітэктура)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Неокласическа архитектура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Неокласическа архитектура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoklasicisti%C4%8Dka_arhitektura" title="Neoklasicistička arhitektura – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Neoklasicistička arhitektura" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_neocl%C3%A0ssica" title="Arquitectura neoclàssica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arquitectura neoclàssica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasicistn%C3%AD_architektura" title="Klasicistní architektura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Klasicistní architektura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uusklassitsism_(kunst)" title="Uusklassitsism (kunst) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Uusklassitsism (kunst)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Νεοκλασική αρχιτεκτονική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νεοκλασική αρχιτεκτονική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_neocl%C3%A1sica" title="Arquitectura neoclásica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arquitectura neoclásica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novklasika_arkitekturo" title="Novklasika arkitekturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Novklasika arkitekturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektura_neoklasikoa" title="Arkitektura neoklasikoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arkitektura neoklasikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A6%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="معماری نئوکلاسیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معماری نئوکلاسیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_n%C3%A9o-classique" title="Architecture néo-classique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Architecture néo-classique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%84%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98_%EA%B1%B4%EC%B6%95" title="신고전주의 건축 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신고전주의 건축" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitektura_neoklasicizma" title="Arhitektura neoklasicizma – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arhitektura neoklasicizma" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsitektur_Neoklasik" title="Arsitektur Neoklasik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arsitektur Neoklasik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BDklass%C3%ADskur_st%C3%ADll" title="Nýklassískur stíll – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nýklassískur stíll" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architettura_neoclassica" title="Architettura neoclassica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Architettura neoclassica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95-%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אדריכלות נאו-קלאסית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדריכלות נאו-קלאסית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasicizmo_architekt%C5%ABra" title="Klasicizmo architektūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Klasicizmo architektūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Неокласична архитектура – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Неокласична архитектура" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicistische_architectuur" title="Neoclassicistische architectuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Neoclassicistische architectuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="新古典主義建築 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="新古典主義建築" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassisistisk_arkitektur" title="Klassisistisk arkitektur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klassisistisk arkitektur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoklassik_arxitektura" title="Neoklassik arxitektura – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Neoklassik arxitektura" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architektura_klasycystyczna" title="Architektura klasycystyczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Architektura klasycystyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitetura_neocl%C3%A1ssica" title="Arquitetura neoclássica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arquitetura neoclássica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitectura_neoclasic%C4%83" title="Arhitectura neoclasică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arhitectura neoclasică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0_XX_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Архитектура неоклассицизма XX века – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Архитектура неоклассицизма XX века" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasicistick%C3%A1_architekt%C3%BAra" title="Klasicistická architektúra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Klasicistická architektúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Архитектура неокласицизма – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Архитектура неокласицизма" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uusklassinen_arkkitehtuuri" title="Uusklassinen arkkitehtuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uusklassinen arkkitehtuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyantik_(arkitektur)" title="Nyantik (arkitektur) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nyantik (arkitektur)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitekturang_Neoklasiko" title="Arkitekturang Neoklasiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Arkitekturang Neoklasiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="สถาปัตยกรรมฟื้นฟูคลาสสิก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถาปัตยกรรมฟื้นฟูคลาสสิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoklasik_mimari" title="Neoklasik mimari – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Neoklasik mimari" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Архітектура неокласицизму – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Архітектура неокласицизму" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_tr%C3%BAc_T%C3%A2n_c%E1%BB%95_%C4%91i%E1%BB%83n" title="Kiến trúc Tân cổ điển – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kiến trúc Tân cổ điển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">18th–19th-century European classical revivalist architectural style</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the historical style. For the contemporary style, see <a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical architecture</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Neoclassical architecture</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #AAAAAA;width:250px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_facade_of_Petit_Trianon_002.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/West_facade_of_Petit_Trianon_002.JPG/250px-West_facade_of_Petit_Trianon_002.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/West_facade_of_Petit_Trianon_002.JPG/375px-West_facade_of_Petit_Trianon_002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/West_facade_of_Petit_Trianon_002.JPG/500px-West_facade_of_Petit_Trianon_002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2946" data-file-height="2102" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin-Brandenburg_Gate_overwiev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Berlin-Brandenburg_Gate_overwiev.jpg/250px-Berlin-Brandenburg_Gate_overwiev.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Berlin-Brandenburg_Gate_overwiev.jpg/375px-Berlin-Brandenburg_Gate_overwiev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Berlin-Brandenburg_Gate_overwiev.jpg/500px-Berlin-Brandenburg_Gate_overwiev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="1807" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_-_Jardin_des_Tuileries_-_Arc_de_Triomphe_du_Carrousel_-_PA00085992_-_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Paris_-_Jardin_des_Tuileries_-_Arc_de_Triomphe_du_Carrousel_-_PA00085992_-_003.jpg/250px-Paris_-_Jardin_des_Tuileries_-_Arc_de_Triomphe_du_Carrousel_-_PA00085992_-_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Paris_-_Jardin_des_Tuileries_-_Arc_de_Triomphe_du_Carrousel_-_PA00085992_-_003.jpg/375px-Paris_-_Jardin_des_Tuileries_-_Arc_de_Triomphe_du_Carrousel_-_PA00085992_-_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Paris_-_Jardin_des_Tuileries_-_Arc_de_Triomphe_du_Carrousel_-_PA00085992_-_003.jpg/500px-Paris_-_Jardin_des_Tuileries_-_Arc_de_Triomphe_du_Carrousel_-_PA00085992_-_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4238" data-file-height="2998" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">Top: The <a href="/wiki/Petit_Trianon" title="Petit Trianon">Petit Trianon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles">Versailles</a>, France), 1764, by <a href="/wiki/Ange-Jacques_Gabriel" title="Ange-Jacques Gabriel">Ange-Jacques Gabriel</a>; Centre: The <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate" title="Brandenburg Gate">Brandenburg Gate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany), 1791, by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gotthard_Langhans" title="Carl Gotthard Langhans">Carl Gotthard Langhans</a>; Bottom: <a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe_du_Carrousel" title="Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel">Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel</a> (Paris), 1806–1808, by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Fran%C3%A7ois-L%C3%A9onard_Fontaine" title="Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine">Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">18th century–mid-20th century</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Neoclassical architecture</b>, sometimes referred to as <b>Classical Revival</b> architecture, is an <a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">architectural style</a> produced by the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassical movement</a> that began in the mid-18th century in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became one of the most prominent architectural styles in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prevailing styles of architecture in most of Europe for the previous two centuries, <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque architecture</a>, already represented partial revivals of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical architecture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman architecture">ancient Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">ancient Greek architecture</a>, but the Neoclassical movement aimed to strip away the excesses of Late Baroque and return to a purer, more complete, and more authentic classical style, adapted to modern purposes. </p><p>The development of <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> and published accurate records of surviving classical buildings was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture. In many countries, there was an initial wave essentially drawing on Roman architecture, followed, from about the start of the 19th century, by a second wave of <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a>. This followed increased understanding of Greek survivals. As the 19th century continued, the style tended to lose its original rather austere purity in variants like the French <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a>. The term "neoclassical" is often used very loosely for any building using some of the classical architectural vocabulary. </p><p>In form, Neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than <a href="/wiki/Chiaroscuro" title="Chiaroscuro">chiaroscuro</a> and maintains separate identities to each of its parts. The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> style of naturalistic ornament, and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicizing features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition. Therefore, the style is defined by symmetry, simple geometry, and social demands instead of ornament.<sup id="cite_ref-Middleton,_Robin._1993_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middleton,_Robin._1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st century, a version of the style continues, sometimes called <a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical architecture</a> or New Classicism. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_architecture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neoclassical architecture is a specific style and moment in the late 18th and early 19th centuries that was specifically associated with the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricism</a>, and the study of sites by early archaeologists.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classical architecture after about 1840 must be classified as one of a series of "revival" styles, such as <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Renaissance</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Italianate_architecture" title="Italianate architecture">Italianate</a>. Various historians of the 19th century have made this clear since the 1970s. Classical architecture during the 20th century is classified less as a revival, and more a return to a style that was decelerated with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modernism</a>. Yet still Neoclassical architecture is beginning to be practiced again in the 21st century more in the form of <a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical architecture</a> and even in <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">Gentrification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism Architecture</a>, the Neoclassical architecture or its important elements are still being used, even when <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern architecture</a> is dominant throughout the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palladianism">Palladianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_architecture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Palladianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_Palladiana_(Vicenza)_-_facade_on_Piazza_dei_signori.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Basilica_Palladiana_%28Vicenza%29_-_facade_on_Piazza_dei_signori.jpg/220px-Basilica_Palladiana_%28Vicenza%29_-_facade_on_Piazza_dei_signori.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Basilica_Palladiana_%28Vicenza%29_-_facade_on_Piazza_dei_signori.jpg/330px-Basilica_Palladiana_%28Vicenza%29_-_facade_on_Piazza_dei_signori.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Basilica_Palladiana_%28Vicenza%29_-_facade_on_Piazza_dei_signori.jpg/440px-Basilica_Palladiana_%28Vicenza%29_-_facade_on_Piazza_dei_signori.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7089" data-file-height="4358" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Basilica_Palladiana" title="Basilica Palladiana">Basilica Palladiana</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a> in <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>A return to more classical architectural forms as a reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> style can be detected in some European architecture of the earlier 18th century, most vividly represented in the Palladian architecture of Georgian <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>. The name refers to the designs of the 16th-century Venetian architect <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Palladio" title="Andrea Palladio">Andrea Palladio</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> style had never truly been to the English taste. Four influential books were published in the first quarter of the 18th century which highlighted the simplicity and purity of classical architecture: <i><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius_Britannicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitruvius Britannicus">Vitruvius Britannicus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Colen_Campbell" title="Colen Campbell">Colen Campbell</a> (1715), Palladio's <i><a href="/wiki/I_quattro_libri_dell%27architettura" title="I quattro libri dell'architettura">I quattro libri dell'architettura</a></i> (<i>The Four Books of Architecture</i>, 1715), <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_re_aedificatoria" title="De re aedificatoria">De re aedificatoria</a></i></span> by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a> (first published in 1452) and <i>The Designs of Inigo Jones... with Some Additional Designs</i> (1727). The most popular was the four-volume <i>Vitruvius Britannicus</i> by Colen Campbell. The book contained architectural prints of famous British buildings that had been inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio. At first the book mainly featured the work of <a href="/wiki/Inigo_Jones" title="Inigo Jones">Inigo Jones</a>, but the later tomes contained drawings and plans by Campbell and other 18th-century architects. Palladian architecture became well established in 18th-century Britain. </p><p>At the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic "architect earl", <a href="/wiki/Richard_Boyle,_3rd_Earl_of_Burlington" title="Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington">Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington</a>; in 1729, he and <a href="/wiki/William_Kent" title="William Kent">William Kent</a> designed <a href="/wiki/Chiswick_House" title="Chiswick House">Chiswick House</a>. This house was a reinterpretation of Palladio's <a href="/wiki/Villa_Capra_%22La_Rotonda%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Capra "La Rotonda"">Villa Capra "La Rotonda"</a>, but purified of 16th-century elements and ornament. This severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of Palladianism. In 1734, William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of England's finest examples of Palladian architecture, <a href="/wiki/Holkham_Hall" title="Holkham Hall">Holkham Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>. The main block of this house followed Palladio's dictates quite closely, but Palladio's low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance. </p><p>This classicizing vein was also detectable, to a lesser degree, in the Late Baroque architecture in Paris, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Colonnade" title="Louvre Colonnade">Louvre Colonnade</a>. This shift was even visible in Rome at the redesigned façade for <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stourhead_1.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="The east façade of Stourhead House , based on Palladio's Villa Emo"><img alt="The east façade of Stourhead House , based on Palladio's Villa Emo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Stourhead_1.gif/170px-Stourhead_1.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Stourhead_1.gif/255px-Stourhead_1.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Stourhead_1.gif/340px-Stourhead_1.gif 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="248" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The east façade of <a href="/wiki/Stourhead" title="Stourhead">Stourhead</a> House , based on Palladio's <a href="/wiki/Villa_Emo" title="Villa Emo">Villa Emo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:East_facade_of_Louvre,_Paris_September_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louvre Colonnade, Paris, 1667-1674"><img alt="Louvre Colonnade, Paris, 1667-1674" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/East_facade_of_Louvre%2C_Paris_September_2013.jpg/170px-East_facade_of_Louvre%2C_Paris_September_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/East_facade_of_Louvre%2C_Paris_September_2013.jpg/255px-East_facade_of_Louvre%2C_Paris_September_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/East_facade_of_Louvre%2C_Paris_September_2013.jpg/340px-East_facade_of_Louvre%2C_Paris_September_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3176" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Louvre_Colonnade" title="Louvre Colonnade">Louvre Colonnade</a>, Paris, 1667-1674</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Russborough-House_Part-of-the-facade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Russborough House County Wicklow, Ireland a notable example of Irish Palladianism,[5] 1741–1755, by Richard Cassels"><img alt="Russborough House County Wicklow, Ireland a notable example of Irish Palladianism,[5] 1741–1755, by Richard Cassels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Russborough-House_Part-of-the-facade.jpg/170px-Russborough-House_Part-of-the-facade.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Russborough-House_Part-of-the-facade.jpg/255px-Russborough-House_Part-of-the-facade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Russborough-House_Part-of-the-facade.jpg/340px-Russborough-House_Part-of-the-facade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Russborough_House" title="Russborough House">Russborough House</a> <a href="/wiki/County_Wicklow" title="County Wicklow">County Wicklow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> a notable example of Irish Palladianism,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1741–1755, by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cassels" title="Richard Cassels">Richard Cassels</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Woburn_Abbey.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Woburn Abbey Woburn, Bedfordshire, England, 1746, by Henry Flitcroft"><img alt="Woburn Abbey Woburn, Bedfordshire, England, 1746, by Henry Flitcroft" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Woburn_Abbey.jpg/170px-Woburn_Abbey.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Woburn_Abbey.jpg/255px-Woburn_Abbey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Woburn_Abbey.jpg/340px-Woburn_Abbey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1812" data-file-height="1082" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Woburn_Abbey" title="Woburn Abbey">Woburn Abbey</a> <a href="/wiki/Woburn,_Bedfordshire" title="Woburn, Bedfordshire">Woburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a>, England, 1746, by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Flitcroft" title="Henry Flitcroft">Henry Flitcroft</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Province_House_(Nova_Scotia).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nova Scotia Legislature Building from Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, 1819"><img alt="Nova Scotia Legislature Building from Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, 1819" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Province_House_%28Nova_Scotia%29.jpg/170px-Province_House_%28Nova_Scotia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Province_House_%28Nova_Scotia%29.jpg/255px-Province_House_%28Nova_Scotia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Province_House_%28Nova_Scotia%29.jpg/340px-Province_House_%28Nova_Scotia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Province_House_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Province House (Nova Scotia)">Nova Scotia Legislature Building</a> from <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>, Canada, 1819</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_architecture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Neoclassicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:232px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%BCr,_Villa_Boscoreale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/T%C3%BCr%2C_Villa_Boscoreale.jpg/180px-T%C3%BCr%2C_Villa_Boscoreale.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/T%C3%BCr%2C_Villa_Boscoreale.jpg/270px-T%C3%BCr%2C_Villa_Boscoreale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/T%C3%BCr%2C_Villa_Boscoreale.jpg/360px-T%C3%BCr%2C_Villa_Boscoreale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3225" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:232px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Porte_d%27entr%C3%A9e_du_palais_de_Justice_de_Bruxelles_(HDR)_-_2043-0077-0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Porte_d%27entr%C3%A9e_du_palais_de_Justice_de_Bruxelles_%28HDR%29_-_2043-0077-0.jpg/154px-Porte_d%27entr%C3%A9e_du_palais_de_Justice_de_Bruxelles_%28HDR%29_-_2043-0077-0.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Porte_d%27entr%C3%A9e_du_palais_de_Justice_de_Bruxelles_%28HDR%29_-_2043-0077-0.jpg/231px-Porte_d%27entr%C3%A9e_du_palais_de_Justice_de_Bruxelles_%28HDR%29_-_2043-0077-0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Porte_d%27entr%C3%A9e_du_palais_de_Justice_de_Bruxelles_%28HDR%29_-_2043-0077-0.jpg/308px-Porte_d%27entr%C3%A9e_du_palais_de_Justice_de_Bruxelles_%28HDR%29_-_2043-0077-0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="4222" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Comparison between a 1st-century (AD) <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> wall painting of an ornate door, in the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Boscoreale" title="Villa Boscoreale">Villa Boscoreale</a>, Italy; and a massive 19th-century Neoclassical door of the <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_Justice,_Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Palais de Justice, Brussels">Palais de Justice, Brussels</a>, Belgium</div></div></div></div> <p>By the mid-18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of classical influences, including those from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>. An early centre of neoclassicism was Italy, especially <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, where by the 1730s court architects such as <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Vanvitelli" title="Luigi Vanvitelli">Luigi Vanvitelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Fuga" title="Ferdinando Fuga">Ferdinando Fuga</a> were recovering classical, Palladian and <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerist</a> forms in their Baroque architecture. Following their lead, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Medrano" title="Giovanni Antonio Medrano">Giovanni Antonio Medrano</a> began to build the first truly neoclassical structures in Italy in the 1730s. In the same period, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Pompei" title="Alessandro Pompei">Alessandro Pompei</a> introduced neoclassicism to the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Republic">Venetian Republic</a>, building one of the first <a href="/wiki/Lapidarium" title="Lapidarium">lapidariums</a> in Europe in <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Doric_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Doric style">Doric style</a> (1738). During the same period, neoclassical elements were introduced to <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a> by architect <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Nicolas_Jadot_de_Ville-Issey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Nicolas Jadot de Ville-Issey (page does not exist)">Jean Nicolas Jadot de Ville-Issey</a>, the court architect of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Stephen_of_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Stephen of Lorraine">Francis Stephen of Lorraine</a>. On Jadot's lead, an original neoclassical style was developed by <a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Maria_Paoletti" title="Gaspare Maria Paoletti">Gaspare Maria Paoletti</a>, transforming <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> into the most important centre of neoclassicism in the peninsula. In the second half of the century, Neoclassicism flourished also in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Piermarini" title="Giuseppe Piermarini">Giuseppe Piermarini</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> (<a href="/wiki/Matteo_Pertsch" title="Matteo Pertsch">Matteo Pertsch</a>). In the latter two cities, just as in Tuscany, the sober neoclassical style was linked to the reformism of the ruling <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> enlightened monarchs. </p><p>The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s. It first gained influence in England and France; in England, Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_(diplomat)" title="William Hamilton (diplomat)">William Hamilton</a>'s excavations at <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> and other sites, the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a>, and the work of <a href="/wiki/William_Chambers_(architect)" title="William Chambers (architect)">William Chambers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Robert Adam</a>, were pivotal in this regard. In France, the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome, and was influenced by the writings of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Johann Joachim Winckelmann</a>. The style was also adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>. </p><p>International neoclassical architecture was exemplified in <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel" title="Karl Friedrich Schinkel">Karl Friedrich Schinkel</a>'s buildings, especially the <a href="/wiki/Altes_Museum" title="Altes Museum">Altes Museum</a> in Berlin, Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Soane" title="John Soane">John Soane</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> in London and the newly built <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol</a> in Washington, D.C. of the nascent <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American Republic</a>. The style was international. The <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Assumption_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Baltimore Basilica</a>, which was designed by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Henry_Latrobe" title="Benjamin Henry Latrobe">Benjamin Henry Latrobe</a> in 1806, is considered one of the finest examples of neoclassical architecture in the world<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a>. In France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a>, and the second in the styles called <a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire</a>. Its major proponents were <a href="/wiki/Percier_and_Fontaine" title="Percier and Fontaine">Percier and Fontaine</a>, court architects who specialized in interior decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the decorative arts, neoclassicism is exemplified in French furniture of the Empire style; the English furniture of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chippendale" title="Thomas Chippendale">Chippendale</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Hepplewhite" title="George Hepplewhite">George Hepplewhite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Robert Adam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood">Wedgwood</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bas_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas relief">bas reliefs</a> and "black basaltes" <a href="/wiki/Vase" title="Vase">vases</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a> furniture of Austria. The Scottish architect <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cameron_(architect)" title="Charles Cameron (architect)">Charles Cameron</a> created palatial Italianate interiors for the German-born <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_de_l%27Oratoire,_1855.