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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Componente" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Componente"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Componente</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Componente-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structura_balanței_de_plăți" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structura_balanței_de_plăți"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Structura balanței de plăți</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structura_balanței_de_plăți-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mecanisme_ale_balanței" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mecanisme_ale_balanței"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mecanisme ale balanței</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mecanisme_ale_balanței-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referințe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referințe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referințe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referințe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Balanța de plăți</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 52 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ميزان المدفوعات – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميزان المدفوعات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanza_de_pagos" title="Balanza de pagos – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Balanza de pagos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99diy%C9%99_balans%C4%B1" title="Tədiyə balansı – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tədiyə balansı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Платежен баланс – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Платежен баланс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="বিনিময় ভারসাম্য – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিনিময় ভারসাম্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balan%C3%A7a_de_pagaments" title="Balança de pagaments – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Balança de pagaments" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%B5%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="باڵانسی پارەدان – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="باڵانسی پارەدان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platebn%C3%AD_bilance" title="Platební bilance – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Platební bilance" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betalingsbalance" title="Betalingsbalance – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Betalingsbalance" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahlungsbilanz" title="Zahlungsbilanz – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zahlungsbilanz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%B6%CF%8D%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Ισοζύγιο πληρωμών – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισοζύγιο πληρωμών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_payments" title="Balance of payments – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Balance of payments" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagopesilo" title="Pagopesilo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pagopesilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanza_de_pagos" title="Balanza de pagos – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Balanza de pagos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksebilanss" title="Maksebilanss – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maksebilanss" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordainketa-balantza" title="Ordainketa-balantza – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ordainketa-balantza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="تراز پرداخت‌ها – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تراز پرداخت‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksutase" title="Maksutase – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maksutase" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_des_paiements" title="Balance des paiements – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Balance des paiements" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comhard%C3%BA_na_n-%C3%ADoca%C3%ADochta%C3%AD" title="Comhardú na n-íocaíochtaí – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Comhardú na n-íocaíochtaí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanza_de_pagamentos" title="Balanza de pagamentos – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Balanza de pagamentos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%96%D7%9F_%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מאזן תשלומים – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאזן תשלומים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7" title="भुगतान शेष – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भुगतान शेष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilanca_pla%C4%87anja" title="Bilanca plaćanja – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bilanca plaćanja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizet%C3%A9si_m%C3%A9rleg" title="Fizetési mérleg – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fizetési mérleg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%B7%D5%AB%D5%BC" title="Վճարային հաշվեկշիռ – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վճարային հաշվեկշիռ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neraca_pembayaran" title="Neraca pembayaran – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Neraca pembayaran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilancia_dei_pagamenti" title="Bilancia dei pagamenti – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bilancia dei pagamenti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E5%8F%8E%E6%94%AF%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88" title="国際収支統計 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国際収支統計" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="საგადამხდელო ბალანსი – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საგადამხდელო ბალანსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Төлеу балансы – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Төлеу балансы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%EC%88%98%EC%A7%80" title="국제수지 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국제수지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B3%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0" title="ດຸນການຊຳລະ – laoțiană" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ດຸນການຊຳລະ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9C%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Биланс на плаќања – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Биланс на плаќања" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="അടവുശിഷ്ടം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അടവുശിഷ്ടം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbangan_pembayaran" title="Imbangan pembayaran – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Imbangan pembayaran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betalingsbalans" title="Betalingsbalans – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Betalingsbalans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betalingsbalanse" title="Betalingsbalanse – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Betalingsbalanse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilans_p%C5%82atniczy" title="Bilans płatniczy – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bilans płatniczy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balan%C3%A7a_de_pagamentos" title="Balança de pagamentos – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Balança de pagamentos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%91%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Платёжный баланс – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Платёжный баланс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%B1%D2%AF%D1%80_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Төлөбүр баланса – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Төлөбүр баланса" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platobn%C3%A1_bilancia" title="Platobná bilancia – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Platobná bilancia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Платни биланс – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Платни биланс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betalningsbalans" title="Betalningsbalans – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Betalningsbalans" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="வரவுச்செலவு சமநிலை – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வரவுச்செலவு சமநிலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96demeler_dengesi" title="Ödemeler dengesi – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ödemeler dengesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Платіжний баланс – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Платіжний баланс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%BA_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86" title="ادائیگیوں کا توازن – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ادائیگیوں کا توازن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1n_c%C3%A2n_thanh_to%C3%A1n" title="Cán cân thanh toán – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cán cân thanh toán" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%94%B6%E6%94%AF" title="国际收支 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="国际收支" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%94%B6%E6%94%AF" title="国际收支 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="国际收支" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q140845#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Balan%C8%9Ba_de_pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie:Balan%C8%9Ba_de_pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi" rel="discussion" title="Discuții despre această pagină [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuție</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">română</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vizualizări"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Balan%C8%9Ba_de_pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balan%C8%9Ba_de_pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balan%C8%9Ba_de_pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balan%C8%9Ba_de_pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi&action=history" title="Versiunile anterioare ale paginii și autorii lor. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Unelte" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Unelte</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Balan%C8%9Ba_de_pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balan%C8%9Ba_de_pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balan%C8%9Ba_de_pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balan%C8%9Ba_de_pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi&action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Balan%C8%9Ba_de_pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Balan%C8%9Ba_de_pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fi%C8%99ier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Pagini_speciale" title="Lista tuturor paginilor speciale [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagini speciale</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balan%C8%9Ba_de_pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi&oldid=16220372" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balan%C8%9Ba_de_pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Balan%C8%9Ba_de_pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi&id=16220372&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBalan%25C8%259Ba_de_pl%25C4%2583%25C8%259Bi"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBalan%25C8%259Ba_de_pl%25C4%2583%25C8%259Bi"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Balan%C8%9Ba+de+pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Balan%C8%9Ba_de_pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balan%C8%9Ba_de_pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Balance_of_payments" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q140845" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><p><b>Balanța de plăți externe</b> (deseori prescurtată până la <b>balanță de plăți</b>) este un sistem de <a href="/wiki/Contabilitate" title="Contabilitate">conturi</a> care cuprinde sinteza tranzacțiilor economice și financiare ale unei <a href="/wiki/Economie" title="Economie">economii</a> (de regulă, a unei țări) cu restul lumii, pe o anumită perioadă (de regulă, un an). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Componente">Componente</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balan%C8%9Ba_de_pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Componente" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balan%C8%9Ba_de_pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Componente"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cont_curent" title="Cont curent">Contul curent</a> indică valoarea netă a venitului unei țări dacă este în excedent sau dacă este în deficit, dacă este în exces. Este suma balanței comerciale (câștigurile nete asupra exporturilor minus plățile pentru import), veniturile din factori (câștigurile din investițiile străine minus plățile efectuate investitorilor străini) și transferurile unilaterale. Aceste elemente includ transferuri de bunuri și servicii sau active financiare între țara de origine și restul lumii. <b>Plățile de transfer</b> privat se referă la cadouri făcute de către persoane fizice și instituții neguvernamentale străinilor. <b>Transferurile guvernamentale</b> se referă la cadouri sau granturi acordate de un guvern rezidenților străini sau guvernelor străine. Când veniturile din investiții și transferurile unilaterale sunt combinate cu soldul bunurilor și serviciilor, ajungem la soldul <b>contului curent</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Se numește contul <i>curent</i> deoarece acoperă tranzacțiile din "aici și acum" - cele care nu dau naștere unor pretenții viitoare.