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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_US_respirator_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_US_respirator_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early US respirator standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_US_respirator_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-42_CFR_84" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#42_CFR_84"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>42 CFR 84</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-42_CFR_84-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-TB_outbreak_during_the_HIV_epidemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TB_outbreak_during_the_HIV_epidemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>TB outbreak during the HIV epidemic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TB_outbreak_during_the_HIV_epidemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approval_of_Part_84_and_replacement_of_30_CFR_11" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approval_of_Part_84_and_replacement_of_30_CFR_11"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Approval of Part 84 and replacement of 30 CFR 11</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approval_of_Part_84_and_replacement_of_30_CFR_11-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-When_mandated_by_United_States_employers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#When_mandated_by_United_States_employers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>When mandated by United States employers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-When_mandated_by_United_States_employers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>In industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>In healthcare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_during_shortages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_during_shortages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Use during shortages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_during_shortages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decontamination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decontamination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Decontamination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decontamination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contrast_with_surgical_mask" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contrast_with_surgical_mask"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Contrast with surgical mask</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contrast_with_surgical_mask-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_during_pandemics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_during_pandemics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History during pandemics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_during_pandemics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History during pandemics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_during_pandemics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-HIV/AIDS_and_TB_epidemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HIV/AIDS_and_TB_epidemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>HIV/AIDS and TB epidemic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HIV/AIDS_and_TB_epidemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SARS_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SARS_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>SARS pandemic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SARS_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2007_CDC/HICPAC_infection_control_guidelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2007_CDC/HICPAC_infection_control_guidelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>2007 CDC/HICPAC infection control guidelines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2007_CDC/HICPAC_infection_control_guidelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-H1N1_swine_flu_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#H1N1_swine_flu_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>H1N1 swine flu pandemic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-H1N1_swine_flu_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-H1N1_respirator/mask_randomized_control_trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#H1N1_respirator/mask_randomized_control_trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>H1N1 respirator/mask randomized control trials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-H1N1_respirator/mask_randomized_control_trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>COVID-19 pandemic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Global_shortages_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_shortages_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Global shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_shortages_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dropping_of_mask_mandates_in_hospitals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dropping_of_mask_mandates_in_hospitals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Dropping of mask mandates in hospitals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dropping_of_mask_mandates_in_hospitals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_N95_RCTs_and_other_controversial_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_N95_RCTs_and_other_controversial_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.3</span> <span>Criticism of N95 RCTs and other controversial studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_N95_RCTs_and_other_controversial_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-H5N1_outbreak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#H5N1_outbreak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>H5N1 outbreak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-H5N1_outbreak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Among_dairy_workers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Among_dairy_workers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>Among dairy workers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Among_dairy_workers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_patents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_patents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Selected patents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Selected_patents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Selected patents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Selected_patents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-'Duckbill'_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#'Duckbill'_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>'Duckbill' style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-'Duckbill'_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">N95 respirator</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D9%8695" title="قناع ن95 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قناع ن95" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascareta_N95" title="Mascareta N95 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mascareta N95" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1zcaru_N95" title="Mázcaru N95 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mázcaru N95" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AB_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="এন৯৫ মাস্ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এন৯৫ মাস্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/N95_Ma-suh-kuh" title="N95 Ma-suh-kuh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="N95 Ma-suh-kuh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0scara_N95" title="Màscara N95 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Màscara N95" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respir%C3%A1tor_N95" title="Respirátor N95 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Respirátor N95" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascherinu_N95" title="Mascherinu N95 – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Mascherinu N95" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/N95-Maske" title="N95-Maske – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="N95-Maske" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascarilla_N95" title="Mascarilla N95 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mascarilla N95" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9_N95" title="ماسک N95 – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماسک N95" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masque_N95" title="Masque N95 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Masque N95" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1scara_N95" title="Máscara N95 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Máscara N95" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/N95_Khi%C3%A9u-ch%C3%A0u" title="N95 Khiéu-chàu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="N95 Khiéu-chàu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/N95_%EB%A7%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC" title="N95 마스크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="N95 마스크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masker_N95" title="Masker N95 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Masker N95" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maschera_N95" title="Maschera N95 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Maschera N95" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%9F_N95" title="מסכה בתקן N95 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסכה בתקן N95" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/N95_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="N95 മാസ്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="N95 മാസ്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AB_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="एन९५ मास्क – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एन९५ मास्क" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topeng_muka_N95" title="Topeng muka N95 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Topeng muka N95" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/N95-masker" title="N95-masker – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="N95-masker" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/N95%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF" title="N95マスク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="N95マスク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/N95-maske" title="N95-maske – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="N95-maske" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%AF%E0%AD%AB_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%B0" title="ଏନ୯୫ ରେସ୍ପିରେଟର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଏନ୯୫ ରେସ୍ପିରେଟର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1scara_N95" title="Máscara N95 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Máscara N95" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caratza_N95" title="Caratza N95 – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Caratza N95" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/N95" title="N95 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="N95" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masker_N95" title="Masker N95 – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Masker N95" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="என்95 முகமூடி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="என்95 முகமூடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/N95_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="N95 మాస్క్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="N95 మాస్క్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99_95" title="หน้ากากเอ็น 95 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หน้ากากเอ็น 95" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N95_maske" title="N95 maske – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="N95 maske" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_N95" title="Респіратор N95 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Респіратор N95" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/N95-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7" title="N95-ماسكا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="N95-ماسكا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BA%A9u_trang_N95" title="Khẩu trang N95 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khẩu trang N95" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/N95%E5%8F%A3%E7%BD%A9" title="N95口罩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="N95口罩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17231052#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Particulate respirator meeting the N95 standard</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"N95" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/N95_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="N95 (disambiguation)">N95 (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">NIOSH air filtration rating</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #A31BAA;"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">N95 respirator</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1512-Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Moldex 1512 N95" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/1512-Cropped.jpg/200px-1512-Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/1512-Cropped.jpg/300px-1512-Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/1512-Cropped.jpg/400px-1512-Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2668" data-file-height="2268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: #ddf;">Other name(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">N95, N95 mask</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: #ddf;">Regulated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: #ddf;">Regulation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/42_CFR_84" class="mw-redirect" title="42 CFR 84">42 CFR 84</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surgical_N95" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgical N95">21 CFR 878.4040</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: #ddf;"><a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating#Table_of_TC/BM_Approval_Schedules" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">NIOSH</a> schedule</th><td class="infobox-data">TC-84A</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17231052" class="extiw" title="d:Q17231052">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>N95 respirator</b> is a disposable <a href="/wiki/Respirator#Filtering_facepiece" title="Respirator">filtering facepiece respirator</a> or reusable <a href="/wiki/Elastomeric_respirator" title="Elastomeric respirator">elastomeric respirator</a> filter that meets the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) N95 standard of air filtration, filtering at least 95% of <a href="/wiki/Airborne_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Airborne particles">airborne particles</a> that have a <a href="/wiki/Median_aerodynamic_diameter#Mass_median_aerodynamic_diameter" title="Median aerodynamic diameter">mass median aerodynamic diameter</a> of 0.3 micrometers under 42 CFR 84, effective July 10, 1995. A <b>surgical N95</b> is also rated against fluids, and is regulated by the US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> under 21 CFR 878.4040, in addition to NIOSH 42 CFR 84. 42 CFR 84, the federal standard which the N95 is part of, was created to address shortcomings in the prior <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Mines" title="United States Bureau of Mines">United States Bureau of Mines</a> respirator testing standards, as well as <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> outbreaks, caused by the <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States</a>. Since then, N95 respirator has continued to be used as a <a href="/wiki/Source_control_(respiratory_disease)" title="Source control (respiratory disease)">source control</a> measure in various <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemics</a> that have been experienced in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic" title="2009 swine flu pandemic">2009 swine flu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. </p><p>The N95 respirator is commonly made of a fine mesh of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_polymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic polymer">synthetic polymer</a> fibers, specifically a <a href="/wiki/Nonwoven_polypropylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonwoven polypropylene">nonwoven polypropylene</a> fabric.<sup id="cite_ref-VOADeliver_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VOADeliver-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is produced by <a href="/wiki/Melt_blowing" title="Melt blowing">melt blowing</a> and forms the inner filtration layer that filters out hazardous particles.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the N95 standard does not preclude alternative means of filtration,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so long as the respirator meets N95 standards and is approved by NIOSH. </p><p>The N95 is a <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">United States Department of Health and Human Services</a>. It is illegal in the United States to use the term "N95" without the approval of NIOSH. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The N95 standard does not require that the respirator be resistant to <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a>; two other standards, R95 and P95, add that requirement.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The N95 type is the most common filtering facepiece respirator.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current filters are an example of a <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_filter_(respirator)" title="Mechanical filter (respirator)">mechanical filter respirator</a>, which provides protection against <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">particulates</a> but not against <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vapor" title="Vapor">vapors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An authentic N95 respirator is marked with the text "NIOSH" or the NIOSH logo, the filter class ("N95"), and, for most filtering facepiece respirators (respirators with non-replaceable filters), a "TC" approval number of the form 84A-####, the approval number. All N95 respirators, regardless of type, must be listed on the NIOSH Certified Equipment List (CEL)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the NIOSH Trusted-Source page,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it must have headbands instead of ear loops.