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February 5, 2025</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHYKL6nWCM-e23Y2YSmzEhjRAiPHZq8GDSamYvB1E5ecvtxVaTT9b_R2K_985TFlczd9RR0zTKdXCZerXJugSsZHA3Q9teRBQCzl4kRr9Vns0qw9GRJLGEzw5MdBjm0ZA9y5TaXYuJJTb72gespgzMwq18ZnGCRyEFeeZQg3A6uSI4p9YIwLgr4sfT1H5U/s400/g25requests.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='2038011097404133770' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='2038011097404133770'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2025/02/g25-available-again.html'>G25 available again</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-2038011097404133770' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>To get your Global25 coords, please use the app <a href="https://g25requests.app/">HERE</a>. The whole process usually takes a couple of days. Feel free to spread the word.</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://g25requests.app/" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="452" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHYKL6nWCM-e23Y2YSmzEhjRAiPHZq8GDSamYvB1E5ecvtxVaTT9b_R2K_985TFlczd9RR0zTKdXCZerXJugSsZHA3Q9teRBQCzl4kRr9Vns0qw9GRJLGEzw5MdBjm0ZA9y5TaXYuJJTb72gespgzMwq18ZnGCRyEFeeZQg3A6uSI4p9YIwLgr4sfT1H5U/s400/g25requests.png"/></a></div></br> Note that the conversion of VCF, BAM, CRAM and/or fastq files is 30 to 50€ extra depending on the case. For enquiries please email teepean47 on <b>g25requests@gmail.com</b>.</br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2025/02/g25-available-again.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2025/02/g25-available-again.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2025-02-05T21:44:00-08:00'>9:44:00 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/2038011097404133770' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 74 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=2038011097404133770&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=2038011097404133770&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=2038011097404133770&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=2038011097404133770&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=2038011097404133770&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=2038011097404133770&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancestry' rel='tag'>ancestry</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancestry%20proportions' rel='tag'>ancestry proportions</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20ancestry' rel='tag'>ancient ancestry</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/autosomal%20DNA' rel='tag'>autosomal DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Davidski' rel='tag'>Davidski</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eurogenes' rel='tag'>Eurogenes</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eurogenes%20BGA' rel='tag'>Eurogenes BGA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eurogenes%20store' rel='tag'>Eurogenes store</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/G25' rel='tag'>G25</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/genetic%20ancestry' rel='tag'>genetic ancestry</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Global25' rel='tag'>Global25</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/PCA' rel='tag'>PCA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/real%20G25' rel='tag'>real G25</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='inline-ad'> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-4761255028787688" data-ad-slot="3573730424" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Monday, January 6, 2025</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR9dvCpWM-bxFpowc9wb-oKSfBcAAZxCuMPVp2D1qh6DrQffb8EoeWSI_68NR7W7EM4aTBYP9SJCKzF3e8sEknj708WT7K5RZzepn4dY-sTR_Y4rAdizOZ17koAuNwTk9IyYYJUfCkxCAFboyZ5w22Yoxj37YKsUPOjUfxw1OYYTR7bFmPzZE53dme8I0I/s400/Hungary_Scythian_Vahaduo_G25.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='324654674955087901' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='324654674955087901'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2025/01/leo-speidel-pontus-skoglund.html'>Leo Speidel & Pontus Skoglund</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-324654674955087901' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>This quote, from a new paper at <i>Nature</i>, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08275-2">High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe</a> by Speidel et al., is arguably the most idiotic take on the ancestry of present-day Hungarians that I've ever read.</br></br> <blockquote>Present-day populations of Hungary do not appear to derive detectable ancestry from early medieval individuals from Longobard contexts, and are instead more similar to Scythian-related ancestry sources (Extended Data Fig. 6), consistent with the later impact of Avars, Magyars and other eastern groups.</blockquote></br> In fact, present-day Hungarians are overwhelmingly derived from West Slavic and German peasants, showing only minor ancestry from early Magyars (or rather Hungarian Conquerors). So in terms of genetic ancestry they're basically typical East Central Europeans.</br></br> Scythians and Avars don't even deserve a mention in this context.</br></br> The reason that Speidel et al. found present-day Hungarians to be broadly similar to Scythians is because they used so called Hungarian Scythians in their analysis.