<sup id="cite_ref-Copeland_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copeland-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structura_balanței_de_plăți"><span id="Structura_balan.C8.9Bei_de_pl.C4.83.C8.9Bi"></span>Structura balanței de plăți</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balan%C8%9Ba_de_pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Structura balanței de plăți" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balan%C8%9Ba_de_pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Structura balanței de plăți"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conform definiției propuse de către <a href="/wiki/Fondul_Monetar_Interna%C8%9Bional" title="Fondul Monetar Internațional">Fondul Monetar Internațional</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, balanța de plăți cuprinde „<a href="/wiki/Cont_curent" title="Cont curent">Contul curent</a>” și „Contul de capital și financiar”, cel din urmă uneori fiind reprezentat ca două conturi diferite, respectiv „Contul de capital” și „Contul financiar”. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mecanisme_ale_balanței"><span id="Mecanisme_ale_balan.C8.9Bei"></span>Mecanisme ale balanței</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balan%C8%9Ba_de_pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Mecanisme ale balanței" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balan%C8%9Ba_de_pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Mecanisme ale balanței"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Una dintre cele trei funcții fundamentale ale unui sistem monetar internațional este de a oferi mecanisme de corectare a dezechilibrelor.<sup id="cite_ref-inside_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inside-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În general, există trei metode posibile de corectare a dezechilibrelor balanței de plăți. Aceste metode sunt ajustări ale cursurilor de schimb; ajustarea prețurilor interne ale unei națiuni împreună cu nivelul de cerere al acesteia; și ajustarea bazată pe reguli.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Îmbunătățirea productivității și, prin urmare, a competitivității pot contribui, de asemenea, la creșterea dorinței exporturilor prin alte mijloace, deși se presupune că o țară încearcă mereu să-și dezvolte și să vândă produsele în cele mai bune condiții. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balan%C8%9Ba_de_pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balan%C8%9Ba_de_pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bnr.ro/Balanta-de-plati-3173.aspx">BNR, Balanța de plăți a României</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005014929/http://www.bnr.ro/Balanta-de-plati-3173.aspx">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2013-10-05">5 octombrie 2013</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bnm.md/md/balance_of_payments">BNM, Balanța de plăți a Republicii Moldova</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004233318/http://bnm.md/md/balance_of_payments">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2013-10-04">4 octombrie 2013</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referințe"><span id="Referin.C8.9Be"></span>Referințe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balan%C8%9Ba_de_pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Referințe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balan%C8%9Ba_de_pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Referințe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Carbaugh, Robert J. <i>International Economics</i>. p. 347.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Economics&rft.pages=347&rft.aulast=Carbaugh&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABalan%C8%9Ba+de+pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Copeland-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Copeland_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">adam antiam. <i>Exchange Rates and International Finance</i> (ed. 4th). Prentice Hall. pp. 10–35. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-273-68306-3" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-273-68306-3">0-273-68306-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exchange+Rates+and+International+Finance&rft.pages=10-35&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.isbn=0-273-68306-3&rft.au=adam+antiam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABalan%C8%9Ba+de+pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/bop/BOPman.pdf">Balance of Payments Manual, fifth edition – International Monetary Fund</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inside-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inside_4-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Roberts, Richard (<time datetime="1999">1999</time>). <i>Inside International Finance</i>. Orion. pp. 1–27. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-7528-2070-2" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-7528-2070-2">0-7528-2070-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+International+Finance&rft.pages=1-27&rft.pub=Orion&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7528-2070-2&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ABalan%C8%9Ba+de+pl%C4%83%C8%9Bi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Scores of other text books old and new also give this definition, see for example <i>International monetary relations: theory, history, and policy</i> (1976), p. 611 by Leland B. Yeager. The other two basic functions are to provide liquidity and to impart confidence. While during the Washington Consensus period fewer emphasis was placed on the need for balance, in the main a requirement for correction was still accepted, though many argued that governments should leave such correction to the markets.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Following the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, rules based adjustment is mostly theoretical.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><br /> </p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Comer%C8%9B_interna%C8%9Bional" title="Format:Comerț internațional"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Comer%C8%9B_interna%C8%9Bional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Comerț internațional — pagină inexistentă"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Comer%C8%9B_interna%C8%9Bional&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="/wiki/Comer%C8%9B_interna%C8%9Bional" title="Comerț internațional">Comerț internațional</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Terminologie </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolute_advantage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Absolute advantage — pagină inexistentă">Absolute advantage</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Acord_comercial" title="Acord comercial">Acord comercial</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Balanța de plăți</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balance_of_trade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balance