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oratire du Louvre façade (1855)"><img alt="Oratire du Louvre façade (1855)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Temple_de_l%27Oratoire%2C_1855.jpg/138px-Temple_de_l%27Oratoire%2C_1855.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Temple_de_l%27Oratoire%2C_1855.jpg/207px-Temple_de_l%27Oratoire%2C_1855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Temple_de_l%27Oratoire%2C_1855.jpg/276px-Temple_de_l%27Oratoire%2C_1855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oratire_du_Louvre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oratire du Louvre (page does not exist)">Oratire du Louvre</a> façade (1855)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantheon_1,_Paris_May_11,_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Panthéon, Paris, 1758–1790"><img alt="The Panthéon, Paris, 1758–1790" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pantheon_1%2C_Paris_May_11%2C_2013.jpg/170px-Pantheon_1%2C_Paris_May_11%2C_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pantheon_1%2C_Paris_May_11%2C_2013.jpg/255px-Pantheon_1%2C_Paris_May_11%2C_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pantheon_1%2C_Paris_May_11%2C_2013.jpg/340px-Pantheon_1%2C_Paris_May_11%2C_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4576" data-file-height="3432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a>, Paris, 1758–1790</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GrandTheatreBordeaux2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Grand Theater, Bordeaux, by Victor Louis, 1773-1780"><img alt="The Grand Theater, Bordeaux, by Victor Louis, 1773-1780" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/GrandTheatreBordeaux2.jpg/170px-GrandTheatreBordeaux2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/GrandTheatreBordeaux2.jpg/255px-GrandTheatreBordeaux2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/GrandTheatreBordeaux2.jpg/340px-GrandTheatreBordeaux2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2490" data-file-height="1773" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Bordeaux" title="Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux">Grand Theater</a>, Bordeaux, by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Louis" title="Victor Louis">Victor Louis</a>, 1773-1780</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Virginia_Rotunda_in_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Rotunda (University of Virginia), Charlottesville, Virginia, by Thomas Jefferson and Stanford White, 1826"><img alt="The Rotunda (University of Virginia), Charlottesville, Virginia, by Thomas Jefferson and Stanford White, 1826" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/University_of_Virginia_Rotunda_in_2006.jpg/170px-University_of_Virginia_Rotunda_in_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/University_of_Virginia_Rotunda_in_2006.jpg/255px-University_of_Virginia_Rotunda_in_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/University_of_Virginia_Rotunda_in_2006.jpg/340px-University_of_Virginia_Rotunda_in_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Rotunda_(University_of_Virginia)" title="The Rotunda (University of Virginia)">The Rotunda (University of Virginia)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville, Virginia</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanford_White" title="Stanford White">Stanford White</a>, 1826</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akademie_von_Athen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Academy of Athens, 1859, by Theophil Hansen"><img alt="The Academy of Athens, 1859, by Theophil Hansen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Akademie_von_Athen.jpg/170px-Akademie_von_Athen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Akademie_von_Athen.jpg/255px-Akademie_von_Athen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Akademie_von_Athen.jpg/340px-Akademie_von_Athen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11314" data-file-height="9749" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Athens_(modern)" title="Academy of Athens (modern)">Academy of Athens</a>, 1859, by <a href="/wiki/Theophil_Hansen" title="Theophil Hansen">Theophil Hansen</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Museum,_side_view_left_(Padre_burgos,_Manila;_01-30-2021).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Legislative Building (Manila), Philippines, 1918 and rebuilt in 1945"><img alt="Old Legislative Building (Manila), Philippines, 1918 and rebuilt in 1945" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/National_Museum%2C_side_view_left_%28Padre_burgos%2C_Manila%3B_01-30-2021%29.jpg/170px-National_Museum%2C_side_view_left_%28Padre_burgos%2C_Manila%3B_01-30-2021%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/National_Museum%2C_side_view_left_%28Padre_burgos%2C_Manila%3B_01-30-2021%29.jpg/255px-National_Museum%2C_side_view_left_%28Padre_burgos%2C_Manila%3B_01-30-2021%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/National_Museum%2C_side_view_left_%28Padre_burgos%2C_Manila%3B_01-30-2021%29.jpg/340px-National_Museum%2C_side_view_left_%28Padre_burgos%2C_Manila%3B_01-30-2021%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3552" data-file-height="2664" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Old_Legislative_Building_(Manila)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Legislative Building (Manila)">Old Legislative Building (Manila)</a>, Philippines, 1918 and rebuilt in 1945</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oudenbosch_Basiliek_H._Agatha_en_H._Barbara_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oudenbosch Basilica, 1892 (Oudenbosch, The Netherlands)"><img alt="Oudenbosch Basilica, 1892 (Oudenbosch, The Netherlands)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Oudenbosch_Basiliek_H._Agatha_en_H._Barbara_1.jpg/170px-Oudenbosch_Basiliek_H._Agatha_en_H._Barbara_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Oudenbosch_Basiliek_H._Agatha_en_H._Barbara_1.jpg/255px-Oudenbosch_Basiliek_H._Agatha_en_H._Barbara_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Oudenbosch_Basiliek_H._Agatha_en_H._Barbara_1.jpg/340px-Oudenbosch_Basiliek_H._Agatha_en_H._Barbara_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4582" data-file-height="3169" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Oudenbosch_Basilica" title="Oudenbosch Basilica">Oudenbosch Basilica</a>, 1892 (<a href="/wiki/Oudenbosch" title="Oudenbosch">Oudenbosch</a>, The Netherlands)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Concertgebouw_from_Museumplein_2539.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Concertgebouw, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1886"><img alt="Concertgebouw, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1886" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Concertgebouw_from_Museumplein_2539.jpg/170px-Concertgebouw_from_Museumplein_2539.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Concertgebouw_from_Museumplein_2539.jpg/255px-Concertgebouw_from_Museumplein_2539.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Concertgebouw_from_Museumplein_2539.jpg/340px-Concertgebouw_from_Museumplein_2539.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4302" data-file-height="2714" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Concertgebouw,_Amsterdam" title="Concertgebouw, Amsterdam">Concertgebouw, Amsterdam</a>, The Netherlands, 1886</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Close_Front_of_Tajhat_Palace,_Rangpur,_03-09-2016_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tajhat Palace, late 19th century (Rangpur, Bangladesh)"><img alt="Tajhat Palace, late 19th century (Rangpur, Bangladesh)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Close_Front_of_Tajhat_Palace%2C_Rangpur%2C_03-09-2016_01.jpg/170px-Close_Front_of_Tajhat_Palace%2C_Rangpur%2C_03-09-2016_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Close_Front_of_Tajhat_Palace%2C_Rangpur%2C_03-09-2016_01.jpg/255px-Close_Front_of_Tajhat_Palace%2C_Rangpur%2C_03-09-2016_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Close_Front_of_Tajhat_Palace%2C_Rangpur%2C_03-09-2016_01.jpg/340px-Close_Front_of_Tajhat_Palace%2C_Rangpur%2C_03-09-2016_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4505" data-file-height="3333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tajhat_Palace" title="Tajhat Palace">Tajhat Palace</a>, late 19th century (<a href="/wiki/Rangpur,_Bangladesh" title="Rangpur, Bangladesh">Rangpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ripon_Building_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ripon Building, 1909 (Chennai, India)"><img alt="Ripon Building, 1909 (Chennai, India)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ripon_Building_panorama.jpg/170px-Ripon_Building_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ripon_Building_panorama.jpg/255px-Ripon_Building_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ripon_Building_panorama.jpg/340px-Ripon_Building_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1810" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Building" title="Ripon Building">Ripon Building</a>, 1909 (<a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, India)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interior_design">Interior design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_architecture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interior design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison_-_Appartement_de_Jos%C3%A9phine_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison_-_Appartement_de_Jos%C3%A9phine_003.jpg/220px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison_-_Appartement_de_Jos%C3%A9phine_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison_-_Appartement_de_Jos%C3%A9phine_003.jpg/330px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison_-_Appartement_de_Jos%C3%A9phine_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison_-_Appartement_de_Jos%C3%A9phine_003.jpg/440px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison_-_Appartement_de_Jos%C3%A9phine_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison" title="Château de Malmaison">Château de Malmaison</a>, 1800, room for the <a href="/wiki/Empress_Jos%C3%A9phine" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Joséphine">Empress Joséphine</a>, on the cusp between <a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>. These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved a wide audience in the 1760s, with the first luxurious volumes of tightly controlled distribution of <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Antichit%C3%A0_di_Ercolano_Esposte" title="Le Antichità di Ercolano Esposte">Le Antichità di Ercolano Esposte</a></i> (<i>The Antiquities of Herculaneum Exposed</i>). The antiquities of Herculaneum showed that even the most classicizing interiors of the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a>, or the most "Roman" rooms of <a href="/wiki/William_Kent" title="William Kent">William Kent</a> were based on <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temple</a> exterior architecture turned outside in, hence their often bombastic appearance to modern eyes: <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pedimented</a> window frames turned into <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gilded</a> mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts. </p><p>The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary. Techniques employed in the style included flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a>-like relief or painted in monotones <i><a href="/wiki/Camaieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Camaieu">en camaïeu</a></i> ("like cameos"), isolated medallions or vases or busts or <a href="/wiki/Bucrania" class="mw-redirect" title="Bucrania">bucrania</a> or other motifs, suspended on <a href="/wiki/Festoon" title="Festoon">swags</a> of laurel or ribbon, with slender <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesques</a> against backgrounds, perhaps, of "Pompeiian red" or pale tints, or stone colours. The style in France was initially a Parisian style, the <i><a href="/wiki/Go%C3%BBt_grec" title="Goût grec">goût grec</a></i> ("Greek taste"), not a court style; when <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> acceded to the throne in 1774, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>, his fashion-loving Queen, brought the <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a> to court. However, there was no real attempt to employ the basic forms of Roman furniture until around the turn of the century, and furniture-makers were more likely to borrow from ancient architecture, just as silversmiths were more likely to take from ancient pottery and stone-carving than metalwork: "Designers and craftsmen [...] seem to have taken an almost perverse pleasure in transferring motifs from one medium to another".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Adam_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Style">new phase in neoclassical design</a> was inaugurated by Robert and <a href="/wiki/James_Adam_(architect)" title="James Adam (architect)">James Adam</a>, who travelled in Italy and Dalmatia in the 1750s, observing the ruins of the classical world. On their return to Britain, they published a book entitled <i>The Works in Architecture</i> in installments between 1773 and 1779. This book of engraved designs made the Adam style available throughout Europe. The Adam brothers aimed to simplify the <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> styles which had been fashionable in the preceding decades, to bring what they felt to be a lighter and more elegant feel to Georgian houses. <i>The Works in Architecture</i> illustrated the main buildings the Adam brothers had worked on and crucially documented the interiors, furniture and fittings, designed by the Adams. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Agaterooms.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Agate Pavilion, Tsarskoye Selo, designed by Charles Cameron in "Pompeian" style"><img alt="The Agate Pavilion, Tsarskoye Selo, designed by Charles Cameron in "Pompeian" style" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Agaterooms.jpg/170px-Agaterooms.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Agaterooms.jpg/255px-Agaterooms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Agaterooms.jpg/340px-Agaterooms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="408" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Agate Pavilion, <a href="/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo" title="Tsarskoye Selo">Tsarskoye Selo</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cameron_(architect)" title="Charles Cameron (architect)">Charles Cameron</a> in "Pompeian" style</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Compi%C3%A8gne_(60),_palais,_salon_Bleu_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Blue Salon of the Château de Compiègne (Compiègne, France), an example of an Empire interior"><img alt="The Blue Salon of the Château de Compiègne (Compiègne, France), an example of an Empire interior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Compi%C3%A8gne_%2860%29%2C_palais%2C_salon_Bleu_3.jpg/170px-Compi%C3%A8gne_%2860%29%2C_palais%2C_salon_Bleu_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Compi%C3%A8gne_%2860%29%2C_palais%2C_salon_Bleu_3.jpg/255px-Compi%C3%A8gne_%2860%29%2C_palais%2C_salon_Bleu_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Compi%C3%A8gne_%2860%29%2C_palais%2C_salon_Bleu_3.jpg/340px-Compi%C3%A8gne_%2860%29%2C_palais%2C_salon_Bleu_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Blue Salon of the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Château de Compiègne">Château de Compiègne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Compiègne">Compiègne</a>, France), an example of an <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire</a> interior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaults_of_the_Arc_de_Triomphe_de_l%27%C3%89toile_(10047443365).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of the ceiling of the Arc de Triomphe from Paris"><img alt="Detail of the ceiling of the Arc de Triomphe from Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Vaults_of_the_Arc_de_Triomphe_de_l%27%C3%89toile_%2810047443365%29.jpg/170px-Vaults_of_the_Arc_de_Triomphe_de_l%27%C3%89toile_%2810047443365%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Vaults_of_the_Arc_de_Triomphe_de_l%27%C3%89toile_%2810047443365%29.jpg/255px-Vaults_of_the_Arc_de_Triomphe_de_l%27%C3%89toile_%2810047443365%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Vaults_of_the_Arc_de_Triomphe_de_l%27%C3%89toile_%2810047443365%29.jpg/340px-Vaults_of_the_Arc_de_Triomphe_de_l%27%C3%89toile_%2810047443365%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of the ceiling of the <a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a> from Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Design_for_a_Room_in_the_Etruscan_or_Pompeian_style_(Elevation)_MET_DP804393.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design for a room in the Etruscan or Pompeian style, from 1833, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)"><img alt="Design for a room in the Etruscan or Pompeian style, from 1833, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Design_for_a_Room_in_the_Etruscan_or_Pompeian_style_%28Elevation%29_MET_DP804393.jpg/170px-Design_for_a_Room_in_the_Etruscan_or_Pompeian_style_%28Elevation%29_MET_DP804393.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Design_for_a_Room_in_the_Etruscan_or_Pompeian_style_%28Elevation%29_MET_DP804393.jpg/255px-Design_for_a_Room_in_the_Etruscan_or_Pompeian_style_%28Elevation%29_MET_DP804393.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Design_for_a_Room_in_the_Etruscan_or_Pompeian_style_%28Elevation%29_MET_DP804393.jpg/340px-Design_for_a_Room_in_the_Etruscan_or_Pompeian_style_%28Elevation%29_MET_DP804393.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3655" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Design for a room in the Etruscan or Pompeian style, from 1833, in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_Hotel_Kaiserhof_Speisesaal_AS.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dining room of the Centralhotel (Berlin), designed in 1881 by Hermann von der Hude & Julius Hennicke"><img alt="Dining room of the Centralhotel (Berlin), designed in 1881 by Hermann von der Hude & Julius Hennicke" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Berlin_Hotel_Kaiserhof_Speisesaal_AS.jpg/170px-Berlin_Hotel_Kaiserhof_Speisesaal_AS.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Berlin_Hotel_Kaiserhof_Speisesaal_AS.jpg/255px-Berlin_Hotel_Kaiserhof_Speisesaal_AS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Berlin_Hotel_Kaiserhof_Speisesaal_AS.jpg/340px-Berlin_Hotel_Kaiserhof_Speisesaal_AS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2836" data-file-height="2468" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dining room of the Centralhotel (Berlin), designed in 1881 by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_der_Hude" title="Hermann von der Hude">Hermann von der Hude</a> & Julius Hennicke</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salle_de_lecture_Biblioth%C3%A8que_Mazarine_depuis_gallerie.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Reading Room of the Bibliothèque Mazarine, Paris"><img alt="The Reading Room of the Bibliothèque Mazarine, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Salle_de_lecture_Biblioth%C3%A8que_Mazarine_depuis_gallerie.jpg/170px-Salle_de_lecture_Biblioth%C3%A8que_Mazarine_depuis_gallerie.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Salle_de_lecture_Biblioth%C3%A8que_Mazarine_depuis_gallerie.jpg/255px-Salle_de_lecture_Biblioth%C3%A8que_Mazarine_depuis_gallerie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Salle_de_lecture_Biblioth%C3%A8que_Mazarine_depuis_gallerie.jpg/340px-Salle_de_lecture_Biblioth%C3%A8que_Mazarine_depuis_gallerie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Reading Room of the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Mazarine" title="Bibliothèque Mazarine">Bibliothèque Mazarine</a></span></span>, Paris</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_Revival">Greek Revival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_architecture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Greek Revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Bank_of_the_United_States,_Philadelphia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States%2C_Philadelphia.jpg/220px-Second_Bank_of_the_United_States%2C_Philadelphia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States%2C_Philadelphia.jpg/330px-Second_Bank_of_the_United_States%2C_Philadelphia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States%2C_Philadelphia.jpg/440px-Second_Bank_of_the_United_States%2C_Philadelphia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1359" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, 1818-1824, by <a href="/wiki/William_Strickland_(architect)" title="William Strickland (architect)">William Strickland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples, seen through the medium of etchings and engravings, gave a new impetus to neoclassicism, the Greek Revival. There was little direct knowledge of surviving Greek buildings before the middle of the 18th century in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, when an expedition funded by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Dilettanti" title="Society of Dilettanti">Society of Dilettanti</a> in 1751 and led by <a href="/wiki/James_Stuart_(1713%E2%80%931788)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Stuart (1713–1788)">James Stuart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Revett" title="Nicholas Revett">Nicholas Revett</a> began serious archaeological enquiry. Stuart was commissioned after his return from Greece by <a href="/wiki/George_Lyttelton,_1st_Baron_Lyttelton" title="George Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton">George Lyttelton</a> to produce the first Greek building in England, the garden temple at <a href="/wiki/Hagley_Hall" title="Hagley Hall">Hagley Hall</a> (1758–59).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of British architects in the second half of the century took up the expressive challenge of the Doric from their aristocratic patrons, including <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonomi_the_Elder" title="Joseph Bonomi the Elder">Joseph Bonomi the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Soane" title="John Soane">John Soane</a>, but it was to remain the private enthusiasm of connoisseurs up to the first decade of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seen in its wider social context, Greek Revival architecture sounded a new note of sobriety and restraint in public buildings in Britain around 1800 as an assertion of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> attendant on the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1800">Act of Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, and the clamour for political reform. It was to be <a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(architect)" title="William Wilkins (architect)">William Wilkins</a>'s winning design for the public competition for <a href="/wiki/Downing_College,_Cambridge" title="Downing College, Cambridge">Downing College, Cambridge</a>, that announced the Greek style was to be the dominant idiom in architecture. Wilkins and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smirke_(architect)" title="Robert Smirke (architect)">Robert Smirke</a> went on to build some of the most important buildings of the era, including the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Theatre Royal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Covent_Garden" title="Covent Garden">Covent Garden</a> (1808–1809), the <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office,_London" title="General Post Office, London">General Post Office</a> (1824–1829) and the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> (1823–1848), Wilkins <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> (1826–1830) and the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a> (1832–1838). In Scotland, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hamilton_(architect)" title="Thomas Hamilton (architect)">Thomas Hamilton</a> (1784–1858), in collaboration with the artists <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wilson_(artist)" title="Andrew Wilson (artist)">Andrew Wilson</a> (1780–1848) and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_William_Williams" title="Hugh William Williams">Hugh William Williams</a> (1773–1829) created monuments and buildings of international significance; the Burns Monument at Alloway (1818) and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_High_School,_Edinburgh" title="Royal High School, Edinburgh">Royal High School, Edinburgh</a> (1823–1829). </p><p>At the same time the <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a> in France was a more grandiose wave of neoclassicism in architecture and the decorative arts. Mainly based on Imperial Roman styles, it originated in, and took its name from, the rule of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a>, where it was intended to idealize Napoleon's leadership and the French state. The style corresponds to the more bourgeois <a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a> style in the German-speaking lands, <a href="/wiki/Federal_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal style">Federal style</a> in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Regency_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency style">Regency style</a> in Britain, and the <i>Napoleonstil</i> in Sweden. According to the art historian <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Honour" title="Hugh Honour">Hugh Honour</a> "so far from being, as is sometimes supposed, the culmination of the Neo-classical movement, the Empire marks its rapid decline and transformation back once more into a mere antique revival, drained of all the high-minded ideas and force of conviction that had inspired its masterpieces".