</br></br> It's important to understand that these Hungarian Scythians are genetically fairly typical Central Europeans for their time, and, by and large, don't show any significant genetic relationship to Asian Scythians, Avars or early Magyars. So they're mostly either just acculturated Scythians or wrongly classified as Scythians by archeologists.</br></br> That is, the broad similarity that Speidel et al. found between present-day Hungarians and Hungarian Scythians derives from the fact that both of these populations are genetically Central Europeans, rather than the ridiculously false idea that they show strong genetic links to Avars, Hungarian Conquerors and other eastern groups.</br></br> Here's a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of West Eurasian genetic variation, courtesy of the excellent <a href="https://vahaduo.github.io/g25views/#WestEurasia">Vahaduo:Global25 Views</a>, that perfectly illustrates my point.</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR9dvCpWM-bxFpowc9wb-oKSfBcAAZxCuMPVp2D1qh6DrQffb8EoeWSI_68NR7W7EM4aTBYP9SJCKzF3e8sEknj708WT7K5RZzepn4dY-sTR_Y4rAdizOZ17koAuNwTk9IyYYJUfCkxCAFboyZ5w22Yoxj37YKsUPOjUfxw1OYYTR7bFmPzZE53dme8I0I/s1200/Hungary_Scythian_Vahaduo_G25.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR9dvCpWM-bxFpowc9wb-oKSfBcAAZxCuMPVp2D1qh6DrQffb8EoeWSI_68NR7W7EM4aTBYP9SJCKzF3e8sEknj708WT7K5RZzepn4dY-sTR_Y4rAdizOZ17koAuNwTk9IyYYJUfCkxCAFboyZ5w22Yoxj37YKsUPOjUfxw1OYYTR7bFmPzZE53dme8I0I/s400/Hungary_Scythian_Vahaduo_G25.png" width="400"/></a></div> If Speidel et al. were correct about the genetic origin of present-day Hungarians, then the Hungarian_Modern and Hungary_Scythian samples would be shifted away from other Europeans, much like many of the Hungary_Avar and Hungary_Conqueror individuals. But that's obviously not the case, and instead they cluster strongly with, say, present-day Germans from Hamburg.</br></br> I emailed two of the authors of this paper, Leo Speidel and Pontus Skoglund, when they posted the preprint of the paper at <i>bioRxiv</i> to cordially discuss this issue (see <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/03/high-resolution-stuff.html">here</a>). But they totally ignored me.</br></br> Citation...</br></br> Speidel et al., <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08275-2">High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe</a>, Published online: 1 January 2025, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08275-2</br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2025/01/leo-speidel-pontus-skoglund.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2025/01/leo-speidel-pontus-skoglund.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2025-01-06T01:55:00-08:00'>1:55:00 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/324654674955087901' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 287 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=324654674955087901&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=324654674955087901&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=324654674955087901&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=324654674955087901&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=324654674955087901&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=324654674955087901&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Avar' rel='tag'>Avar</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Central%20Europe' rel='tag'>Central Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Dumb%20and%20Dumber' rel='tag'>Dumb and Dumber</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Global25' rel='tag'>Global25</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Hungarian' rel='tag'>Hungarian</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Hungarian%20Conquerors' rel='tag'>Hungarian Conquerors</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Hungary' rel='tag'>Hungary</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Leo%20Speidel' rel='tag'>Leo Speidel</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Magyars' rel='tag'>Magyars</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/PCA' rel='tag'>PCA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Pontus%20Skoglund' rel='tag'>Pontus Skoglund</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Scythian' rel='tag'>Scythian</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Wednesday, December 4, 2024</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd4oZWKHIn6qydgyLAREiVK6oDi0Sov0TKQPAUN42xN_nU4Ez0S8XSP8uHKoAr5s7wPrMH1a9tzlrTt2lqZENDsuFSaDReZ8u-DnhRUFy_exvd2le61nMf4GoRFKbjNnHTEEZYcJn5z7vPFoKl6gsVhJAaj1N56zcd_BnAlZsU2WfgJndKtYPk2ik36H3E/s400/HittitesPossible.jpeg' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='1416761775805509566' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='1416761775805509566'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/12/the-pie-homeland-controversy-december.html'>The PIE homeland controversy: December 2024 open thread</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-1416761775805509566' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>It seems like we're getting close to the moment when Iosif Lazaridis has to finally admit that the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) homeland was located in Eastern Europe, and also that the ancestors of the Hittites and other Anatolian speakers entered Anatolia via the Balkans.</br></br> Let's discuss.