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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><meta charset="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a43249494/who-discovered-pi-archimedes-of-syracuse"/><meta name="X-UA-Compatible" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrom=1"/><meta name="msapplication-tap-highlight" content="no"/><title>Meet Archimedes of Syracuse, The Mathematician Who Discovered Pi</title><meta name="title" content="Meet Archimedes of Syracuse, The Mathematician Who Discovered Pi"/><meta name="description" content="Greek mathematician Archimedes of Syracuse calculated the infinite mathematical concept pi in the 200s BCE, which we celebrate annually on March 14, or Pi Day. 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The relatively new holiday is a celebration of the mathematical calculation pi, or the infinite number representing the constant ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter. Pi is essential to engineering and modern construction.Although"/><meta name="sailthru.tags" content="scholars-educators,Famous Scholars & Educators,famous-mathematicians,Famous Mathematicians,Biography-US"/><meta name="sailthru.date" content="2024-03-13 13:36:00"/><meta name="sailthru.socialtitle" content="Archimedes: The Mathematician Who Discovered Pi"/><meta name="sailthru.contenttype" content="standard-article"/><meta id="m1" name="m1" itemprop="cssSelector " content=".content-hed"/><meta id="m2" name="m2" itemprop="cssSelector" content=".content-dek p"/><link href="/" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/SpeakableSpecification" itemref="m1 m2"/><meta name="next-head-count" content="43"/><script id="settings" 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The relatively new holiday is a celebration of the mathematical calculation pi, or the infinite number representing the constant ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter. Pi is essential to engineering and modern construction.Although many sought to find it, the calculation of pi, which is also expressed by the fraction 22/7, is commonly credited to Greek mathematician Archimedes of Syracuse more than 2,200 years ago.According to History.com, physicist Larry Shaw founded Pi Day day in 1988, selecting March 14 because the numeric date represents the first three digits of pi (3.14). It also happens to be Albert Einstein’s birthday.The first Pi Day took place at the Exploratorium, a San Francisco–based science museum, and featured a circular parade and fruit pies. The latter has become a delicious tradition among academic and office settings. In 2009, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a resolution recognizing March 14 as National Pi Day.According to the Exploratorium, mathematicians began using π, the Greek letter pi, for the calculation’s symbol in the 1700s, starting with William Jones in 1706. Leonhard Euler subsequently popularized the symbol.As for Archimedes, you might be surprised to learn that pi was just one of his many important discoveries and inventions.Who Was Archimedes?According to NOVA, Archimedes was born in Syracuse—on the Mediterranean island of Sicily, not upstate New York—around 287 BCE. He was the son of astronomer Phidias and a close ally of Syracuse’s King Hieron and his son, whom he served many years.Archimedes traveled to Egypt to study at the Library of Alexandria at age 18 and, upon completing his work, returned to Syracuse around 263 BCE for the remainder of his life.Over roughly the next 50 years, Archimedes developed most of his major theories. These included the fundamental principles of mechanics; methods for finding the center of gravity, surface area, and volume of geometric figures; the principle of buoyancy; and, of course, an estimate for the value of pi.Archimedes was obsessed with math, often getting lost in his work and forgetting to eat. Legend has it he discovered his principle of buoyancy while taking a bath. Excited, he leapt out of the tub and ran naked through the streets of Syracuse shouting, “Eureka!” By one account, Greek philosopher Plutarch reported that Archimedes died while solving a math problem. In 212 BCE, during the Second Punic War, a Roman solider asked Archimedes to accompany him amid a siege of Syracuse. Archimedes refused, and the angry soldier stabbed him with a sword. What Else Did Archimedes Do?Archimedes is often credited with inventing the Archimedes’ screw, a device for raising water, while in Egypt. The large helix is encased lengthwise in a watertight covering with openings at both ends. When one end is placed in water and the device is elevated at an angle and turned, water trapped in air pockets rises from the lower end through the open upper end.Back then, it was used to pump water out of ships and for irrigation. But the design is still used today. According to Scientific American, modern examples include lifting wastewater in treatment plants and even lifting water for some amusement park rides.Archimedes also created a means for approximating square roots and devised ways of calculating area and volume two millennia before the invention of calculus.When the Romans invaded Syracuse, Archimedes’ “engines of war” helped defend the city. These devices included cranes to drop rocks, claws to lift ships from the water, and machines to fire wooden missiles. He also devised a set of mirrors that focused sunlight on enemy ships, setting them on fire.Finally, Archimedes proved the volume of a sphere is two-thirds the volume of a circumscribed cylinder. He considered this his greatest accomplishment and asked that a representation of a sphere inside a cylinder be left on his tomb. He is likely buried in Sicily.Tracing Archimedes’ LegacyAccording to NOVA, scribes copied Archimedes’ writings onto parchment in 300 AD. His manuscript explaining how he developed his mathematical theorems was copied and bound onto vellum sheets around 1000. Archimedes’ treatise Measurement of a Circle—which helped spread his process for calculating pi around the world, according to the American Mathematical Society—was part of this manuscript.Around 200 years later, a monk reused the manuscript to make a prayer book. Finished in 1229 and likely made in Jerusalem, this manuscript became known as the Archimedes Palimpsest. It is the only surviving copy of Archimedes’ manuscript and contains several of his treatises.For about 400 years, the Palimpsest was stored in a monastery in the Judean desert before being moved to a library in Old Jerusalem. German scholar Constantine Tischendorf discovered it in Constantinople in 1846, and Danish scholar Johan Ludwig attempted to transcribe it in 1906 using a magnifying glass.Shockingly, the Palimpsest disappeared for much of the 20th century. It resurfaced in a damaged state in Paris in 1998 and was sold at auction for $2 million to an anonymous American collector. The buyer then donated the book to the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore in 1999. It was featured there in a 2011 exhibit titled “Lost Found: The Secrets of Archimedes.”","wordCount":862,"articleSection":"Famous Scholars & Educators","image":[{"@type":"ImageObject","height":1200,"thumbnail":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/archimedes-greek-scholarly-engraving-b-n-f-colourized-photo-news-photo-1678293949.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.749xh;0,0.165xh&resize=100:*","url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/archimedes-greek-scholarly-engraving-b-n-f-colourized-photo-news-photo-1678293949.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.749xh;0,0.165xh&resize=1200:*","width":1200},{"@type":"ImageObject","height":900,"thumbnail":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/archimedes-greek-scholarly-engraving-b-n-f-colourized-photo-news-photo-1678293949.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.749xh;0,0.165xh&resize=100:*","url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/archimedes-greek-scholarly-engraving-b-n-f-colourized-photo-news-photo-1678293949.jpg?crop=1xw:0.5588xh;center,top&resize=1200:*","width":1200},{"@type":"ImageObject","height":675,"thumbnail":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/archimedes-greek-scholarly-engraving-b-n-f-colourized-photo-news-photo-1678293949.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.749xh;0,0.165xh&resize=100:*","url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/archimedes-greek-scholarly-engraving-b-n-f-colourized-photo-news-photo-1678293949.jpg?crop=1xw:0.4191xh;center,top&resize=1200:*","width":1200}],"mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a43249494/who-discovered-pi-archimedes-of-syracuse","@type":"WebPage"},"publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"Biography","sameAs":["https://twitter.com/biography","https://www.facebook.com/Biography","https://www.instagram.com/biography/"],"logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.biography.com/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/images/logos/logo-jsonld.736cd17.png","width":312,"height":60},"parentOrganization":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"Hearst Corporation"}},"keywords":["content-type: News Explainer","locale: US","displayType: standard article"],"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a43249494/who-discovered-pi-archimedes-of-syracuse","isBasedOn":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a43249494/who-discovered-pi-archimedes-of-syracuse","dateModified":"2024-03-13T13:36:00Z","description":"Greek mathematician Archimedes of Syracuse calculated the infinite mathematical concept pi in the 200s BCE, which we celebrate annually on March 14, or Pi Day. 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a{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:0.9375rem 1.2rem;-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-15eyev a::after{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;color:#D4D4D4;content:"|";display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;left:1rem;position:relative;}.css-15eyev nav:last-child>a:after{display:none;}.css-15eyev a:hover{color:#737373;}.css-1cjybzt{padding:0.9375rem 0;min-width:45.5rem;text-align:center;z-index:2000000;position:relative;display:none;background-color:#E5E5E5;color:#000;width:100%;}@media(max-width: 40.625rem){.css-1cjybzt{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:calc(var(--mobile-sticky-header-height, 0px) + var(--sticky-secondary-header-height, 0px));padding-bottom:0.9375rem;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-1cjybzt{min-height:121px;}}@media(min-width: 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61.25rem){.css-150rlm8{padding:1.25rem 0 0;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-150rlm8{padding:1.25rem 0 0;}}@media(min-width: 73.75rem){.css-150rlm8{padding:1.25rem 0 0;}}@media(min-width: 75rem){.css-150rlm8{padding:1.25rem 0 0;}}@media(min-width: 90rem){.css-150rlm8{padding:1.25rem 0 0;}}.css-zxq36b{display:inline;}.css-zxq36b+li:before{padding:0.25rem;content:">";}.css-11l83ud{-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;}.css-11l83ud:hover{color:#000000;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;}.css-93j5lg{-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s 