<sup id="cite_ref-counterfeit_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-counterfeit-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>N95 respirators are considered similar to other respirators regulated under non-U.S. jurisdictions, but slightly different criteria are used to certify their performance, such as the filter efficiency, test agent and flow rate, and permissible <a href="/wiki/Pressure_drop" title="Pressure drop">pressure drop</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/FFP_mask#FFP2_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="FFP mask">FFP2 respirators</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> are required to meet at least 94% filtration, and <a href="/wiki/KN95" class="mw-redirect" title="KN95">KN95</a> respirators of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> are expected to meet at least 95% filtration.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, NIOSH found that some products labeled "KN95" failed to meet these standards, some of them filtering out as little as one percent.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Food and Drug Administration">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a> require such KN95 products failing to meet the filtration standards to be re-labeled as "face masks" instead of "respirators",<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when being sold in the U.S. and Canada. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Examples of N95 respirators</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2200-Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Moldex 2200N95 disposable filtering facepiece respirator, with TC approval number on the strap, TC-84A-0327"><img alt="A Moldex N95 respirator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2200-Cropped.jpg/160px-2200-Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2200-Cropped.jpg/240px-2200-Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2200-Cropped.jpg/320px-2200-Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2543" data-file-height="2268" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/RPM_International" title="RPM International">Moldex</a> 2200N95 disposable <a href="/wiki/Filtering_facepiece_respirator" class="mw-redirect" title="Filtering facepiece respirator">filtering facepiece respirator</a>, with TC approval number on the strap, TC-84A-0327</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3M_1860_N952020.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Surgical N95 respirators for use in health care are both approved by NIOSH (as a respirator) and cleared by FDA (as a fluid resistant surgical mask), TC-84A-0006"><img alt="A 3M 1860 filtering facepiece respirator with fluid resistance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/3M_1860_N952020.jpg/160px-3M_1860_N952020.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/3M_1860_N952020.jpg/240px-3M_1860_N952020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/3M_1860_N952020.jpg/320px-3M_1860_N952020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2713" data-file-height="2721" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Surgical N95 respirators for use in health care are both approved by <a href="/wiki/NIOSH" class="mw-redirect" title="NIOSH">NIOSH</a> (as a respirator) and cleared by <a href="/wiki/FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA">FDA</a> (as a fluid resistant <a href="/wiki/Surgical_mask" title="Surgical mask">surgical mask</a>), TC-84A-0006</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elastomeric_respirator_exploded_view_(Respirator_types_snapshot_at_1024).png" class="mw-file-description" title="An elastomeric respirator with N95 filters installed. Note the lack of a TC number; according to OSHA, TC numbers may be located in the respirator manual or on respirator packaging.[14]"><img alt="Moldex Elastomeric Respirator with N95 filter circled" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Elastomeric_respirator_exploded_view_%28Respirator_types_snapshot_at_1024%29.png/160px-Elastomeric_respirator_exploded_view_%28Respirator_types_snapshot_at_1024%29.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Elastomeric_respirator_exploded_view_%28Respirator_types_snapshot_at_1024%29.png/240px-Elastomeric_respirator_exploded_view_%28Respirator_types_snapshot_at_1024%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Elastomeric_respirator_exploded_view_%28Respirator_types_snapshot_at_1024%29.png/320px-Elastomeric_respirator_exploded_view_%28Respirator_types_snapshot_at_1024%29.png 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An <a href="/wiki/Elastomeric_respirator" title="Elastomeric respirator">elastomeric respirator</a> with N95 filters installed. Note the lack of a TC number; according to <a href="/wiki/OSHA" class="mw-redirect" title="OSHA">OSHA</a>, TC numbers may be located in the respirator manual or on respirator packaging.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul></div></div><div class="footer"><div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Thoroughly check the NIOSH Certified Equipment List, and compare the look and feel to known good respirators<br />to verify that a suspect respirator is a NIOSH-approved N95.<sup id="cite_ref-notices_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notices-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a broader, non-regulatory historical overview, see <a href="/wiki/Respirator#History" title="Respirator">Respirator § History</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_US_respirator_standards">Early US respirator standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early US respirator standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawks_Nest_Tunnel_Disaster_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster memorial signage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Hawks_Nest_Tunnel_Disaster_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Hawks_Nest_Tunnel_Disaster_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Hawks_Nest_Tunnel_Disaster_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Hawks_Nest_Tunnel_Disaster_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Hawks_Nest_Tunnel_Disaster_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Hawks_Nest_Tunnel_Disaster_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>A memorial for the workers of the <a href="/wiki/Hawks_Nest_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawks Nest Tunnel">Hawks Nest Tunnel</a> who died of <a href="/wiki/Silicosis" title="Silicosis">silicosis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the 1970s, respirator standards were under the purview of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Mines" title="United States Bureau of Mines">US Bureau of Mines</a> (USBM). An example of an early respirator standard, Type A, established in 1926, was intended to protect against mechanically generated dusts produced in mines. These standards were intended to obviate miner deaths, noted to have reached 3,243 by 1907. However, prior to the <a href="/wiki/Hawks_Nest_Tunnel_Disaster#Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster">Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster</a>, these standards were merely advisory, as the USBM had no enforcement power at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the disaster, an explicit approval program was established in 1934, along with the introduction of combination Type A/B/C respirator ratings, corresponding to Dusts/Fumes/Mists respectively, with Type D blocking all three, under 30 CFR 14 Schedule 21.<sup id="cite_ref-history_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Coal_Mine_Health_and_Safety_Act_of_1969" title="Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969">Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act</a> establishing <a href="/wiki/Mining_Enforcement_and_Safety_Administration" title="Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration">MESA</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Mine_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Mine Safety and Health Administration">MSHA</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Act_(United_States)" title="Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)">Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970</a>, establishing NIOSH,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as other regulations established around the time, reshuffled regulatory authority for respirators, and moved regulations from Part 14 to Part 11 by 1972,<sup id="cite_ref-:10_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but nonetheless continued the use of USBM-era regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-history_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="42_CFR_84">42 CFR 84</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 42 CFR 84"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niosh_tb_guidelines.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="NIOSH Recommended Guidelines for Personal Respiratory Protection scan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Niosh_tb_guidelines.pdf/page1-110px-Niosh_tb_guidelines.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Niosh_tb_guidelines.pdf/page1-165px-Niosh_tb_guidelines.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Niosh_tb_guidelines.pdf/page1-220px-Niosh_tb_guidelines.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="1658" /></a><figcaption>Respirator guidelines for <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">TB</a> were created by NIOSH as a result of the <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">HIV/AIDS</a>-induced outbreak in US hospitals<br />(Read on <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/NIOSH_Recommended_Guidelines_for_Personal_Respiratory_Protection_of_Workers_in_Health-Care_Facilities_Potentially_Exposed_to_Tuberculosis" class="extiw" title="s:NIOSH Recommended Guidelines for Personal Respiratory Protection of Workers in Health-Care Facilities Potentially Exposed to Tuberculosis">Wikisource</a>)</figcaption></figure> 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#A31BAA;"><a href="/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator"><small><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Respirators</span></small></a> <span style="color:#FFFFFF;"><small>in the</small><br />United States</span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #eef;"> <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States#Cabinet,_executive_departments,_and_agencies" title="Federal government of the United States">Executive</a> agencies involved</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_US_respirator_standards">Summary</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Mines" title="United States Bureau of Mines">Bureau of Mines</a> (until <a href="/wiki/Federal_Coal_Mine_Health_and_Safety_Act_of_1969" title="Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969">1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_Enforcement_and_Safety_Administration" title="Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration">MESA</a> (until <a href="/wiki/Federal_Mine_Safety_and_Health_Act_of_1977" title="Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977">1978</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Mine Safety and Health Administration">MSHA</a> (until <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Approval_of_Part_84_and_replacement_of_30_CFR_11">1995/1998</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSHA" class="mw-redirect" title="OSHA">OSHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">NIOSH</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #eef;"> Non-government bodies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">ANSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Industrial_Hygiene_Association" title="American Industrial Hygiene Association">AIHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fire_Protection_Association" title="National Fire Protection Association">NFPA</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #eef;"> Respirator regulation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">N95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">NIOSH ratings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating#Chemical_cartridge_and_canister_classifications" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">ANSI K13.1-1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Act_(United_States)" title="Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)">OSH Act</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #eef;"> Diseases mitigated by respirators</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silicosis" title="Silicosis">Silicosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbestosis" title="Asbestosis">Asbestosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">SARS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_COVID-19_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes" title="Impact of COVID-19 on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932024_H5N1_outbreak" title="2020–2024 H5N1 outbreak">2024 H5N1</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #eef;"> Misuse</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History_during_pandemics">N95 use during pandemics</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respirator#Counterfeiting,_modification,_and_revocation_of_regulated_respirators" title="Respirator">Counterfeit respirators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respirator#Issues_with_respirator_design" title="Respirator">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respirator#Respirator_non-compliance" title="Respirator">Failure to use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respirator#Beards" title="Respirator">Beards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #eef;"> Related topics involving respirators</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawks_Nest_Tunnel_disaster" title="Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster">Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_control_(respiratory_disease)" title="Source control (respiratory disease)">Source control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-contained_breathing_apparatus" title="Self-contained breathing apparatus">Self-contained breathing apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_cartridge" title="Chemical cartridge">Chemical cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastomeric_respirator" title="Elastomeric respirator">Elastomeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respirator#Filtering_facepiece" title="Respirator">Disposable</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eef;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><small>Interwiki links</small></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Positive_pressure_check_respirator.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Positive_pressure_check_respirator.png/90px-Positive_pressure_check_respirator.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Positive_pressure_check_respirator.png/135px-Positive_pressure_check_respirator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Positive_pressure_check_respirator.png/180px-Positive_pressure_check_respirator.png 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Related media at Wikimedia Commons: </p> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:42_CFR_Part_84" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:42 CFR Part 84">Category:42 CFR Part 84</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:30_CFR_Part_11" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:30 CFR Part 11">Category:30 CFR Part 11</a></li> <li>On Wikisource:</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/NIOSH_Recommended_Guidelines_for_Personal_Respiratory_Protection_of_Workers_in_Health-Care_Facilities_Potentially_Exposed_to_Tuberculosis" class="extiw" title="wikisource:NIOSH Recommended Guidelines for Personal Respiratory Protection of Workers in Health-Care Facilities Potentially Exposed to Tuberculosis">NIOSH TB guide</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/NIOSH_Guide_to_the_Selection_and_Use_of_Particulate_Respirators_Certified_Under_42_CFR_84" class="extiw" title="wikisource:NIOSH Guide to the Selection and Use of Particulate Respirators Certified Under 42 CFR 84">42 CFR 84 guide</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Changes_in_Occupational_Safety_Regs_Will_Permit_Better_Respirators_to_Protect_Against_Dust_and_Disease" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Changes in Occupational Safety Regs Will Permit Better Respirators to Protect Against Dust and Disease">Changes in Occupational Safety Regs Will Permit Better Respirators to Protect Against Dust and Disease</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/NIOSH_Change_Will_Save_Health_Care_Industry_Millions" class="extiw" title="wikisource:NIOSH Change Will Save Health Care Industry Millions">NIOSH Change Will Save Health Care Industry Millions</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Differences_and_Limitations_Between_Part_11_Particulate_Respirators_and_Part_84_Particulate_Respirators" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Differences and Limitations Between Part 11 Particulate Respirators and Part 84 Particulate Respirators">Differences Between Part 11 and Part 84</a></li> <li>For firefighters:</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Safety_Advisory_on_The_Potential_for_Sudden_Failures_of_Fiberglass-wrapped_Composite_Aluminum_Cylinders_Following_Exposure_to_Acidic_Chemical_Cleaning_Agents" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Safety Advisory on The Potential for Sudden Failures of Fiberglass-wrapped Composite Aluminum Cylinders Following Exposure to Acidic Chemical Cleaning Agents">SCBA cylinder advisory following exposure to acidic agents</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Announcement_of_Public_Meeting_to_Discuss_Potential_Standards_or_Guidelines_for_Respiratory_Protective_Devices_Used_to_Protect_Emergency_Response_Workers_Against_Chemical,_Biological,_and_Radiological_Agents" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Announcement of Public Meeting to Discuss Potential Standards or Guidelines for Respiratory Protective Devices Used to Protect Emergency Response Workers Against Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Agents">Terrorism and CBRN defense (with SCBAs) meeting by NIOSH, circa March-April 2001</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Two_Career_Lieutenants_Killed_and_Two_Career_Fire_Fighters_Injured_Following_a_Flashover_at_an_Assembly_Hall_Fire%E2%80%94Texas.pdf" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Two Career Lieutenants Killed and Two Career Fire Fighters Injured Following a Flashover at an Assembly Hall Fire—Texas.pdf">Flashover postmortem—with information on SCBAs</a></li> <li>Counterfeit respirators:</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letter_to_All_Users_of_Supplied-Air_Respirators_Use_of_Unapproved_Supplied-Air_Respirators_in_the_Paint_Spray_and_Automotive_Refinishing_Industries" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Letter to All Users of Supplied-Air Respirators Use of Unapproved Supplied-Air Respirators in the Paint Spray and Automotive Refinishing Industries">Letter to All Users of Supplied-Air Respirators Use of Unapproved Supplied-Air Respirators in the Paint Spray and Automotive Refinishing Industries</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Respirator#User_seal_check" title="Respirator">Image on left: User seal check</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_respirator_topics" title="Template:US respirator topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_respirator_topics" title="Template talk:US respirator topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_respirator_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US respirator topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CFR-2003-title42-vol1.