of trade — pagină inexistentă">Balance of trade</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_account&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital account — pagină inexistentă">Capital account</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparative_advantage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comparative advantage — pagină inexistentă">Comparative advantage</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Cont_curent" title="Cont curent">Cont curent</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Export-oriented_industrialization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Export-oriented industrialization — pagină inexistentă">Export-oriented industrialization</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_trade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fair trade — pagină inexistentă">Fair trade</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_exchange_reserves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign exchange reserves — pagină inexistentă">Foreign exchange reserves</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Globalizare" title="Globalizare">Globalizare</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Import_substitution_industrialization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Import substitution industrialization — pagină inexistentă">Import substitution industrialization</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Net_capital_outflow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Net capital outflow — pagină inexistentă">Net capital outflow</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Outsourcing">Outsourcing</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_justice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade justice — pagină inexistentă">Trade justice</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trading_nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trading nation — pagină inexistentă">Trading nation</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="9"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:SingaporePort1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The NYK Andromeda berthed in the Port of Singapore, 2005" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/SingaporePort1.JPG/150px-SingaporePort1.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/SingaporePort1.JPG/225px-SingaporePort1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/SingaporePort1.JPG/300px-SingaporePort1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Oragnizații și politici </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Fondul_Monetar_Interna%C8%9Bional" title="Fondul Monetar Internațional">Fondul Monetar Internațional</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Bank Group — pagină inexistentă">World Bank Group</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization (WTO)</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Trade_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Trade Centre — pagină inexistentă">International Trade Centre</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_integration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic integration — pagină inexistentă">Economic integration</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_trade_zone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free trade zone — pagină inexistentă">Free trade zone</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_barrier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade barrier — pagină inexistentă">Trade barrier</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_bloc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade bloc — pagină inexistentă">Trade bloc</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_pact&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade pact — pagină inexistentă">Trade pact</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Școli de gândire </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_nationalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic nationalism — pagină inexistentă">Economic nationalism</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_trade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free trade — pagină inexistentă">Free trade</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Protec%C8%9Bionism" title="Protecționism">Protecționism</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniunii_vamale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uniunii vamale — pagină inexistentă">Uniunii vamale</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_Customs_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arab Customs Union — pagină inexistentă">ACU</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_American_Integration_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central American Integration System — pagină inexistentă">CACM</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_Community_of_Nations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andean Community of Nations — pagină inexistentă">CAN</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caribbean_Community&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caribbean Community — pagină inexistentă">CARICOM</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_Community_of_Central_African_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic Community of Central African States — pagină inexistentă">CEMAC</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Customs_Union_of_Belarus,_Kazakhstan_and_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia — pagină inexistentă">CUBKR</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_Community&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East African Community — pagină inexistentă">EAC</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Comunitatea_Economic%C4%83_Euroasiatic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Comunitatea Economică Euroasiatică">EurAsEC</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Union_Customs_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Union Customs Union — pagină inexistentă">EU</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf — pagină inexistentă">GCC</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Uniunea_Vamal%C4%83_a_Africii_de_Sud" title="Uniunea Vamală a Africii de Sud">UVAS</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West African Economic and Monetary Union — pagină inexistentă">WAEMU</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zon%C4%83_de_liber_schimb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zonă de liber schimb — pagină inexistentă">Zonă de liber schimb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Asocia%C8%9Bia_European%C4%83_a_Liberului_Schimb" title="Asociația Europeană a Liberului Schimb">AELS</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Acordul_Nord-American_de_Comer%C8%9B_Liber" title="Acordul Nord-American de Comerț Liber">NAFTA</a></div> 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style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Economie_(caset%C4%83_navigare)&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. 