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id="toc-Rational_intuition_versus_moral_sense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rational_intuition_versus_moral_sense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rational intuition versus moral sense</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rational_intuition_versus_moral_sense-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rational intuition versus moral sense subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rational_intuition_versus_moral_sense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rational_intuition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rational_intuition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Rational intuition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rational_intuition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moral_sense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moral_sense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Moral sense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moral_sense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Philosophers_commonly_identified_as_intuitionists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophers_commonly_identified_as_intuitionists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Philosophers commonly identified as intuitionists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophers_commonly_identified_as_intuitionists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_discussing_intuitionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_discussing_intuitionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Books discussing intuitionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_discussing_intuitionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_philosophical_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_philosophical_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Related philosophical concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_philosophical_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of views in moral epistemology</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the view in moral epistemology. For the book by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Michael Huemer</a> defending the view, see <a href="/wiki/Ethical_Intuitionism_(book)" title="Ethical Intuitionism (book)">Ethical Intuitionism (book)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ethics" title="Outline of ethics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethics" title="Category:Ethics">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_ethics_articles" title="Index of ethics articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Schools</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontology" title="Deontology">Deontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Error theory">Error theory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intuitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moralism" title="Moralism">Moralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cognitivism" title="Non-cognitivism">Non-cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectivism" title="Perspectivism">Perspectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectivism" title="Projectivism">Projectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_anti-realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_relativism" title="Moral relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousseauism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseauism">Rousseauism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_subjectivism" title="Ethical subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcognition" title="Transcognition">Transcognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">Common sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">Conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_standard" title="Double standard">Double standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_(ethics)" title="Ideal (ethics)">Ideal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_humility" title="Intellectual humility">Intellectual humility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Is%E2%80%93ought_problem" title="Is–ought problem">Is–ought problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_agency" title="Moral agency">Moral agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_hierarchy" title="Moral hierarchy">Moral hierarchy</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Moral_imperative" title="Moral imperative">Moral imperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immorality" title="Immorality">Immorality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-discipline" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-discipline">Self-discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_responsibility" title="Social responsibility">Social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values" class="mw-redirect" title="Values">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_value_(ethics)" title="Intrinsic value (ethics)">Intrinsic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vow" title="Vow">Vow</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Domains</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiological_ethics" title="Axiological ethics">Axiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_care" title="Ethics of care">Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_ethics" title="Descriptive ethics">Descriptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Existentialist">Existentialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaethics" title="Metaethics">Metaethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_ethics" title="Pragmatic ethics">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_ethics" title="Role ethics">Role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situational" class="mw-redirect" title="Situational">Situational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering-focused_ethics" title="Suffering-focused ethics">Suffering-focused</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ethicists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kierkegaard" class="mw-redirect" title="Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parfit" class="mw-redirect" title="Parfit">Parfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schopenhauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick">Sidgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Works</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/After_Virtue" title="After Virtue">After Virtue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(book)" title="Animal Liberation (book)">Animal Liberation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_Good_and_Evil" title="Beyond Good and Evil">Beyond Good and Evil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Practical_Reason" title="Critique of Practical Reason">Critique of Practical Reason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Either/Or_(Kierkegaard_book)" title="Either/Or (Kierkegaard book)">Either/Or</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(Moore_book)" title="Ethics (Moore book)">Ethics</a></i> (Moore)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinoza%27s_Ethics" title="Spinoza's Ethics">Spinoza's <i>Ethics</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Groundwork_of_the_Metaphysics_of_Morals" title="Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals">Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moral_Landscape" title="The Moral Landscape">The Moral Landscape</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Genealogy_of_Morality" title="On the Genealogy of Morality">On the Genealogy of Morality</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Philosophy_of_Freedom" title="The Philosophy of Freedom">The Philosophy of Freedom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Practical_Ethics" title="Practical Ethics">Practical Ethics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Principia_Ethica" title="Principia Ethica">Principia Ethica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Moral_Sentiments" title="The Theory of Moral Sentiments">The Theory of Moral Sentiments</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">A Treatise of Human Nature</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism_(book)" title="Utilitarianism (book)">Utilitarianism</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ethics" title="History of ethics">History of ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethical_frameworks_sidebar" title="Template:Ethical frameworks sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Ethical_frameworks_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Ethical frameworks sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethical_frameworks_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethical frameworks sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Ethical intuitionism</b> (also called <b>moral intuitionism</b>) is a view or family of views in moral <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> (and, on some definitions, <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>). It is <a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">foundationalism</a> applied to moral knowledge, the thesis that some moral truths can be known non-inferentially (i.e., known without one needing to infer them from other truths one believes). Such an epistemological view is by definition committed to the existence of knowledge of moral truths; therefore, ethical intuitionism implies <a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(ethics)" title="Cognitivism (ethics)">cognitivism</a>. </p><p>As a foundationalist epistemological position, ethical intuitionism contrasts with <a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">coherentist</a> positions in moral epistemology, such as those that depend on <a href="/wiki/Reflective_equilibrium" title="Reflective equilibrium">reflective equilibrium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafer-LandauCuneo2012385_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafer-LandauCuneo2012385-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the name "ethical intuitionism", ethical intuitionists need not (though often do) accept that <a href="/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intuition (knowledge)">intuitions</a> of value (or of evaluative facts) form the foundation of ethical knowledge; the common commitment of ethical intuitionists is to a non-inferential foundation for ethical knowledge, regardless of whether such a non-inferential foundation consists in <i>intuitions</i> as such.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowan2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowan2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the philosophical literature, the term "ethical intuitionism" is frequently used with significant variation in its sense. This article's focus on foundationalism reflects the core commitments of contemporary self-identified ethical intuitionists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafer-LandauCuneo2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafer-LandauCuneo2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStratton-Lake2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStratton-Lake2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sufficiently broadly defined, ethical intuitionism can be taken to encompass cognitivist forms of <a href="/wiki/Moral_sense_theory" title="Moral sense theory">moral sense theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStratton-Lake2013337_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStratton-Lake2013337-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is usually furthermore taken as essential to ethical intuitionism that there be <a href="/wiki/Self-evidence" title="Self-evidence">self-evident</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">a priori</a></i> moral knowledge; this counts against considering moral sense theory to be a species of intuitionism. (see the <a href="#Rational_intuition_versus_moral_sense">Rational intuition versus moral sense</a> section of this article for further discussion). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethical_intuitionism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_intuitionism">Early intuitionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethical_intuitionism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early intuitionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While there were ethical intuitionists in a broad sense at least as far back as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, the philosophical school usually labelled as ethical intuitionism developed in Britain in the 17th and 18th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAudi20045_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi20045-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early intuitionists like <a href="/wiki/John_Balguy" title="John Balguy">John Balguy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Cudworth" title="Ralph Cudworth">Ralph Cudworth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clarke" title="Samuel Clarke">Samuel Clarke</a> were principally concerned with defending <a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">moral objectivism</a> against the theories of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStratton-Lake2013339_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStratton-Lake2013339-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, their views would be revived and developed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Richard Price</a> and pitted against the moral sense theory of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Francis Hutcheson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESidgwick1931224–226_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESidgwick1931224–226-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> himself sometimes considered a sentimentalist intuitionist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStratton-Lake2013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStratton-Lake2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>'s moral philosophy would be received in Britain as a German analog to Price,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESidgwick1931271_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESidgwick1931271-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though according to <a href="/wiki/R._M._Hare" title="R. M. Hare">R. M. Hare</a> it is questionable whether Kant is an intuitionist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHare1997147–149_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHare1997147–149-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Henry_Sidgwick">Henry Sidgwick</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethical_intuitionism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Henry Sidgwick"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 19th century, ethical intuitionism was considered by most British philosophers to be a philosophical rival of <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism</a>, until <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick">Henry Sidgwick</a> showed there to be several logically distinct theories, both normative and epistemological, sharing the same label.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouden1996579–582_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouden1996579–582-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Sidgwick, intuitionism is about intuitive, i.e. non-inferential, knowledge of moral principles, which are self-evident to the knower.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorchert2006_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchert2006-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The criteria for this type of knowledge include that they are expressed in clear terms, that the different principles are mutually consistent with each other and that there is expert consensus on them. According to Sidgwick, commonsense moral principles fail to pass this test, but there are some more abstract principles that pass it, like that "what is right for me must be right for all persons in precisely similar circumstances" or that "one should be equally concerned with all temporal parts of one’s life".