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An image of a the cover of the United States CFR. For Part 84, go to page 501." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/CFR-2003-title42-vol1.pdf/page1-110px-CFR-2003-title42-vol1.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/CFR-2003-title42-vol1.pdf/page1-165px-CFR-2003-title42-vol1.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/CFR-2003-title42-vol1.pdf/page1-220px-CFR-2003-title42-vol1.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>N95 standard development is documented in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="TB_outbreak_during_the_HIV_epidemic">TB outbreak during the HIV epidemic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: TB outbreak during the HIV epidemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While discussions for overhauling existing respirator regulations had been discussed since the late 1980s,<sup id="cite_ref-pro84_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pro84-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Multidrug-resistant_tuberculosis" title="Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis">multidrug-resistant tuberculosis</a> task force within the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a> was tasked with reducing the incidences of hospital acquired TB infections. TB infections had traditionally occurred mainly in underserved groups and areas, as well as the very young and elderly, but regardless, usually had around a 10% chance of turning into an active TB infection in a given person's lifetime. However, <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV/AIDS</a>, (where the <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">outbreak in the US</a> was in full force at the time) was noted to be one of the strongest factors for TB activation, since most TB outbreaks and mortalities reported at the time involved healthcare workers and patients infected with HIV. Respiratory protection and the performance of respirators were emphasized in the 1994 guidelines to controlling TB, which, at the time, were limited to respirators equipped with HEPA filters.<sup id="cite_ref-hepa_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hepa-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To quickly address the HEPA-only<sup id="cite_ref-hepa_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hepa-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> respirator requirement for TB controls, stemming from the lack of biological protection in the existing 30 CFR 11 standards (which were mainly designed for miners), NIOSH aimed to have the proposed 42 CFR rule changes finished by the end of 1994. The proposal at the time would drop the HEPA classification for non-powered respirators, and add three respirator types, at the time called Type A, B and C, with filtration efficiencies of greater than or equal to 99.97%, 99%, and 95% respectively,<sup id="cite_ref-pro84_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pro84-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Type C corresponding to the current N95 standard. </p><p>According to NIOSH, all the new respirator types proposed in 42 CFR 84, including Type C (later N95), would meet the CDC's requirement for protection against TB, and would provide avenues for cheaper NIOSH-approved respirators without the need for HEPA<sup id="cite_ref-hepa_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hepa-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or NIOSH class-100 filters.<sup id="cite_ref-pro84_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pro84-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the passage of 42 CFR 84, a 1999 NIOSH guide for health care administrators noted that respirators selected for TB prevention under 42 CFR would likely be N95 respirators.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Approval_of_Part_84_and_replacement_of_30_CFR_11">Approval of Part 84 and replacement of 30 CFR 11</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Approval of Part 84 and replacement of 30 CFR 11"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, respirators in the US had generally been approved by <a href="/wiki/Mining_Enforcement_and_Safety_Administration" title="Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration">MESA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mine_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Mine Safety and Health Administration">MSHA</a>/<a href="/wiki/NIOSH" class="mw-redirect" title="NIOSH">NIOSH</a> under <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">federal regulation</a> 30 CFR 11. On July 10, 1995, in response to respirators exhibiting "low initial efficiency levels", new 42 CFR 84 standards, including the N95 standard, were enforced under a three-year transition period,<sup id="cite_ref-register_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-register-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ending on July 10, 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard for N95 respirators includes, but is not limited to, a filtration of at least 95% under a 0.3 micrometer<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 200 milligram test load of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a>. Standards and specifications are also subject to change.<sup id="cite_ref-pink_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pink-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once 42 CFR 84 was in effect, MSHA, under a proposed rule change to 30 CFR 11, 70, and 71, would withdraw from the approval process of rated respirators (outside of respirators used for mining).<sup id="cite_ref-pro84_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pro84-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="When_mandated_by_United_States_employers">When mandated by United States employers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: When mandated by United States employers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Key_Factors_Required_for_a_Respirator_to_be_Effective.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="CDC/NIOSH infographic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Three_Key_Factors_Required_for_a_Respirator_to_be_Effective.pdf/page1-310px-Three_Key_Factors_Required_for_a_Respirator_to_be_Effective.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Three_Key_Factors_Required_for_a_Respirator_to_be_Effective.pdf/page1-465px-Three_Key_Factors_Required_for_a_Respirator_to_be_Effective.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Three_Key_Factors_Required_for_a_Respirator_to_be_Effective.pdf/page1-620px-Three_Key_Factors_Required_for_a_Respirator_to_be_Effective.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>Infographic on three key factors required for a respirator to be effective</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Facial_hairstyles_and_filtering_facepiece_respirators.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="CDC/NIOSH beard guide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Facial_hairstyles_and_filtering_facepiece_respirators.pdf/page1-220px-Facial_hairstyles_and_filtering_facepiece_respirators.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Facial_hairstyles_and_filtering_facepiece_respirators.pdf/page1-330px-Facial_hairstyles_and_filtering_facepiece_respirators.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Facial_hairstyles_and_filtering_facepiece_respirators.pdf/page1-440px-Facial_hairstyles_and_filtering_facepiece_respirators.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1816" /></a><figcaption>For men, certain beards can worsen fit.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filtering_out_Confusion_-_Frequently_Asked_Questions_about_Respiratory_Protection.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="CDC/NIOSH document for user seal check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Filtering_out_Confusion_-_Frequently_Asked_Questions_about_Respiratory_Protection.pdf/page1-220px-Filtering_out_Confusion_-_Frequently_Asked_Questions_about_Respiratory_Protection.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Filtering_out_Confusion_-_Frequently_Asked_Questions_about_Respiratory_Protection.pdf/page1-330px-Filtering_out_Confusion_-_Frequently_Asked_Questions_about_Respiratory_Protection.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Filtering_out_Confusion_-_Frequently_Asked_Questions_about_Respiratory_Protection.pdf/page1-440px-Filtering_out_Confusion_-_Frequently_Asked_Questions_about_Respiratory_Protection.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Guidance for performing a user seal check, which is required every time a respirator is put on</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Respirator_fit_test" title="Respirator fit test">Fit testing</a> is a critical component to a respiratory protection program whenever workers use tight-fitting respirators. <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">OSHA</a> (US) requires an initial respirator fit test to identify the right model, style, and size respirator for each worker; as well, as annual fit tests. Additionally, tight-fitting respirators, including the N95, require a user seal check each time one is put on. <a href="/wiki/Facial_hair" title="Facial hair">Facial hair</a> at the sealing area of the respirator will cause it to leak.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before use of a respirator can be mandated by an employer, OSHA regulations require a medical evaluation.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States medical evaluation is required once, prior to initial fit testing and use, although it may need to be repeated if any adverse signs or symptoms are observed.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Correct use of the respirator decreases the chances of airborne contamination by viruses.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For persons who are medically disqualified from negative-pressure respirators, or who cannot pass a fit test due to facial hair or other reasons, a <a href="/wiki/Powered_air-purifying_respirator" title="Powered air-purifying respirator">powered air-purifying respirator</a> is a possible alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_industry">In industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>N95 respirators are also designed for industrial use in sectors such as <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have also been shown to be effective as <a href="/wiki/Health_and_safety_hazards_of_nanomaterials" title="Health and safety hazards of nanomaterials">protection against engineered nanoparticles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Building_a_Safety_Program_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Building_a_Safety_Program-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12–14">: 12–14 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the NIOSH Respirator Selection Logic, respirators with filters in the N, R, and P series are recommended for concentrations of hazardous particulates that are greater than the relevant <a href="/wiki/Occupational_exposure_limit" title="Occupational exposure limit">occupational exposure limit</a> but less than the <a href="/wiki/Immediately_dangerous_to_life_or_health" title="Immediately dangerous to life or health">immediately dangerous to life or health</a> level and the manufacturer's maximum use concentration, subject to the respirator having a sufficient <a href="/wiki/Respirator_assigned_protection_factors" title="Respirator assigned protection factors">assigned protection factor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>N series respirators, including the N95 respirator, are only effective in the absence of oil particles, such as <a href="/wiki/Lubricant" title="Lubricant">lubricants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cutting_fluid" title="Cutting fluid">cutting fluids</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerine</a>. For substances hazardous to the eyes, a respirator equipped with a full facepiece, helmet, or hood is recommended. They are not effective during <a href="/wiki/Firefighting" title="Firefighting">firefighting</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Oxygen-deficient_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen-deficient atmosphere">oxygen-deficient atmosphere</a>, or in an unknown atmosphere; in these situations a <a href="/wiki/Self-contained_breathing_apparatus" title="Self-contained breathing apparatus">self-contained breathing apparatus</a> is recommended instead. They are not effective against hazardous gases or vapors, for which a <a href="/wiki/Cartridge_(respirator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartridge (respirator)">cartridge respirator</a> is recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In industrial settings where infectious disease exposure is not a concern, users can wear and reuse a filtering facepiece respirator until it is damaged, soiled, or causing noticeably increased breathing resistance, unless there is a manufacturer-specified duration of use. However, in laboratories at <a href="/wiki/Biosafety_level" title="Biosafety level">biosafety level</a> 2 and higher, respirators are recommended to be discarded as <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste</a> after a single use.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some industrial N95 series respirators have an exhaust valve to improve comfort, making exhalation easier, reducing leakage on exhalation and steaming-up of glasses. Research has indicated that wearing a valved N95 respirator does provide some <a href="/wiki/Source_control_(respiratory_disease)" title="Source control (respiratory disease)">source control</a> to prevent the spread of diseases like COVID-19 when worn by asymptomatic infected users, at a level similar to that of a surgical or cloth facemask, although it is not equivalent to the performance of unvalved respirators.<sup id="cite_ref-nioshpub2021107_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nioshpub2021107-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same study found that "[m]odifications [such as the use of an electrocardiogram pad or surgical tape secured over the valve from the inside of the FFR] [...] can further reduce particle emissions".<sup id="cite_ref-nioshpub2021107_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nioshpub2021107-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_healthcare">In healthcare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In healthcare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USNS_Mercy_Sailor_Treats_Patient_(49785699691).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Person wearing a surgical N95 respirator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/USNS_Mercy_Sailor_Treats_Patient_%2849785699691%29.jpg/220px-USNS_Mercy_Sailor_Treats_Patient_%2849785699691%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/USNS_Mercy_Sailor_Treats_Patient_%2849785699691%29.jpg/330px-USNS_Mercy_Sailor_Treats_Patient_%2849785699691%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/USNS_Mercy_Sailor_Treats_Patient_%2849785699691%29.jpg/440px-USNS_Mercy_Sailor_Treats_Patient_%2849785699691%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4737" data-file-height="3384" /></a><figcaption>A U.S. Navy sailor wearing a surgical N95 respirator</figcaption></figure> <p>Respirators used in healthcare are traditionally a specific variant called a surgical respirator, which is both approved by NIOSH as a respirator and cleared by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> as a medical device similar to a <a href="/wiki/Surgical_mask" title="Surgical mask">surgical mask</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ohscomp_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohscomp-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These may also be labeled "Surgical N95", "medical respirators", or "healthcare respirators".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference lies in the extra fluid-resistant layer outside, typically colored blue.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to 42 CFR 84, surgical N95s are regulated under FDA regulation 21 CFR 878.4040.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) requires healthcare workers who are expected to perform patient activities with those suspected or confirmed to be infected with <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> to wear respiratory protection, such as an N95 respirator.