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73.75rem){.css-1sffik3{font-size:2.75rem;line-height:1.1;}}.css-zndjyc{margin-bottom:0.625rem;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-roboto,Gilroy-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-weight:600;color:#525252;text-align:left;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-zndjyc{font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.2;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-zndjyc{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.2;}}.css-zndjyc a{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:inherit;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;word-break:break-word;}.css-zndjyc a:hover{color:#A00000;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}.css-xst9cf{grid-column:1/4;width:100%;margin-bottom:0.625rem;padding-right:0.3125rem;color:#262626;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-weight800-roboto,Gilroy-weight800-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-weight:800;}.css-xst9cf span{display:inline-block;line-height:1.6;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-roboto,Gilroy-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;}.css-h18ss9{font-style:normal;padding-right:0.3125rem;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-family:Ramillas,Ramillas-weightbold-roboto,Ramillas-weightbold-local,Georgia,Times,Serif;color:#262626;font-weight:bold;text-transform:capitalize;}.css-1anrfx5{padding-right:0.3125rem;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-family:Ramillas,Ramillas-weightbold-roboto,Ramillas-weightbold-local,Georgia,Times,Serif;color:#262626;font-weight:bold;text-transform:capitalize;margin-right:0.625rem;}.css-s1p5ii{background:inherit;border:inherit;display:inherit;outline:inherit;font-size:inherit;text-transform:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-family:inherit;letter-spacing:inherit;padding:0rem;}.css-s1p5ii:focus-visible{outline:unset;}.css-f8h8ya{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;cursor:pointer;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;padding:0.625rem;text-align:left;background-color:#ffffff;border:0.0625rem solid #E5E5E5;border-color:#D4D4D4;position:relative;outline:none;background:#ffffff;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.6;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-roboto,Gilroy-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;text-transform:capitalize;background:inherit;border:inherit;display:inherit;outline:inherit;font-size:inherit;text-transform:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-family:inherit;letter-spacing:inherit;padding:0rem;}.css-f8h8ya:disabled{color:#D4D4D4;border-color:#E5E5E5;cursor:default;}.css-f8h8ya:focus-visible::before{outline:0.125rem dotted #000000;}.css-f8h8ya:before{content:"";position:absolute;min-height:48px;min-width:48px;width:100%;height:100%;top:50%;left:50%;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%, -50%);-moz-transform:translate(-50%, -50%);-ms-transform:translate(-50%, -50%);transform:translate(-50%, 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#E5E5E5;border-color:#D4D4D4;position:relative;outline:none;background:#ffffff;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.6;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-roboto,Gilroy-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;text-transform:capitalize;background:inherit;border:inherit;display:inherit;outline:inherit;font-size:inherit;text-transform:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-family:inherit;letter-spacing:inherit;padding:0rem;}.css-gejzhn:hover{color:#A00000;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}.css-gejzhn:disabled{color:#D4D4D4;border-color:#E5E5E5;cursor:default;}.css-gejzhn:focus-visible::before{outline:0.125rem dotted #000000;}.css-gejzhn:before{content:"";position:absolute;min-height:48px;min-width:48px;width:100%;height:100%;top:50%;left:50%;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%, -50%);-moz-transform:translate(-50%, -50%);-ms-transform:translate(-50%, -50%);transform:translate(-50%, -50%);}.css-gejzhn:focus-visible{outline:unset;}.css-108y4ns{padding-top:0rem;padding-bottom:0rem;}@media(min-width: 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64rem){.css-wgijip{padding-left:0;}}.css-wuot6e{padding-right:0.3125rem;color:#525252;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-weight800-roboto,Gilroy-weight800-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-weight:800;}.css-4oaay7{position:relative;padding-left:0rem;padding-right:0rem;font-size:1.1875rem;line-height:1.6;font-family:Charter,Charter-roboto,Charter-local,Georgia,Times,Serif;}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-4oaay7{padding-left:3.5rem;padding-right:3.5rem;}}@media(min-width: 48rem) and (max-width: 61.25rem){.css-4oaay7{max-width:45.25rem;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-4oaay7{padding-left:0rem;padding-right:0rem;}}@media(min-width: 73.75rem) and (max-width: 100rem){.css-4oaay7{padding-left:0rem;padding-right:0rem;}}@media(min-width: 90rem){.css-4oaay7{padding-left:0rem;padding-right:0rem;}}.css-4oaay7:after{clear:both;content:" ";display:block;font-size:0.7rem;line-height:1.5rem;height:0rem;visibility:hidden;}.css-4oaay7 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data-theme-key="base-link" itemprop="item" href="/scholars-educators/a43249494/who-discovered-pi-archimedes-of-syracuse" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Breadcrumbs" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Meet Archimedes of Syracuse: The Mathematician Who Discovered Pi and Designed War Machines" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a43249494/who-discovered-pi-archimedes-of-syracuse" class="e3morl60 css-93j5lg e1c1bym14"><span itemprop="name">Meet Archimedes of Syracuse: The Mathematician Who Discovered Pi and