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1044._St._Petersburg._Stock_Exchange_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange, by Jean-François Thomas de Thomon, 1805-1810"><img alt="Old Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange, by Jean-François Thomas de Thomon, 1805-1810" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1044._St._Petersburg._Stock_Exchange_building.jpg/170px-1044._St._Petersburg._Stock_Exchange_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1044._St._Petersburg._Stock_Exchange_building.jpg/255px-1044._St._Petersburg._Stock_Exchange_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1044._St._Petersburg._Stock_Exchange_building.jpg/340px-1044._St._Petersburg._Stock_Exchange_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3051" data-file-height="2288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Old_Saint_Petersburg_Stock_Exchange_and_Rostral_Columns" title="Old Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange and Rostral Columns">Old Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Thomas_de_Thomon" title="Jean-François Thomas de Thomon">Jean-François Thomas de Thomon</a>, 1805-1810</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_from_NE_2_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="British Museum, London, by Robert Smirke, 1823-1847"><img alt="British Museum, London, by Robert Smirke, 1823-1847" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/British_Museum_from_NE_2_%28cropped%29.JPG/170px-British_Museum_from_NE_2_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/British_Museum_from_NE_2_%28cropped%29.JPG/255px-British_Museum_from_NE_2_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/British_Museum_from_NE_2_%28cropped%29.JPG/340px-British_Museum_from_NE_2_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1593" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, London, by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smirke_(architect)" title="Robert Smirke (architect)">Robert Smirke</a>, 1823-1847</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palais_de_Justice_BORDEAUX.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bordeaux Courthouse, Bordeaux, France, unknown architect, 1839-1846"><img alt="Bordeaux Courthouse, Bordeaux, France, unknown architect, 1839-1846" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Palais_de_Justice_BORDEAUX.JPG/170px-Palais_de_Justice_BORDEAUX.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Palais_de_Justice_BORDEAUX.JPG/255px-Palais_de_Justice_BORDEAUX.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Palais_de_Justice_BORDEAUX.JPG/340px-Palais_de_Justice_BORDEAUX.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bordeaux Courthouse, <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, unknown architect, 1839-1846</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh_-_Royal_Scottish_Academy_Building_-_20140421192731.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Scottish Academy, Edinburgh, Scotland, unknown architect, unknown date"><img alt="Royal Scottish Academy, Edinburgh, Scotland, unknown architect, unknown date" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Edinburgh_-_Royal_Scottish_Academy_Building_-_20140421192731.jpg/170px-Edinburgh_-_Royal_Scottish_Academy_Building_-_20140421192731.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Edinburgh_-_Royal_Scottish_Academy_Building_-_20140421192731.jpg/255px-Edinburgh_-_Royal_Scottish_Academy_Building_-_20140421192731.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Edinburgh_-_Royal_Scottish_Academy_Building_-_20140421192731.jpg/340px-Edinburgh_-_Royal_Scottish_Academy_Building_-_20140421192731.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Scottish_Academy" title="Royal Scottish Academy">Royal Scottish Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, unknown architect, unknown date</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%BCnchen_BW_2017-03-15_19-06-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Propylaea (Munich), Germany, by Leo von Klenze, finished in 1862"><img alt="Propylaea (Munich), Germany, by Leo von Klenze, finished in 1862" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/M%C3%BCnchen_BW_2017-03-15_19-06-19.jpg/170px-M%C3%BCnchen_BW_2017-03-15_19-06-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/M%C3%BCnchen_BW_2017-03-15_19-06-19.jpg/255px-M%C3%BCnchen_BW_2017-03-15_19-06-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/M%C3%BCnchen_BW_2017-03-15_19-06-19.jpg/340px-M%C3%BCnchen_BW_2017-03-15_19-06-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5696" data-file-height="3864" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Propylaea_(Munich)" title="Propylaea (Munich)">Propylaea (Munich)</a>, Germany, by <a href="/wiki/Leo_von_Klenze" title="Leo von Klenze">Leo von Klenze</a>, finished in 1862</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria_reichsratssaal_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Austrian Parliament Building, Vienna, by Theophil Hansen, 1874-1883"><img alt="Austrian Parliament Building, Vienna, by Theophil Hansen, 1874-1883" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Austria_reichsratssaal_2010.jpg/170px-Austria_reichsratssaal_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Austria_reichsratssaal_2010.jpg/255px-Austria_reichsratssaal_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Austria_reichsratssaal_2010.jpg/340px-Austria_reichsratssaal_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1170" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Parliament_Building" title="Austrian Parliament Building">Austrian Parliament Building</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Theophil_Hansen" title="Theophil Hansen">Theophil Hansen</a>, 1874-1883</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich-von-Thiersch-Saal_B%C3%BChne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Friedrich-von-Thiersch hall of the Kurhaus, Wiesbaden, Germany, 1905-1907, by Friedrich von Thiersch"><img alt="Friedrich-von-Thiersch hall of the Kurhaus, Wiesbaden, Germany, 1905-1907, by Friedrich von Thiersch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Friedrich-von-Thiersch-Saal_B%C3%BChne.jpg/170px-Friedrich-von-Thiersch-Saal_B%C3%BChne.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Friedrich-von-Thiersch-Saal_B%C3%BChne.jpg/255px-Friedrich-von-Thiersch-Saal_B%C3%BChne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Friedrich-von-Thiersch-Saal_B%C3%BChne.jpg/340px-Friedrich-von-Thiersch-Saal_B%C3%BChne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1943" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Friedrich-von-Thiersch hall of the <a href="/wiki/Kurhaus,_Wiesbaden" title="Kurhaus, Wiesbaden">Kurhaus, Wiesbaden</a>, Germany, 1905-1907, by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Thiersch" title="Friedrich von Thiersch">Friedrich von Thiersch</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_architecture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27Enfant_plan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/L%27Enfant_plan.svg/200px-L%27Enfant_plan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/L%27Enfant_plan.svg/300px-L%27Enfant_plan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/L%27Enfant_plan.svg/400px-L%27Enfant_plan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3822" data-file-height="3093" /></a><figcaption>The L'Enfant Plan for Washington, D.C., as revised by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott" title="Andrew Ellicott">Andrew Ellicott</a> in 1792.</figcaption></figure> <p>High neoclassicism was an international movement. Architects reacted against the excesses and profuse ornament used in Late <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque architecture</a>. The new "classical" architecture emphasized planar qualities, rather than elaborate sculptural ornament in both the interior and the exterior. Projections and recessions and their effects of <a href="/wiki/Chiaroscuro" title="Chiaroscuro">light and shade</a> were more flat; sculptural bas-reliefs were flat and tended to be framed by friezes, tablets or panels. This was the first "stripped down" classical architecture, and appeared to be modern in the context of the Revolutionary period in Europe. At its most elemental, as in the work of <a href="/wiki/Etienne-Louis_Boull%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne-Louis Boullée">Etienne-Louis Boullée</a>, it was highly abstract and geometrically pure.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lutheran_Cathedral_Helsinki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lutheran_Cathedral_Helsinki.jpg/220px-Lutheran_Cathedral_Helsinki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lutheran_Cathedral_Helsinki.jpg/330px-Lutheran_Cathedral_Helsinki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lutheran_Cathedral_Helsinki.jpg/440px-Lutheran_Cathedral_Helsinki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5786" data-file-height="6440" /></a><figcaption>The neoclassical <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Cathedral" title="Helsinki Cathedral">Helsinki Cathedral</a> from the 19th century, near the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Square,_Helsinki" title="Senate Square, Helsinki">Senate Square, Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Neoclassicism also influenced city planning. The ancient Romans had used a consolidated scheme for city planning for both defence and civil convenience; however, the roots of this scheme go back to even older civilizations. At its most basic, the <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid system</a> of streets, a central forum with city services, two main slightly wider boulevards, and the occasional diagonal street were characteristic of the very logical and orderly Roman design. Ancient façades and building layouts were oriented to these city design patterns and they tended to work in proportion with the importance of public buildings. </p><p>Many of these <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a> patterns found their way into the first modern <a href="/wiki/Planned_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned cities">planned cities</a> of the 18th century. Exceptional examples include <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a>, Washington, D.C., Saint Petersburg, Buenos Aires, Havana, and Barcelona. Contrasting models may be found in Modernist designs exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden city movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Levittown" title="Levittown">levittowns</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_trends">Regional trends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_architecture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Regional trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_architecture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_in_France" title="Neoclassicism in France">Neoclassicism in France</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Rue_de_Rivoli_-_Rue_Cambon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Paris_Rue_de_Rivoli_-_Rue_Cambon.jpg/220px-Paris_Rue_de_Rivoli_-_Rue_Cambon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Paris_Rue_de_Rivoli_-_Rue_Cambon.jpg/330px-Paris_Rue_de_Rivoli_-_Rue_Cambon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Paris_Rue_de_Rivoli_-_Rue_Cambon.jpg/440px-Paris_Rue_de_Rivoli_-_Rue_Cambon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5266" data-file-height="3556" /></a><figcaption>Parisian <a href="/wiki/Apartment_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartment building">apartment building</a> on <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Rivoli" title="Rue de Rivoli">Rue de Rivoli</a>. The name of the street comes from <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s victory over the Austrians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rivoli" title="Battle of Rivoli">Battle of Rivoli</a> (1797)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first phase of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_in_France" title="Neoclassicism in France">neoclassicism in France</a> is expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_style" title="Louis XV style">Louis XV style</a> of architect <a href="/wiki/Ange-Jacques_Gabriel" title="Ange-Jacques Gabriel">Ange-Jacques Gabriel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Petit_Trianon" title="Petit Trianon">Petit Trianon</a>, 1762–1768); the second phase, in the styles called <a href="/wiki/Directoire_(style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Directoire (style)">Directoire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_(style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire (style)">Empire</a>, might be characterized by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chalgrin" title="Jean Chalgrin">Jean Chalgrin</a>'s severe astylar <a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a> (designed in 1806). In England the two phases might be characterized first by the structures of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Robert Adam</a>, the second by those of Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Soane" title="John Soane">John Soane</a>. The interior style in France was initially a Parisian style, the "<a href="/wiki/Go%C3%BBt_grec" title="Goût grec">Goût grec</a>" ("Greek style") not a court style. Only when the young King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> acceded to the throne in 1774 did <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>, his fashion-loving Queen, bring the Louis XVI style to court. </p><p>Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Louis_Boull%C3%A9e" title="Étienne-Louis Boullée">Étienne-Louis Boullée</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Nicolas_Ledoux" title="Claude Nicolas Ledoux">Claude Nicolas Ledoux</a>. The many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe. There are links between Boullée's ideas and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>'s conception of the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">sublime</a>. Ledoux addressed the concept of architectural character, maintaining that a building should immediately communicate its function to the viewer: taken literally, such ideas give rise to <a href="/wiki/Architecture_parlante" title="Architecture parlante">architecture parlante</a> ("speaking architecture"). </p><p>From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples, seen through the medium of etchings and engravings, gave a new impetus to neoclassicism that is called the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival</a>. Although several European cities – notably <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, Berlin and <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> – were transformed into veritable museums of Greek revival architecture, the Greek Revival in France was never popular with either the state or the public. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boudoir_de_la_reine,_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boudoir de la Reine of the Palace of Fontainebleau (Fontainbleau)"><img alt="Boudoir de la Reine of the Palace of Fontainebleau (Fontainbleau)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Boudoir_de_la_reine%2C_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau.jpg/170px-Boudoir_de_la_reine%2C_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Boudoir_de_la_reine%2C_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau.jpg/255px-Boudoir_de_la_reine%2C_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Boudoir_de_la_reine%2C_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau.jpg/340px-Boudoir_de_la_reine%2C_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Boudoir de la Reine of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Palace of Fontainebleau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fontainbleau" class="mw-redirect" title="Fontainbleau">Fontainbleau</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle,_Paris_17_July_2016_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Château de Bagatelle (Paris), a small Neoclassical château, 1777, by François-Joseph Bélanger"><img alt="Château de Bagatelle (Paris), a small Neoclassical château, 1777, by François-Joseph Bélanger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle%2C_Paris_17_July_2016_004.jpg/170px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle%2C_Paris_17_July_2016_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle%2C_Paris_17_July_2016_004.jpg/255px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle%2C_Paris_17_July_2016_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle%2C_Paris_17_July_2016_004.jpg/340px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle%2C_Paris_17_July_2016_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4872" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle" title="Château de Bagatelle">Château de Bagatelle</a> (Paris), a small Neoclassical <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Château">château</a>, 1777, by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_B%C3%A9langer" title="François-Joseph Bélanger">François-Joseph Bélanger</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bordeaux_Grand_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_R03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stairway of the Grand Theater of Bordeaux, 1780, by Victor Louis"><img alt="Stairway of the Grand Theater of Bordeaux, 1780, by Victor Louis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bordeaux_Grand_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_R03.jpg/170px-Bordeaux_Grand_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_R03.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bordeaux_Grand_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_R03.jpg/255px-Bordeaux_Grand_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_R03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bordeaux_Grand_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_R03.jpg/340px-Bordeaux_Grand_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_R03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="1731" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stairway of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Bordeaux" title="Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux">Grand Theater of Bordeaux</a>, 1780, by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Louis" title="Victor Louis">Victor Louis</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%B4tel_de_Salm_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_Seine_Palais_L%C3%A9gion_d%27Honneur_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Palais de la Légion d'Honneur (Paris), 1782–1787, by Pierre Rousseau"><img alt="The Palais de la Légion d'Honneur (Paris), 1782–1787, by Pierre Rousseau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/H%C3%B4tel_de_Salm_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_Seine_Palais_L%C3%A9gion_d%27Honneur_Paris.jpg/170px-H%C3%B4tel_de_Salm_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_Seine_Palais_L%C3%A9gion_d%27Honneur_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/H%C3%B4tel_de_Salm_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_Seine_Palais_L%C3%A9gion_d%27Honneur_Paris.jpg/255px-H%C3%B4tel_de_Salm_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_Seine_Palais_L%C3%A9gion_d%27Honneur_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/H%C3%B4tel_de_Salm_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_Seine_Palais_L%C3%A9gion_d%27Honneur_Paris.jpg/340px-H%C3%B4tel_de_Salm_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_Seine_Palais_L%C3%A9gion_d%27Honneur_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3004" data-file-height="2153" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_L%C3%A9gion_d%27Honneur" title="Palais de la Légion d'Honneur">Palais de la Légion d'Honneur</a> (Paris), 1782–1787, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Rousseau_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Rousseau (architect) (page does not exist)">Pierre Rousseau</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabinet_dore_Marie-Antoinette_Versailles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cabinet doré of Marie Antoinette at the Palace of Versailles (1783)"><img alt="Cabinet doré of Marie Antoinette at the Palace of Versailles (1783)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cabinet_dore_Marie-Antoinette_Versailles.jpg/114px-Cabinet_dore_Marie-Antoinette_Versailles.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cabinet_dore_Marie-Antoinette_Versailles.jpg/171px-Cabinet_dore_Marie-Antoinette_Versailles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cabinet_dore_Marie-Antoinette_Versailles.jpg/228px-Cabinet_dore_Marie-Antoinette_Versailles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2767" data-file-height="4117" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cabinet doré of <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a> (1783)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89glise_de_la_Madeleine_3753x3156.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Église de la Madeleine (Paris), 1807–1828, by Pierre-Alexandre Vignon"><img alt="Église de la Madeleine (Paris), 1807–1828, by Pierre-Alexandre Vignon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%C3%89glise_de_la_Madeleine_3753x3156.jpg/170px-%C3%89glise_de_la_Madeleine_3753x3156.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%C3%89glise_de_la_Madeleine_3753x3156.jpg/255px-%C3%89glise_de_la_Madeleine_3753x3156.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%C3%89glise_de_la_Madeleine_3753x3156.jpg/340px-%C3%89glise_de_la_Madeleine_3753x3156.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3753" data-file-height="3156" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89glise_de_la_Madeleine" class="mw-redirect" title="Église de la Madeleine">Église de la Madeleine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>), 1807–1828, by Pierre-Alexandre Vignon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Compi%C3%A8gne_(60),_palais,_salon_Bleu_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Blue Salon of the Château de Compiègne (Compiègne), an example of an Empire interior"><img alt="The Blue Salon of the Château de Compiègne (Compiègne), an example of an Empire interior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Compi%C3%A8gne_%2860%29%2C_palais%2C_salon_Bleu_3.jpg/170px-Compi%C3%A8gne_%2860%29%2C_palais%2C_salon_Bleu_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Compi%C3%A8gne_%2860%29%2C_palais%2C_salon_Bleu_3.jpg/255px-Compi%C3%A8gne_%2860%29%2C_palais%2C_salon_Bleu_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Compi%C3%A8gne_%2860%29%2C_palais%2C_salon_Bleu_3.jpg/340px-Compi%C3%A8gne_%2860%29%2C_palais%2C_salon_Bleu_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Blue Salon of the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Château de Compiègne">Château de Compiègne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Compiègne">Compiègne</a>), an example of an <a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire</a> interior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison,_France_(48029730202).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Empress's bedroom from the Château de Malmaison, another Empire interior"><img alt="Empress's bedroom from the Château de Malmaison, another Empire interior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison%2C_France_%2848029730202%29.jpg/170px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison%2C_France_%2848029730202%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison%2C_France_%2848029730202%29.jpg/255px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison%2C_France_%2848029730202%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison%2C_France_%2848029730202%29.jpg/340px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison%2C_France_%2848029730202%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1363" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Empress's bedroom from the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison" title="Château de Malmaison">Château de Malmaison</a>, another Empire interior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P1040409_Paris_Ier_colonne_Vend%C3%B4me_rwk.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Vendôme Column (Paris), modelled after Trajan's Column, 1810"><img alt="The Vendôme Column (Paris), modelled after Trajan's Column, 1810" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/P1040409_Paris_Ier_colonne_Vend%C3%B4me_rwk.JPG/131px-P1040409_Paris_Ier_colonne_Vend%C3%B4me_rwk.JPG" decoding="async" width="131" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/P1040409_Paris_Ier_colonne_Vend%C3%B4me_rwk.JPG/196px-P1040409_Paris_Ier_colonne_Vend%C3%B4me_rwk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/P1040409_Paris_Ier_colonne_Vend%C3%B4me_rwk.JPG/261px-P1040409_Paris_Ier_colonne_Vend%C3%B4me_rwk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Place_Vend%C3%B4me#The_Vendôme_Column" title="Place Vendôme">Vendôme Column</a> (Paris), modelled after <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a>, 1810</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Musee_Guimet_en_2013_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Guimet Museum (Paris), by Jules Chatron"><img alt="The Guimet Museum (Paris), by Jules Chatron" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Musee_Guimet_en_2013_1.jpg/170px-Musee_Guimet_en_2013_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Musee_Guimet_en_2013_1.jpg/255px-Musee_Guimet_en_2013_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Musee_Guimet_en_2013_1.jpg/340px-Musee_Guimet_en_2013_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Guimet_Museum" title="Guimet Museum">Guimet Museum</a> (Paris), by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Chatron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules Chatron (page does not exist)">Jules Chatron</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_architecture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit" title="Gründerzeit">Gründerzeit</a></div> <p>Neoclassical architecture became a symbol of national pride during the 18th century in Germany, in what was then <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel" title="Karl Friedrich Schinkel">Karl Friedrich Schinkel</a> built many notable buildings in this style, including the <a href="/wiki/Altes_Museum" title="Altes Museum">Altes Museum</a> in Berlin. While the city remained dominated by Baroque city planning, his architecture and functional style provided the city with a distinctly neoclassical center. </p><p>Schinkel's work is very comparable to Neoclassical architecture in Britain since he drew much of his inspiration from that country. He made trips to observe the buildings and develop his functional style.<sup id="cite_ref-Middleton,_Robin._1993_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middleton,_Robin._1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_-_0266_-_16052015_-_Brandenburger_Tor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brandenburg Gate in Berlin (1788–1791) by Carl Gotthard Langhans"><img alt="Brandenburg Gate in Berlin (1788–1791) by Carl Gotthard Langhans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Berlin_-_0266_-_16052015_-_Brandenburger_Tor.jpg/170px-Berlin_-_0266_-_16052015_-_Brandenburger_Tor.