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig1996_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig1996-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorchert2006_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchert2006-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most general principles arrived at this way are all compatible with <i>utilitarianism</i>, which is why Sidgwick sees a harmony between <i>intuitionism</i> and <i>utilitarianism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHonderich2005_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonderich2005-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also less general intuitive principles, like the duty to keep one's promises or to be just, but these principles are not universal and there are cases where different duties stand in conflict with each other. Sidgwick suggests that we resolve such conflicts in a utilitarian fashion by considering the consequences of the conflicting actions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig1996b_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig1996b-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorchert2006_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchert2006-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired by Sidgwick, 20th century philosopher <a href="/wiki/C.D._Broad" class="mw-redirect" title="C.D. Broad">C.D. Broad</a> would coin the term "<a href="/wiki/Deontological_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontological ethics">deontological ethics</a>" to refer to the normative doctrines associated with intuitionism, leaving the phrase "ethical intuitionism" free to refer to the epistemological doctrines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouden1996587_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouden1996587-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intuitionism_in_analytic_philosophy">Intuitionism in analytic philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethical_intuitionism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Intuitionism in analytic philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ethical intuitionism was popular in the early twentieth century, particularly among British analytic philosophers. <a href="/wiki/Harold_Arthur_Prichard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Arthur Prichard">H.A. Prichard</a> gave a defense of the view in his "<a href="/wiki/Does_Moral_Philosophy_Rest_on_a_Mistake%3F" title="Does Moral Philosophy Rest on a Mistake?">Does Moral Philosophy Rest on a Mistake?</a>" (1912), wherein he contended that moral philosophy rested chiefly on the desire to provide arguments starting from non-normative premises for the principles of obligation that we pre-philosophically accept, such as the principle that one ought to keep one's promises or that one ought not to steal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrichard1912_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrichard1912-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a mistake, Prichard argued, both because it is impossible to derive any statement about what one ought to do from statements not concerning obligation (even statements about what is <i>good</i>), and because there is no need to do so since common sense principles of moral obligation are self-evident. </p><p>Prichard was influenced by <a href="/wiki/G.E._Moore" class="mw-redirect" title="G.E. Moore">G.E. Moore</a>, whose <i><a href="/wiki/Principia_Ethica" title="Principia Ethica">Principia Ethica</a></i> (1903) argued famously that <i>goodness</i> was an indefinable, non-natural property of which we had intuitive awareness. Moore originated the term "<a href="/wiki/Naturalistic_fallacy" title="Naturalistic fallacy">the naturalistic fallacy</a>" to refer to the (alleged) error of confusing goodness with some natural property, and he deployed the Open Question Argument to show why this was an error. Unlike Prichard, Moore thought that one could derive principles of obligation from propositions about what is good. </p><p><a href="/wiki/W._D._Ross" title="W. D. Ross">W. D. Ross</a>'s intuitionism was influenced both by Prichard and Moore. He holds that we can know moral truths through intuition, for example, that it is wrong to lie or that knowledge is intrinsically good.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkelton2012_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkelton2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intuitions involve a direct apprehension that is not mediated by inferences or deductions: they are self-evident and therefore not in need of any additional proof.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ability is not inborn but has to be developed on the way to reaching mental maturity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss193029_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss193029-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in its fully developed form, we can know moral truths just as well as we can know mathematical truths like the axioms of geometry or arithmetic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss193030_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss193030-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig1996_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig1996-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This self-evident knowledge is limited to general principles: we can come to know the <a href="/wiki/Prima_facie_duties" class="mw-redirect" title="Prima facie duties">prima facie duties</a> this way, e.g. that, generally speaking, one should keep one's promises and refrain from harming others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But intuition is unable to reveal one's <i>absolute</i> duty in a particular situation: what one should do all things considered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss193019–20,_30_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss193019–20,_30-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All we can do is consult perception to determine which prima facie duty has the highest normative weight in this particular case, even though this usually does not amount to knowledge proper due to the complexity involved in most specific cases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkelton2012_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkelton2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ethical intuitionism suffered a dramatic fall from favor by the middle of the century, due in part to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">logical positivism</a>, in part to the rising popularity of <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">naturalism</a> in philosophy, and in part to philosophical objections based on the phenomenon of widespread moral disagreement. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stevenson_(philosopher)" title="Charles Stevenson (philosopher)">C. L. Stevenson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Emotivism" title="Emotivism">emotivism</a> would prove especially attractive to Moorean intuitionists seeking to avoid <a href="/wiki/Ethical_naturalism" title="Ethical naturalism">ethical naturalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeigh2013601_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeigh2013601-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the later parts of the 20th century, intuitionism would have few adherents to speak of; in <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Bernard Williams</a>' words: "This model of intuition in ethics has been demolished by a succession of critics, and the ruins of it that remain above ground are not impressive enough to invite much history of what happened to it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2011104_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2011104-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_developments">Contemporary developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethical_intuitionism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contemporary developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some recent work suggests the view may be enjoying a resurgence of interest in academic philosophy. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Audi" title="Robert Audi">Robert Audi</a> is one of the main contemporary supporters of ethical intuitionism. His 2005 book <i>The Good in the Right</i> claims to update and strengthen Rossian intuitionism and to develop the epistemology of ethics. Michael Huemer's book <i>Ethical Intuitionism</i> (2005)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuemer2005_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuemer2005-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also provides a recent defense of the view. <span class="anchor" id="methodological_intuitionism"></span>Furthermore, authors writing on <a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">normative ethics</a> often accept <i>methodological intuitionism</i> as they present allegedly obvious or intuitive examples or <a href="/wiki/Thought_experiment" title="Thought experiment">thought experiments</a> as support for their theories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitional_issues">Definitional issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethical_intuitionism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Definitional issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because it was not until Sidgwick that it was clear there were several distinct theses sharing the label "ethical intuitionism", the term has developed many different connotations. This is liable to cause confusion; for example, <a href="/wiki/G.E._Moore" class="mw-redirect" title="G.E. Moore">G.E. Moore</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Principia_Ethica" title="Principia Ethica">Principia Ethica</a></i> is often considered a <i>locus classicus</i> defense of ethical intuitionism, yet Moore explicitly refuses the label because of the large number of differences between his own views and traditional intuitionists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAudi200415_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi200415-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inessential_connotations">Inessential connotations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethical_intuitionism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Inessential connotations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, intuitionism was often understood as having several other commitments: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a>, the view that there are <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">objective</a> facts of morality (as held by <a href="/wiki/Mark_de_Bretton_Platts" title="Mark de Bretton Platts">Mark Platts</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_non-naturalism" title="Ethical non-naturalism">Ethical non-naturalism</a>, the view that these evaluative facts cannot be reduced to natural fact.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism#Classical_foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Classical foundationalism</a>, i.e., the view that intuited moral beliefs are: infallible (indefeasible), indubitable (irresistibly compelling), incorrigible, certain, or understandable without reflection.</li> <li>The view that moral properties are "simple" (as held by G.E. Moore).</li> <li>The view that moral truths are knowable <i>only</i> by intuition.</li></ol> <p>However, none of these positions are essential to the view; most ethical intuitionists (such as <a href="/wiki/G.E._Moore" class="mw-redirect" title="G.E. Moore">G.E. Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/W._D._Ross" title="W. D. Ross">W. D. Ross</a>) simply happen to have held those views as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAudi2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturgeon2002_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturgeon2002-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, intuitionists are often understood to be essentially committed to the existence of a special <a href="/wiki/Faculty_psychology" title="Faculty psychology">psychological faculty</a> that reliably produces true moral intuitions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackie197738_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackie197738-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few intuitionists, however, have explicitly required such a faculty exist, and some, such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Richard Price</a>, would have explicitly denied it exists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrink1989109_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrink1989109-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pluralism">Pluralism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethical_intuitionism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pluralism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Secondly, sometimes the term "ethical intuitionism" is associated with a pluralistic, <a href="/wiki/Deontological_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontological ethics">deontological</a> position in <a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">normative ethics</a>, a position defended by most ethical intuitionists, with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick">Henry Sidgwick</a> and <a href="/wiki/G.E._Moore" class="mw-redirect" title="G.E. Moore">G.E. Moore</a> being notable exceptions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Intuitivism""><span id=".22Intuitivism.22"></span>"Intuitivism"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethical_intuitionism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: "Intuitivism""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robert Audi points out that in applied ethics, philosophers frequently appeal to intuitions to justify their claims, even though they do not call themselves intuitionists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAudi2004Ch.1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi2004Ch.1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Audi hence uses the label "intuitivists" to refer to people who are intuitionists without labeling themselves as such. </p><p>On this broad understanding of intuitionism, there are only a few ways someone doing moral philosophy might <i>not </i>count as an intuitionist. First, they might really refrain from relying on intuitions in moral philosophy altogether (say, by attempting to derive all moral claims from claims about what certain individuals desire). Second, they might deny foundationalism in favor of (say) <a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">coherentism</a>. Third, they might be non-cognitivists, holding that moral "beliefs" aren't really beliefs at all. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rational_intuition_versus_moral_sense">Rational intuition versus moral sense</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethical_intuitionism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rational intuition versus moral sense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some use the term "ethical intuitionism" in moral philosophy to refer to the general position that we have some non-inferential moral knowledge<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinnott-Armstrong2006a_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinnott-Armstrong2006a-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinnott-Armstrong2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinnott-Armstrong2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—that is, basic moral knowledge that is not inferred from or based on any proposition. However, it is important to distinguish between empiricist versus rationalist models of this. Some, thus, reserve the term "ethical intuitionism" for the rationalist model and the term "moral sense theory" for the empiricist model.