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CDC recommends the use of respirators with at least N95 certification to protect the wearer from inhalation of infectious particles including <i><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis" title="Mycobacterium tuberculosis">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">avian influenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">severe acute respiratory syndrome</a> (SARS), <a href="/wiki/Influenza_pandemic" title="Influenza pandemic">pandemic influenza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebola virus disease">Ebola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike a respirator, a <a href="/wiki/Surgical_mask" title="Surgical mask">surgical mask</a> is designed to provide barrier protection against droplets and does not have an air-tight seal and thus does not protect its wearer against airborne particles such as virus material to the same extent.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Use_during_shortages">Use during shortages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Use during shortages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Face_masks_and_respiratory_hygiene" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic § Face masks and respiratory hygiene</a></div> <p>During crisis situations where there is a shortage of N95 respirators, such as the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) has recommended strategies for optimizing their use in healthcare settings.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> N95 respirators can be used beyond their manufacturer-designated shelf life, although components such as the straps and nose bridge material may degrade, making it particularly important that the wearer perform the expected seal check.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> N95 respirators can be reused a limited number of times after being removed, as long as they have not been used during aerosol-generating procedures and are not contaminated with patients' bodily fluids, because this increases the risk of surface contamination with pathogens. The respirator manufacturer may recommend a maximum number of donnings or uses; if no manufacturer guidance is available, preliminary data suggests limiting to five uses per device.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Respirators approved under standards used in other countries and are similar to NIOSH-approved N95 respirators—including <a href="/wiki/FFP_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="FFP mask">FFP2 and FFP3 respirators</a> regulated by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>—can be used.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to NIOSH, respirators may still be used in crisis situations if standard <a href="/wiki/Respirator_fit_test" title="Respirator fit test">respirator fit testing</a> is not available, as a respirator will still provide better protection than a surgical mask or no mask. In this case, best practices for getting a good face seal include trying different models or sizes, using a mirror or asking a colleague to check that the respirator is touching the face, and doing multiple user seal checks.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given that the global supply of <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">personal protective equipment</a> (PPE) may be insufficient during a pandemic, in 2020, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> recommended minimizing the need for PPE through <a href="/wiki/Telemedicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Telemedicine">telemedicine</a>; physical barriers such as clear windows; allowing only those involved in direct care to enter a room with a COVID-19 patient; using only the PPE necessary for the specific task; continuing use of the same respirator without removing it while caring for multiple patients with the same diagnosis; monitoring and coordinating the PPE <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a>; and discouraging the use of masks for <a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic" title="Asymptomatic">asymptomatic</a> individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When it is no longer possible for all healthcare workers to wear N95 respirators when caring for a COVID-19 patient, the CDC recommends that respirators be prioritized for workers performing aerosol-generating procedures on symptomatic persons, and those within three feet of an unmasked symptomatic person. Under these conditions, masking of symptomatic patients with at least a <a href="/wiki/Surgical_mask" title="Surgical mask">surgical mask</a> and maintaining distance from the patient are particularly important to reduce the risk of transmission. When no respirators are left, workers who are at higher risk for severe illness may be excluded from caring for patients, and workers who have clinically recovered from COVID-19 may be preferred to care for patients. Portable fans with <a href="/wiki/HEPA" title="HEPA">HEPA</a> filters may also be used to increase ventilation in isolation rooms when surgical masks are being used in place of respirators. If neither respirators nor surgical masks are available, as a last resort, it may be necessary for healthcare workers to use masks that have never been evaluated or approved by NIOSH or homemade masks, such as <a href="/wiki/Cloth_face_mask" title="Cloth face mask">cloth face masks</a>, although caution should be exercised when considering this option.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decontamination">Decontamination</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Decontamination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Disposable filtering facepiece respirators such as N95 respirators are not approved for routine decontamination and reuse as standard of care. However, their decontamination and reuse may need to be considered as a crisis capacity strategy to ensure continued availability.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been efforts to evaluate cleaning methods for respirators in emergency shortages, although there is concern that this may reduce filter performance, or affect mask fit by deforming the mask.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> researchers have published a method for cleaning N95 respirators without damaging them using vaporized <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> to allow reuse for a limited number of times.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Battelle_Memorial_Institute" title="Battelle Memorial Institute">Battelle</a> received an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Use_Authorization" title="Emergency Use Authorization">Emergency Use Authorization</a> from the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> for its technology used to sterilize N95 respirators.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>OSHA does not currently have any standards for disinfecting N95 respirators.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NIOSH recommends that during shortages N95 respirators may be used up to five times without cleaning them, as long as <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosol</a>-generating procedures are not performed, and respirators are not contaminated with patients' <a href="/wiki/Body_fluid" title="Body fluid">bodily fluids</a>. Contamination can be reduced by wearing a cleanable <a href="/wiki/Face_shield" title="Face shield">face shield</a> over an N95 respirator, as well as using clean <a href="/wiki/Medical_glove" title="Medical glove">gloves</a> when donning and seal-checking a used N95 respirator and discarding the gloves immediately after.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to CDC, <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_germicidal_irradiation" title="Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation">ultraviolet germicidal irradiation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaporized_hydrogen_peroxide" title="Vaporized hydrogen peroxide">vaporous hydrogen peroxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moist_heat_sterilization" title="Moist heat sterilization">moist heat</a> showed the most promise as potential methods to decontaminate N95 respirators and other filtering facepiece respirators.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contrast_with_surgical_mask">Contrast with surgical mask</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Contrast with surgical mask"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Understanding_the_difference_between_surgical_masks_and_N95_respirators.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A table listing the attributes of surgical masks and N95 respirators in eight categories" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Understanding_the_difference_between_surgical_masks_and_N95_respirators.pdf/page1-194px-Understanding_the_difference_between_surgical_masks_and_N95_respirators.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Understanding_the_difference_between_surgical_masks_and_N95_respirators.pdf/page1-291px-Understanding_the_difference_between_surgical_masks_and_N95_respirators.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Understanding_the_difference_between_surgical_masks_and_N95_respirators.pdf/page1-388px-Understanding_the_difference_between_surgical_masks_and_N95_respirators.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>An infographic on the difference between <a href="/wiki/Surgical_mask" title="Surgical mask">surgical masks</a> and <a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">N95</a> respirators</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Surgical_mask" title="Surgical mask">surgical mask</a> is a loosely-placed, unsealed barrier, meant to stop <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_droplets" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory droplets">droplets</a>, and other liquid-borne particles from the mouth and nose that may contain <a href="/wiki/Pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogens">pathogens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A surgical mask may not block all particles, due to the lack of fit between the surface of the face mask and the face.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The filtration efficiency of a surgical mask ranges between 10% and 90% for any given manufacturer, when measured using tests required for NIOSH certification. A study found that 80–100% of subjects failed an OSHA-accepted qualitative fit test, and a quantitative test showed between 12 and 25% leakage.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A CDC study found that in public indoor settings, consistently wearing a respirator was linked to a 83% lower risk of testing positive for COVID-19, as compared to a 66% reduction when using surgical masks, and 56% for cloth.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_during_pandemics">History during pandemics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History during pandemics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HIV/AIDS_and_TB_epidemic"><span id="HIV.2FAIDS_and_TB_epidemic"></span>HIV/AIDS and TB epidemic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: HIV/AIDS and TB epidemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">HIV/AIDS in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Source_control_(respiratory_disease)#US_HIV/AIDS_Epidemic" title="Source control (respiratory disease)">Source control (respiratory disease) § US HIV/AIDS Epidemic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N95_stop.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A STOP sign" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/N95_stop.svg/150px-N95_stop.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/N95_stop.svg/225px-N95_stop.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/N95_stop.svg/300px-N95_stop.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="117" data-file-height="115" /></a><figcaption>Under a rule proposed by <a href="/wiki/OSHA" class="mw-redirect" title="OSHA">OSHA</a>, this sign would be paired with the words <b>No Admittance Without Wearing a Type N95 or More Protective Respirator</b> near where <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">TB</a> is present<sup id="cite_ref-STOP_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STOP-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>While NIOSH was busy finishing 42 CFR 84 respirator regulations (including the N95), other agencies and groups (such as the <a href="/wiki/SEIU" class="mw-redirect" title="SEIU">SEIU</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) were advocating for new standards for the prevention of TB. In 1992, the <i>Labor Coalition to Fight TB in the Workplace</i> started lobbying <a href="/wiki/OSHA" class="mw-redirect" title="OSHA">OSHA</a> to create advisories and formal rules to protect workers from TB. The group was especially concerned about the rise of <a href="/wiki/Multidrug-resistant_tuberculosis" title="Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis">multidrug-resistant tuberculosis</a>, which would require more rigorous standards to mitigate, especially since they felt that the 1990 CDC guidelines for TB were not being properly followed. The CDC eventually revised and released new TB guidelines in 1994, and in 1995 and 1996, meetings started to be held between OSHA and various stakeholders for a new TB standard, borrowing heavily from the CDC's work.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-STOP_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STOP-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, <a href="/wiki/OSHA" class="mw-redirect" title="OSHA">OSHA</a> proposed new rule changes for industries affected by the spread of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, like hospitals, where many patients infected with TB were also infected with HIV. The proposed rule would require signage that includes a STOP sign, with red background, white symbols, and a set of words warning people to wear "N95 or more protective" respirators (under 42 CFR 84) near isolation rooms where TB infection is likely. Additional notices could be added at the discretion of an employer, so long as it did not contradict the required wording.<sup id="cite_ref-STOP_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STOP-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>OSHA withdrew the proposal in 2003, owing to commenters and reviewers pointing to a likely overstating of risk, declining rates of TB in the years following the proposal, as well as compliance <i>without</i> a rule by OSHA.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SARS_pandemic">SARS pandemic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: SARS pandemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">2002–2004 SARS outbreak</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SARS_2003_lab_worker.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lab worker with mask" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/SARS_2003_lab_worker.png/220px-SARS_2003_lab_worker.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/SARS_2003_lab_worker.png/330px-SARS_2003_lab_worker.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/SARS_2003_lab_worker.png/440px-SARS_2003_lab_worker.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>A lab worker wearing an N95 respirator during the <a href="/wiki/2002-2004_SARS_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2002-2004 SARS outbreak">SARS outbreak</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2003, in response to the SARS outbreak, the United States CDC advised healthcare workers to wear N95 respirators.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this advice, a patient who had traveled from Ontario exposed six healthcare workers in Pennsylvania following contact tracing by the CDC, though fitted N95 respirators were worn at a hospital upon suspicion of SARS.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the SARS outbreak in the US, US Senate hearings started to be held proposing the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_National_Stockpile" title="Strategic National Stockpile">Strategic National Stockpile</a> start stocking PPE and N95 respirators in the event of another SARS outbreak. It was noted at the time that there were few N95 respirator manufacturers, potentially exacerbating a shortage in a crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, in Canada, discussions with Ontario EMS and New York Department of Health in 2004 noted that infected emergency medical personnel failed to properly use N95 respirators.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ontario SARS commission final report, this was likely due to confusion over infectious disease control, confusion over respirator procedures, and the insinuation by various infection control practitioners that N95 respirators were not necessary. However, the report concludes, from laws preceding SARS, healthcare workers were obligated to wear N95 respirators throughout the outbreak, despite suggestions to the contrary.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultimately, a paper published in the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Journal_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="New England Journal of Medicine">New England Journal of Medicine</a> concluded that universal use of N95 respirators, as well as additional infection control measures, ended the SARS outbreak in Ontario.