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Berlin_-_0266_-_16052015_-_Brandenburger_Tor.jpg/255px-Berlin_-_0266_-_16052015_-_Brandenburger_Tor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Berlin_-_0266_-_16052015_-_Brandenburger_Tor.jpg/340px-Berlin_-_0266_-_16052015_-_Brandenburger_Tor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4963" data-file-height="3309" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate" title="Brandenburg Gate">Brandenburg Gate</a> in Berlin (1788–1791) by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gotthard_Langhans" title="Carl Gotthard Langhans">Carl Gotthard Langhans</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marktplatz_Karlsruhe_20220705_145159-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karlsruhe Pyramid (1823–1825) and City Church (1807–1816), Karlsruhe by Friedrich Weinbrenner"><img alt="Karlsruhe Pyramid (1823–1825) and City Church (1807–1816), Karlsruhe by Friedrich Weinbrenner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Marktplatz_Karlsruhe_20220705_145159-2.jpg/170px-Marktplatz_Karlsruhe_20220705_145159-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Marktplatz_Karlsruhe_20220705_145159-2.jpg/255px-Marktplatz_Karlsruhe_20220705_145159-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Marktplatz_Karlsruhe_20220705_145159-2.jpg/340px-Marktplatz_Karlsruhe_20220705_145159-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3940" data-file-height="2614" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_Pyramid" title="Karlsruhe Pyramid">Karlsruhe Pyramid</a> (1823–1825) and City Church (1807–1816), <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a> by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Weinbrenner" title="Friedrich Weinbrenner">Friedrich Weinbrenner</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:150418_Konzerthaus_Berlin_Gendarmenmarkt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Konzerthaus Berlin in Berlin (1818–1821) by Karl Friedrich Schinkel"><img alt="Konzerthaus Berlin in Berlin (1818–1821) by Karl Friedrich Schinkel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/150418_Konzerthaus_Berlin_Gendarmenmarkt.jpg/170px-150418_Konzerthaus_Berlin_Gendarmenmarkt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/150418_Konzerthaus_Berlin_Gendarmenmarkt.jpg/255px-150418_Konzerthaus_Berlin_Gendarmenmarkt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/150418_Konzerthaus_Berlin_Gendarmenmarkt.jpg/340px-150418_Konzerthaus_Berlin_Gendarmenmarkt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5462" data-file-height="3641" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Konzerthaus_Berlin" title="Konzerthaus Berlin">Konzerthaus Berlin</a> in Berlin (1818–1821) by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel" title="Karl Friedrich Schinkel">Karl Friedrich Schinkel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Exterior_views_of_the_Altes_Museum_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Altes Museum in Berlin (1825–1830) by Karl Friedrich Schinkel"><img alt="Altes Museum in Berlin (1825–1830) by Karl Friedrich Schinkel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Exterior_views_of_the_Altes_Museum_Berlin.jpg/170px-Exterior_views_of_the_Altes_Museum_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Exterior_views_of_the_Altes_Museum_Berlin.jpg/255px-Exterior_views_of_the_Altes_Museum_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Exterior_views_of_the_Altes_Museum_Berlin.jpg/340px-Exterior_views_of_the_Altes_Museum_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="1908" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Altes_Museum" title="Altes Museum">Altes Museum</a> in Berlin (1825–1830) by Karl Friedrich Schinkel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glyptothek_in_M%C3%BCnchen_in_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyptothek in Munich (1816–1830) by Leo von Klenze"><img alt="Glyptothek in Munich (1816–1830) by Leo von Klenze" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Glyptothek_in_M%C3%BCnchen_in_2013.jpg/170px-Glyptothek_in_M%C3%BCnchen_in_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Glyptothek_in_M%C3%BCnchen_in_2013.jpg/255px-Glyptothek_in_M%C3%BCnchen_in_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Glyptothek_in_M%C3%BCnchen_in_2013.jpg/340px-Glyptothek_in_M%C3%BCnchen_in_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="1900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Glyptothek" title="Glyptothek">Glyptothek</a> in Munich (1816–1830) by <a href="/wiki/Leo_von_Klenze" title="Leo von Klenze">Leo von Klenze</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Walhalla_wie_Parthenon_zu_Ehren_bedeutender_Personen_-_erbaut_1842_-_K%C3%B6nig_Ludwig_I_-_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_DSCN2430.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Walhalla (1830–1842) by Leo von Klenze"><img alt="Walhalla (1830–1842) by Leo von Klenze" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Walhalla_wie_Parthenon_zu_Ehren_bedeutender_Personen_-_erbaut_1842_-_K%C3%B6nig_Ludwig_I_-_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_DSCN2430.jpg/170px-Walhalla_wie_Parthenon_zu_Ehren_bedeutender_Personen_-_erbaut_1842_-_K%C3%B6nig_Ludwig_I_-_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_DSCN2430.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Walhalla_wie_Parthenon_zu_Ehren_bedeutender_Personen_-_erbaut_1842_-_K%C3%B6nig_Ludwig_I_-_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_DSCN2430.jpg/255px-Walhalla_wie_Parthenon_zu_Ehren_bedeutender_Personen_-_erbaut_1842_-_K%C3%B6nig_Ludwig_I_-_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_DSCN2430.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Walhalla_wie_Parthenon_zu_Ehren_bedeutender_Personen_-_erbaut_1842_-_K%C3%B6nig_Ludwig_I_-_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_DSCN2430.jpg/340px-Walhalla_wie_Parthenon_zu_Ehren_bedeutender_Personen_-_erbaut_1842_-_K%C3%B6nig_Ludwig_I_-_Foto_Wolfgang_Pehlemann_DSCN2430.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Walhalla_(memorial)" title="Walhalla (memorial)">Walhalla</a> (1830–1842) by Leo von Klenze</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Propyl%C3%A4en_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Propylaea (Munich) (1854–1862) by Leo von Klenze"><img alt="Propylaea (Munich) (1854–1862) by Leo von Klenze" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Propyl%C3%A4en_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg/170px-Propyl%C3%A4en_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Propyl%C3%A4en_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg/255px-Propyl%C3%A4en_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Propyl%C3%A4en_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg/340px-Propyl%C3%A4en_M%C3%BCnchen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="2427" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Propylaea_(Munich)" title="Propylaea (Munich)">Propylaea (Munich)</a> (1854–1862) by Leo von Klenze</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AlteNationalgalerie_1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alte Nationalgalerie in Berlin (1862–1876) by Friedrich August Stüler and Heinrich Strack"><img alt="Alte Nationalgalerie in Berlin (1862–1876) by Friedrich August Stüler and Heinrich Strack" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/AlteNationalgalerie_1a.jpg/170px-AlteNationalgalerie_1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/AlteNationalgalerie_1a.jpg/255px-AlteNationalgalerie_1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/AlteNationalgalerie_1a.jpg/340px-AlteNationalgalerie_1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alte_Nationalgalerie" title="Alte Nationalgalerie">Alte Nationalgalerie</a> in Berlin (1862–1876) by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_August_St%C3%BCler" title="Friedrich August Stüler">Friedrich August Stüler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Strack" title="Heinrich Strack">Heinrich Strack</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Britain_and_Ireland">Great Britain and Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_architecture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Great Britain and Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Neoclassical architecture">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adam style</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian architecture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English landscape garden</a></div> <p>From the middle of the 18th century, exploration and publication changed the course of British architecture from the <a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian architecture</a> towards a purer vision of the Ancient Greco-Roman ideal. <a href="/wiki/James_Stuart_(1713%E2%80%931788)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Stuart (1713–1788)">James 'Athenian' Stuart</a>'s work <i>The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece</i> was very influential in this regard, as were <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wood_(antiquarian)" title="Robert Wood (antiquarian)">Robert Wood</a>'s <i>Palmyra</i> and <i>Baalbec</i>. A combination of simple forms and high levels of enrichment was adopted by the majority of contemporary British architects and designers. The revolution begun by Stuart was soon to be eclipsed by the work of the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Adam brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Wyatt" title="James Wyatt">James Wyatt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Chambers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Chambers">Sir William Chambers</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Dance_the_Younger" title="George Dance the Younger">George Dance the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Gandon" title="James Gandon">James Gandon</a>, and provincially based architects such as <a href="/wiki/John_Carr_(architect)" title="John Carr (architect)">John Carr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Harrison_(architect)" title="Thomas Harrison (architect)">Thomas Harrison</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and the north of England, where the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a> was less strong, architects continued to develop the neoclassical style of <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Playfair" title="William Henry Playfair">William Henry Playfair</a>. The works of <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Brodrick" title="Cuthbert Brodrick">Cuthbert Brodrick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Thomson" title="Alexander Thomson">Alexander Thomson</a> show that by the end of the 19th century the results could be powerful and eccentric. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a> was also less popular, a refined, restrained form of the neoclassical developed, and can be seen in the works of <a href="/wiki/James_Gandon" title="James Gandon">James Gandon</a> and other architects working at the time. It is particularly evident in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, which is a largely neoclassical and Georgian city. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The.circus.bath.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Circus, Bath Somerset, England, 1754–1768, by John Wood, the Elder"><img alt="The Circus, Bath Somerset, England, 1754–1768, by John Wood, the Elder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/The.circus.bath.arp.jpg/170px-The.circus.bath.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/The.circus.bath.arp.jpg/255px-The.circus.bath.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/The.circus.bath.arp.jpg/340px-The.circus.bath.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2163" data-file-height="1644" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Circus,_Bath" title="The Circus, Bath">The Circus, Bath</a> <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, 1754–1768, by <a href="/wiki/John_Wood,_the_Elder" title="John Wood, the Elder">John Wood, the Elder</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harewood_House_The_State_Bedroom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bedroom in Harewood House Harewood, West Yorkshire, England, 1759–1771, by Robert Adam"><img alt="Bedroom in Harewood House Harewood, West Yorkshire, England, 1759–1771, by Robert Adam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Harewood_House_The_State_Bedroom.jpg/170px-Harewood_House_The_State_Bedroom.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Harewood_House_The_State_Bedroom.jpg/255px-Harewood_House_The_State_Bedroom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Harewood_House_The_State_Bedroom.jpg/340px-Harewood_House_The_State_Bedroom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8685" data-file-height="5791" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bedroom in <a href="/wiki/Harewood_House" title="Harewood House">Harewood House</a> <a href="/wiki/Harewood,_West_Yorkshire" title="Harewood, West Yorkshire">Harewood, West Yorkshire</a>, England, 1759–1771, by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Robert Adam</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kedleston_Hall_20080730-06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kedleston Hall, Kedleston, Derbyshire, England based on the Arch of Constantine in Rome, the 1760s, by Robert Adam"><img alt="Kedleston Hall, Kedleston, Derbyshire, England based on the Arch of Constantine in Rome, the 1760s, by Robert Adam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kedleston_Hall_20080730-06.jpg/170px-Kedleston_Hall_20080730-06.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kedleston_Hall_20080730-06.jpg/255px-Kedleston_Hall_20080730-06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kedleston_Hall_20080730-06.jpg/340px-Kedleston_Hall_20080730-06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4019" data-file-height="2791" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kedleston_Hall" title="Kedleston Hall">Kedleston Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kedleston" title="Kedleston">Kedleston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>, England based on the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Constantine" title="Arch of Constantine">Arch of Constantine</a> in Rome, the 1760s, by Robert Adam</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syon_House,_Ante_room,_Gilded_panels_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of Syon House, London with Ionic columns and gilded statues, 1767–1775, by Robert Adam"><img alt="Interior of Syon House, London with Ionic columns and gilded statues, 1767–1775, by Robert Adam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Syon_House%2C_Ante_room%2C_Gilded_panels_%282%29.jpg/170px-Syon_House%2C_Ante_room%2C_Gilded_panels_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Syon_House%2C_Ante_room%2C_Gilded_panels_%282%29.jpg/255px-Syon_House%2C_Ante_room%2C_Gilded_panels_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Syon_House%2C_Ante_room%2C_Gilded_panels_%282%29.jpg/340px-Syon_House%2C_Ante_room%2C_Gilded_panels_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of <a href="/wiki/Syon_House" title="Syon House">Syon House</a>, London with <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic</a> columns and gilded statues, 1767–1775, by Robert Adam</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syon_House,_Dining_room.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dining room of Syon House, with a complex ceiling"><img alt="Dining room of Syon House, with a complex ceiling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Syon_House%2C_Dining_room.jpg/170px-Syon_House%2C_Dining_room.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Syon_House%2C_Dining_room.jpg/255px-Syon_House%2C_Dining_room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Syon_House%2C_Dining_room.jpg/340px-Syon_House%2C_Dining_room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3319" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dining room of Syon House, with a complex ceiling</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Archives_Nationales_%C3%89dimbourg_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="General Register House Edinburgh, Scotland, 1774–1788, by Robert Adam"><img alt="General Register House Edinburgh, Scotland, 1774–1788, by Robert Adam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Archives_Nationales_%C3%89dimbourg_2.jpg/170px-Archives_Nationales_%C3%89dimbourg_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Archives_Nationales_%C3%89dimbourg_2.jpg/255px-Archives_Nationales_%C3%89dimbourg_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Archives_Nationales_%C3%89dimbourg_2.jpg/340px-Archives_Nationales_%C3%89dimbourg_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7831" data-file-height="3525" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/General_Register_House" title="General Register House">General Register House</a> <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, 1774–1788, by Robert Adam</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:O%27Connell_Street,_Dublin,_Ireland.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buildings in Lower O'Connell Street Dublin constructed between 1918 and 1923 in the highly refined and aesthetically restrained style typical of the Irish capital"><img alt="View upwards of street buildings with green domed roofs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/O%27Connell_Street%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland.jpg/170px-O%27Connell_Street%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/O%27Connell_Street%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland.jpg/255px-O%27Connell_Street%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/O%27Connell_Street%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland.jpg/340px-O%27Connell_Street%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buildings in Lower <a href="/wiki/O%27Connell_Street" title="O'Connell Street">O'Connell Street</a> <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> constructed between 1918 and 1923 in the highly refined and aesthetically restrained style typical of the Irish capital</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Somerset_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The central courtyard of Somerset House, London, 1776, by Sir William Chambers"><img alt="The central courtyard of Somerset House, London, 1776, by Sir William Chambers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Somerset_House.jpg/170px-Somerset_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Somerset_House.jpg/255px-Somerset_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Somerset_House.jpg/340px-Somerset_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2665" data-file-height="1999" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The central courtyard of <a href="/wiki/Somerset_House" title="Somerset House">Somerset House</a>, London, 1776, by <a href="/wiki/William_Chambers_(architect)" title="William Chambers (architect)">Sir William Chambers</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiswick_-_Obelisk_%26_Ionic_Temple_(15298918976).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ionic Temple at Chiswick House, London, an example of English landscape garden"><img alt="Ionic Temple at Chiswick House, London, an example of English landscape garden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Chiswick_-_Obelisk_%26_Ionic_Temple_%2815298918976%29.jpg/113px-Chiswick_-_Obelisk_%26_Ionic_Temple_%2815298918976%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Chiswick_-_Obelisk_%26_Ionic_Temple_%2815298918976%29.jpg/170px-Chiswick_-_Obelisk_%26_Ionic_Temple_%2815298918976%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Chiswick_-_Obelisk_%26_Ionic_Temple_%2815298918976%29.jpg/227px-Chiswick_-_Obelisk_%26_Ionic_Temple_%2815298918976%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3618" data-file-height="5426" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ionic Temple at <a href="/wiki/Chiswick_House" title="Chiswick House">Chiswick House</a>, London, an example of <a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English landscape garden</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dublin_-_General_Post_Office_-_20181206094732.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greek hexastyle portico of the General Post Office, Dublin completed in 1818"><img alt="Greek hexastyle portico of the General Post Office, Dublin completed in 1818" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dublin_-_General_Post_Office_-_20181206094732.jpg/170px-Dublin_-_General_Post_Office_-_20181206094732.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dublin_-_General_Post_Office_-_20181206094732.jpg/255px-Dublin_-_General_Post_Office_-_20181206094732.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dublin_-_General_Post_Office_-_20181206094732.jpg/340px-Dublin_-_General_Post_Office_-_20181206094732.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Greek hexastyle portico of the <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office,_Dublin" title="General Post Office, Dublin">General Post Office, Dublin</a> completed in 1818</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CustomHouseDublin.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Custom House, Dublin"><img alt="The Custom House, Dublin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CustomHouseDublin.JPG/170px-CustomHouseDublin.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CustomHouseDublin.JPG/255px-CustomHouseDublin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CustomHouseDublin.JPG/340px-CustomHouseDublin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1499" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Custom_House" title="The Custom House">The Custom House</a>, Dublin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_Buildings_Stormont_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland) (1933)"><img alt="Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland) (1933)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Parliament_Buildings_Stormont_2.jpg/170px-Parliament_Buildings_Stormont_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Parliament_Buildings_Stormont_2.jpg/255px-Parliament_Buildings_Stormont_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Parliament_Buildings_Stormont_2.jpg/340px-Parliament_Buildings_Stormont_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_Buildings_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland)">Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland)</a> (1933)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_architecture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a> in 1832, the architecture of Greece was mostly influenced by the Neoclassical architecture. For Athens, the first King of Greece, <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Greece" title="Otto of Greece">Otto I</a>, commissioned the architects <a href="/wiki/Stamatios_Kleanthis" title="Stamatios Kleanthis">Stamatios Kleanthis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Schaubert" title="Eduard Schaubert">Eduard Schaubert</a> to design a modern city plan. The <a href="/wiki/Old_Royal_Palace" title="Old Royal Palace">Old Royal Palace</a> was the first important public building to be built, between 1836 and 1843. Later, in the mid- and late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Theophil_Hansen" title="Theophil Hansen">Theophil Hansen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ziller" title="Ernst Ziller">Ernst Ziller</a> took part in the construction of many neoclassical buildings. Theophil Hansen designed his first building, the <a href="/wiki/National_Observatory_of_Athens" title="National Observatory of Athens">National Observatory of Athens</a>, and two of the three contiguous buildings forming the so-called "Athens Classical Trilogy", namely the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Athens_(modern)" title="Academy of Athens (modern)">Academy of Athens</a> (1859) and the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Greece" title="National Library of Greece">National Library of Greece</a> (1888), the third building of the trilogy being the <a href="/wiki/National_and_Capodistrian_University_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National and Capodistrian University of Athens">National and Capodistrian University of Athens</a> (1843), which was designed by his brother <a href="/wiki/Christian_Hansen_(architect)" title="Christian Hansen (architect)">Christian Hansen</a>. Also he designed the <a href="/wiki/Zappeion" title="Zappeion">Zappeion</a> Hall (1888). Ernst Ziller also designed many private mansions in the centre of Athens which gradually became public, usually through donations, such the mansion of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann">Heinrich Schliemann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iliou_Melathron" class="mw-redirect" title="Iliou Melathron">Iliou Melathron</a> (1880). The city of <a href="/wiki/Nauplio" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauplio">Nauplio</a> is also an important example of Neoclassical architecture along with the islands of <a href="/wiki/Poros" title="Poros">Poros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syros" title="Syros">Syros</a> (especially in the capital <a href="/wiki/Ermoupoli" title="Ermoupoli">Ermoupoli</a>). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Griechisches_Parlament.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Old Royal Palace, completed in 1843"><img alt="The Old Royal Palace, completed in 1843" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Griechisches_Parlament.jpg/170px-Griechisches_Parlament.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Griechisches_Parlament.jpg/255px-Griechisches_Parlament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Griechisches_Parlament.jpg/340px-Griechisches_Parlament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5014" data-file-height="3470" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Old_Royal_Palace" title="Old Royal Palace">Old Royal Palace</a>, completed in 1843</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Griechische_Nationalbibliothek_(Zuschnitt).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="National Library of Greece designed by Theophil Hansen (1888)"><img alt="National Library of Greece designed by Theophil Hansen (1888)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Griechische_Nationalbibliothek_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg/170px-Griechische_Nationalbibliothek_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Griechische_Nationalbibliothek_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg/255px-Griechische_Nationalbibliothek_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Griechische_Nationalbibliothek_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg/340px-Griechische_Nationalbibliothek_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11040" data-file-height="7072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Greece" title="National Library of Greece">National Library of Greece</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Theophil_Hansen" title="Theophil Hansen">Theophil Hansen</a> (1888)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akademie_von_Athen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The main building of the Academy of Athens, one of Theophil Hansen's "Trilogy" in central Athens (1859)"><img alt="The main building of the Academy of Athens, one of Theophil Hansen's "Trilogy" in central Athens (1859)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Akademie_von_Athen.jpg/170px-Akademie_von_Athen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Akademie_von_Athen.jpg/255px-Akademie_von_Athen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Akademie_von_Athen.jpg/340px-Akademie_von_Athen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11314" data-file-height="9749" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The main building of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Athens_(modern)" title="Academy of Athens (modern)">Academy of Athens</a>, one of Theophil Hansen's "Trilogy" in central Athens (1859)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Universit%C3%A4t_von_Athen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="National and Capodistrian University of Athens (1843)"><img alt="National and Capodistrian University of Athens (1843)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Universit%C3%A4t_von_Athen.jpg/170px-Universit%C3%A4t_von_Athen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Universit%C3%A4t_von_Athen.jpg/255px-Universit%C3%A4t_von_Athen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Universit%C3%A4t_von_Athen.jpg/340px-Universit%C3%A4t_von_Athen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11746" data-file-height="6260" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/National_and_Capodistrian_University_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National and Capodistrian University of Athens">National and Capodistrian University of Athens</a> (1843)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Attica_06-13_Athens_27_Zappeion.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zappeion (1888)"><img alt="Zappeion (1888)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Attica_06-13_Athens_27_Zappeion.jpg/170px-Attica_06-13_Athens_27_Zappeion.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Attica_06-13_Athens_27_Zappeion.jpg/255px-Attica_06-13_Athens_27_Zappeion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Attica_06-13_Athens_27_Zappeion.jpg/340px-Attica_06-13_Athens_27_Zappeion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4359" data-file-height="2024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Zappeion" title="Zappeion">Zappeion</a> (1888)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%99%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD_6649.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Numismatic Museum of Athens or Iliou Melathron built for Heinrich Schliemann by Ernst Ziller (1880)"><img alt="Numismatic Museum of Athens or Iliou Melathron built for Heinrich Schliemann by Ernst Ziller (1880)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%CE%99%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD_6649.jpg/170px-%CE%99%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD_6649.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%CE%99%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD_6649.jpg/255px-%CE%99%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD_6649.