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinnott-Armstrong2006184–186,_especially_fn._4_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinnott-Armstrong2006184–186,_especially_fn._4-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the terminology is not ultimately important, so long as one keeps in mind the relevant differences between these two views. </p><p>Generally speaking, rationalist ethical intuitionism models the acquisition of such non-inferential moral knowledge on <i>a priori</i>, non-empirical knowledge, such as knowledge of mathematical truths; whereas moral sense theory models the acquisition of such non-inferential moral knowledge on empirical knowledge, such as knowledge of the colors of objects (see <a href="/wiki/Moral_sense_theory" title="Moral sense theory">moral sense theory</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rational_intuition">Rational intuition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethical_intuitionism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rational intuition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rationalist version of ethical intuitionism models ethical intuitions on <i><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">a priori</a></i>, non-empirically-based intuitions of truths, such as basic truths of mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin2021_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin2021-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Take for example the belief that two minus one is one. This piece of knowledge is often thought to be non-inferential in that it is not grounded in or justified by some other proposition or claim. Rather, one who understands the relevant concepts involved in the proposition that two minus one is one has what one might call an "intuition" of the truth of the proposition. One intuits the truth of the proposition, rather than inferring it. Likewise, the ethical intuitionist claims that basic moral truths—whether they are principles (such as <i>don't kill people</i>) or judgments (such as <i>it is wrong to kill people</i>)—are known without inference, and in particular they are known via one's rational intuition. </p><p>Some rationalist ethical intuitionists characterize moral "intuitions" as a species of belief<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that are <i><a href="/wiki/Self-evidence" title="Self-evidence">self-evident</a></i> in that they are justified simply by virtue of one's understanding of the proposition believed. Others characterize "intuitions" as a distinct kind of mental state, in which something <i>seems</i> to one to be the case (whether one believes it or not) as a result of intellectual reflection. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Michael Huemer</a>, for example, defines "intuition" as a sort of seeming:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuemer2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuemer2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Reasoning sometimes changes how things seem to us. But there is also a way things seem to us prior to reasoning; otherwise, reasoning could not get started. The way things seem prior to reasoning we may call an 'initial appearance'. An initial, <i>intellectual</i> appearance is an 'intuition'. That is, an intuition that <i>p</i> is a state of its seeming to one that <i>p</i> that is not dependent on inference from other beliefs and that results from thinking about <i>p</i>, as opposed to perceiving, remembering, or introspecting. An ethical intuition is an intuition whose content is an evaluative proposition. (§5.2)</p></blockquote> <p>Regardless of one's definition of rational intuition, intuitionists all agree that rational intuitions are not justified by inference from a separate belief. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moral_sense">Moral sense</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethical_intuitionism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Moral sense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moral_sense_theory" title="Moral sense theory">Moral sense theory</a></div> <p>Another version—what one might call the <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricist</a> version—of ethical intuitionism models non-inferential ethical knowledge on sense perception. This version involves what is often called a "moral sense". According to moral sense theorists, certain moral truths are known via this moral sense simply on the basis of experience, not inference. </p><p>One way to understand the moral sense is to draw an analogy between it and other kinds of senses. Beauty, for example, is something we see in some faces, artworks and landscapes. We can also hear it in some pieces of music. We clearly do not need an independent aesthetic sense faculty to perceive beauty in the world. Our ordinary five senses are quite enough to observe it, though merely observing something beautiful is no guarantee that we can observe its beauty. In the same way, a <a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">color-blind</a> person is not necessarily able to perceive the green color of grass although he is capable of vision. Suppose we give a name to this ability to appreciate the beauty in things we see: one might call it the <i>aesthetic sense</i>. This aesthetic sense does not come automatically to all people with perfect vision and hearing, so it is fair to describe it as something extra, something not wholly reducible to vision and hearing. As the aesthetic sense informs us about what is beautiful, we can <a href="/wiki/Analogy" title="Analogy">analogically</a> understand the <i>moral sense</i> as informing us of what is good. A modern example of a moral sensation is the impression of wrongness felt when one sees puppies being kicked. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethical_intuitionism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophers_commonly_identified_as_intuitionists">Philosophers commonly identified as intuitionists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethical_intuitionism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Philosophers commonly identified as intuitionists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clarke" title="Samuel Clarke">Samuel Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Richard Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Francis Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick">Henry Sidgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Michael Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Arthur_Prichard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Arthur Prichard">Harold Arthur Prichard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._D._Ross" title="W. D. Ross">W. D. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Audi" title="Robert Audi">Robert Audi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Given that none of Lewis' works are listed in the article's Bibliography, a reliable source is needed for his inclusion on this list. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Power_Cobbe" title="Frances Power Cobbe">Frances Power Cobbe</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_discussing_intuitionism">Books discussing intuitionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethical_intuitionism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Books discussing intuitionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_and_the_Good" title="The Right and the Good">The Right and the Good</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1930_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1930-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_philosophical_concepts">Related philosophical concepts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethical_intuitionism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Related philosophical concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiological_ethics" title="Axiological ethics">Axiological ethics</a> – Ethical theory about values</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_non-naturalism" title="Ethical non-naturalism">Ethical non-naturalism</a> – Meta-ethical view</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_blindness" title="Moral blindness">Moral blindness</a> – Temporary inability to see the ethical aspects of decisions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_sense_theory" title="Moral sense theory">Moral sense theory</a> – Theory in moral epistemology and meta-ethics concerning the discovery of moral truths</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethical_intuitionism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafer-LandauCuneo2012385-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafer-LandauCuneo2012385_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShafer-LandauCuneo2012">Shafer-Landau & Cuneo 2012</a>, p. 385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECowan2015-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowan2015_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCowan2015">Cowan 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShafer-LandauCuneo2012-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShafer-LandauCuneo2012_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShafer-LandauCuneo2012">Shafer-Landau & Cuneo 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStratton-Lake2014-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStratton-Lake2014_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStratton-Lake2014">Stratton-Lake 