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href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_publica%C8%9Biilor_importante_din_domeniul_economiei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista publicațiilor importante din domeniul economiei — pagină inexistentă">Publicații</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Microeconomie" title="Microeconomie">Microeconomie</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Problema_cererii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Problema cererii — pagină inexistentă">Problema cererii</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Bugetul_stabilit" title="Bugetul stabilit">Bugetul stabilit</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Teoria_consumatorului" title="Teoria consumatorului">Teoria consumatorului</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Convexitatea_%C3%AEn_economie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Convexitatea în economie — pagină inexistentă">Convexitate</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Costul_economic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Costul economic — pagină inexistentă">Cost</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cost_mediu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cost mediu — pagină inexistentă">mediu</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Cost_marginal" title="Cost marginal">marginal</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Cost_de_oportunitate" title="Cost de oportunitate">de oportunitate</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cost_social&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cost social — pagină inexistentă">social</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Costuri_nerecuperabile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Costuri nerecuperabile — pagină inexistentă">nerecuperabile</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Cost_de_tranzac%C8%9Bie" title="Cost de tranzacție">de tranzacție</a>)  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analiza_cost-beneficiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analiza cost-beneficiu — pagină inexistentă">Analiza cost-beneficiu</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierderea_nerecuperabil%C4%83_a_eficien%C8%9Bei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierderea nerecuperabilă a eficienței — pagină inexistentă">Pierderea nerecuperabilă a eficienței</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Distribu%C8%9Bie_(economie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distribuție (economie) — pagină inexistentă">Distribuție</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Economie_de_scar%C4%83" title="Economie de scară">Economie de scară</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economie_de_anvergur%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economie de anvergură — pagină inexistentă">Economie de anvergură</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Elasticitate_(economie)" title="Elasticitate (economie)">Elasticitate</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Echilibru_economic" title="Echilibru economic">Echilibrul</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoria_echilibrului_general&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoria echilibrului general — pagină inexistentă">General</a>)  •  <a href="/wiki/Externalitate" title="Externalitate">Externalitate</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoria_firmei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoria firmei — pagină inexistentă">Firme</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Curba_de_indiferen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Curba de indiferență">Curba de indiferență</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Dob%C3%A2nd%C4%83" title="Dobândă">Dobândă</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alegerea_intertemporal%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alegerea intertemporală — pagină inexistentă">Alegerea intertemporală</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Pia%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Piață">Piață</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=E%C8%99ecul_pie%C8%9Bei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eșecul pieței — pagină inexistentă">Eșecul pieței</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Formele_pie%C8%9Bei" title="Formele pieței">Formele pieței</a>)  •  <a href="/wiki/Concuren%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Concurență">Concurență</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Competi%C8%9Bie_monopolistic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Competiție monopolistică — pagină inexistentă">Monopolistică</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Concuren%C8%9B%C4%83_perfect%C4%83" title="Concurență perfectă">Perfectă</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monopol" title="Monopol">Monopol</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Monopol_bilateral" title="Monopol bilateral">Bilateral</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Monopson" title="Monopson">Monopson</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Oligopol" title="Oligopol">Oligopol</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Oligopson" title="Oligopson">Oligopson</a>))  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Non%E2%80%90convexitate_(economie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non‐convexitate (economie) — pagină inexistentă">Non‐convexitate</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Optimalitate_Pareto" title="Optimalitate Pareto">Optimalitate Pareto</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Preferin%C8%9B%C4%83_(economie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preferință (economie) — pagină 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href="/w/index.php?title=Deficit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deficit — pagină inexistentă">Deficit</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Excedent_economic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Excedent economic — pagină inexistentă">Surplus</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Teoria_alegerii_sociale" title="Teoria alegerii sociale">Alegerea socială</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Cerere_%C8%99i_ofert%C4%83" title="Cerere și ofertă">Cerere și ofertă</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Comer%C8%9B" title="Comerț">Comerț</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Incertitudine" title="Incertitudine">Incertitudine</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Utilitate" title="Utilitate">Utilitate</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoria_utilit%C4%83%C8%9Bii_a%C8%99teptate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoria utilității așteptate — pagină inexistentă">așteptată</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Utilitate_marginal%C4%83" title="Utilitate marginală">marginală</a>)  