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%CE%99%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD_6649.jpg/340px-%CE%99%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD_6649.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4562" data-file-height="3404" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Numismatic_Museum_of_Athens" title="Numismatic Museum of Athens">Numismatic Museum of Athens</a> or Iliou Melathron built for <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann">Heinrich Schliemann</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ziller" title="Ernst Ziller">Ernst Ziller</a> (1880)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Mansion_in_Athens.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Presidential Mansion, Athens (formerly the Crown Prince's Palace) built by Ernst Ziller"><img alt="Presidential Mansion, Athens (formerly the Crown Prince's Palace) built by Ernst Ziller" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Presidential_Mansion_in_Athens.jpg/170px-Presidential_Mansion_in_Athens.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Presidential_Mansion_in_Athens.jpg/255px-Presidential_Mansion_in_Athens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Presidential_Mansion_in_Athens.jpg/340px-Presidential_Mansion_in_Athens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Mansion,_Athens" title="Presidential Mansion, Athens">Presidential Mansion, Athens</a> (formerly the Crown Prince's Palace) built by Ernst Ziller</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_architecture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Neoclassical architecture">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The earliest examples of neoclassical architecture in Hungary may be found in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1c" title="Vác">Vác</a>. In this town the triumphal arch and the neoclassical façade of the Baroque Cathedral were designed by the French architect Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval (Isidore Canevale) in the 1760s. Also the work of a French architect, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles-Alexandre_Moreau" title="Jean-Charles-Alexandre Moreau">Jean-Charles-Alexandre Moreau</a>, is the garden façade of the <a href="/wiki/Schloss_Esterh%C3%A1zy" title="Schloss Esterházy">Esterházy Palace</a> (1797–1805) in Kismarton (today <a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a> in Austria). </p><p>The two principal architects of Neoclassicism in Hungary were <a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_Pollack" title="Mihály Pollack">Mihály Pollack</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Hild" title="József Hild">József Hild</a>. Pollack's major work is the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Museum" title="Hungarian National Museum">Hungarian National Museum</a> (1837–1844). Hild is famous for his designs for the Cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_Eger" title="Cathedral Basilica of Eger">Eger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Esztergom_Basilica" title="Esztergom Basilica">Esztergom</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Great_Church_of_Debrecen" title="Reformed Great Church of Debrecen">Reformed Great Church of Debrecen</a> is an outstanding example of the many Protestant churches that were built in the first half of the 19th century. This was the time of the first iron structures in Hungarian architecture, the most important of which is the <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9chenyi_Chain_Bridge" title="Széchenyi Chain Bridge">Széchenyi Chain Bridge</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Tierney_Clark" title="William Tierney Clark">William Tierney Clark</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Debreceni_reform%C3%A1tus_nagytemplom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reformed Great Church of Debrecen (1805–1824)"><img alt="Reformed Great Church of Debrecen (1805–1824)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Debreceni_reform%C3%A1tus_nagytemplom.jpg/170px-Debreceni_reform%C3%A1tus_nagytemplom.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Debreceni_reform%C3%A1tus_nagytemplom.jpg/255px-Debreceni_reform%C3%A1tus_nagytemplom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Debreceni_reform%C3%A1tus_nagytemplom.jpg/340px-Debreceni_reform%C3%A1tus_nagytemplom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Great_Church_of_Debrecen" title="Reformed Great Church of Debrecen">Reformed Great Church of Debrecen</a> (1805–1824)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caput_Mater_et_Magistra_Ecclesiarum_Hungariae.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Esztergom Basilica (1822–1869)"><img alt="Esztergom Basilica (1822–1869)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Caput_Mater_et_Magistra_Ecclesiarum_Hungariae.jpg/170px-Caput_Mater_et_Magistra_Ecclesiarum_Hungariae.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Caput_Mater_et_Magistra_Ecclesiarum_Hungariae.jpg/255px-Caput_Mater_et_Magistra_Ecclesiarum_Hungariae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Caput_Mater_et_Magistra_Ecclesiarum_Hungariae.jpg/340px-Caput_Mater_et_Magistra_Ecclesiarum_Hungariae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2314" data-file-height="1543" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Esztergom_Basilica" title="Esztergom Basilica">Esztergom Basilica</a> (1822–1869)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eger_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cathedral Basilica of Eger (1831–1837)"><img alt="Cathedral Basilica of Eger (1831–1837)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Eger_Cathedral.jpg/170px-Eger_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Eger_Cathedral.jpg/255px-Eger_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Eger_Cathedral.jpg/340px-Eger_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_Eger" title="Cathedral Basilica of Eger">Cathedral Basilica of Eger</a> (1831–1837)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Magyar_Nemzeti_M%C3%BAzeum223.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hungarian National Museum (1837–1844)"><img alt="Hungarian National Museum (1837–1844)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Magyar_Nemzeti_M%C3%BAzeum223.JPG/170px-Magyar_Nemzeti_M%C3%BAzeum223.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Magyar_Nemzeti_M%C3%BAzeum223.JPG/255px-Magyar_Nemzeti_M%C3%BAzeum223.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Magyar_Nemzeti_M%C3%BAzeum223.JPG/340px-Magyar_Nemzeti_M%C3%BAzeum223.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2092" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Museum" title="Hungarian National Museum">Hungarian National Museum</a> (1837–1844)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_architecture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_Style" title="Imperial Crown Style">Imperial Crown Style</a></div><p> Although not a western country, due to Western influence Japan has had neoclassical architecture produced in it. This includes the unique <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiko_Shrine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiko Shrine (page does not exist)">Hiko Shrine</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E8%A1%8C%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="ja:飛行神社">ja</a>]</span> which is a <a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shinto shrine</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Greek temples</a>. It later developed into the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_Style" title="Imperial Crown Style">Imperial Crown Style</a> which contains elements of both Eastern and Western design<sup id="cite_ref-Lin2015_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lin2015-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roofs are notably distinctly Asian in this style and it was used heavily by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Empire">Japanese Empire</a> in its colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Koga2016_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koga2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Satō2006_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Satō2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morohashi2015_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morohashi2015-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NMNC01s3200.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="National Museum of Nature and Science 1871"><img alt="National Museum of Nature and Science 1871" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/NMNC01s3200.jpg/170px-NMNC01s3200.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/NMNC01s3200.jpg/255px-NMNC01s3200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/NMNC01s3200.jpg/340px-NMNC01s3200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2133" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Nature_and_Science" title="National Museum of Nature and Science">National Museum of Nature and Science</a> 1871</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiko-Jinja_(Shrine_about_aviation)_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hiko Shrine [ja] (1915)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hiko-Jinja_%28Shrine_about_aviation%29_4.jpg/170px-Hiko-Jinja_%28Shrine_about_aviation%29_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hiko-Jinja_%28Shrine_about_aviation%29_4.jpg/255px-Hiko-Jinja_%28Shrine_about_aviation%29_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hiko-Jinja_%28Shrine_about_aviation%29_4.jpg/340px-Hiko-Jinja_%28Shrine_about_aviation%29_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiko_Shrine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiko Shrine (page does not exist)">Hiko Shrine</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E8%A1%8C%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="ja:飛行神社">ja</a>]</span> (1915)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka_Exchange_in_201509.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Osaka Exchange (1949)"><img alt="Osaka Exchange (1949)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Osaka_Exchange_in_201509.JPG/170px-Osaka_Exchange_in_201509.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Osaka_Exchange_in_201509.JPG/255px-Osaka_Exchange_in_201509.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Osaka_Exchange_in_201509.JPG/340px-Osaka_Exchange_in_201509.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Exchange" title="Osaka Exchange">Osaka Exchange</a> (1949)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ministry_of_Justice_Japan02s3200.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ministry of Justice (Japan)"><img alt="Ministry of Justice (Japan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ministry_of_Justice_Japan02s3200.jpg/170px-Ministry_of_Justice_Japan02s3200.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ministry_of_Justice_Japan02s3200.jpg/255px-Ministry_of_Justice_Japan02s3200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ministry_of_Justice_Japan02s3200.jpg/340px-Ministry_of_Justice_Japan02s3200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2142" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Justice (Japan)">Ministry of Justice (Japan)</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malta">Malta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_architecture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Malta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neoclassical architecture was introduced in Malta in the late 18th century, during the final years of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta_under_the_Order_of_Saint_John" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Malta under the Order of Saint John">Hospitaller rule</a>. Early examples include the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Malta" title="National Library of Malta">Bibliotheca</a> (1786),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/De_Rohan_Arch" title="De Rohan Arch">De Rohan Arch</a> (1798)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Hompesch_Gate" title="Hompesch Gate">Hompesch Gate</a> (1801).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, neoclassical architecture only became popular in Malta following the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">establishment of British rule</a> in the early 19th century. In 1814, a neoclassical <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">portico</a> decorated with the British coat of arms was added to the <a href="/wiki/Main_Guard_(Valletta)" title="Main Guard (Valletta)">Main Guard</a> building so as to serve as a symbol of British Malta. Other 19th-century neoclassical buildings include the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Sir_Alexander_Ball" title="Monument to Sir Alexander Ball">Monument to Sir Alexander Ball</a> (1810), <a href="/wiki/RNH_Bighi" class="mw-redirect" title="RNH Bighi">RNH Bighi</a> (1832), <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Pro-Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="St Paul's Pro-Cathedral">St Paul's Pro-Cathedral</a> (1844), the <a href="/wiki/Rotunda_of_Mosta" title="Rotunda of Mosta">Rotunda of Mosta</a> (1860) and the now-destroyed <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House,_Valletta" title="Royal Opera House, Valletta">Royal Opera House, Valletta</a> (1866).<sup id="cite_ref-culturemalta_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-culturemalta-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neoclassicism gave way to other architectural styles by the late 19th century. Few buildings were built in the neoclassical style during the 20th century, such as the <a href="/wiki/Domvs_Romana" title="Domvs Romana">Domvs Romana</a> museum (1922),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Justice_building_(Valletta)" title="Courts of Justice building (Valletta)">Courts of Justice building (Valletta)</a> (1965–1971).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malta_-_Mosta_-_Triq_il-Kbira_%2B_Rotunda_01_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rotunda of Mosta, built between 1833 and 1860"><img alt="Rotunda of Mosta, built between 1833 and 1860" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Malta_-_Mosta_-_Triq_il-Kbira_%2B_Rotunda_01_ies.jpg/170px-Malta_-_Mosta_-_Triq_il-Kbira_%2B_Rotunda_01_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Malta_-_Mosta_-_Triq_il-Kbira_%2B_Rotunda_01_ies.jpg/255px-Malta_-_Mosta_-_Triq_il-Kbira_%2B_Rotunda_01_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Malta_-_Mosta_-_Triq_il-Kbira_%2B_Rotunda_01_ies.jpg/340px-Malta_-_Mosta_-_Triq_il-Kbira_%2B_Rotunda_01_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rotunda_of_Mosta" title="Rotunda of Mosta">Rotunda of Mosta</a>, built between 1833 and 1860</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_St._Paul%E2%80%99s_Pro-Cathedral_am_Independence_Square._-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Paul's Pro-Cathedral, Valletta, built between 1839 and 1844"><img alt="St Paul's Pro-Cathedral, Valletta, built between 1839 and 1844" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Die_St._Paul%E2%80%99s_Pro-Cathedral_am_Independence_Square._-_panoramio.jpg/170px-Die_St._Paul%E2%80%99s_Pro-Cathedral_am_Independence_Square._-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Die_St._Paul%E2%80%99s_Pro-Cathedral_am_Independence_Square._-_panoramio.jpg/255px-Die_St._Paul%E2%80%99s_Pro-Cathedral_am_Independence_Square._-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Die_St._Paul%E2%80%99s_Pro-Cathedral_am_Independence_Square._-_panoramio.jpg/340px-Die_St._Paul%E2%80%99s_Pro-Cathedral_am_Independence_Square._-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3082" data-file-height="2054" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Pro-Cathedral,_Valletta" title="St Paul's Pro-Cathedral, Valletta">St Paul's Pro-Cathedral, Valletta</a>, built between 1839 and 1844</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_architecture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neoclassical <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mexico" title="Architecture of Mexico">architecture in Mexico</a> had two main eras, the first was toward the end of Spanish colonial rule and the second phase was during independent Mexico beginning in the mid-19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonial_Mexico">Colonial Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_architecture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Colonial Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_Enlightenment" title="Spanish American Enlightenment">Spanish American Enlightenment</a></div> <p>As part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Enlightenment">Spanish Enlightenment</a>'s cultural impact on the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (Mexico), the crown established the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_San_Carlos" title="Academy of San Carlos">Academy of San Carlos</a> in 1785 to train painters, sculptors, and architects in New Spain, under the direction of the peninsular <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ger%C3%B3nimo_Antonio_Gil" class="extiw" title="es:Gerónimo Antonio Gil">Gerónimo Antonio Gil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The academy emphasized neoclassicism, which drew on the inspiration of the clean lines of Greek and Roman architecture, but also, for some monuments, from the Aztec and Maya architectural traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The preeminent Neoclassical architect in Mexico was <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Tols%C3%A1" title="Manuel Tolsá">Manuel Tolsá</a>. </p><p>Neoclassicism in Mexican architecture was directly linked to crown policies that sought to rein in the exuberance of the <a href="/wiki/New_Spanish_Baroque" title="New Spanish Baroque">New Spanish Baroque</a>, and to create public buildings of "good taste" funded by the crown, such as the <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Miner%C3%ADa" title="Palacio de Minería">Palacio de Minería</a> in Mexico City, the <a href="/wiki/Hospicio_Caba%C3%B1as" title="Hospicio Cabañas">Hospicio Cabañas</a> in Guadalajara, and the <a href="/wiki/Alh%C3%B3ndiga_de_Granaditas" title="Alhóndiga de Granaditas">Alhóndiga de Granaditas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a>, all built in the late colonial era.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_del_marques_del_apartado.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palacio del Marqués del Apartado, Mexico City, by Manuel Tolsá (1795–1805)"><img alt="Palacio del Marqués del Apartado, Mexico City, by Manuel Tolsá (1795–1805)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Casa_del_marques_del_apartado.jpg/170px-Casa_del_marques_del_apartado.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Casa_del_marques_del_apartado.jpg/255px-Casa_del_marques_del_apartado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Casa_del_marques_del_apartado.jpg/340px-Casa_del_marques_del_apartado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Palacio_del_Marqu%C3%A9s_del_Apartado" title="Palacio del Marqués del Apartado">Palacio del Marqués del Apartado</a>, Mexico City, by Manuel Tolsá (1795–1805)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hospicio_Caba%C3%B1as_-_panoramio_-_Wiper_M%C3%A9xico.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hospicio Cabañas, Guadalajara, by Manuel Tolsá (1796-1810), one of the oldest and largest hospital complexes in the Americas"><img alt="Hospicio Cabañas, Guadalajara, by Manuel Tolsá (1796-1810), one of the oldest and largest hospital complexes in the Americas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Hospicio_Caba%C3%B1as_-_panoramio_-_Wiper_M%C3%A9xico.jpg/170px-Hospicio_Caba%C3%B1as_-_panoramio_-_Wiper_M%C3%A9xico.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Hospicio_Caba%C3%B1as_-_panoramio_-_Wiper_M%C3%A9xico.jpg/255px-Hospicio_Caba%C3%B1as_-_panoramio_-_Wiper_M%C3%A9xico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Hospicio_Caba%C3%B1as_-_panoramio_-_Wiper_M%C3%A9xico.jpg/340px-Hospicio_Caba%C3%B1as_-_panoramio_-_Wiper_M%C3%A9xico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1162" data-file-height="778" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hospicio_Caba%C3%B1as" title="Hospicio Cabañas">Hospicio Cabañas</a>, Guadalajara, by Manuel Tolsá (1796-1810), one of the oldest and largest <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospital</a> complexes in the Americas</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miner%C3%ADa_(CDMX)_160523.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palacio de Minería, Mexico City, by Manuel Tolsá (1797-1813)"><img alt="Palacio de Minería, Mexico City, by Manuel Tolsá (1797-1813)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Miner%C3%ADa_%28CDMX%29_160523.jpg/170px-Miner%C3%ADa_%28CDMX%29_160523.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Miner%C3%ADa_%28CDMX%29_160523.jpg/255px-Miner%C3%ADa_%28CDMX%29_160523.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Miner%C3%ADa_%28CDMX%29_160523.jpg/340px-Miner%C3%ADa_%28CDMX%29_160523.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7018" data-file-height="5270" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Miner%C3%ADa" title="Palacio de Minería">Palacio de Minería</a>, Mexico City, by Manuel Tolsá (1797-1813)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Templo_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto_(Frente).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nuestra Señora de Loreto Church, Mexico City, by Ignacio Castera y Agustín Paz (1806-1819), last church finished before consummation of Independence"><img alt="Nuestra Señora de Loreto Church, Mexico City, by Ignacio Castera y Agustín Paz (1806-1819), last church finished before consummation of Independence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Templo_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto_%28Frente%29.jpg/170px-Templo_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto_%28Frente%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Templo_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto_%28Frente%29.jpg/255px-Templo_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto_%28Frente%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Templo_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto_%28Frente%29.jpg/340px-Templo_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto_%28Frente%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3070" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto_Church" title="Nuestra Señora de Loreto Church">Nuestra Señora de Loreto Church</a>, Mexico City, by Ignacio Castera y Agustín Paz (1806-1819), last church finished before consummation of Independence</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Independent_Mexico">Independent Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_architecture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Independent Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Mexico">Independence</a>, the construction of major neoclassical buildings came to an end as a result of interruptions to the operation of the Academy of San Carlos and economic turmoil caused by the War of Independence. The economic slump was worsened by a succession of wars, including the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_attempts_to_reconquer_Mexico" title="Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico">Spanish reconquest attempts</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_French_Intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Intervention">First French Intervention</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_American_Intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="First American Intervention">First American Intervention</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reform_War" title="Reform War">Reform War</a>. It was not until the late 1860s, with the <a href="/wiki/Restored_Republic_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restored Republic (Mexico)">restoration of the Republic</a> and the subsequent stability of the <i><a href="/wiki/Pax_Porfiriana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pax Porfiriana">Pax Porfiriana</a></i> that Mexico saw a significant number of new neoclassical buildings. The Academy of San Carlos saw a renewal of neoclassicism ideals under director <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Saverio_Cavallari" title="Francesco Saverio Cavallari">Francesco Saverio Cavallari</a>. </p><p>During the Porfiriato, the predominant architectural taste favored <a href="/wiki/Eclecticism_in_architecture" title="Eclecticism in architecture">Eclecticism</a>. Buildings such as the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Teatro Juárez">Teatro Juárez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Arte" title="Museo Nacional de Arte">Museo Nacional de Arte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes" title="Palacio de Bellas Artes">Palacio de Bellas Artes</a>, are eclectic buildings that combine different architectural styles and are not solely neoclassical. </p><p>An important unfinished neoclassical building was the planned <a href="/wiki/Palacio_Legislativo_Federal" title="Palacio Legislativo Federal">Palacio Legislativo Federal</a> by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_B%C3%A9nard" title="Émile Bénard">Émile Bénard</a>. Construction was halted by the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> and it was eventually turned into the <a href="/wiki/Monumento_a_la_Revoluci%C3%B3n" title="Monumento a la Revolución">Monumento a la Revolución</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teatro_Degollado_Jal_12.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Degollado Theater, Guadalajara, by Jacobo Gálvez, (1856-1866)"><img alt="Degollado Theater, Guadalajara, by Jacobo Gálvez, (1856-1866)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Teatro_Degollado_Jal_12.JPG/170px-Teatro_Degollado_Jal_12.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Teatro_Degollado_Jal_12.JPG/255px-Teatro_Degollado_Jal_12.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Teatro_Degollado_Jal_12.JPG/340px-Teatro_Degollado_Jal_12.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Degollado_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Degollado Theater">Degollado Theater</a>, Guadalajara, by Jacobo Gálvez, (1856-1866)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_de_la_Ciudad_de_Aguascalientes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aguascalientes Museum, Aguascalientes City, by Refugio Reyes Rivas (1903)"><img alt="Aguascalientes Museum, Aguascalientes City, by Refugio Reyes Rivas (1903)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Museo_de_la_Ciudad_de_Aguascalientes.jpg/170px-Museo_de_la_Ciudad_de_Aguascalientes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Museo_de_la_Ciudad_de_Aguascalientes.jpg/255px-Museo_de_la_Ciudad_de_Aguascalientes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Museo_de_la_Ciudad_de_Aguascalientes.jpg/340px-Museo_de_la_Ciudad_de_Aguascalientes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4723" data-file-height="3542" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aguascalientes_Museum" title="Aguascalientes Museum">Aguascalientes Museum</a>, Aguascalientes City, by <a href="/wiki/Refugio_Reyes_Rivas" title="Refugio Reyes Rivas">Refugio Reyes Rivas</a> (1903)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemiciclo_Juarez_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Benito Juárez Hemicycle, Mexico City, by Guillermo Heredia (1906-1910)"><img alt="Benito Juárez Hemicycle, Mexico City, by Guillermo Heredia (1906-1910)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hemiciclo_Juarez_1.jpg/170px-Hemiciclo_Juarez_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hemiciclo_Juarez_1.jpg/255px-Hemiciclo_Juarez_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hemiciclo_Juarez_1.jpg/340px-Hemiciclo_Juarez_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez_Hemicycle" title="Benito Juárez Hemicycle">Benito Juárez Hemicycle</a>, Mexico City, by Guillermo Heredia (1906-1910)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parroquia_de_San_Jos%C3%A9_-_San_Jos%C3%A9_Iturbide,_Guanajuato,_M%C3%A9xico.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Joseph Parish, San José Iturbide, by Ramón Ramírez y Arangoiti (1866-1995)[26]"><img alt="St. Joseph Parish, San José Iturbide, by Ramón Ramírez y Arangoiti (1866-1995)[26]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Parroquia_de_San_Jos%C3%A9_-_San_Jos%C3%A9_Iturbide%2C_Guanajuato%2C_M%C3%A9xico.jpg/170px-Parroquia_de_San_Jos%C3%A9_-_San_Jos%C3%A9_Iturbide%2C_Guanajuato%2C_M%C3%A9xico.