Designed War Machines</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="3"/></li></ol></nav><h1 class="css-1sffik3 e1f1sunr8"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span>Meet Archimedes of Syracuse: The Mathematician Who Discovered Pi and Designed War Machines<span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h1><div class="css-zndjyc e1f1sunr6"><p>The Greek’s calculation of the infinite mathematical concept pi in the 200s BCE is celebrated every year on March 14, or Pi Day. </p></div><div class="css-xst9cf e1f1sunr5"><address class="css-h18ss9 e1v8cotw2"><span data-theme-key="by-line-name" class="css-1anrfx5 e1v8cotw1">By <a data-theme-key="popover-trigger" title="Tyler Piccotti" alt href="/author/263665/tyler-piccotti" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="dialog" class="er6ohko0 e1puv02z1 css-gejzhn e1c1bym14">Tyler Piccotti</a></span><time class="css-gzal4i e1f1sunr4">Updated: Mar 13, 2024 9:36 AM EDT</time></address></div><div class="no-print css-17mvcka e1f1sunr11"><div data-journey-blur="true" class="content-header-actions css-18jz25a e1f1sunr10"></div></div></div></div></section></header><div data-journey-hide="true" class="css-k008qs et2g3wt0"><div class="standard-container content-container article-container css-1q1kaac et2g3wt3"><div class="content-lead css-1f8o566 et2g3wt5"><div data-journey-blur="true" class="content-lead-image css-sm2oir e17huqc62"><div class="css-96439d e17huqc61"><picture class="css-1oxikel e1i0vlu30"><source srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/archimedes-greek-scholarly-engraving-b-n-f-colourized-photo-news-photo-1678293949.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.933xh;0,0.0342xh&resize=1200:*" media="(min-width: 73.75rem)"/><source srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/archimedes-greek-scholarly-engraving-b-n-f-colourized-photo-news-photo-1678293949.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.933xh;0,0.0342xh&resize=1024:*" media="(min-width: 64rem)"/><source srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/archimedes-greek-scholarly-engraving-b-n-f-colourized-photo-news-photo-1678293949.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.747xh;0,0.0811xh&resize=980:*" media="(min-width: 48rem)"/><source srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/archimedes-greek-scholarly-engraving-b-n-f-colourized-photo-news-photo-1678293949.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.747xh;0,0.0811xh&resize=640:*" media="(max-width: 48rem)"/><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/archimedes-greek-scholarly-engraving-b-n-f-colourized-photo-news-photo-1678293949.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.747xh;0,0.0811xh&resize=640:*" alt="engraving of mathematician and engineer archimedes sitting at desk" title="Archimedes is credited with calculating pi" width="2680" height="3597" decoding="async" fetchPriority="high" sizes="100vw"/></picture></div><section data-lazy-id="P0-7"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption-lead-image" class="css-wgijip e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-wuot6e e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></section></div></div><div data-journey-body="standard-article" class="article-body-content article-body standard-body-content css-4oaay7 et2g3wt6"><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="0" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">It’s the most wonderful time of the year—for mathematicians, anyway.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="1" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Pi Day is Thursday, March 14. The relatively new holiday is a celebration of the mathematical calculation pi, or the infinite number representing the constant ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter. Pi is essential to engineering and modern construction.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="2" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Although many sought to find it, the calculation of pi, which is also expressed by the fraction 22/7, is commonly credited to Greek mathematician Archimedes of Syracuse more than 2,200 years ago.</p><section data-embed="watch-next" data-lazy-id="P0-8" data-node-id="3" class="embed"></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="4" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"><a href="https://www.history.com/news/where-did-pi-day-come-from" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.history.com/news/where-did-pi-day-come-from" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="According to History.com" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">According to History.com</a>, physicist Larry Shaw founded Pi Day day in 1988, selecting March 14 because the numeric date represents the first three digits of pi (3.14). It also happens to be <a href="https://www.biography.com/scientists/albert-einstein" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scientists/albert-einstein" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Albert Einstein" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Albert Einstein</a>’s birthday.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="5" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">The first Pi Day took place at the Exploratorium, a San Francisco–based science museum, and featured a circular parade and fruit pies. The latter has become a delicious tradition among academic and office settings. In 2009, the U.S. House of Representatives <a href="https://www.history.com/news/where-did-pi-day-come-from" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.history.com/news/where-did-pi-day-come-from" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="passed a resolution" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">passed a resolution</a> recognizing March 14 as National Pi Day.