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valoare_(economie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valoare (economie) — pagină inexistentă">Valoare</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Salariu" class="mw-redirect" title="Salariu">Salariu</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_publica%C8%9Biilor_importante_din_domeniul_%C8%99tiin%C8%9Belor_economice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista publicațiilor importante din domeniul științelor economice — pagină inexistentă">Publicații</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomie" title="Macroeconomie">Macroeconomie</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cererea_agregat%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cererea agregată — pagină inexistentă">Cererea agregată</a>  •  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Balanța de plăți</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Ciclu_economic" title="Ciclu economic">Ciclu economic</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilizarea_capacit%C4%83%C8%9Bii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Utilizarea capacității — pagină inexistentă">Utilizarea capacității</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rularea_capitalului&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rularea capitalului — pagină inexistentă">Rularea capitalului</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Banc%C4%83_central%C4%83" title="Bancă centrală">Bancă centrală</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Encrederea_consumatorilor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Încrederea consumatorilor — pagină inexistentă">Încrederea consumatorilor</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Valut%C4%83" title="Valută">Valută</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Defla%C8%9Bie" title="Deflație">Deflație</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cererea_de_bani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cererea de bani — pagină inexistentă">Cererea de bani</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/%C8%98ocul_cererii" title="Șocul cererii">Șocul cererii</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Criza_economic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Criza economică">Criză</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marea_criz%C4%83_economic%C4%83" title="Marea criză economică">Marea Criză</a>)  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Echilibrul_dinamic_stocastic_general&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Echilibrul dinamic stocastic general — pagină inexistentă">DSGE</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerere_efectiv%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerere efectivă — pagină inexistentă">Cerere efectivă</a>  •  Așteptări (<a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C8%99tept%C4%83ri_adaptive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Așteptări adaptive — pagină inexistentă">adaptive</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/A%C8%99tept%C4%83ri_ra%C8%9Bionale" title="Așteptări raționale">raționale</a>)  •  <a href="/wiki/Politica_fiscal%C4%83" title="Politica fiscală">Politica fiscală</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Teoria_general%C4%83_a_ocup%C4%83rii_for%C8%9Bei_de_munc%C4%83,_a_dob%C3%A2nzii_%C8%99i_a_banilor" title="Teoria generală a ocupării forței de muncă, a dobânzii și a banilor"><i>Teoria generală</i> a lui Keynes</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Cre%C8%99tere_economic%C4%83" title="Creștere economică">Creștere</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indicator_economic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indicator economic — pagină inexistentă">Indicator</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Infla%C8%9Bie" title="Inflație">Inflație</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hiperinfla%C8%9Bie" title="Hiperinflație">Hiperinflație</a>)  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rata_dob%C3%A2nzii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rata dobânzii — pagină inexistentă">Rata dobânzii</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Investi%C8%9Bie_(macroeconomie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Investiție (macroeconomie) — pagină inexistentă">Investiție</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Modelul_IS-LM" title="Modelul IS-LM">Modelul IS-LM</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venitul_na%C8%9Bional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venitul național — pagină inexistentă">Venitul național</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Politica_monetar%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Politica monetară">Politica monetară</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Ban_(mijloc_de_plat%C4%83)" title="Ban (mijloc de plată)">Ban (mijloc de plată)</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Masa_monetar%C4%83" title="Masa monetară">Masa monetară</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=NAIRU&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NAIRU — pagină inexistentă">NAIRU</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_conturilor_na%C8%9Bionale" title="Sistemul conturilor naționale">Sistemul conturilor naționale</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Paritatea_puterii_de_cump%C4%83rare" title="Paritatea puterii de cumpărare">PPP</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Recesiune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Recesiune — pagină inexistentă">Recesiunea</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economii — pagină inexistentă">Economii</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reducerea_infla%C8%9Biei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reducerea inflației — pagină inexistentă">Reducerea inflației</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Stagfla%C8%9Bie" title="Stagflație">Stagflație</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/%C8%98ocul_aprovizion%C4%83rii" title="Șocul aprovizionării">Șocul aprovizionării</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/%C8%98omaj" title="Șomaj">Șomaj</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_publica%C8%9Biilor_importante_din_domeniul_%C8%99tiin%C8%9Belor_economice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista publicațiilor importante din domeniul științelor economice — pagină inexistentă">Publicații</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matematic%C4%83_economic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matematică economică — pagină inexistentă">Matematică economică</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cercetarea_opera%C8%9Bional%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cercetarea operațională — pagină inexistentă">Cercetarea operațională</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Econometrie" title="Econometrie">Econometrie</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoria_deciziei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoria deciziei — pagină inexistentă">Teoria