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2007_CDC/HICPAC_infection_control_guidelines"><span id="2007_CDC.2FHICPAC_infection_control_guidelines"></span>2007 CDC/HICPAC infection control guidelines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2007 CDC/HICPAC infection control guidelines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Source_control_(respiratory_disease)#Pre-COVID" title="Source control (respiratory disease)">Source control (respiratory disease) § Pre-COVID</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Source_control_(respiratory_disease)&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>In 2007, the CDC HICPAC published a set of guidelines, called the <i>2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings</i>, suggesting that use of "barrier precautions", defined as "masks, gowns, [and] gloves", would <i>not</i> be required, so long as it was limited to "routine entry", patients were not confirmed to be infected, and no aerosol-generating procedures were being done. "Standard precautions" <i>requiring</i> the use of masks, face shields, and/or eye protection, would be needed if there was potential for the spraying of bodily fluids, like during <a href="/wiki/Intubation" title="Intubation">intubation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Source_control_(respiratory_disease)_confusingguide_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Source_control_(respiratory_disease)_confusingguide-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Source_control_(respiratory_disease)_oshahospital_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Source_control_(respiratory_disease)_oshahospital-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The guidelines are the same regardless of the type of pathogen, but the guidelines also note that, based on the experience of <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV" class="mw-redirect" title="SARS-CoV">SARS-CoV</a> in Toronto, that "N95 or higher respirators may offer additional protection to those exposed to aerosol-generating procedures and high risk activities".<sup id="cite_ref-Source_control_(respiratory_disease)_confusingguide_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Source_control_(respiratory_disease)_confusingguide-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> However, separate from "barrier precautions" and "standard precautions" are "<i>airborne precautions</i>", a specific protocol for "infectious agents transmitted by the airborne route", like with <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV" class="mw-redirect" title="SARS-CoV">SARS-CoV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, requiring 12 <a href="/wiki/Air_changes_per_hour" title="Air changes per hour">air changes per hour</a> for new facilities, and use of fitted N95 respirators. These measures should be used whenever someone is suspected of harboring an "infectious agent".<sup id="cite_ref-Source_control_(respiratory_disease)_confusingguide_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Source_control_(respiratory_disease)_confusingguide-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Source_control_(respiratory_disease)_oshahospital_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Source_control_(respiratory_disease)_oshahospital-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="H1N1_swine_flu_pandemic">H1N1 swine flu pandemic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: H1N1 swine flu pandemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic" title="2009 swine flu pandemic">2009 swine flu pandemic</a></div> <p>In May 2009, in response to the H1N1 swine flu outbreak, the CDC authorized the release of N95 respirators from the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_National_Stockpile" title="Strategic National Stockpile">Strategic National Stockpile</a>, and the waiving of certain quality controls on certain models of newly manufactured N95 respirators, provided they were documented "for use during the swine flu emergency".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, the <a href="/wiki/CDC" class="mw-redirect" title="CDC">CDC's</a> interim guide for H1N1 recommended N95 respirators for the prevention of H1N1, but stopped short of recommending respirators for groups not deemed "at increased risk of severe illness from influenza", except for occupational use in healthcare.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NIOSH also emphasized the differences in fit between an N95 respirator and a surgical mask for prevention against the flu.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For those in the general public wishing to wear N95 respirators, properly wearing a N95 was noted to be difficult, but the tendency for people to distance themselves from those wearing masks complimented the six-foot social distancing rules at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="H1N1_respirator/mask_randomized_control_trials"><span id="H1N1_respirator.2Fmask_randomized_control_trials"></span>H1N1 respirator/mask randomized control trials</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: H1N1 respirator/mask randomized control trials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around the time of the H1N1 pandemic, <a href="/wiki/Randomized_control_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Randomized control trial">randomized control trial</a> studies of masks started being done, comparing surgical masks and N95 respirators with the tendency for medical staff to be infected by the flu. One paper concluded that N95s were better than surgical masks, but its results were later called into question.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another paper claimed that protection provided by an N95 respirator compared similarly to a surgical mask, but the study did not control health care personnel potentially being exposed outside, without respirators, via the community.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 2009 H1N1 flu season, the CDC issued guidelines recommending surgical masks instead, after complaints were leveled by various groups on the effectiveness of surgical masks compared to N95 respirators, along with complaints about comfort. The new recommendations were met with approval by groups like the <i>Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: COVID-19 pandemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:200330-N-PH222-1167_(49720876783).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lab worker with mask in 2020" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/200330-N-PH222-1167_%2849720876783%29.jpg/220px-200330-N-PH222-1167_%2849720876783%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/200330-N-PH222-1167_%2849720876783%29.jpg/330px-200330-N-PH222-1167_%2849720876783%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/200330-N-PH222-1167_%2849720876783%29.jpg/440px-200330-N-PH222-1167_%2849720876783%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4894" data-file-height="3496" /></a><figcaption>A Hospital Corpsman wearing a Surgical N95 during the initial months of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, the mask and respirator market rapidly grew, along with counterfeit respirators.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NIOSH, on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a>, filed a trademark application on June 17, 2020, for various 42 CFR 84 trademarks, including the N95, allowing NIOSH to enforce rules on counterfeit masks outside of rules defined in 42 CFR 84.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-counterfeit_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-counterfeit-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trademarks were registered in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Global_shortages_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic">Global shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Global shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic#N95_and_FFP_masks" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic">Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic § N95 and FFP masks</a></div> <p>The Strategic National Stockpile had not been refilled following the H1N1 pandemic,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by April 2020, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> officials reported that the supply of respirators and other PPE in the stockpile was nearly gone.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Respirators came to be in short supply and high demand during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, causing <a href="/wiki/Price_gouging" title="Price gouging">price gouging</a> and hoarding, often leading to confiscation of masks.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production of N95 respirators was limited due to constraints on the supply of <a href="/wiki/Nonwoven_polypropylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonwoven polypropylene">nonwoven polypropylene</a> fabric as well as the cessation of exports from China.<sup id="cite_ref-VOADeliver_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VOADeliver-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in early April 2020, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal government">United States federal government</a>, invoking the DPA, ordered 3M to stop exporting N95 respirators to customers in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, and to keep them within the U.S. instead. However, 3M refused, saying: "Ceasing all export of respirators produced in the United States would likely cause other countries to retaliate and do the same, as some have already done. If that were to occur, the net number of respirators being made available to the United States would actually decrease. That is the opposite of what we and the administration, on behalf of the American people, both seek."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dropping_of_mask_mandates_in_hospitals">Dropping of mask mandates in hospitals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Dropping of mask mandates in hospitals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Source_control_(respiratory_disease)#Post-2023" title="Source control (respiratory disease)">Source control (respiratory disease) § Post-2023</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Source_control_(respiratory_disease)&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>By 2023, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> noted that the CDC had dropped mandates for masks in hospitals during COVID, limiting the COVID policies to an advisory role. Use of masks for source control is still recommended in times of high viral activity, but the CDC did not provide numbers for benchmarks. The new policies are thought, according to the New York Times, based on various citations to medical literature, to increase mortality among vulnerable patients, especially those with <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Source_control_(respiratory_disease)_nyt_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Source_control_(respiratory_disease)_nyt-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The New York Times</i> article cites a paper published in 2023, that suggests the high mortality of cancer patients following the <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">Omicron wave</a> may have been due to relaxing of policies preventing COVID-19 transmission<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (like source control policies). The 2023 paper also cites a research letter published in 2022, that suggests that the surge of COVID-19 cases in hospitals may have been due to the high contagiousness of Omicron,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an article which suggested a high secondary attack rate relative to <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and papers finding increased mortality of cancer patients due to higher rates of <a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_infection" title="Breakthrough infection">breakthrough infections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Also in 2023, new draft guidelines were proposed by the CDC HICPAC, to update the pre-COVID <i>2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposed updates were met with disapproval by the <a href="/wiki/National_Nurses_United" title="National Nurses United">National Nurses United</a> union, as they felt the changes did not go far enough.<sup id="cite_ref-Source_control_(respiratory_disease)_nyt_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Source_control_(respiratory_disease)_nyt-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changes included clarifying by adding "source control" as a qualification for the use of "barrier precautions".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism_of_N95_RCTs_and_other_controversial_studies">Criticism of N95 RCTs and other controversial studies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Criticism of N95 RCTs and other controversial studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following previous H1N1 randomized control trials comparing N95s and surgical masks, new RCTs were published. Major flaws were noted, including contraction of virus outside hospital, the lack of controls over <i>time</i> in hospital, and assumptions made about transmission via droplets instead of aerosols.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, in 2024, a paper published in the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Microbiology" title="American Society for Microbiology">American Society for Microbiology</a> <i>Clinical Microbiology Reviews</i> stated there were harms in continued undue weight being placed on RCTs and flawed mask studies in a social and political context, as retracted papers continue to be circulated to justify certain masking behaviors and beliefs. One retracted <a href="/wiki/JAMA" title="JAMA">JAMA</a> paper<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> garnered a million views, while another retracted paper in <i><a href="/wiki/Frontiers_Media" title="Frontiers Media">Frontiers</a> Public Health</i><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continues to circulate across social media.<sup id="cite_ref-longreview_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-longreview-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="H5N1_outbreak">H5N1 outbreak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: H5N1 outbreak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932024_H5N1_outbreak#United_States" title="2020–2024 H5N1 outbreak">2020–2024 H5N1 outbreak § United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Among_dairy_workers">Among dairy workers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Among dairy workers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CDC recommends farm workers wear PPE, including N95 or better respirators, when working with farm animals potentially infected with H5N1.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, outbreaks of H5N1 have continued among dairy workers, likely due to workers' fear of retaliation by their employers, and reluctance by employers and state officials to allow CDC investigators into dairy farms.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_patents">Selected patents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Selected patents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kimberly-clark_small_duckbill_n95_respirator.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An image of two N95 Kimberly-Clark duckbill respirators." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Kimberly-clark_small_duckbill_n95_respirator.png/268px-Kimberly-clark_small_duckbill_n95_respirator.png" decoding="async" width="268" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Kimberly-clark_small_duckbill_n95_respirator.png/402px-Kimberly-clark_small_duckbill_n95_respirator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Kimberly-clark_small_duckbill_n95_respirator.png/536px-Kimberly-clark_small_duckbill_n95_respirator.png 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> to this 'Duckbill' style respirator was assigned to <a href="/wiki/Kimberly-Clark" title="Kimberly-Clark">Kimberly-Clark</a> in the US until expiry in 2015.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/023656863/publication/US3333585A?q=US3333585">US patent 3333585</a>, Robert J Barghini, Walter M Westberg, Patrick H Carey Jr, "Cold weather face mask", published 1967-08-01, issued 1967-08-01,  assigned to 3M Co</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=3333585&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Cold+weather+face+mask&rft.inventor=Robert+J+Barghini%2C+Walter+M+Westberg%2C+Patrick+H+Carey+Jr&rft.assignee=3M+Co&rft.date=1967-08-01&rft.appldate=1964-12-14&rft.pubdate=1967-08-01&rft.prioritydate=1964-12-14"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/027030465/publication/US3971373A?q=US3971373A">US patent 3971373A</a>, David L. Braun, "Particle-loaded microfiber sheet product and respirators made therefrom", published 1976-07-27, issued 1976-07-27,  assigned to 3M Co</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=3971373A&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Particle-loaded+microfiber+sheet+product+and+respirators+made+therefrom&rft.inventor=David+L.+Braun&rft.assignee=3M+Co&rft.date=1976-07-27&rft.appldate=1974-12-06&rft.pubdate=1976-07-27&rft.prioritydate=1974-12-06"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/025366080/publication/US4215682A?q=US4215682A">US patent 4215682A</a>, Donald A. Kubik & Charles I. Davis, "Melt-blown fibrous electrets", published 1980-08-05, issued 1980-08-05,  assigned to 3M Co</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=4215682A&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Melt-blown+fibrous+electrets&rft.inventor=Donald+A.+Kubik&rft.assignee=3M+Co&rft.date=1980-08-05&rft.appldate=1978-02-06&rft.pubdate=1980-08-05&rft.prioritydate=1978-02-06"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/024376825/publication/US4536440A?q=US4536440A">US patent 4536440A</a>, Harvey J. Berg, "Molded fibrous filtration products", published 1985-08-20, issued 1985-08-20,  assigned to 3M Co</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=4536440A&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Molded+fibrous+filtration+products&rft.inventor=Harvey+J.+Berg&rft.assignee=3M+Co&rft.date=1985-08-20&rft.appldate=1984-03-27&rft.pubdate=1985-08-20&rft.prioritydate=1984-03-27"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/025304189/publication/US4807619A?q=US4807619">US patent 4807619</a>, James F. Dyrud, Harvey J. Berg, Alice C. Murray, "Resilient shape-retaining fibrous filtration face mask", published 1989-02-28, issued 1989-02-28,  assigned to 3M Co</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=4807619&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Resilient+shape-retaining+fibrous+filtration+face+mask&rft.inventor=James+F.+Dyrud%2C+Harvey+J.+Berg%2C+Alice+C.+Murray&rft.assignee=3M+Co&rft.date=1989-02-28&rft.appldate=1986-04-07&rft.pubdate=1989-02-28&rft.prioritydate=1986-04-07"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/026703533/publication/US4850347A?q=US4850347A">US patent 4850347</a>, Martin R. Skov, "Face mask", published 1989-07-25, issued 1989-07-25,  assigned to Moldex Metric Inc</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=4850347&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Face+mask&rft.inventor=Martin+R.