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="6" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"><a href="https://www.exploratorium.edu/pi/history-of-pi" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.exploratorium.edu/pi/history-of-pi" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="According to the Exploratorium" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">According to the Exploratorium</a>, mathematicians began using π, the Greek letter pi, for the calculation’s symbol in the 1700s, starting with William Jones in 1706. <a href="https://www.biography.com/scientist/leonhard-euler" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scientist/leonhard-euler" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Leonhard Euler" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Leonhard Euler</a> subsequently popularized the symbol.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="7" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">As for Archimedes, you might be surprised to learn that pi was just one of his many important discoveries and inventions.</p><h2 data-node-id="8" class="body-h2 css-1aenskv emevuu60">Who Was Archimedes?</h2><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-9" data-node-id="9" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-center size-medium embed css-6i9ia4 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><img alt="drawing of roman soldier confronting mathematician archimedes" title="Roman soldier killing greek mathematician Archimedes" loading="lazy" width="1881" height="1599" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/roman-soldier-killing-greek-mathematician-royalty-free-illustration-1678294759.jpg?crop=0.956xw:0.750xh;0.0238xw,0.150xh&resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/roman-soldier-killing-greek-mathematician-royalty-free-illustration-1678294759.jpg?crop=0.956xw:0.750xh;0.0238xw,0.150xh&resize=768:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/roman-soldier-killing-greek-mathematician-royalty-free-illustration-1678294759.jpg?crop=0.956xw:0.750xh;0.0238xw,0.150xh&resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/roman-soldier-killing-greek-mathematician-royalty-free-illustration-1678294759.jpg?crop=0.956xw:0.750xh;0.0238xw,0.150xh&resize=980:*" class="css-0 e193vzwj0"/><div class="css-swqnqv e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-wuot6e e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption><div data-element="caption" class="css-epdiso e1fodxfw1">In this drawing, Archimedes is confronted by a Roman soldier during the takeover of Syracuse.</div></div></div></div></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="10" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"><a href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/archimedes/lrk_biography.html" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/archimedes/lrk_biography.html" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="According to NOVA" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">According to <em>NOVA</em></a>, Archimedes was born in Syracuse—on the Mediterranean island of Sicily, not upstate New York—around 287 BCE. <a href="https://www.math.tamu.edu/~don.allen/history/archimed/archimed.html" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.math.tamu.edu/~don.allen/history/archimed/archimed.html" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="He was" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">He was</a> the son of astronomer Phidias and a close ally of Syracuse’s King Hieron and his son, whom he served many years.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="11" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Archimedes <a href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/archimedes/lrk_biography.html" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/archimedes/lrk_biography.html" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="traveled to Egypt" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">traveled to Egypt</a> to study at the Library of Alexandria at age 18 and, upon completing his work, returned to Syracuse around 263 BCE for the remainder of his life.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="12" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Over roughly the next 50 years, Archimedes developed most of his major theories. These included the fundamental principles of mechanics; methods for finding the center of gravity, surface area, and volume of geometric figures; the principle of buoyancy; and, of course, an estimate for the value of pi.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="13" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Archimedes was obsessed with math, often getting lost in his work and forgetting to eat. Legend has it he discovered his principle of buoyancy while taking a bath. Excited, he leapt out of the tub and ran naked through the streets of Syracuse shouting, “Eureka!” </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="14" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"><a href="https://www.math.tamu.edu/~don.allen/history/archimed/archimed.html" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.math.tamu.edu/~don.allen/history/archimed/archimed.html" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="By one account" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">By one account</a>, Greek philosopher Plutarch reported that Archimedes died while solving a math problem. In 212 BCE, during the Second Punic War, a