deciziei</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Teoria_jocurilor" title="Teoria jocurilor">Teoria jocurilor</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mecanism_de_proiectare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mecanism de proiectare — pagină inexistentă">Mecanism de proiectare</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analiza_intr%C4%83ri-ie%C8%99iri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analiza intrări-ieșiri — pagină inexistentă">Analiza intrări-ieșiri</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matematici_financiare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matematici financiare — pagină inexistentă">Matematici financiare</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coduri_de_clasificare_JEL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coduri de clasificare JEL — pagină inexistentă">Domeniile de aplicare</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economie_agrar%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economie agrară — pagină inexistentă">Agrară</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Economia_afacerilor" title="Economia afacerilor">Afacerilor</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economie_demografic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economie demografică — pagină inexistentă">Demografică</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Economia_dezvolt%C4%83rii" title="Economia dezvoltării">Dezvoltare</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Geografia_economic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Geografia economică">Geografia economică</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_economic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria economică — pagină inexistentă">Istoria economică</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Educa%C8%9Bia_economic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educația economică — pagină inexistentă">Educația</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economia_ingineriei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economia ingineriei — pagină inexistentă">Ingineriei</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economia_Mediului&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economia Mediului — pagină inexistentă">Mediului</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Economie_financiar%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Economie financiară">Financiară</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Economia_s%C4%83n%C4%83t%C4%83%C8%9Bii" title="Economia sănătății">Sănătății</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organiza%C8%9Bie_industrial%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organizație industrială — pagină inexistentă">Organizație industrială</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economie_interna%C8%9Bional%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economie internațională — pagină inexistentă">Internațională</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economia_bazat%C4%83_pe_cunoa%C8%99tere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economia bazată pe cunoaștere — pagină inexistentă">Cunoaștere</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economia_muncii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economia muncii — pagină inexistentă">Muncii</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Drept_%C8%99i_economie" title="Drept și economie">Drept și economie</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economie_monetar%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economie monetară — pagină inexistentă">Monetară</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economia_resurselor_naturale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economia resurselor naturale — pagină inexistentă">Resurselor naturale</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Planificarea_economic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Planificarea economică">Planificarea economică</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Politic%C4%83_economic%C4%83" title="Politică economică">Politică economică</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economie_public%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economie publică — pagină inexistentă">Economie publică</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alegerea_public%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alegerea publică — pagină inexistentă">Alegerea publică</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economie_regional%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economie regională — pagină inexistentă">Regională</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economie_serviciilor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economie serviciilor — pagină inexistentă">Servicii</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be_socioeconomice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Științe socioeconomice — pagină inexistentă">Științe socioeconomice</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociologie_economic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociologie economică — pagină inexistentă">Sociologie economică</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistici_economice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statistici economice — pagină inexistentă">Statistici economice</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economia_transportului&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economia transportului — pagină inexistentă">Transport</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economie_urban%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economie urbană — pagină inexistentă">Urbană</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bun%C4%83stare_economic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bunăstare economică — pagină inexistentă">Bunăstare</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98coal%C4%83_de_g%C3%A2ndire_economic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Școală de gândire economică — pagină inexistentă">Școli</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_g%C3%A2ndirii_economice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria gândirii economice — pagină inexistentă">gândire economică</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A2ndirea_economic%C4%83_antic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gândirea economică antică — pagină inexistentă">Gândirea economică antică</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economie_anarhist%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economie anarhistă — pagină inexistentă">Anarhistă</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutualismul_(teoria_economic%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mutualismul (teoria economică) — pagină inexistentă">Mutualism</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/%C8%98coala_austriac%C4%83_de_economie" title="Școala austriacă de economie">Austriacă</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Economie_comportamental%C4%83" title="Economie