+Skov&rft.assignee=Moldex+Metric+Inc&rft.date=1989-07-25&rft.appldate=1987-03-20&rft.pubdate=1989-07-25&rft.prioritydate=1980-06-09"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/025028038/publication/US4856509A?q=US4856509">US patent 4856509</a>, Jerome H. Lemelson, "Face mask and method", published 1989-08-15, issued 1989-08-15</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=4856509&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Face+mask+and+method&rft.inventor=Jerome+H.+Lemelson&rft.date=1989-08-15&rft.appldate=1985-07-08&rft.pubdate=1989-08-15&rft.prioritydate=1985-07-08"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/024537715/publication/US5307796A?q=US5307796A">US patent 5307796A</a>, Joseph P. Kronzer, Roger J. Stumo, James F. Dyrud, Harvey J. Berg, "Methods of forming fibrous filtration face masks", published 1994-05-03, issued 1994-05-03,  assigned to 3M Co</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=5307796A&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Methods+of+forming+fibrous+filtration+face+masks&rft.inventor=Joseph+P.+Kronzer%2C+Roger+J.+Stumo%2C+James+F.+Dyrud%2C+Harvey+J.+Berg&rft.assignee=3M+Co&rft.date=1994-05-03&rft.appldate=1990-12-20&rft.pubdate=1994-05-03&rft.prioritydate=1990-12-20"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFElvin_L._BoyceWilliam_Keith_Robinson1976"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US3985132A">US patent 3985132A</a>, Elvin L. Boyce & William Keith Robinson, "Filter mask", published 1976-10-12, issued 1976-10-12,  assigned to Kimberly-Clark Worldwide Inc. and Alpha Pro Tech Inc.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=3985132A&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Filter+mask&rft.inventor=Elvin+L.+Boyce&rft.assignee=Kimberly-Clark+Worldwide+Inc.&rft.date=1976-10-12&rft.appldate=1974-12-13&rft.pubdate=1976-10-12"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> Marketed by AlphaProTech as 'Magic Arch.'</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFElvin_L._Boyce1987"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US4688566A">US patent 4688566A</a>, Elvin L. Boyce, "Filter mask", published 1987-04-25, issued 1987-04-25,  assigned to Alpha Pro Tech Inc.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=4688566A&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Filter+mask&rft.inventor=Elvin+L.+Boyce&rft.assignee=Alpha+Pro+Tech+Inc.&rft.date=1987-04-25&rft.appldate=1986-04-25&rft.pubdate=1987-04-25&rft.prioritydate=1986-04-25"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="'Duckbill'_style"><span id=".27Duckbill.27_style"></span>'Duckbill' style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 'Duckbill' style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFKevin_K._Brunson1998"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5322061A">US patent 5322061A</a>, Kevin K. Brunson, "Disposable Aerosol Mask", published 1994-06-21, issued 1998-06-02,  assigned to Kimberly-Clark Worldwide Inc.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=5322061A&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Disposable+Aerosol+Mask&rft.inventor=Kevin+K.+Brunson&rft.assignee=Kimberly-Clark+Worldwide+Inc.&rft.date=1998-06-02&rft.appldate=1992-12-16&rft.pubdate=1994-06-21&rft.prioritydate=1992-12-16"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5694925A">US patent 5694925A</a>, "Face mask with enhanced seal and method", published 1997-12-09, issued 1997-12-09,  assigned to Kimberly-Clark Worldwide Inc.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=5694925A&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Face+mask+with+enhanced+seal+and+method&rft.assignee=Kimberly-Clark+Worldwide+Inc.&rft.date=1997-12-09&rft.appldate=1995-12-12&rft.pubdate=1997-12-09"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/NIOSH_Guide_to_the_Selection_and_Use_of_Particulate_Respirators_Certified_Under_42_CFR_84" title="Search Wikisource"><img alt="Search Wikisource" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px; margin-top: 4px;"><i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/NIOSH_Guide_to_the_Selection_and_Use_of_Particulate_Respirators_Certified_Under_42_CFR_84" class="extiw" title="wikisource:NIOSH Guide to the Selection and Use of Particulate Respirators Certified Under 42 CFR 84">NIOSH Guide to the Selection and Use of Particulate Respirators Certified Under 42 CFR 84</a></b></i></div><div style="margin-left: 10px; margin-top: 4px;"><i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Changes_in_Occupational_Safety_Regs_Will_Permit_Better_Respirators_to_Protect_Against_Dust_and_Disease" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Changes in Occupational Safety Regs Will Permit Better Respirators to Protect Against Dust and Disease">Changes in Occupational Safety Regs Will Permit Better Respirators to Protect Against Dust and Disease</a></b></i></div><div style="margin-left: 10px; margin-top: 4px;"><i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/NIOSH_Change_Will_Save_Health_Care_Industry_Millions" class="extiw" title="wikisource:NIOSH Change Will Save Health Care Industry Millions">NIOSH Change Will Save Health Care Industry Millions</a></b></i></div><div style="margin-left: 10px; margin-top: 4px;"><i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Differences_and_Limitations_Between_Part_11_Particulate_Respirators_and_Part_84_Particulate_Respirators" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Differences and Limitations Between Part 11 Particulate Respirators and Part 84 Particulate Respirators">Differences and Limitations Between Part 11 Particulate Respirators and Part 84 Particulate Respirators</a></b></i></div><div style="margin-left: 10px; margin-top: 4px;"><i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/NIOSH_Recommended_Guidelines_for_Personal_Respiratory_Protection_of_Workers_in_Health-Care_Facilities_Potentially_Exposed_to_Tuberculosis" class="extiw" title="wikisource:NIOSH Recommended Guidelines for Personal Respiratory Protection of Workers in Health-Care Facilities Potentially Exposed to Tuberculosis">NIOSH Recommended Guidelines for Personal Respiratory Protection of Workers in Health-Care Facilities Potentially Exposed to Tuberculosis</a></b></i></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Industrial_Hygiene" title="Division of Industrial Hygiene">Division of Industrial Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIOSH" class="mw-redirect" title="NIOSH">NIOSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">NIOSH air filtration rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_control_(respiratory_disease)" title="Source control (respiratory disease)">Source control (respiratory disease)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic">Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_hazard_controls_for_COVID-19" title="Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19">Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19</a></li></ul> <p><small><i>Previous versions of this article included the claim implying that <a href="/wiki/Peter_Tsai" title="Peter Tsai">Peter Tsai</a> invented the N95, from <a href="/wiki/Special:Diff/951780285" title="Special:Diff/951780285">this edit</a> to <a href="/wiki/Special:Diff/1222277565" title="Special:Diff/1222277565">this edit</a>. Peter Tsai is nowhere to be found in the NIOSH publications here, linked on Wikisource, or in any <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a> document linked in the references below. For more information, see the <a href="/wiki/Talk:N95_respirator" title="Talk:N95 respirator">talk page</a> (<a href="/wiki/Talk:N95_respirator/FAQ" title="Talk:N95 respirator/FAQ">mobile link</a>).</i></small> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hepa-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hepa_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hepa_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hepa_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">This refers to the <a href="/wiki/Mine_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Mine Safety and Health Administration">MSHA's</a> definition of 'HEPA' under <a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating#History" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">30 CFR Part 11</a> for respirators, which is 99.97% filtration of 0.3 micron <a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_phthalate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate">DOP</a>, <i>not</i> the EN 1822 or ISO 29463 definition of <a href="/wiki/HEPA" title="HEPA">HEPA</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A later preprint study by the same lead author (Loeb) claiming the same thing was found to be fraudulent in multiple ways, including use of unregistered study sites, repeated alteration of mathematical analysis methods to obscure the evidence in the data, as well as concealment of conflicts of interest; the actual data in that study showed that N95s were superior.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Source_control_(respiratory_disease)#Pre-COVID" title="Source control (respiratory disease)">Source control (respiratory disease)#Pre-COVID</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-VOADeliver-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VOADeliver_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VOADeliver_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFXie2020" class="citation news cs1">Xie, John (March 19, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/science-health/coronavirus-outbreak/world-depends-china-face-masks-can-country-deliver">"World Depends on China for Face Masks But Can Country Deliver?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=World+Depends+on+China+for+Face+Masks+But+Can+Country+Deliver%3F&rft.date=2020-03-19&rft.aulast=Xie&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fscience-health%2Fcoronavirus-outbreak%2Fworld-depends-china-face-masks-can-country-deliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN95+respirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeng2020" class="citation news cs1">Feng, Emily (March 16, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/16/814929294/covid-19-has-caused-a-shortage-of-face-masks-but-theyre-surprisingly-hard-to-mak">"COVID-19 Has Caused A Shortage Of Face Masks. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transcript+for+the+OSHA+Training+Video+Entitled+Counterfeit+%26+Altered+Respirators%3A+The+Importance+of+Checking+for+NIOSH+Certification&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Labor%2C+OSHA&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osha.gov%2Fvideo%2Frespiratory-protection%2Fniosh%2Ftranscript&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN95+respirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-notices-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-notices_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/usernotices/counterfeitResp.html">"Counterfeit Respirators / Misrepresentation of NIOSH Approval"</a>. 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September 1999. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26616%2FNIOSHPUB99143">10.26616/NIOSHPUB99143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TB+Respiratory+Protection+Program+In+Health+Care+Facilities+Administrator%27s+Guide&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services%2C+Public+Health+Service%2C+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention%2C+National+Institute+for+Occupational+Safety+and+Health&rft.date=1999-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26616%2FNIOSHPUB99143&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fdocs%2F99-143%2Fpdfs%2F99-143.pdf%3Fid%3D10.26616%2FNIOSHPUB99143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN95+respirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-register-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-register_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-06-08/pdf/95-13287.pdf">"DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service 42 CFR Part 84 RIN 0905–AB58 Respiratory Protective Devices"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. US Federal Register. June 8, 1995<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DEPARTMENT+OF+HEALTH+AND+HUMAN+SERVICES+Public+Health+Service+42+CFR+Part+84+RIN+0905%E2%80%93AB58+Respiratory+Protective+Devices&rft.pub=US+Federal+Register&rft.date=1995-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FFR-1995-06-08%2Fpdf%2F95-13287.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN95+respirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961230213615/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pt84abs2.html">"42 CFR 84 Respiratory Protective Devices"</a>. NIOSH. August 25, 1995. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pt84abs2.html">the original</a> on December 30, 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=42+CFR+84+Respiratory+Protective+Devices&rft.pub=NIOSH&rft.date=1995-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fpt84abs2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN95+respirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pink-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pink_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Note: the following source cites July 1, 1998 as the end date for the transition period, contradicting official NIOSH publications</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerring_Jr.1997" class="citation magazine cs1">Herring Jr., Ronald N. (1997). 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OSHA. May 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3767.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 28, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hospital+Respiratory+Protection+Program+Toolkit&rft.pub=OSHA&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osha.gov%2FPublications%2FOSHA3767.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN95+respirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/H1N1-2009/N95-authorization.pdf">"N95-authorization.PDF"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. DHHS. 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Health.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Respirator+or+face+mask%3F+Best+H1N1+protection+still+debated&rft.pub=Health.com&rft.date=2009-11-06&rft.aulast=Pallarito&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FHEALTH%2F11%2F06%2Fface.mask.swine.flu%2Findex.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3D%2522Based%2520on%2520all%2520the%2520available%2Crespiratory%2520protection%252C%2522%2520she%2520says.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN95+respirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoebDafoeMahonyJohn2009" class="citation journal cs1">Loeb, Mark; Dafoe, Nancy; Mahony, James; John, Michael; Sarabia, Alicia; Glavin, Verne; Webby, Richard; Smieja, Marek; Earn, David J. D.; Chong, Sylvia; Webb, Ashley; Walter, Stephen D. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1466">"Surgical Mask vs N95 Respirator for Preventing Influenza Among Health Care Workers"</a>. <i>JAMA</i>. <b>302</b> (17): 1865–1871. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2009.1466">10.1001/jama.2009.1466</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19797474">19797474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Surgical+Mask+vs+N95+Respirator+for+Preventing+Influenza+Among+Health+Care+Workers&rft.volume=302&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=1865-1871&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.2009.1466&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19797474&rft.aulast=Loeb&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Dafoe%2C+Nancy&rft.au=Mahony%2C+James&rft.au=John%2C+Michael&rft.au=Sarabia%2C+Alicia&rft.au=Glavin%2C+Verne&rft.au=Webby%2C+Richard&rft.au=Smieja%2C+Marek&rft.au=Earn%2C+David+J.+D.