Roman solider asked Archimedes to accompany him amid a siege of Syracuse. Archimedes refused, and the angry soldier stabbed him with a sword. </p><section data-embed="editorial-link" data-lazy-id="P0-10" data-node-id="15" class="embed"><aside class="css-1bcp5is e94w1mj9"><h6 class="css-1o43tej e94w1mj7"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">More Famous Mathematicians</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h6><ul class="css-c4s2gi e94w1mj8"><li class="css-1mti1bk e94w1mj6"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/scientists/a87812366/galileo" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Galileo" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Editorial Links" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scientists/a87812366/galileo" class="css-1bn7a5e e1c1bym14"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-78951480.jpg?crop=1xw:0.5xh;center,top&resize=300:*" alt="Galileo" title="Galileo" width="120" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-1l0uuk1 e94w1mj4"/><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">Galileo</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></a></li><li class="css-1mti1bk e94w1mj6"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/scholars-educators/a41011726/ada-lovelace" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Ada Lovelace" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Editorial Links" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/a41011726/ada-lovelace" class="css-1bn7a5e e1c1bym14"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-3066352.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.503xh;0,0.165xh&resize=300:*" alt="ada lovelace" title="Ada Lovelace" width="120" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-1l0uuk1 e94w1mj4"/><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">Ada Lovelace</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></a></li><li class="css-1mti1bk e94w1mj6"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/scientists/a11774921/dorothy-johnson-vaughan" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Dorothy Johnson Vaughan" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Editorial Links" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scientists/a11774921/dorothy-johnson-vaughan" class="css-1bn7a5e e1c1bym14"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/female-nasa-employees-hired-to-perform-mathematics-news-photo-1678738474.jpg?crop=0.473xw:0.296xh;0,0.399xh&resize=300:*" alt="nasa human computers dorothy vaughan, leslie hunter, and vivian adair in 1950" title="NASA Human Computers Dorothy Vaughan, Leslie Hunter, and Vivian Adair in 1950" width="120" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-1l0uuk1 e94w1mj4"/><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">Dorothy Johnson Vaughan</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></a></li></ul></aside></section><h2 data-node-id="16" class="body-h2 css-1aenskv emevuu60">What Else Did Archimedes Do?</h2><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="17" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Archimedes is often <a href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/archimedes/lrk_biography.html" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/archimedes/lrk_biography.html" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="credited with inventing" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">credited with inventing</a> the Archimedes’ screw, a device for raising water, while in Egypt. The large helix is encased lengthwise in a watertight covering with openings at both ends. When one end is placed in water and the device is elevated at an angle and turned, water trapped in air pockets rises from the lower end through the open upper end.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="18" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Back then, it was used to pump water out of ships and for irrigation. But the design is still used today. <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/lift-water-with-an-archimedes-screw/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/lift-water-with-an-archimedes-screw/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="According to Scientific American" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">According to <em>Scientific American</em></a>, modern examples include lifting wastewater in treatment plants and even lifting water for some amusement park rides.<br/></p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="19" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Archimedes also created a means for approximating square roots and devised ways of calculating area and volume two millennia before the invention of calculus.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="20" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">When the Romans invaded Syracuse, Archimedes’ “engines of war” helped defend the city. <a href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/archimedes/lrk_biography.html" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/archimedes/lrk_biography.html" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="These devices included" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">These devices included</a> cranes to drop rocks, claws to lift ships from the water, and machines to fire wooden missiles. He also devised a set of mirrors that focused sunlight on enemy ships, setting them on fire.