comportamentală">Comportamentală</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economie_budist%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economie budistă — pagină inexistentă">Budistă</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98coala_de_Economie_de_la_Chicago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Școala de Economie de la Chicago — pagină inexistentă">Chicago</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economie_clasic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economie clasică — pagină inexistentă">Clasică</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economie_ecologic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economie ecologică — pagină inexistentă">Ecologică</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economie_evolutiv%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economie evolutivă — pagină inexistentă">evolutivă</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Economie_feminist%C4%83" title="Economie feministă">Feministă</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Economie_heterodox%C4%83" title="Economie heterodoxă">Heterodoxă</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98coala_istoric%C4%83_de_economie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Școala istorică de economie — pagină inexistentă">Istorică</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economie_institu%C8%9Bional%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economie instituțională — pagină inexistentă">Instituțională</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economie_Keynesian%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economie Keynesiană — pagină inexistentă">keynesiană</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economie_neokeynesian%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economie neokeynesiană — pagină inexistentă">Neokeynesiană</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noile_economii_keynesiene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noile economii keynesiene — pagină inexistentă">Noile economii keynesiene</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economie_postkeynesian%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economie postkeynesiană — pagină inexistentă">Postkeynesiană</a>)  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economia_principal%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economia principală — pagină inexistentă">Principală</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malthusianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malthusianism — pagină inexistentă">Malthusianism</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economie_marxist%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economie marxistă — pagină inexistentă">Marxistă</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Economie_neomarxist%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economie neomarxistă — pagină inexistentă">Neomarxistă</a>)  •  <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economie_neoclasic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economie neoclasică — pagină inexistentă">Neoclasică</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98coala_de_la_Lausanne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Școala de la Lausanne — pagină inexistentă">Lausanne</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noua_macroeconomie_clasic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noua macroeconomie clasică — pagină inexistentă">Noua macroeconomie clasică</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoria_real%C4%83_a_ciclului_de_afaceri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoria reală a ciclului de afaceri — pagină inexistentă">Teoria reală a ciclului de afaceri</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noi_economii_institu%C8%9Bionale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noi economii instituționale — pagină inexistentă">Noi economii instituționale</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Curentul_economic_fiziocrat" title="Curentul economic fiziocrat">Curentul economic fiziocrat</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economie_socialist%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economie socialistă — pagină inexistentă">Socialistă</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98coala_din_Stockholm_(economie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Școala din Stockholm (economie) — pagină inexistentă">Stockholm</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economia_ofertei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economia ofertei — pagină inexistentă">Economia ofertei</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Entropie_economic%C4%83" title="Entropie economică">Entropie economică</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Economie" title="Economie">Economiști</a> și gânditori<br /> notabili în economie</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary Becker</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ysidro_Edgeworth" title="Francis Ysidro Edgeworth">Francis Ysidro Edgeworth</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Ragnar Frisch</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Hotelling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harold Hotelling — pagină inexistentă">Harold Hotelling</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Tjalling Koopmans</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert Lucas Jr.</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Marschak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob Marschak — pagină inexistentă">Jacob Marschak</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Alfred Marshall</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Vilfredo Pareto</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Paul_A._Samuelson" title="Paul A. Samuelson">Paul A. Samuelson</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. 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0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abunden%C8%9B%C4%83_(economie)" title="Abundență (economie)">Abundență</a></div>  </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Categorie:%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be_economice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categorie:Științe economice — pagină inexistentă">Categorie</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Index_of_economics_articles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Index of economics articles — pagină inexistentă">Index</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Categorie:Economias_lists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categorie:Economias lists — pagină inexistentă">Lists</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_economics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outline of economics — pagină inexistentă">Outline</a>  •  <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_important_publications_in_economics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of important 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