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Parroquia_de_San_Jos%C3%A9_-_San_Jos%C3%A9_Iturbide%2C_Guanajuato%2C_M%C3%A9xico.jpg/255px-Parroquia_de_San_Jos%C3%A9_-_San_Jos%C3%A9_Iturbide%2C_Guanajuato%2C_M%C3%A9xico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Parroquia_de_San_Jos%C3%A9_-_San_Jos%C3%A9_Iturbide%2C_Guanajuato%2C_M%C3%A9xico.jpg/340px-Parroquia_de_San_Jos%C3%A9_-_San_Jos%C3%A9_Iturbide%2C_Guanajuato%2C_M%C3%A9xico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St. Joseph Parish, <a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_Iturbide" title="San José Iturbide">San José Iturbide</a>, by Ramón Ramírez y Arangoiti (1866-1995)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rest_of_Latin_America">Rest of Latin America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_architecture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rest of Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Neoclassical style arrived in the American empires of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portugal</a> through projects designed in Europe or carried out locally by European or <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollo</a> architects trained in the academies of the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">metropolis</a>. There are also examples of the adaptation to the local architectural language, which during previous centuries had made a synthesis or syncretism of European and pre-Columbian elements in the so-called Colonial Baroque. </p><p>Two more Classical criteria belong, in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, the <a href="/wiki/La_Moneda_Palace" title="La Moneda Palace">La Moneda Palace</a> (1784–1805) and the <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Metropolitan_Cathedral" title="Santiago Metropolitan Cathedral">Santiago Metropolitan Cathedral</a> (1748–1899), both works by the Italian architect <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Toesca" title="Joaquín Toesca">Joaquín Toesca</a>. In Ecuador, the Quito's <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Carondelet" title="Palacio de Carondelet">Palacio de Carondelet</a> (Ecuador's Government Palace) built between 1611–1801 by Antonio García. At the dawn of the independence of Hispanic America, constructive programs were developed in the new republics. Neoclassicism was introduced in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_New_Granada" title="Republic of New Granada">New Granada</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelino_P%C3%A9rez_de_Arroyo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcelino Pérez de Arroyo (page does not exist)">Marcelino Pérez de Arroyo</a>. Later, in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Capitolio_Nacional" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitolio Nacional">Capitolio Nacional</a> was built in <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a> between 1848–1926 by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reed_(architect)" title="Thomas Reed (architect)">Thomas Reed</a>, trained at the Berlin <a href="/wiki/Bauakademie" title="Bauakademie">Bauakademie</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Primatial_Cathedral_of_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Primatial Cathedral of Bogotá">Primatial Cathedral of Bogotá</a> (1807–1823), designed by Friar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Domingo_de_Petr%C3%A9s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domingo de Petrés (page does not exist)">Domingo de Petrés</a>; and in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cathedral_of_Arequipa" title="Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa">Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa</a> built between 1540–1844 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Poblete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucas Poblete (page does not exist)">Lucas Poblete</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, which became the seat of the court of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese monarchy">Portuguese monarchy</a>, gaining independence from its metropolis as the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>, also used the resources of architecture for the glorification of political power, and it was decided to resort to architects trained in the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_royale_d%27architecture" title="Académie royale d'architecture">Académie royale d'architecture</a>. To this period belong the portal of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Academy_of_Fine_Arts_(Brazil)" title="Imperial Academy of Fine Arts (Brazil)">Imperial Academy of Fine Arts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> made in 1826 and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Museum_of_Brazil" title="Imperial Museum of Brazil">Imperial Palace of Petrópolis</a> built between 1845–1862. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> is another of the countries that seeks to shed its colonial past, but in the context of the reorganization of the country after independence in 1810, an aspect of power was sought that transmitted the presence of the State, inspiring respect and devotion, including of course the architecture. However, a style of its own was not conceived, but the Classical canon was introduced, not in the form of a replica of buildings from Antiquity, but with a classical predominance and a lot of influence from <a href="/wiki/17th-century_French_art" title="17th-century French art">French Classicism</a>; which lasted until the 20th century. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chile-02559_-_La_Moneda_Presidential_Palace_(49033259257).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="La Moneda Palace from Santiago de Chile (1784-1805) by Joaquín Toesca"><img alt="La Moneda Palace from Santiago de Chile (1784-1805) by Joaquín Toesca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Chile-02559_-_La_Moneda_Presidential_Palace_%2849033259257%29.jpg/170px-Chile-02559_-_La_Moneda_Presidential_Palace_%2849033259257%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Chile-02559_-_La_Moneda_Presidential_Palace_%2849033259257%29.jpg/255px-Chile-02559_-_La_Moneda_Presidential_Palace_%2849033259257%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Chile-02559_-_La_Moneda_Presidential_Palace_%2849033259257%29.jpg/340px-Chile-02559_-_La_Moneda_Presidential_Palace_%2849033259257%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/La_Moneda_Palace" title="La Moneda Palace">La Moneda Palace</a> from <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago de Chile">Santiago de Chile</a> (1784-1805) by <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Toesca" title="Joaquín Toesca">Joaquín Toesca</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_Metropolitana_de_Santiago_2012-09-01_10-05-15.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Santiago Metropolitan Cathedral, Chile (1748-1906) by Joaquín Toesca and Ignacio Cremonesi"><img alt="Santiago Metropolitan Cathedral, Chile (1748-1906) by Joaquín Toesca and Ignacio Cremonesi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Catedral_Metropolitana_de_Santiago_2012-09-01_10-05-15.jpg/170px-Catedral_Metropolitana_de_Santiago_2012-09-01_10-05-15.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Catedral_Metropolitana_de_Santiago_2012-09-01_10-05-15.jpg/255px-Catedral_Metropolitana_de_Santiago_2012-09-01_10-05-15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Catedral_Metropolitana_de_Santiago_2012-09-01_10-05-15.jpg/340px-Catedral_Metropolitana_de_Santiago_2012-09-01_10-05-15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Metropolitan_Cathedral" title="Santiago Metropolitan Cathedral">Santiago Metropolitan Cathedral</a>, Chile (1748-1906) by Joaquín Toesca and Ignacio Cremonesi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carondelet_-_Quito.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Palacio de Carondelet Quito, Ecuador built between (1611–1801) by Antonio García"><img alt="Palacio de Carondelet Quito, Ecuador built between (1611–1801) by Antonio García" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Carondelet_-_Quito.JPG/170px-Carondelet_-_Quito.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Carondelet_-_Quito.JPG/255px-Carondelet_-_Quito.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Carondelet_-_Quito.JPG/340px-Carondelet_-_Quito.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Carondelet" title="Palacio de Carondelet">Palacio de Carondelet</a> <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>, Ecuador built between (1611–1801) by Antonio García</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_Primada_de_Colombia-Bogota.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Primatial Cathedral of Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (1807–1823) by Friar Domingo de Petrés"><img alt="Primatial Cathedral of Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia (1807–1823) by Friar Domingo de Petrés" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Catedral_Primada_de_Colombia-Bogota.JPG/141px-Catedral_Primada_de_Colombia-Bogota.JPG" decoding="async" width="141" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Catedral_Primada_de_Colombia-Bogota.JPG/211px-Catedral_Primada_de_Colombia-Bogota.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Catedral_Primada_de_Colombia-Bogota.JPG/282px-Catedral_Primada_de_Colombia-Bogota.JPG 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="757" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Primatial_Cathedral_of_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Primatial Cathedral of Bogotá">Primatial Cathedral of Bogotá</a>, Bogotá, Colombia (1807–1823) by Friar Domingo de Petrés</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lima,_Peru%E2%80%A6Palacio_de_Justica_(8443267061).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palace of Justice, Lima, Peru (1939) by Bruno Paprowsky"><img alt="Palace of Justice, Lima, Peru (1939) by Bruno Paprowsky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lima%2C_Peru%E2%80%A6Palacio_de_Justica_%288443267061%29.jpg/170px-Lima%2C_Peru%E2%80%A6Palacio_de_Justica_%288443267061%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lima%2C_Peru%E2%80%A6Palacio_de_Justica_%288443267061%29.jpg/255px-Lima%2C_Peru%E2%80%A6Palacio_de_Justica_%288443267061%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lima%2C_Peru%E2%80%A6Palacio_de_Justica_%288443267061%29.jpg/340px-Lima%2C_Peru%E2%80%A6Palacio_de_Justica_%288443267061%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2121" data-file-height="1414" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice,_Lima" title="Palace of Justice, Lima">Palace of Justice, Lima</a>, Peru (1939) by Bruno Paprowsky</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museu_Imperial_03_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Palace of Petrópolis, Petrópolis, Brazil (1845–1862) by Julius Friedrich Koeler"><img alt="Imperial Palace of Petrópolis, Petrópolis, Brazil (1845–1862) by Julius Friedrich Koeler" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Museu_Imperial_03_%28cropped%29.JPG/170px-Museu_Imperial_03_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Museu_Imperial_03_%28cropped%29.JPG/255px-Museu_Imperial_03_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Museu_Imperial_03_%28cropped%29.JPG/340px-Museu_Imperial_03_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3098" data-file-height="1870" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Museum_of_Brazil" title="Imperial Museum of Brazil">Imperial Palace of Petrópolis</a>, Petrópolis, Brazil (1845–1862) by Julius Friedrich Koeler</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Argentina-02271_-_Metropolitan_Cathedral_(49024465657).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral, (Buenos Aires, Argentina) (1754–1823) by Antonio Masella and Prosper Catelin"><img alt="Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral, (Buenos Aires, Argentina) (1754–1823) by Antonio Masella and Prosper Catelin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Argentina-02271_-_Metropolitan_Cathedral_%2849024465657%29.jpg/170px-Argentina-02271_-_Metropolitan_Cathedral_%2849024465657%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Argentina-02271_-_Metropolitan_Cathedral_%2849024465657%29.jpg/255px-Argentina-02271_-_Metropolitan_Cathedral_%2849024465657%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Argentina-02271_-_Metropolitan_Cathedral_%2849024465657%29.jpg/340px-Argentina-02271_-_Metropolitan_Cathedral_%2849024465657%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Metropolitan_Cathedral" title="Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral">Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral</a>, (Buenos Aires, Argentina) (1754–1823) by Antonio Masella and Prosper Catelin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AR_Buenos_Aires_0702_002_(16592821364).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palace of the Argentine National Congress (1896–1906) by Vittorio Meano"><img alt="Palace of the Argentine National Congress (1896–1906) by Vittorio Meano" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/AR_Buenos_Aires_0702_002_%2816592821364%29.jpg/170px-AR_Buenos_Aires_0702_002_%2816592821364%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/AR_Buenos_Aires_0702_002_%2816592821364%29.jpg/255px-AR_Buenos_Aires_0702_002_%2816592821364%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/AR_Buenos_Aires_0702_002_%2816592821364%29.jpg/340px-AR_Buenos_Aires_0702_002_%2816592821364%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Argentine_National_Congress" title="Palace of the Argentine National Congress">Palace of the Argentine National Congress</a> (1896–1906) by <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Meano" title="Vittorio Meano">Vittorio Meano</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Capitolio_Havana_Cuba.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="El Capitolio, Havana, Cuba (1926–1929) by Eugenio Rayneri Piedra"><img alt="El Capitolio, Havana, Cuba (1926–1929) by Eugenio Rayneri Piedra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/El_Capitolio_Havana_Cuba.jpg/170px-El_Capitolio_Havana_Cuba.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/El_Capitolio_Havana_Cuba.jpg/255px-El_Capitolio_Havana_Cuba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/El_Capitolio_Havana_Cuba.jpg/340px-El_Capitolio_Havana_Cuba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3256" data-file-height="2171" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/El_Capitolio" class="mw-redirect" title="El Capitolio">El Capitolio</a>, Havana, Cuba (1926–1929) by <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Rayneri_Piedra" title="Eugenio Rayneri Piedra">Eugenio Rayneri Piedra</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_architecture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like most western tradition, it arrived in the Pacific Archipelagos via rule from New Spain (Mexico) during the period of governance by Mexico City as one of the best preferred architecture in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>, manifested in churches, civic buildings and one of the popular architectural ornament for newer styled <a href="/wiki/Bahay_na_bato" title="Bahay na bato">Bahay na bato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahay_kubo" title="Bahay kubo">Bahay kubo</a>. When the power over the archipelago was transferred from Spain to the United States of America, the style became more popular and developed from slightly simple approach during the Spanish era, to a more ornamented style of the <a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts architecture</a> sparked by the return of massive number of architectural students to the islands from the western schools. It also became a symbol of democracy and the approaching republic during the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">commonwealth</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_(Manila,_2024).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)"><img alt="National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_%28Manila%2C_2024%29.jpg/170px-National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_%28Manila%2C_2024%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_%28Manila%2C_2024%29.jpg/255px-National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_%28Manila%2C_2024%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_%28Manila%2C_2024%29.jpg/340px-National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_%28Manila%2C_2024%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4584" data-file-height="3039" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_(Manila)" title="National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)">National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_view_of_National_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="National Museum of Natural History (Manila)"><img alt="National Museum of Natural History (Manila)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Front_view_of_National_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg/170px-Front_view_of_National_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Front_view_of_National_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg/255px-Front_view_of_National_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Front_view_of_National_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg/340px-Front_view_of_National_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History_(Manila)" title="National Museum of Natural History (Manila)">National Museum of Natural History (Manila)</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Provincial_Capitol,_Cebu,_Philippines.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cebu Provincial Capitol"><img alt="Cebu Provincial Capitol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Provincial_Capitol%2C_Cebu%2C_Philippines.JPG/170px-Provincial_Capitol%2C_Cebu%2C_Philippines.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Provincial_Capitol%2C_Cebu%2C_Philippines.JPG/255px-Provincial_Capitol%2C_Cebu%2C_Philippines.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Provincial_Capitol%2C_Cebu%2C_Philippines.JPG/340px-Provincial_Capitol%2C_Cebu%2C_Philippines.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cebu_Provincial_Capitol" title="Cebu Provincial Capitol">Cebu Provincial Capitol</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Bartolome_Church,_Malabon_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="San Bartolome Church (Malabon)"><img alt="San Bartolome Church (Malabon)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/San_Bartolome_Church%2C_Malabon_City.jpg/170px-San_Bartolome_Church%2C_Malabon_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/San_Bartolome_Church%2C_Malabon_City.jpg/255px-San_Bartolome_Church%2C_Malabon_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/San_Bartolome_Church%2C_Malabon_City.jpg/340px-San_Bartolome_Church%2C_Malabon_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/San_Bartolome_Church_(Malabon)" title="San Bartolome Church (Malabon)">San Bartolome Church (Malabon)</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth"><span id="Polish.E2.80.93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"></span>Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_architecture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture_in_Poland" title="Neoclassical architecture in Poland">Neoclassical architecture in Poland</a></div> <p>The centre of Polish-Lithuanian Neoclassicism was <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> under the rule of the last Polish king and Lithuanian grand duke, <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Stanisław August Poniatowski</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_University" title="Vilnius University">Vilnius University</a> was another important centre of Neoclassical architecture in Europe, led by the notable professors of architecture <a href="/wiki/Marcin_Knackfus" title="Marcin Knackfus">Marcin Knackfus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurynas_Gucevi%C4%8Dius" title="Laurynas Gucevičius">Laurynas Gucevičius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karol_Podczaszy%C5%84ski" title="Karol Podczaszyński">Karol Podczaszyński</a>. The style was expressed in the shape of main public buildings, such as the <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_University_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Vilnius University Astronomical Observatory">Vilnius University Astronomical Observatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_Cathedral" title="Vilnius Cathedral">Vilnius Cathedral</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Town_Hall,_Vilnius" title="Town Hall, Vilnius">town hall</a>. </p><p>The best-known architects and artists, who worked in the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> were <a href="/wiki/Dominik_Merlini" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominik Merlini">Dominik Merlini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Chrystian_Kamsetzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Chrystian Kamsetzer">Jan Chrystian Kamsetzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Szymon_Bogumi%C5%82_Zug" title="Szymon Bogumił Zug">Szymon Bogumił Zug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakub_Kubicki" title="Jakub Kubicki">Jakub Kubicki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Corazzi" title="Antonio Corazzi">Antonio Corazzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Efraim_Szreger" class="mw-redirect" title="Efraim Szreger">Efraim Szreger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrystian_Piotr_Aigner" title="Chrystian Piotr Aigner">Chrystian Piotr Aigner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bertel_Thorvaldsen" title="Bertel Thorvaldsen">Bertel Thorvaldsen</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warschau_Lazienki_Palast.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Palace on the Isle in Warsaw by Domenico Merlini and Johann Christian Kammsetzer, (1773–93)"><img alt="Palace on the Isle in Warsaw by Domenico Merlini and Johann Christian Kammsetzer, (1773–93)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Warschau_Lazienki_Palast.JPG/170px-Warschau_Lazienki_Palast.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Warschau_Lazienki_Palast.JPG/255px-Warschau_Lazienki_Palast.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Warschau_Lazienki_Palast.JPG/340px-Warschau_Lazienki_Palast.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Palace_on_the_Isle" title="Palace on the Isle">Palace on the Isle</a> in Warsaw by <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Merlini" title="Domenico Merlini">Domenico Merlini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Kammsetzer" title="Johann Christian Kammsetzer">Johann Christian Kammsetzer</a>, (1773–93)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warszawa,_Kr%C3%B3likarnia,_IGP2538.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Królikarnia in Warsaw by Domenico Merlini, (1782–86)"><img alt="Królikarnia in Warsaw by Domenico Merlini, (1782–86)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Warszawa%2C_Kr%C3%B3likarnia%2C_IGP2538.jpg/170px-Warszawa%2C_Kr%C3%B3likarnia%2C_IGP2538.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Warszawa%2C_Kr%C3%B3likarnia%2C_IGP2538.jpg/255px-Warszawa%2C_Kr%C3%B3likarnia%2C_IGP2538.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Warszawa%2C_Kr%C3%B3likarnia%2C_IGP2538.jpg/340px-Warszawa%2C_Kr%C3%B3likarnia%2C_IGP2538.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3006" data-file-height="2012" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B3likarnia" title="Królikarnia">Królikarnia</a> in Warsaw by Domenico Merlini, (1782–86)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilno_-_katedra_corrected.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vilnius Cathedral by Laurynas Gucevičius, (1777-1801)"><img alt="Vilnius Cathedral by Laurynas Gucevičius, (1777-1801)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wilno_-_katedra_corrected.jpg/170px-Wilno_-_katedra_corrected.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wilno_-_katedra_corrected.jpg/255px-Wilno_-_katedra_corrected.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wilno_-_katedra_corrected.jpg/340px-Wilno_-_katedra_corrected.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2711" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vilnius_Cathedral" title="Vilnius Cathedral">Vilnius Cathedral</a> by <a href="/wiki/Laurynas_Gucevi%C4%8Dius" title="Laurynas Gucevičius">Laurynas Gucevičius</a>, (1777-1801)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vilniaus_Rotuse_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vilnius Town Hall by Laurynas Gucevičius, (1785-1799)"><img alt="Vilnius Town Hall by Laurynas Gucevičius, (1785-1799)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Vilniaus_Rotuse_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg/170px-Vilniaus_Rotuse_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Vilniaus_Rotuse_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg/255px-Vilniaus_Rotuse_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Vilniaus_Rotuse_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg/340px-Vilniaus_Rotuse_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vilnius_Town_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilnius Town Hall">Vilnius Town Hall</a> by Laurynas Gucevičius, (1785-1799)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Theatre_in_Warsaw,_2022,_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grand Theatre, Warsaw by Antonio Corazzi, (1825–33)"><img alt="Grand Theatre, Warsaw by Antonio Corazzi, (1825–33)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Grand_Theatre_in_Warsaw%2C_2022%2C_03.jpg/170px-Grand_Theatre_in_Warsaw%2C_2022%2C_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Grand_Theatre_in_Warsaw%2C_2022%2C_03.jpg/255px-Grand_Theatre_in_Warsaw%2C_2022%2C_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Grand_Theatre_in_Warsaw%2C_2022%2C_03.jpg/340px-Grand_Theatre_in_Warsaw%2C_2022%2C_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3673" data-file-height="2962" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Theatre,_Warsaw" title="Grand Theatre, Warsaw">Grand Theatre, Warsaw</a> by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Corazzi" title="Antonio Corazzi">Antonio Corazzi</a>, (1825–33)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulawy_swiatynia_sybilli.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple of the Sibyl in Puławy landscape garden by Piotr Aigner, (1798-1801)"><img alt="Temple of the Sibyl in Puławy landscape garden by Piotr Aigner, (1798-1801)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pulawy_swiatynia_sybilli.jpg/128px-Pulawy_swiatynia_sybilli.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pulawy_swiatynia_sybilli.jpg/192px-Pulawy_swiatynia_sybilli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pulawy_swiatynia_sybilli.jpg/256px-Pulawy_swiatynia_sybilli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="1569" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Sibyl" title="Temple of the Sibyl">Temple of the Sibyl</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pu%C5%82awy" title="Puławy">Puławy</a> landscape garden by <a href="/wiki/Piotr_Aigner" class="mw-redirect" title="Piotr Aigner">Piotr Aigner</a>, (1798-1801)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MZ206_DSC0936.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Alexander's Church, Warsaw by Piotr Aigner, (1818–25)"><img alt="St. Alexander's Church, Warsaw by Piotr Aigner, (1818–25)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MZ206_DSC0936.JPG/170px-MZ206_DSC0936.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MZ206_DSC0936.JPG/255px-MZ206_DSC0936.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MZ206_DSC0936.JPG/340px-MZ206_DSC0936.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Alexander%27s_Church,_Warsaw" title="St. Alexander's Church, Warsaw">St. Alexander's Church, Warsaw</a> by Piotr Aigner, (1818–25)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belweder_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Belvedere Palace in Warsaw by Jakub Kubicki, (1819–22)"><img alt="Belvedere Palace in Warsaw by Jakub Kubicki, (1819–22)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Belweder_%282%29.JPG/170px-Belweder_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Belweder_%282%29.JPG/255px-Belweder_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Belweder_%282%29.JPG/340px-Belweder_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="1826" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Belweder" title="Belweder">Belvedere Palace in Warsaw</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jakub_Kubicki" title="Jakub Kubicki">Jakub Kubicki</a>, (1819–22)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_architecture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture_in_Russia" title="Neoclassical architecture in Russia">Neoclassical architecture in Russia</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> at the end of the 19th century, neoclassical architecture was equal to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> architecture because this style was specific for a huge number of buildings in the city. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> adopted the style during her reign by allowing the architect <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Vallin_de_la_Mothe" title="Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe">Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe</a> to build the Old Hermitage and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Academy_of_Arts" title="Imperial Academy of Arts">Imperial Academy of Arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Middleton,_Robin._1993_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middleton,_Robin._1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_Pashkov,_Mosc%C3%BA,_Rusia,_2016-10-03,_DD_36-37_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pashkov House by Vasily Bazhenov"><img alt="Pashkov House by Vasily Bazhenov" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Casa_Pashkov%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_36-37_HDR.jpg/170px-Casa_Pashkov%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_36-37_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Casa_Pashkov%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_36-37_HDR.jpg/255px-Casa_Pashkov%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_36-37_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Casa_Pashkov%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_36-37_HDR.jpg/340px-Casa_Pashkov%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_36-37_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6756" data-file-height="2854" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pashkov_House" title="Pashkov House">Pashkov House</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Bazhenov" title="Vasily Bazhenov">Vasily Bazhenov</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marble Bridge, 1772, by Vasily Neyolov"><img alt="Marble Bridge, 1772, by Vasily Neyolov" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpg/170px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpg/255px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpg/340px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4033" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Marble_Bridge" title="Marble Bridge">Marble Bridge</a>, 1772, by <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Neyolov" title="Vasily Neyolov">Vasily Neyolov</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RUS-2016-SPB-Tauride_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tauride Palace, 1783-1789, by Ivan Starov"><img alt="Tauride Palace, 1783-1789, by Ivan Starov" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/RUS-2016-SPB-Tauride_Palace.jpg/170px-RUS-2016-SPB-Tauride_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/RUS-2016-SPB-Tauride_Palace.jpg/255px-RUS-2016-SPB-Tauride_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/RUS-2016-SPB-Tauride_Palace.jpg/340px-RUS-2016-SPB-Tauride_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6774" data-file-height="4259" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tauride_Palace" title="Tauride Palace">Tauride Palace</a>, 1783-1789, by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Starov" title="Ivan Starov">Ivan Starov</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83_III_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marble Palace, 1768-1785, by Antonio Rinaldi"><img alt="Marble Palace, 1768-1785, by Antonio Rinaldi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83_III_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0.jpg/170px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83_III_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83_III_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0.jpg/255px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83_III_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83_III_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0.jpg/340px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83_III_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3286" data-file-height="2432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Marble_Palace" title="Marble Palace">Marble Palace</a>, 1768-1785, by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rinaldi_(architect)" title="Antonio Rinaldi (architect)">Antonio Rinaldi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiralty_SPB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Admiralty, Saint Petersburg by Andreyan Zakharov"><img alt="Admiralty, Saint Petersburg by Andreyan Zakharov" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Admiralty_SPB.jpg/170px-Admiralty_SPB.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Admiralty_SPB.jpg/255px-Admiralty_SPB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Admiralty_SPB.jpg/340px-Admiralty_SPB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3700" data-file-height="2775" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Admiralty,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Admiralty, Saint Petersburg">Admiralty, Saint Petersburg</a> by <a href="/wiki/Andreyan_Zakharov" title="Andreyan Zakharov">Andreyan Zakharov</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Military_District_buildins_Saint_Petersburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="General Staff Building, 1819-1829, by Carlo Rossi"><img alt="General Staff Building, 1819-1829, by Carlo Rossi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Western_Military_District_buildins_Saint_Petersburg.jpg/170px-Western_Military_District_buildins_Saint_Petersburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Western_Military_District_buildins_Saint_Petersburg.jpg/255px-Western_Military_District_buildins_Saint_Petersburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Western_Military_District_buildins_Saint_Petersburg.jpg/340px-Western_Military_District_buildins_Saint_Petersburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6500" data-file-height="4338" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/General_Staff_Building_(Saint_Petersburg)" title="General Staff Building (Saint Petersburg)">General Staff Building</a>, 1819-1829, by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rossi_(architect)" title="Carlo Rossi (architect)">Carlo Rossi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mil-gallery_by_Hau.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Military Gallery of the Winter Palace, 1838, by Vasily Stasov"><img alt="Military Gallery of the Winter Palace, 1838, by Vasily Stasov" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mil-gallery_by_Hau.jpg/120px-Mil-gallery_by_Hau.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mil-gallery_by_Hau.jpg/180px-Mil-gallery_by_Hau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mil-gallery_by_Hau.jpg/240px-Mil-gallery_by_Hau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Military_Gallery_of_the_Winter_Palace" title="Military Gallery of the Winter Palace">Military Gallery of the Winter Palace</a>, 1838, by <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Stasov" title="Vasily Stasov">Vasily Stasov</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_2018_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Main building of the Pulkovo Observatory, 1837, by Alexander Brullov"><img alt="Main building of the Pulkovo Observatory, 1837, by Alexander Brullov" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_2018_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg/170px-%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_2018_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_2018_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg/255px-%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_2018_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_2018_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg/340px-%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_2018_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5456" data-file-height="3064" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Main building of the <a href="/wiki/Pulkovo_Observatory" title="Pulkovo Observatory">Pulkovo Observatory</a>, 1837, by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Brullov" title="Alexander Brullov">Alexander Brullov</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Alexander Column at the Palace Square, by Auguste de Montferrand"><img alt="The Alexander Column at the Palace Square, by Auguste de Montferrand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C%2C_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg/113px-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C%2C_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C%2C_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg/170px-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C%2C_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C%2C_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg/226px-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C%2C_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Column" title="Alexander Column">Alexander Column</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_Square" title="Palace Square">Palace Square</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Montferrand" title="Auguste de Montferrand">Auguste de Montferrand</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_(%D0%B3._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3,_7_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2010_%D0%B3.).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="An interior of Kazan Cathedral, Saint Petersburg, by Andrey Voronikhin"><img alt="An interior of Kazan Cathedral, Saint Petersburg, by Andrey Voronikhin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%28%D0%B3._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%2C_7_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2010_%D0%B3.%29.JPG/170px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%28%D0%B3._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%2C_7_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2010_%D0%B3.%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%28%D0%B3._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%2C_7_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2010_%D0%B3.%29.JPG/255px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%28%D0%B3._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%2C_7_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2010_%D0%B3.%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%28%D0%B3._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%2C_7_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2010_%D0%B3.%29.JPG/340px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%28%D0%B3._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%2C_7_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2010_%D0%B3.%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An interior of <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Kazan Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Kazan Cathedral, Saint Petersburg</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Voronikhin" title="Andrey Voronikhin">Andrey Voronikhin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_05-2017_img17_Triumphal_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Triumphal Arch of Moscow, by Joseph Bové"><img alt="Triumphal Arch of Moscow, by Joseph Bové" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Moscow_05-2017_img17_Triumphal_Gate.jpg/170px-Moscow_05-2017_img17_Triumphal_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Moscow_05-2017_img17_Triumphal_Gate.jpg/255px-Moscow_05-2017_img17_Triumphal_Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Moscow_05-2017_img17_Triumphal_Gate.jpg/340px-Moscow_05-2017_img17_Triumphal_Gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_Arch_of_Moscow" title="Triumphal Arch of Moscow">Triumphal Arch of Moscow</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bov%C3%A9" title="Joseph Bové">Joseph Bové</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_architecture&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spanish Neoclassicism was exemplified by the work of <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Villanueva" title="Juan de Villanueva">Juan de Villanueva</a>, who adapted <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>'s theories of beauty and the sublime to the requirements of Spanish climate and history. He built the <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a>, which combined three functions: an academy, an auditorium, and a museum in one building with three separate entrances. </p><p>This was part of the ambitious program of <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a>, who intended to make Madrid the Capital of the Arts and Sciences. Very close to the museum, Villanueva built the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory_of_Madrid" title="Royal Observatory of Madrid">Royal Observatory of Madrid</a>. He also designed several summer houses for the kings in <a href="/wiki/Casita_del_Pr%C3%ADncipe_(El_Escorial)" title="Casita del Príncipe (El Escorial)">El Escorial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Casa_del_Labrador" title="Casa del Labrador">Aranjuez</a> and reconstructed the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Mayor,_Madrid" title="Plaza Mayor, Madrid">Plaza Mayor, Madrid</a>, among other important works. Villanueva's pupils expanded the Neoclassical style in Spain. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_del_Prado_2016_(25185969599).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Museo del Prado in Madrid, by Juan de Villanueva"><img alt="The Museo del Prado in Madrid, by Juan de Villanueva" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Museo_del_Prado_2016_%2825185969599%29.jpg/170px-Museo_del_Prado_2016_%2825185969599%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Museo_del_Prado_2016_%2825185969599%29.jpg/255px-Museo_del_Prado_2016_%2825185969599%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Museo_del_Prado_2016_%2825185969599%29.jpg/340px-Museo_del_Prado_2016_%2825185969599%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4045" data-file-height="3021" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, by Juan de Villanueva</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palau_Parl_Cat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palau del Parlament de Catalunya in Barcelona, Catalonia, built between 1716 and 1748 by Marquis of Verboom"><img alt="Palau del Parlament de Catalunya in Barcelona, Catalonia, built between 1716 and 1748 by Marquis of Verboom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Palau_Parl_Cat.jpg/170px-Palau_Parl_Cat.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Palau_Parl_Cat.jpg/255px-Palau_Parl_Cat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Palau_Parl_Cat.jpg/340px-Palau_Parl_Cat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3620" data-file-height="2057" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Palau_del_Parlament_de_Catalunya" title="Palau del Parlament de Catalunya">Palau del Parlament de Catalunya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Catalonia, built between 1716 and 1748 by <a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Verboom" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis of Verboom">Marquis of Verboom</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:02082013_184659_SALAMANCA_0139_(9730386757).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colegio Mayor de San Bartolomé, Salamanca, Castile and León, built in 1760"><img alt="Colegio Mayor de San Bartolomé, Salamanca, Castile and León, built in 1760" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/02082013_184659_SALAMANCA_0139_%289730386757%29.jpg/170px-02082013_184659_SALAMANCA_0139_%289730386757%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/02082013_184659_SALAMANCA_0139_%289730386757%29.jpg/255px-02082013_184659_SALAMANCA_0139_%289730386757%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/02082013_184659_SALAMANCA_0139_%289730386757%29.jpg/340px-02082013_184659_SALAMANCA_0139_%289730386757%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Colegio_Mayor_de_San_Bartolom%C3%A9,_Salamanca" title="Colegio Mayor de San Bartolomé, Salamanca">Colegio Mayor de San Bartolomé, Salamanca</a>, Castile and León, built in 1760</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lugo_Cathedral_2023_-_West_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical facade of Lugo Cathedral in Lugo, Galicia, by Julián Sánchez Bort"><img alt="Neoclassical facade of Lugo Cathedral in Lugo, Galicia, by Julián Sánchez Bort" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lugo_Cathedral_2023_-_West_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/170px-Lugo_Cathedral_2023_-_West_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lugo_Cathedral_2023_-_West_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/255px-Lugo_Cathedral_2023_-_West_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lugo_Cathedral_2023_-_West_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/340px-Lugo_Cathedral_2023_-_West_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3877" data-file-height="3877" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neoclassical facade of <a href="/wiki/Lugo_Cathedral" title="Lugo Cathedral">Lugo Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lugo" title="Lugo">Lugo</a>, Galicia, by Julián Sánchez Bort</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_architecture&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the new republic, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Robert Adam</a>'s neoclassical manner was adapted for the local late 18th- and early 19th-century style, called <a href="/wiki/Federal_architecture" title="Federal architecture">Federal architecture</a>. One of the pioneers of this style was the English-born <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Henry_Latrobe" title="Benjamin Henry Latrobe">Benjamin Henry Latrobe</a>, who is often noted as one of America's first formally trained professional architects and the father of American architecture. The <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore Basilica">Baltimore Basilica</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> cathedral in the United States, is considered by many experts to be Latrobe's masterpiece. </p><p>Another notable American architect who is identified with Federal architecture was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>. He was very interested in the building he saw in Paris when he served there as ambassador, and built several neoclassical buildings, with his own innovations, including his personal estate <a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Capitol" title="Virginia State Capitol">Virginia State Capitol</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Middleton,_Robin._1993_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middleton,_Robin._1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second neoclassical manner found in the United States during the 19th century was called <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a>. It differs from Federal architecture as it strictly follows the Greek idiom, however it was used to describe all buildings of the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> period that display classical orders.<sup id="cite_ref-Pierson,_William_Harvey,_1911–1976_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pierson,_William_Harvey,_1911–1976-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Virginia_Rotunda_in_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="University of Virginia Rotunda, an example of the Neoclassical architecture Thomas Jefferson built on campus."><img alt="University of Virginia Rotunda, an example of the Neoclassical architecture Thomas Jefferson built on campus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/University_of_Virginia_Rotunda_in_2006.jpg/170px-University_of_Virginia_Rotunda_in_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/University_of_Virginia_Rotunda_in_2006.jpg/255px-University_of_Virginia_Rotunda_in_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/University_of_Virginia_Rotunda_in_2006.jpg/340px-University_of_Virginia_Rotunda_in_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Rotunda_(University_of_Virginia)" title="The Rotunda (University of Virginia)">University of Virginia Rotunda</a>, an example of the Neoclassical architecture <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> built on campus.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia_University_-_Butler_Library_(48170368646).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Butler Library at Columbia University in New York City (finished in 1934)"><img alt="Butler Library at Columbia University in New York City (finished in 1934)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Columbia_University_-_Butler_Library_%2848170368646%29.jpg/170px-Columbia_University_-_Butler_Library_%2848170368646%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Columbia_University_-_Butler_Library_%2848170368646%29.jpg/255px-Columbia_University_-_Butler_Library_%2848170368646%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Columbia_University_-_Butler_Library_%2848170368646%29.jpg/340px-Columbia_University_-_Butler_Library_%2848170368646%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4478" data-file-height="2519" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Butler_Library" title="Butler Library">Butler Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in New York City (finished in 1934)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Capitol_west_side.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Capitol (finished in 1800)"><img alt="United States Capitol (finished in 1800)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/US_Capitol_west_side.JPG/170px-US_Capitol_west_side.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/US_Capitol_west_side.JPG/255px-US_Capitol_west_side.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/US_Capitol_west_side.JPG/340px-US_Capitol_west_side.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3865" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> (finished in 1800)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Federal_Hall_and_George_Washington_statue_in_New_York_City.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Federal Hall National Memorial (1842)"><img alt="Federal Hall National Memorial (1842)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Federal_Hall_and_George_Washington_statue_in_New_York_City.JPG/170px-Federal_Hall_and_George_Washington_statue_in_New_York_City.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Federal_Hall_and_George_Washington_statue_in_New_York_City.JPG/255px-Federal_Hall_and_George_Washington_statue_in_New_York_City.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Federal_Hall_and_George_Washington_statue_in_New_York_City.JPG/340px-Federal_Hall_and_George_Washington_statue_in_New_York_City.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Hall_National_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Hall National Memorial">Federal Hall National Memorial</a> (1842)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jefferson_Memorial_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jefferson Memorial in Washington D.C (1939-1943)"><img alt="Jefferson Memorial in Washington D.C (1939-1943)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Jefferson_Memorial_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Jefferson_Memorial_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Jefferson_Memorial_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Jefferson_Memorial_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Jefferson_Memorial_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Jefferson_Memorial_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="406" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial</a> in Washington D.C (1939-1943)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_House_north_and_south_sides.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North and south sides of the White House (completed in 1800)"><img alt="North and south sides of the White House (completed in 1800)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/White_House_north_and_south_sides.jpg/148px-White_House_north_and_south_sides.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/White_House_north_and_south_sides.jpg/223px-White_House_north_and_south_sides.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/White_House_north_and_south_sides.jpg/297px-White_House_north_and_south_sides.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4418" data-file-height="5056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">North and south sides of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> (completed in 1800)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huntington_City_Hall,_Huntington,_West_Virginia_LCCN2015631822.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Front view of the Huntington City Hall, in Huntington, West Virginia (completed in 1915)"><img alt="Front view of the Huntington City Hall, in Huntington, West Virginia (completed in 1915)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Huntington_City_Hall%2C_Huntington%2C_West_Virginia_LCCN2015631822.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Huntington_City_Hall%2C_Huntington%2C_West_Virginia_LCCN2015631822.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Huntington_City_Hall%2C_Huntington%2C_West_Virginia_LCCN2015631822.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Huntington_City_Hall%2C_Huntington%2C_West_Virginia_LCCN2015631822.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Huntington_City_Hall%2C_Huntington%2C_West_Virginia_LCCN2015631822.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Huntington_City_Hall%2C_Huntington%2C_West_Virginia_LCCN2015631822.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4863" data-file-height="3325" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Front view of the <a href="/wiki/Huntington_City_Hall" title="Huntington City Hall">Huntington City Hall</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Huntington,_West_Virginia" title="Huntington, West Virginia">Huntington, West Virginia</a> (completed in 1915)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_architecture&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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(architect)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Chambers_(architect)" title="William Chambers (architect)">William Chambers (architect)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_architectural_styles" title="List of architectural styles">List of architectural styles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_architecture&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output 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.citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Western-architecture/Germany">"Western architecture - German Gothic, Baroque, Renaissance | Britannica"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+architecture+-+German+Gothic%2C+Baroque%2C+Renaissance+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FWestern-architecture%2FGermany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassical+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Neoclassical-architecture">"Neoclassical architecture"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neoclassical+architecture&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FNeoclassical-architecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassical+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Middleton,_Robin._1993-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Middleton,_Robin._1993_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Middleton,_Robin._1993_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Middleton,_Robin._1993_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Middleton,_Robin._1993_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton,_Robin.1993" class="citation book cs1">Middleton, Robin. (1993). <i>Neoclassical and 19th century architecture</i>. Electa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8478-0850-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8478-0850-5"><bdi>0-8478-0850-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/444534819">444534819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neoclassical+and+19th+century+architecture&rft.pub=Electa&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F444534819&rft.isbn=0-8478-0850-5&rft.au=Middleton%2C+Robin.