&rft.au=Chong%2C+Sylvia&rft.au=Webb%2C+Ashley&rft.au=Walter%2C+Stephen+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2Fdoi%3A10.1001%2Fjama.2009.1466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN95+respirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUngrin" class="citation web cs1">Ungrin, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osf.io/preprints/metaarxiv/ey7bj">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Medical masks versus N95 respirators for preventing COVID-19 among health care workers: A secondary analysis of findings inconsistent with prior understanding reflects the expected inferiority of medical masks"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Medical+masks+versus+N95+respirators+for+preventing+COVID-19+among+health+care+workers%3A+A+secondary+analysis+of+findings+inconsistent+with+prior+understanding+reflects+the+expected+inferiority+of+medical+masks%22&rft.aulast=Ungrin&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fosf.io%2Fpreprints%2Fmetaarxiv%2Fey7bj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN95+respirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnirring2010" class="citation web cs1">Schnirring, Lisa (September 20, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/influenza-general/cdc-finalizes-flu-prevention-guidance-health-settings">"CDC finalizes flu prevention guidance for health settings"</a>. University of Minnesota CIDRAP News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CDC+finalizes+flu+prevention+guidance+for+health+settings&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+CIDRAP+News&rft.date=2010-09-20&rft.aulast=Schnirring&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cidrap.umn.edu%2Finfluenza-general%2Fcdc-finalizes-flu-prevention-guidance-health-settings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN95+respirator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America's letter to President Obama:</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idsociety.org/globalassets/idsa/policy--advocacy/current_topics_and_issues/infection-prevention--control/comments/1100509-shea-idsa-apic-letter-re-ppe-guidance.pdf">"SHEA-IDSA-APIC Letter on Federal PPE Guidance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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apparatus">High altitude breathing apparatus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_breathing_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviation breathing apparatus">Aviation breathing apparatus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_oxygen_system" title="Emergency oxygen system">Emergency oxygen system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountaineering_breathing_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountaineering breathing apparatus">Mountaineering breathing apparatus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Occupational_breathing_apparatus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Occupational breathing apparatus</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Respirator"><a href="/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator">Respirator</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulated by <a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating#Table_of_TC/BM_Approval_Schedules" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">NIOSH</a> and others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_mask" title="Gas mask">Gas mask</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_mask_canister" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas mask canister">Canister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplied-air_respirator" title="Supplied-air respirator">Supplied-air respirator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-contained_breathing_apparatus" title="Self-contained breathing apparatus">Self-contained breathing apparatus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-contained_self-rescue_device" title="Self-contained self-rescue device">Self-contained self-rescue device</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_filter_(respirator)" title="Mechanical filter (respirator)">Particulate respirator</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">N95 respirator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_mask" title="Dust mask">Dust mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powered_air-purifying_respirator" title="Powered air-purifying respirator">Powered air-purifying respirator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_cartridge" title="Chemical cartridge">Chemical cartridge</a></li> <li>Facepieces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_hood" title="Smoke hood">Smoke hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastomeric_respirator" title="Elastomeric respirator">Elastomeric respirator</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">42 CFR 84 (United States)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating#Chemical_cartridge_and_canister_classifications" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">ANSI K13.1-1973</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_respirator_standards" title="European respirator standards">EN 149/14683/143 (Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_filter_(respirator)#Other_standards_(KN95_and_others)" title="Mechanical filter (respirator)">GB2626 (China), and others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Medical_breathing_apparatus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_breathing_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical breathing apparatus">Medical breathing apparatus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaesthetic_machine" title="Anaesthetic machine">Anaesthetic machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_CPAP" title="Bubble CPAP">Bubble CPAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_positive_airway_pressure" title="Continuous positive airway pressure">Continuous positive airway pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resuscitator" title="Resuscitator">Resuscitator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_valve_mask" title="Bag valve mask">Bag valve mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_mask" title="Pocket mask">Pocket mask</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilator" title="Ventilator">Ventilator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_lung" title="Iron lung">Iron lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-invasive_ventilation" title="Non-invasive ventilation">Non-invasive ventilation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">Oxygen therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">Hyperbaric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Built-in_breathing_system" title="Built-in breathing system">Built-in breathing system</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_airway_pressure" title="Positive airway pressure">Positive airway pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_gas_humidification" title="Respiratory gas humidification">Respiratory gas humidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Supplemental oxygen">Supplemental oxygen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_cannula" title="Nasal cannula">Nasal cannula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_cannula" class="mw-redirect" title="Reservoir cannula">Reservoir cannula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-rebreather_mask" title="Non-rebreather mask">Non-rebreather mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen hood">Oxygen hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_mask" title="Oxygen mask">Oxygen mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_tent" title="Oxygen tent">Oxygen tent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_rebreather_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial rebreather mask">Partial rebreather mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_face_mask" title="Simple face mask">Simple face mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venturi_mask" title="Venturi mask">Venturi mask</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_breathing_apparatus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_breathing_apparatus" title="Underwater breathing apparatus">Underwater breathing apparatus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open-circuit_scuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-circuit scuba">Open-circuit scuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_rebreather" title="Diving rebreather">Diving rebreather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-face_diving_mask" title="Full-face diving mask">Full-face diving mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_equipment" title="Surface-supplied diving equipment">Surface-supplied diving equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_escape_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Helicopter escape set">Helicopter escape set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_escape_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarine escape set">Submarine escape set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_extender" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas extender">Gas extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_reclaim_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Helium reclaim system">Helium reclaim system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="User_respiratory_interface" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/User_respiratory_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="User respiratory interface">User respiratory interface</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Breathing mask <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full_facepiece" class="mw-redirect" title="Full facepiece">Full facepiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Half mask">Half mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orinasal_mask" title="Orinasal mask">orinasal mask</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">Breathing gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_performance_of_regulators" title="Breathing performance of regulators">Breathing performance of regulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_space_(physiology)" title="Dead space (physiology)">Dead space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">Emergency gas supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_breathing_apparatus" title="Escape breathing apparatus">Escape breathing apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facepiece" class="mw-redirect" title="Facepiece">Facepiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_suit" title="Hazmat suit">Hazmat suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_pressure_breathing" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative pressure breathing">Negative pressure breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_circuit_breathing_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Open circuit breathing apparatus">Open circuit breathing apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_concentrator" title="Oxygen concentrator">Oxygen concentrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_pressure_breathing" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive pressure breathing">Positive pressure breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_protective_equipment" title="Respiratory protective equipment">Respiratory protective equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_regulator" title="Pressure regulator">Pressure regulator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constant_flow_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant flow regulator">Constant flow regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Demand valve">Demand valve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">Rebreather</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_circuit_rebreather" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed circuit rebreather">Closed circuit rebreather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterlung" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterlung">Counterlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_rebreather" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen rebreather">Oxygen rebreather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-closed_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-closed circuit">Semi-closed circuit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_breathing" title="Work of breathing">Work of breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_respirator" class="mw-redirect" title="Escape respirator">Escape respirator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Breathing_apparatus" title="Category:Breathing apparatus">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Breathing_apparatus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Breathing apparatus">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_breathing_apparatus_terminology" title="Glossary of breathing apparatus terminology">Glossary</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Concepts_in_infectious_disease_(Outline)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Concepts_in_infectious_disease" title="Template:Concepts in infectious disease"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Concepts_in_infectious_disease" title="Template talk:Concepts in infectious disease"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Concepts_in_infectious_disease" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Concepts in infectious disease"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Concepts_in_infectious_disease_(Outline)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Concepts in <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infectious disease</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_infectious_disease_concepts" title="Outline of infectious disease concepts">Outline</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Determinants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">Agent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofilm#Infectious_diseases" title="Biofilm">Biofilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">Germ theory of disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectivity" title="Infectivity">Infectivity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_infective_dose" title="Minimal infective dose">Infectious dose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathogenicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogenicity">Pathogenicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_rate" title="Attack rate">Attack rate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_sensing" title="Quorum sensing">Quorum sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virulence" title="Virulence">Virulence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Endotoxin">Endotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotoxin" title="Exotoxin">Exotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_fatality_rate" title="Case fatality rate">Case fatality rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virulence_factor" title="Virulence factor">factors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance" title="Antimicrobial resistance">Antimicrobial resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_resistance" title="Drug resistance">Drug resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">Horizontal gene transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multidrug-resistant_bacteria" title="Multidrug-resistant bacteria">Multidrug-resistant bacteria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_tropism" title="Host tropism">Host tropism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">Host</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burn#Complications" title="Burn">Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comorbidity" title="Comorbidity">Comorbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_foot_infection" title="Diabetic foot infection">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host%E2%80%93pathogen_interaction" title="Host–pathogen interaction">Host–pathogen interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_response" title="Immune response">Immune response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">Immunodeficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">Immunosuppression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_symbiosis_and_immunity" title="Microbial symbiosis and immunity">Microbiome health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infection" title="Opportunistic infection">Opportunistic infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_of_infection" title="Risk of infection">Risk of infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susceptible_individual" title="Susceptible individual">Susceptible individual</a> <ul><li>Age</li> <li>Gender</li> <li>Nutrition status</li> <li>Vaccination status</li> <li>Genetic predisposition</li> <li>Behavioral/lifestyle factors <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco#infection" title="Health effects of tobacco">Smoking</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pregnancy</li> <li>Stress levels</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_epidemiology" title="Environmental epidemiology">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WASH" title="WASH">Access to water, sanitation and hygiene</a></li> <li>Air quality</li> <li>Biodiversity loss</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Climate change</a></li> <li>Climate zones <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o#Health_and_social_impacts" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_disease#Relation_of_climate_to_tropical_diseases" title="Tropical disease">Tropical diseases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation#Health_effects" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_ecology" title="Disease ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity#Human_health" title="Humidity">Humidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_sharing" title="Needle sharing">Injection drug use</a></li> <li>Natural disaster <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flood#Health_effects" title="Flood">Flood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoonosis#Farming,_ranching_and_animal_husbandry" title="Zoonosis">Poultry and livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_poverty" title="Diseases of poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_medicine" title="Travel medicine">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization#Infections" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_control" title="Vector control">Vector control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_epidemiology" title="Conflict epidemiology">War and conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (medicine)">Transmission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Basic_concepts" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Basic <br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic_carrier" title="Asymptomatic carrier">Asymptomatic carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infection#Pathophysiology" title="Infection">Chain of infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fomite" title="Fomite">Fomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">Host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incubation_period" title="Incubation period">Incubation period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_case" title="Index case">Index case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_period" title="Infectious period">Infectious period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_period_(epidemiology)" title="Latent period (epidemiology)">Latent period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_reservoir" title="Natural reservoir">Natural reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infection" title="Opportunistic infection">Opportunistic infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subclinical_infection" title="Subclinical infection">Silent/Subclinical infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superinfection" title="Superinfection">Superinfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-spreader" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-spreader">Super-spreader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_load" title="Viral load">Viral load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_period" title="Window period">Window period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Modes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Endogenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Endogenous overgrowth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_microbiome#Disease_and_death" title="Human microbiome">Normal flora overgrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus_latency" title="Virus latency">Endogenous reactivation</a></li> <li>Microbial translocation</li> <li>Endogenous