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStratton-Lake2013337-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStratton-Lake2013337_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStratton-Lake2013">Stratton-Lake 2013</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi20045-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAudi20045_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAudi2004">Audi 2004</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStratton-Lake2013339-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStratton-Lake2013339_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStratton-Lake2013">Stratton-Lake 2013</a>, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESidgwick1931224–226-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESidgwick1931224–226_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSidgwick1931">Sidgwick 1931</a>, pp. 224–226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStratton-Lake2013-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStratton-Lake2013_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStratton-Lake2013">Stratton-Lake 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESidgwick1931271-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESidgwick1931271_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSidgwick1931">Sidgwick 1931</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHare1997147–149-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHare1997147–149_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHare1997">Hare 1997</a>, pp. 147–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELouden1996579–582-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouden1996579–582_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLouden1996">Louden 1996</a>, pp. 579–582.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchert2006-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorchert2006_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorchert2006_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorchert2006_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorchert2006">Borchert 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig1996-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig1996_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig1996_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCraig1996">Craig 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonderich2005-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHonderich2005_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHonderich2005">Honderich 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig1996b-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig1996b_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCraig1996b">Craig 1996b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELouden1996587-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouden1996587_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLouden1996">Louden 1996</a>, p. 587.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrichard1912-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrichard1912_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrichard1912">Prichard 1912</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkelton2012-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkelton2012_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkelton2012_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkelton2012">Skelton 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimpson">Simpson</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss193029-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss193029_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1930">Ross 1930</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss193030-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss193030_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1930">Ross 1930</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss193019–20,_30-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss193019–20,_30_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1930">Ross 1930</a>, pp. 19–20, 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeigh2013601-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeigh2013601_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeigh2013">Deigh 2013</a>, p. 601.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2011104-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2011104_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2011">Williams 2011</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuemer2005-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuemer2005_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuemer2005">Huemer 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi200415-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAudi200415_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAudi2004">Audi 2004</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAudi2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAudi2004">Audi 2004</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESturgeon2002-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturgeon2002_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSturgeon2002">Sturgeon 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2011">Williams 2011</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackie197738-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackie197738_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackie1977">Mackie 1977</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrink1989109-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrink1989109_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrink1989">Brink 1989</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi2004Ch.1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAudi2004Ch.1_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAudi2004">Audi 2004</a>, Ch.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinnott-Armstrong2006a-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinnott-Armstrong2006a_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinnott-Armstrong2006a">Sinnott-Armstrong 2006a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinnott-Armstrong2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinnott-Armstrong2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinnott-Armstrong2006">Sinnott-Armstrong 2006</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinnott-Armstrong2006184–186,_especially_fn._4-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinnott-Armstrong2006184–186,_especially_fn._4_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinnott-Armstrong2006">Sinnott-Armstrong 2006</a>, pp. 184–186, especially fn. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin2021-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin2021_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranklin2021">Franklin 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example <a href="#CITEREFAudi2004">Audi 2004</a>, pp. 33–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuemer2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuemer2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuemer2005">Huemer 2005</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1930-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1930_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1930">Ross 1930</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethical_intuitionism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAudi2004" class="citation book cs1">Audi, Robert (2004). <i>The Good in the Right: A Theory of Intuition and Intrinsic Value</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691114347" title="Special:BookSources/9780691114347"><bdi>9780691114347</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Good+in+the+Right%3A+A+Theory+of+Intuition+and+Intrinsic+Value&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780691114347&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthical+intuitionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorchert2006" class="citation book cs1">Borchert, Donald (2006). "Sidgwick, Henry". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/MONMEO-3"><i>Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd Edition</i></a>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sidgwick%2C+Henry&rft.btitle=Macmillan+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Borchert&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FMONMEO-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthical+intuitionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrink1989" class="citation book cs1">Brink, David O. (1989). <i>Moral Realism and the Foundations of Ethics</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511624612" title="Special:BookSources/9780511624612"><bdi>9780511624612</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moral+Realism+and+the+Foundations+of+Ethics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780511624612&rft.aulast=Brink&rft.aufirst=David+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthical+intuitionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowan2015" class="citation journal cs1">Cowan, Robert (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/100674/8/100674.pdf">"Clarifying Ethical Intuitionism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Philosophy" title="European Journal of Philosophy">European Journal of Philosophy</a></i>. <b>23</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1097–</span>1116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fejop.12031">10.1111/ejop.12031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Clarifying+Ethical+Intuitionism&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1097-%3C%2Fspan%3E1116&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fejop.12031&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.gla.ac.uk%2F100674%2F8%2F100674.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthical+intuitionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1996b" class="citation book cs1">Craig, Edward (1996b). 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(1977). <i><a href="/wiki/Ethics:_Inventing_Right_and_Wrong" title="Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong">Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong</a></i>. Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics%3A+Inventing+Right+and+Wrong&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Mackie&rft.aufirst=J.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthical+intuitionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1993" class="citation book cs1">Moore, G.E. (1993). <i>Principia Ethica</i> (revised ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principia+Ethica&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=G.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthical+intuitionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrichard1912" class="citation journal cs1">Prichard, H.A. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/prichard/mistake.html">"Does Moral Philosophy Rest on a Mistake?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mind_(journal)" title="Mind (journal)">Mind</a></i>. <b>21</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mind&rft.atitle=Does+Moral+Philosophy+Rest+on+a+Mistake%3F&rft.volume=21&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Prichard&rft.aufirst=H.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ditext.com%2Fprichard%2Fmistake.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthical+intuitionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1930" class="citation book cs1">Ross, W. D. (2002) [1930]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/STRTRA-4"><i>The Right and the Good</i></a>. Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Right+and+the+Good&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=W.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FSTRTRA-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthical+intuitionism" class="Z3988"></span>, s.a. <a href="/wiki/The_Right_and_the_Good" title="The Right and the Good">The Right and the Good</a> on WP</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafer-LandauCuneo2012" class="citation book cs1">Shafer-Landau, Russ; Cuneo, Terence, eds. (2012). <i>Foundations of Ethics: An Anthology</i>. Blackwell Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Ethics%3A+An+Anthology&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthical+intuitionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidgwick1907" class="citation book cs1">Sidgwick, Henry (1907). <i>The Methods of Ethics</i>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Methods+of+Ethics&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Sidgwick&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthical+intuitionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidgwick1931" class="citation book cs1">Sidgwick, Henry (1931). <i>Outlines of the History of Ethics</i> (6th (enlarged) ed.). Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+the+History+of+Ethics&rft.edition=6th+%28enlarged%29&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Sidgwick&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthical+intuitionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson" class="citation web cs1">Simpson, David L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/ross-wd/">"William David Ross"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=William+David+Ross&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fross-wd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthical+intuitionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinnott-Armstrong2006a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter (17 August 2006a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/skepticism-moral/">"Moral Skepticism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Moral+Skepticism&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2006-08-17&rft.aulast=Sinnott-Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fskepticism-moral%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthical+intuitionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinnott-Armstrong2006" class="citation book cs1">Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter (2006). <i>Moral Skepticisms</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199786121" title="Special:BookSources/9780199786121"><bdi>9780199786121</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moral+Skepticisms&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780199786121&rft.aulast=Sinnott-Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthical+intuitionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkelton2012" class="citation web cs1">Skelton, Anthony (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/william-david-ross/">"William David Ross"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=William+David+Ross&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Skelton&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fwilliam-david-ross%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthical+intuitionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStratton-Lake2013" class="citation book cs1">Stratton-Lake, Philip (2013). "Rational Intuitionism". In Roger Crisp (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the History of Ethics</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rational+Intuitionism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+History+of+Ethics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Stratton-Lake&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthical+intuitionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStratton-Lake2014" class="citation web cs1">Stratton-Lake, Philip (2014). E. Zalta (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/intuitionism-ethics/">"Intuitionism in Ethics"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Intuitionism+in+Ethics&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Stratton-Lake&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fintuitionism-ethics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthical+intuitionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturgeon2002" class="citation book cs1">Sturgeon, Nicholas (2002). "Ethical Intuitionism and Ethical Naturalism". <i>Ethical Intuitionism: Re-evaluations</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethical+Intuitionism+and+Ethical+Naturalism&rft.btitle=Ethical+Intuitionism%3A+Re-evaluations&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Sturgeon&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthical+intuitionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2011" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Bernard (2011). <i>Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy</i>. Routledge Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415610148" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415610148"><bdi>978-0415610148</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics+and+the+Limits+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge+Classics&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0415610148&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthical+intuitionism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethical_intuitionism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/browse/moral-intuition">Ethical intuitionism</a> at <a href="/wiki/PhilPapers" title="PhilPapers">PhilPapers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/intuitionism-ethics/">Intuitionism in Ethics</a> at Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-epistemology-a-priori/">A Priorism in Moral Epistemology</a> at Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051129021610/http://home.sprynet.com/~owl1/book2.htm"><i>Ethical Intuitionism</i></a>, a contemporary defense of the theory by Michael Huemer.