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassical+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for instance, Joseph Rykwert, <i>The First Moderns: the architects of the eighteenth century</i> (Cambridge, <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>: 1980) and Alberto Perez Gomez, <i>Architecture and the Crisis of Modern Science</i>, (Cambridge, MIT Press: 1983)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iarc.ie/exhibitions/previous-exhibitions/andrea-palladio-1508-1580/">"Andrea Palladio 1508–1580"</a>. Irish Architectural Archive. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andrea+Palladio+1508%E2%80%931580&rft.pub=Irish+Architectural+Archive&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiarc.ie%2Fexhibitions%2Fprevious-exhibitions%2Fandrea-palladio-1508-1580%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassical+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry Bergdoll, Ed., <i>The Complete Works of Percier and Fontaine</i>, (New York, Princeton Architectural Press: 2018)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/neoclassical-architecture.htm">"Neoclassical Architecture (1640–1850)"</a>. <i>www.visual-arts-cork.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.visual-arts-cork.com&rft.atitle=Neoclassical+Architecture+%281640%E2%80%931850%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visual-arts-cork.com%2Fhistory-of-art%2Fneoclassical-architecture.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassical+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour, 110–111, 110 quoted</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though <a href="/wiki/Giles_Worsley" title="Giles Worsley">Giles Worsley</a> detects the first Grecian influenced architectural element in the windows of <a href="/wiki/Nuneham_House" title="Nuneham House">Nuneham House</a> from 1756, see <a href="/wiki/Giles_Worsley" title="Giles Worsley">Giles Worsley</a>, "The First Greek Revival Architecture", <i>The Burlington Magazine</i>, Vol. 127, No. 985 (April 1985), pp. 226–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Mordant Crook, <i>The Greek Revival: neoclassical attitudes in British architecture, 1760–1870</i> (London, John Murray: 1972)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour, 171–184, 171 quoted</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robin Middleton and David Watkin, <i>NeoClassical and Nineteenth Century Architecture</i>2 vols. (New York, Electa/Rizzoli: 1987)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lin2015-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lin2015_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_Chia-Hui_Lin2015" class="citation book cs1">Francis Chia-Hui Lin (9 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BYIcBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT85"><i>Heteroglossic Asia: The Transformation of Urban Taiwan</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 85–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-62637-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-62637-4"><bdi>978-1-317-62637-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heteroglossic+Asia%3A+The+Transformation+of+Urban+Taiwan&rft.pages=85-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015-01-09&rft.isbn=978-1-317-62637-4&rft.au=Francis+Chia-Hui+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBYIcBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassical+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koga2016-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koga2016_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYukiko_Koga2016" class="citation book cs1">Yukiko Koga (28 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ohs_DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA290"><i>Inheritance of Loss: China, Japan, and the Political Economy of Redemption after Empire</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 290–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-41227-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-41227-6"><bdi>978-0-226-41227-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inheritance+of+Loss%3A+China%2C+Japan%2C+and+the+Political+Economy+of+Redemption+after+Empire&rft.pages=290-&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2016-11-28&rft.isbn=978-0-226-41227-6&rft.au=Yukiko+Koga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dohs_DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassical+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Satō2006-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Satō2006_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatō2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Satō, Yoshiaki (2006). "Chapter 5 Appendix: 帝冠様式について" [About Imperial Crown Style]. <i>神奈川県庁本庁舎と大正昭和初期の神奈川県技術者に関する建築史的研究</i> [<i>Architecture Historical Research of the Kanagawa Prefecture Main Office Building and the early Taishō Shōwa Kanagawa Prefecture Engineers</i>] (in Japanese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5+Appendix%3A+%E5%B8%9D%E5%86%A0%E6%A7%98%E5%BC%8F%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6&rft.btitle=%E7%A5%9E%E5%A5%88%E5%B7%9D%E7%9C%8C%E5%BA%81%E6%9C%AC%E5%BA%81%E8%88%8E%E3%81%A8%E5%A4%A7%E6%AD%A3%E6%98%AD%E5%92%8C%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E3%81%AE%E7%A5%9E%E5%A5%88%E5%B7%9D%E7%9C%8C%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E8%80%85%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Sat%C5%8D&rft.aufirst=Yoshiaki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassical+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morohashi2015-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morohashi2015_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorohashi2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Morohashi, Kaz (Winter 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sainsbury-institute.org/support-us/e-magazine-issue-10/museums-in-japan/">"Museums in Japan"</a>. <i>e-magazine</i>. Norwich,UK: Sainsbury Institute for the Study of Japanese Arts and Culture<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=e-magazine&rft.atitle=Museums+in+Japan&rft.ssn=winter&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Morohashi&rft.aufirst=Kaz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsainsbury-institute.org%2Fsupport-us%2Fe-magazine-issue-10%2Fmuseums-in-japan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassical+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151206112815/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/01141.pdf">"Bibliotheca"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands</i>. 28 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/01141.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Inventory+of+the+Cultural+Property+of+the+Maltese+Islands&rft.atitle=Bibliotheca&rft.date=2012-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturalheritage.gov.mt%2Ffilebank%2Finventory%2F01141.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassical+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151204152202/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20121211/environment/Rohan-Gate-ebbu-.449132">"Rohan Gate, Żebbuġ"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Times_of_Malta" title="Times of Malta">Times of Malta</a></i>. 11 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20121211/environment/Rohan-Gate-ebbu-.449132">the original</a> on 4 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Malta&rft.atitle=Rohan+Gate%2C+%C5%BBebbu%C4%A1&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofmalta.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2F20121211%2Fenvironment%2FRohan-Gate-ebbu-.449132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassical+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBötig2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bötig, Klaus (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DJRt65t6jpgC&pg=PA54"><i>Malta, Gozo. Con atlante stradale</i></a> (in Italian). EDT srl. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788860407818" title="Special:BookSources/9788860407818"><bdi>9788860407818</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malta%2C+Gozo.+Con+atlante+stradale&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=EDT+srl&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9788860407818&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6tig&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDJRt65t6jpgC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassical+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-culturemalta-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-culturemalta_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151007210825/http://www.culturemalta.org/48/10/Architecture-in-Malta-under-the-British">"Architecture in Malta under the British"</a>. <i>culturemalta.org</i>. Archived from the original on 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=culturemalta.org&rft.atitle=Architecture+in+Malta+under+the+British&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturemalta.org%2F48%2F10%2FArchitecture-in-Malta-under-the-British&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassical+architecture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150105055519/http://heritagemalta.org/museums-sites/domvs-romana/">"Domvs Romana"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Malta" title="Heritage Malta">Heritage Malta</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heritagemalta.org/museums-sites/domvs-romana/">the original</a> on 5 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heritage+Malta&rft.atitle=Domvs+Romana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheritagemalta.org%2Fmuseums-sites%2Fdomvs-romana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassical+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150106133921/http://judiciarymalta.gov.mt/the-courts">"The Courts"</a>. <i>The Judiciary – Malta</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.judiciarymalta.gov.mt/the-courts">the original</a> on 6 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Judiciary+%E2%80%93+Malta&rft.atitle=The+Courts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.judiciarymalta.gov.mt%2Fthe-courts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassical+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Charlot, <i>Mexican Art and the Academy of San Carlos, 1785–1915</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press 1962, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/54/3/525/151178/Los-origenes-del-nacionalismo-mexicano">https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/54/3/525/151178/Los-origenes-del-nacionalismo-mexicano</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Oles, <i>Art and Architecture in Mexico</i>. London: Thames and Hudson 2013, pp.132–33, 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=118003">"History of the City of San José Iturbide, Guanajuato Historical Marker"</a>. <i>www.hmdb.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hmdb.org&rft.atitle=History+of+the+City+of+San+Jos%C3%A9+Iturbide%2C+Guanajuato+Historical+Marker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hmdb.org%2Fm.asp%3Fm%3D118003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassical+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pierson,_William_Harvey,_1911–1976-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pierson,_William_Harvey,_1911–1976_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierson1976" class="citation book cs1">Pierson, William Harvey (1976). <i>American buildings and their architects</i>. Anchor Press/Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/605187550">605187550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+buildings+and+their+architects.&rft.pub=Anchor+Press%2FDoubleday&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F605187550&rft.aulast=Pierson&rft.aufirst=William+Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeoclassical+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div><p>28. ^ Guagliumi, Silvia (2014), "La Villa Archinto a Monza.Analogie con alcuni esempi d'architettura neoclassica in Lombardia", Silvia editrice (ISBN 978-88-96036-62-4), basata sulla propria Tesi di Laurea in Architettura presso il Politecnico di Milano discussa nell'anno accademico 1982/'83 con Relatore il Prof.Arch.C.Perogalli. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_architecture&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Détournelle, Athanase, <a href="//archive.org/details/gri_33125009317989" class="extiw" title="iarchive:gri 33125009317989"><i>Recueil d'architecture nouvelle</i></a>, A Paris : Chez l'auteur, 1805</li> <li>Groth, Håkan, <i>Neoclassicism in the North: Swedish Furniture and Interiors, 1770–1850</i></li> <li>Honour, Hugh, <i>Neoclassicism</i></li> <li>Irwin, David, <i>Neoclassicism</i> (in series Art and Ideas) Phaidon, paperback, 1997</li> <li>Lorentz, Stanislaw, <i>Neoclassicism in Poland</i> (Series History of art in Poland)</li> <li>McCormick, Thomas, <i>Charles-Louis Clérisseau and the Genesis of Neoclassicism</i> Architectural History Foundation, 1991</li> <li>Praz, Mario. <i>On Neoclassicism</i></li> <li>Guagliumi, Silvia, " La Villa Archinto a Monza.Analogie con alcuni esempi d'architettura neoclassica in Lombardia", Silvia editrice, 2014 (ISBN 9788896036624)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoclassical_architecture&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_architecture" title="Carolingian architecture">Carolingian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1000–1500</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_school_(architecture)" title="Galician school (architecture)">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_architecture" title="Ottonian architecture">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_architecture" title="Hoysala architecture">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_architecture" title="Vijayanagara architecture">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_architecture" title="Western Chalukya architecture">Western Chalukya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Islamic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Gothic" title="Romano-Gothic">Romano-Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sondergotik" title="Sondergotik">Sondergotik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_architecture" title="Inca architecture">Incan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_architecture" title="Aztec architecture">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateresque" title="Plateresque">Plateresque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1500–1750</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1750–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Baroque" title="Andean Baroque">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Baroque_architecture" title="Czech Baroque architecture">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Baroque_architecture" title="Dutch Baroque architecture">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="English Baroque">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Baroque_architecture" title="French Baroque architecture">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Baroque_architecture" title="Italian Baroque architecture">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Baroque_architecture" title="Maltese Baroque architecture">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrine_Baroque" title="Petrine Baroque">Petrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Baroque" title="Elizabethan Baroque">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naryshkin_Baroque" title="Naryshkin Baroque">Naryshkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Baroque architecture in Portugal">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Baroque" title="Siberian Baroque">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Baroque" title="Ukrainian Baroque">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_industrial_architecture" title="British industrial architecture">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Byzantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire">Russo-Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Byzantine_Revival_architecture" title="Serbo-Byzantine Revival architecture">Serbo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Colonial Revival architecture">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Revival_architecture" title="Mayan Revival architecture">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture" title="Mediterranean Revival architecture">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture" title="Mission Revival architecture">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumentalism" title="Monumentalism">Monumentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture" title="Baroque Revival architecture">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo_architecture" title="Rococo architecture">Rococo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neoclassical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Manueline" title="Neo-Manueline">Neo-Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revival_architecture" title="Pueblo Revival architecture">Pueblo</a></li> <li>Queen Anne <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Queen_Anne_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="British Queen Anne Revival">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Queen_Anne_Revival_architecture" title="New World Queen Anne Revival architecture">America and Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revival_architecture" title="Romanian Revival architecture">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revival_architecture" title="Russian Revival architecture">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial Revival architecture">Spanish Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Revival_architecture" title="Territorial Revival architecture">Territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture" title="Tudor Revival architecture">Tudor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Jugendstil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_style" title="Liberty style">Liberty style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Style_(British_Art_Nouveau_style)" title="Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style)">Modern Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Revival_architecture" title="Mycenaean Revival architecture">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_School" title="Prairie School">Prairie School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_architecture" title="Expressionist architecture">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Cubism" title="Czech Cubism">Cubism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_architecture" title="Constructivist architecture">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(architecture)" title="New Objectivity (architecture)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_architecture" title="Totalitarian architecture">Totalitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Rationalist-Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurist_architecture" title="Futurist architecture">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_architecture" title="Organic architecture">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripped_Classicism" title="Stripped Classicism">Stripped Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postconstructivism" title="Postconstructivism">Postconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PWA_Moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="PWA Moderne">PWA Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googie_architecture" title="Googie architecture">Googie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blobitecture" title="Blobitecture">Blobitecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-tech_architecture" title="High-tech architecture">High-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_regionalism" title="Critical regionalism">Critical regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deconstructivism" title="Deconstructivism">Deconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_architecture" title="Colonial architecture">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_architecture" title="Mesoamerican architecture">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Maya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newa_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Newa architecture">Newari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Architecture">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian architecture">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historicism_and_Revivalism_in_architecture_and_decorative_arts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Revivals" title="Template:Revivals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Revivals" title="Template talk:Revivals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Revivals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Revivals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historicism_and_Revivalism_in_architecture_and_decorative_arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a> in architecture and decorative arts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture" title="Baroque Revival architecture">Baroque Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture">Neo-Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_Gothic" title="Carpenter Gothic">Carpenter Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Egyptian Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_provincial_architecture" title="French provincial architecture">French Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neo-Grec" title="Neo-Grec">Neo-Grec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Revival_architecture" title="Mayan Revival architecture">Mayan Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Renaissance Revival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauesque" title="Châteauesque">Châteauesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italianate_architecture" title="Italianate architecture">Italianate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_style_architecture" title="Palazzo style architecture">Palazzo style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo_Revival" title="Rococo Revival">Rococo Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture" title="Romanesque Revival architecture">Romanesque Revival</a></li> <li>Second Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_style" title="Second Empire style">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture_in_Europe" title="Second Empire architecture in Europe">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Second Empire architecture in the United States and Canada">North American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial Revival architecture">Spanish Colonial Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_chalet_style" title="Swiss chalet style">Swiss chalet style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">Vernacular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_style" title="Henry II style">Henry II style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_style" title="Henry IV style">Henry IV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_style" title="Louis XIII style">Louis XIII style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_Louis_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Style Louis XIV">Louis XIV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_Louis_XV" class="mw-redirect" title="Style Louis XV">Louis XV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_in_France" title="Neoclassicism in France">Neoclassicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_style" title="Louis Philippe style">Louis Philippe style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_style" title="Second Empire style">Second Empire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany, Austria-Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit" title="Gründerzeit">Gründerzeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Jugendstil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort_architecture" title="Resort architecture">Resort style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rundbogenstil" title="Rundbogenstil">Rundbogenstil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great Britain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adamesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Byzantine" title="Bristol Byzantine">Bristol Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_architecture" title="Edwardian architecture">Edwardian Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture_in_the_British_Isles" title="Egyptian Revival architecture in the British Isles">Egyptian Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Revival">Georgian Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a> <ul><li>British India</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobethan" title="Jacobethan">Jacobethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Palladian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Palladian">Neo-Palladian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture" title="Queen Anne style architecture">Queen Anne Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regency_architecture" title="Regency architecture">Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romanesque Revival architecture in the United Kingdom">Romanesque Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_baronial_architecture" title="Scottish baronial architecture">Scottish Baronial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture" title="Tudor Revival architecture">Tudor Revival</a> / <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_Revival_architecture" title="Black-and-white Revival architecture">Black-and-white Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Revival_architecture" title="Mycenaean Revival architecture">Mycenaean Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stile_Umbertino" title="Stile Umbertino">Stile Umbertino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture_in_Milan" title="Neoclassical architecture in Milan">Milan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(architecture)" title="Traditionalist School (architecture)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragestil" title="Dragestil">Dragon style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Romantic_style" title="National Romantic style">National Romantic style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavian_style" title="Gustavian style">Gustavian style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Classicism" title="Nordic Classicism">Nordic Classicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Manueline" title="Neo-Manueline">Neo-Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Neo-Mudéjar">Neo-Mudéjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_Portuguese_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft Portuguese style">Soft Portuguese style</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakopane_Style" title="Zakopane Style">Zakopane Style</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revival_architecture" title="Romanian Revival architecture">Romanian Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian Empire and USSR</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire">Neo-Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_neoclassical_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian neoclassical revival">Neoclassical Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revival_architecture" title="Russian Revival architecture">Russian Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Byzantine_Revival_architecture" title="Serbo-Byzantine Revival architecture">Serbo-Byzantine Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Neo-Mudéjar">Neo-Mudéjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Renaissance" title="American Renaissance">American Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Gothic" title="Collegiate Gothic">Collegiate Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Colonial Revival architecture">Colonial Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Dutch Colonial Revival architecture">Dutch Colonial Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_architecture" title="Federal architecture">Federal style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco_Deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco Deco">Greco Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_architecture" title="Jeffersonian architecture">Jeffersonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture" title="Mediterranean Revival architecture">Mediterranean Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture" title="Mission Revival architecture">Mission Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revival_architecture" title="Pueblo Revival architecture">Pueblo Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cathedral_style" title="Polish cathedral style">Polish cathedral style</a></li> 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