seeding</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">Biofilm</a> formation</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Exogenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cross-species_transmission" title="Cross-species transmission">Cross-species</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_infection" title="Spillover infection">Spillover infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (epidemiology)">Vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">Zoonosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_zoonosis" title="Reverse zoonosis">Reverse zoonosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Human-to-human_transmission" title="Human-to-human transmission">Human-to-human</a><br />/Cross-infection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contagious_disease" title="Contagious disease">Contagious disease</a></li> <li>Source <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospital-acquired_infection" title="Hospital-acquired infection">Nosocomial/Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iatrogenesis" title="Iatrogenesis">Iatrogenic/Medical care</a></li></ul></li> <li>Generational difference <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertically_transmitted_infection" title="Vertically transmitted infection">Vertical/Congenital</a> <ul><li>Prenatal</li> <li>Perinatal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_infection" title="Neonatal infection">Neonatal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)#Horizontal_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (medicine)">Horizontal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_infection" title="Breakthrough infection">Breakthrough infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Environment-<br />to-human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sapronosis" title="Sapronosis">Sapronosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Routes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Respiratory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Airborne disease">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioaerosol" title="Bioaerosol">Bioaerosol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol-generating_procedure" title="Aerosol-generating procedure">Aerosol-generating procedure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_aerosol" title="Dental aerosol">Dental aerosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_droplet#Role_in_disease_transmission" title="Respiratory droplet">Respiratory droplet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Linked to<br />Vascular system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood-borne_disease" title="Blood-borne disease">Blood-borne disease</a></li> <li>Percutaneous inoculation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Injection_(medicine)#Infection" title="Injection (medicine)">Injection site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy#Infection_and_inflammation" title="Intravenous therapy">Intravenous line</a></li> <li>Insect bite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_bite#Infection" title="Animal bite">Animal bite</a></li></ul></li> <li>Surgical intervention <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postoperative_wounds#Infection" title="Postoperative wounds">Postoperative wound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_site_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgical site infection">Surgical site infection</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vector-borne <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito-borne_disease" title="Mosquito-borne disease">Mosquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_disease" title="Tick-borne disease">Tick</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Gastrointestinal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_contaminant" title="Food contaminant">Contamination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_contraindications" title="Breastfeeding contraindications">Breastmilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_disease" title="Waterborne disease">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal%E2%80%93oral_route" title="Fecal–oral route">Feces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Cutaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burn#Complications" title="Burn">Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fomite" title="Fomite">Fomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil-transmitted_helminthiasis" title="Soil-transmitted helminthiasis">Soil</a></li> <li>Open <a href="/wiki/Wound" title="Wound">wound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Genitourinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Trans-placental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Prenatal</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Cervico-vaginal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Perinatal</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_modelling_of_infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical modelling of infectious disease">Modelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model_in_biology#Bacteria_aggregation_leading_to_biofilm_formation" title="Agent-based model in biology">Agent-based model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_disease_model" title="Animal disease model">Animal disease model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_rate" title="Attack rate">Attack rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_reproduction_number" title="Basic reproduction number">Basic reproduction number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compartmental_models_in_epidemiology" title="Compartmental models in epidemiology">Compartmental models in epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_community_size" title="Critical community size">Critical community size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_of_infection" title="Force of infection">Force of infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd_immunity" title="Herd immunity">Herd immunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infection_rate" title="Infection rate">Infection rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">Machine learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplicity_of_infection" title="Multiplicity of infection">Multiplicity of infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_interval" title="Serial interval">Serial interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAIFW_matrix" title="WAIFW matrix">WAIFW matrix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Occurrence<br />in population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disease_cluster" title="Disease cluster">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_(epidemiology)" title="Endemic (epidemiology)">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">Epidemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic_curve" title="Epidemic curve">Curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farr%27s_laws" title="Farr's laws">Farr's laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holoendemic" title="Holoendemic">Holoendemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperendemic" title="Hyperendemic">Hyperendemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incidence_(epidemiology)" title="Incidence (epidemiology)">Incidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inequality_in_disease" title="Inequality in disease">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoendemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoendemic">Mesoendemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_outbreak" title="Disease outbreak">Outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevalence" title="Prevalence">Prevalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic#Seasonality" title="Epidemic">Seasonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_epidemiology" title="Spatial epidemiology">Geographic distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporadic_disease" title="Sporadic disease">Sporadic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndemic" title="Syndemic">Syndemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twindemic" title="Twindemic">Twindemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatomical <br />location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Respiratory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Upper respiratory tract infection">Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Lower respiratory tract infection">Chest/Lower respiratory tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal infection">Gastrointestinal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_infectious_diseases" title="Intestinal infectious diseases">Intestinal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Genitourinary</li> <li>Nervous system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_infection" title="Skin infection">Skin</a></li> <li>Soft tissue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone infection">Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint infection">Joint</a></li> <li>Cardiovascular</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_disease" title="Systemic disease">Systemic/Generalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odontogenic_infection" title="Odontogenic infection">Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_infection" title="Mouth infection">Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intra-amniotic_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Intra-amniotic infection">Fetus</a></li> <li>Eye</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infection_prevention_and_control" title="Infection prevention and control">Prevention<br />and Control<br />measures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Pharmaceutical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">Antibiotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_prophylaxis" title="Antibiotic prophylaxis">prophylactic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifungal" title="Antifungal">Antifungal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthelmintic" title="Anthelmintic">Anthelmintic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascaricide" title="Ascaricide">Ascaricide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">Antimicrobial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_stewardship" title="Antimicrobial stewardship">Antimicrobial stewardship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">Antiseptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">Antiviral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asepsis" title="Asepsis">Asepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_therapy" title="Combination therapy">Combination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Drug safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">Immunization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunotherapy" title="Immunotherapy">Immunotherapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody_therapy" title="Monoclonal antibody therapy">Monoclonal antibody therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">Inoculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phage_therapy" title="Phage therapy">Phage therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis" title="Pre-exposure prophylaxis">Pre-exposure prophylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-exposure_prophylaxis" title="Post-exposure prophylaxis">Post-exposure prophylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_repositioning" title="Drug repositioning">Repurposed drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_efficacy" title="Vaccine efficacy">efficacy/effectiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_dose" title="Booster dose">booster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_resistance" title="Vaccine resistance">resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine-preventable_disease" title="Vaccine-preventable disease">Vaccine-preventable disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_vaccination" title="Ring vaccination">Ring vaccination</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Non-pharmaceutical_intervention_(epidemiology)" title="Non-pharmaceutical intervention (epidemiology)">Non-<br />pharmaceutical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contact_tracing" title="Contact tracing">Contact tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(medicine)" title="Cordon sanitaire (medicine)">Cordon sanitaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_surveillance" title="Disease surveillance">Disease surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinfectant" title="Disinfectant">Disinfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flattening_the_curve" title="Flattening the curve">Flattening the curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">Hygiene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">Hand washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_glove" title="Medical glove">Gloves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_(health_care)" title="Isolation (health care)">Isolation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_nursing" title="Barrier nursing">Barrier nursing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay-at-home_order" title="Stay-at-home order">Lockdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notifiable_disease" title="Notifiable disease">Notification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_notifiable_diseases" title="List of notifiable diseases">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protective_sequestration" title="Protective sequestration">Protective sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_health" title="Community health">Community health</a> services</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_communication" title="Health communication">Health communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_education" title="Health education">Health education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outbreak_response" title="Outbreak response">Outbreak response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">Quarantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_control_(respiratory_disease)" title="Source control (respiratory disease)">Respiratory source control</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">N95 respirator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_mask" title="Surgical mask">Surgical mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">PPE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(medicine)" title="Screening (medicine)">Screening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_distancing" title="Social distancing">Social distancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">Sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission-based_precautions" title="Transmission-based precautions">Transmission-based precautions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_ban" title="Travel ban">Travel restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_precautions" title="Universal precautions">Universal precautions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_control" title="Vector control">Vector control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_surveillance" title="Wastewater surveillance">Wastewater surveillance</a></li> <li>Zoning</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emerging_infectious_disease" title="Emerging infectious disease">Emerging <br />infections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigenic_drift" title="Antigenic drift">Antigenic drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigenic_shift" title="Antigenic shift">Antigenic shift</a></li> <li>Antimicrobial resistance surveillance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EARS-Net" title="EARS-Net">EARS-Net</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRISPR" title="CRISPR">CRISPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_X" title="Disease X">Disease X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_virus" title="Emergent virus">Emergent virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epidemiology" title="Evolutionary epidemiology">Evolutionary epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_epidemiology" title="Genetic epidemiology">Genetic epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Health_Initiatives" title="Global Health Initiatives">Global Health Initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_phylogenetics" title="Microbial phylogenetics">Microbial phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Health_Model" title="One Health Model">One Health Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reassortment" title="Reassortment">Genomic reassortment</a></li> <li>Re-emerging disease</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_zoonosis" title="Reverse zoonosis">Reverse zoonosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_pressure#Antibiotic_resistance" title="Evolutionary pressure">Selection pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_phylodynamics" title="Viral phylodynamics">Viral phylodynamics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_disease-causing_pathogens" title="Discovery of disease-causing pathogens">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_infectious_diseases" title="Eradication of infectious diseases">Eradication</a></li> <li>Economics of Infectious Diseases</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease_(medical_specialty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease (medical specialty)">Infectious disease (medical specialty)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_informatics" title="Disease informatics">Infectious disease informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Microbial bioterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic_prevention" title="Pandemic prevention">Pandemic prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_disease" title="Tropical disease">Tropical disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_medicine" title="Tropical medicine">Tropical medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&oldid=1258817855">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N95_respirator&oldid=1258817855</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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