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000531165035/http://home.sprynet.com/~owl1/ethics.htm">Papers defending intuitionism</a> – by Michael Huemer.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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title="Cognitivism (ethics)">Cognitivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_naturalism" title="Ethical naturalism">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_non-naturalism" title="Ethical non-naturalism">Non-naturalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_subjectivism" title="Ethical subjectivism">Subjectivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_observer_theory" title="Ideal observer theory">Ideal observer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_constructivism" title="Moral constructivism">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intuitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cognitivism" title="Non-cognitivism">Non-cognitivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotivism" title="Emotivism">Emotivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressivism" title="Expressivism">Expressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-realism" title="Quasi-realism">Quasi-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_prescriptivism" title="Universal prescriptivism">Universal prescriptivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_rationalism" title="Moral rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_relativism" title="Moral relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Universalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Value_pluralism" title="Value pluralism">Value monism – Value pluralism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicurean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantian_ethics" title="Kantian ethics">Kantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousseauism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseauism">Rousseauian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Tao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">Common sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">Conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_standard" title="Double standard">Double standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_(ethics)" title="Ideal (ethics)">Ideal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immorality" title="Immorality">Immorality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_agency" title="Moral agency">Moral agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_hierarchy" title="Moral hierarchy">Moral hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_imperative" title="Moral imperative">Moral imperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">Political freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precept" title="Precept">Precept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-discipline" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-discipline">Self-discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_value_(ethics)" title="Intrinsic value (ethics)">Intrinsic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_values" title="Japanese values">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Values (Western philosophy)">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vow" title="Vow">Vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongdoing" title="Wrongdoing">Wrong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethicists" title="List of ethicists">Ethicists<br /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Butler" title="Joseph Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick">Sidgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Bonhoeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Frankena" title="William Frankena">Frankena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._M._Hare" title="R. M. Hare">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Parfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Azurmendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Korsgaard" title="Christine Korsgaard">Korsgaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 322 BC)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(Spinoza_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics (Spinoza book)">Ethics (Spinoza)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1677)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteen_Sermons_Preached_at_the_Rolls_Chapel" title="Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel">Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1726)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">A Treatise of Human Nature</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1740)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Moral_Sentiments" title="The Theory of Moral Sentiments">The Theory of Moral Sentiments</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1759)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Principles_of_Morals_and_Legislation" title="An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation">An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1780)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwork_of_the_Metaphysics_of_Morals" title="Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals">Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1785)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Practical_Reason" title="Critique of Practical Reason">Critique of Practical Reason</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1788)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Either/Or_(Kierkegaard_book)" title="Either/Or (Kierkegaard book)">Either/Or</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1843)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism_(book)" title="Utilitarianism (book)">Utilitarianism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1861)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Methods_of_Ethics" title="The Methods of Ethics">The Methods of Ethics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1874)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Genealogy_of_Morality" title="On the Genealogy of Morality">On the Genealogy of Morality</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1887)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principia_Ethica" title="Principia Ethica">Principia Ethica</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1903)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Ethics" title="Practical Ethics">Practical Ethics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/After_Virtue" title="After Virtue">After Virtue</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1981)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_and_Persons" title="Reasons and Persons">Reasons and Persons</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_ethics" title="Descriptive ethics">Descriptive ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Evolutionary ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ethics" title="History of ethics">History of ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">Philosophy of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">Rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_ethics_articles" title="Index of ethics articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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