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="21" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Finally, <a href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/archimedes/lrk_biography.html" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/archimedes/lrk_biography.html" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Archimedes proved" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Archimedes proved</a> the volume of a sphere is two-thirds the volume of a circumscribed cylinder. He considered this his greatest accomplishment and asked that a representation of a sphere inside a cylinder be left on his tomb. He is likely buried in Sicily.</p><h2 data-node-id="22" class="body-h2 css-1aenskv emevuu60">Tracing Archimedes’ Legacy</h2><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="23" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"><a href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/archimedes/lrk_biography.html" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/archimedes/lrk_biography.html" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="According to NOVA" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">According to <em>NOVA</em></a>, scribes copied Archimedes’ writings onto parchment in 300 AD. His manuscript explaining how he developed his mathematical theorems was copied and bound onto vellum sheets around 1000. Archimedes’ treatise <em><a href="http://www.ams.org/publicoutreach/feature-column/fc-2012-02" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="http://www.ams.org/publicoutreach/feature-column/fc-2012-02" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Measurement of a Circle" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Measurement of a Circle</a>—</em>which helped spread his process for calculating pi around the world, <a href="http://www.ams.org/publicoutreach/feature-column/fc-2012-02" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="http://www.ams.org/publicoutreach/feature-column/fc-2012-02" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="according to the American Mathematical Society" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">according to the American Mathematical Society</a>—was part of this manuscript.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="24" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Around 200 years later, a monk reused the manuscript to make a prayer book. Finished in 1229 and likely made in Jerusalem, this manuscript became known as the Archimedes Palimpsest. It is the only surviving copy of Archimedes’ manuscript and contains several of his treatises.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="25" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">For about 400 years, the Palimpsest was stored in a monastery in the Judean desert before being moved to a library in Old Jerusalem. German scholar Constantine Tischendorf discovered it in Constantinople in 1846, and Danish scholar Johan Ludwig attempted to transcribe it in 1906 using a magnifying glass.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="26" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Shockingly, the Palimpsest <a href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/archimedes/lrk_biography.html" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/archimedes/lrk_biography.html" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="disappeared" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">disappeared</a> for much of the 20<sup>th</sup> century. It resurfaced in a damaged state in Paris in 1998 and <a href="http://archimedespalimpsest.org/about/history/index.php" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="http://archimedespalimpsest.org/about/history/index.php" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="was sold" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">was sold</a> at auction for $2 million to an anonymous American collector. The buyer then donated the book to the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore in 1999. It <a href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/arts/bs-ae-archimedes-palimpsest-20111014-story.html" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/arts/bs-ae-archimedes-palimpsest-20111014-story.html" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="was featured there" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">was featured there</a> in a 2011 exhibit titled “Lost & Found: The Secrets of Archimedes.”</p><div data-journey-blur="partial" data-ad-exclude="true" class="css-19m4yzp e1jy25xv0"><div class="css-sfzxfp ev8dhu59"><span class="css-3mrz81 ev8dhu51"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/rover/profile_photos/8ebb24a5-6121-4849-a984-bf608cacdd3c_1729282614.file?fill=1:1&resize=120:*" alt="Headshot of Tyler Piccotti" title="Headshot of Tyler Piccotti" width="100%" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-o0wq4v ev8dhu53"/></span><div class="css-gorqpr ev8dhu58"><span class="css-0 ev8dhu56"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/author/263665/tyler-piccotti" class="e1c1bym13 css-1u4yww4 e1c1bym14"><span>Tyler Piccotti</span></a></span><div class="css-anqsjp ev8dhu57">News and Culture Editor, Biography.com</div></div><div class="css-1dsojn8 ev8dhu55"><div class="css-4gdkqa ev8dhu54"><p>Tyler Piccotti joined the <em>Biography.com</em> staff as an Associate News Editor and is now the News and Culture Editor. 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The large helix is encased lengthwise in a watertight covering with openings at both ends. When one end is placed in water and the device is elevated at an angle and turned, water trapped in air pockets rises from the lower end through the open upper end.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Back then, it was used to pump water out of ships and for irrigation. But the design is still used today. 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