</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd4oZWKHIn6qydgyLAREiVK6oDi0Sov0TKQPAUN42xN_nU4Ez0S8XSP8uHKoAr5s7wPrMH1a9tzlrTt2lqZENDsuFSaDReZ8u-DnhRUFy_exvd2le61nMf4GoRFKbjNnHTEEZYcJn5z7vPFoKl6gsVhJAaj1N56zcd_BnAlZsU2WfgJndKtYPk2ik36H3E/s1039/HittitesPossible.jpeg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="734" data-original-width="1039" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd4oZWKHIn6qydgyLAREiVK6oDi0Sov0TKQPAUN42xN_nU4Ez0S8XSP8uHKoAr5s7wPrMH1a9tzlrTt2lqZENDsuFSaDReZ8u-DnhRUFy_exvd2le61nMf4GoRFKbjNnHTEEZYcJn5z7vPFoKl6gsVhJAaj1N56zcd_BnAlZsU2WfgJndKtYPk2ik36H3E/s400/HittitesPossible.jpeg" width="400"/></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgERAaqwJvGlcBvR9SDJ9Z98apZ4aEXcMV-SGNIP5y_94A-3IR6496vbrp6FFVJpS7jZsWh9eqgQz9LpKBMW6gXfdoXdThkw_rDh5PxnOBqv5yAmkGK_LgDttFa3K0l8FABMR9IeG4ONtezAP0_mjOVcUNHi7Ai0WQTinGkTtifasfFL3A4-M3ROJexvuKs/s1191/I-L699_spread.jpeg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="685" data-original-width="1191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgERAaqwJvGlcBvR9SDJ9Z98apZ4aEXcMV-SGNIP5y_94A-3IR6496vbrp6FFVJpS7jZsWh9eqgQz9LpKBMW6gXfdoXdThkw_rDh5PxnOBqv5yAmkGK_LgDttFa3K0l8FABMR9IeG4ONtezAP0_mjOVcUNHi7Ai0WQTinGkTtifasfFL3A4-M3ROJexvuKs/s400/I-L699_spread.jpeg" width="400"/></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1D9dwTvinfN15pamfNTcHhdxgMukqtNcpmNZGAtueoqIoOC1BxIg9fqqbOZ7qC5a5qA2C7l3z7tV_5UdahaKgeqejX7IfGnulHzzu96FFtTQaF-iJxOVjmxR9gsYQtKZIesEHyxeN35GD6CAmZVEA2zAiboV1oJmk_YBitp2K1rA7kFP34mKO57JD0xWQ/s1077/I2a-L699A.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="701" data-original-width="1077" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1D9dwTvinfN15pamfNTcHhdxgMukqtNcpmNZGAtueoqIoOC1BxIg9fqqbOZ7qC5a5qA2C7l3z7tV_5UdahaKgeqejX7IfGnulHzzu96FFtTQaF-iJxOVjmxR9gsYQtKZIesEHyxeN35GD6CAmZVEA2zAiboV1oJmk_YBitp2K1rA7kFP34mKO57JD0xWQ/s400/I2a-L699A.png" width="400"/></a></div></br> However, please note that comments from total morons, trolls and/or mentally unstable people will not be approved.</br></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/08/were-dealing-with-bunch-of-insert.html">Indo-European crackpottery</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/12/the-pie-homeland-controversy-december.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/12/the-pie-homeland-controversy-december.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2024-12-04T13:19:00-08:00'>1:19:00 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/1416761775805509566' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 612 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=1416761775805509566&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=1416761775805509566&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=1416761775805509566&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=1416761775805509566&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=1416761775805509566&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=1416761775805509566&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Anatolia' rel='tag'>Anatolia</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Balkans' rel='tag'>Balkans</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Dear%20Iosif' rel='tag'>Dear Iosif</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/I-L699' rel='tag'>I-L699</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/I2a' rel='tag'>I2a</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/I2a-L699' rel='tag'>I2a-L699</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-Anatolian' rel='tag'>Indo-Anatolian</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Iosif%20Lazaridis' rel='tag'>Iosif Lazaridis</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/North%20Pontic' rel='tag'>North Pontic</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/North%20Pontic%20steppe' rel='tag'>North Pontic steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Pontic-Caspian%20steppe' rel='tag'>Pontic-Caspian steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Proto-Indo-European' rel='tag'>Proto-Indo-European</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Monday, March 25, 2024</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg6Q0looWhYPxaO-x_eh1k2WfZq85snOzYzYP2FPEkxn1-X9001VXfoc7aFku5CiqWwgiB1pivZo7cyu-17BEdns2o7pi6nuK2Jas1In32k24DJ5uepDNKjTyq-HFKnfny0oUiyFst52xcr_3KLk9IRzqqk4srhRCvMyBtSmWihfkdYu8NrP6AcodpDAcx/s400/Poland_Middle_Ages_Speidel.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='7387700672725826731' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='7387700672725826731'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/03/high-resolution-stuff.html'>High-resolution stuff</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-7387700672725826731' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>I just emailed this to the authors of <i>High-resolution genomic ancestry reveals mobility in early medieval Europe</i>, a new preprint at <i>bioRxiv</i> [<a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.15.585102v1">LINK]</a>.</br></br> <blockquote>I appreciate that Polish population history is not the main focus of your preprint, and also that you're constrained by the lack of relevant and suitably high quality ancient genomes from East-Central and Eastern Europe. However, I must say that your analysis of the Medieval Polish population and resulting conclusions about Polish population history don't reflect reality.</br></br> Your Poland_Middle_Ages genomic cluster is made up of just six samples that don't fully represent the genetic complexity of the core population of Medieval Poland.</br></br> As a result, you classified PCA0148 as one of the Poland_Middle_Ages outliers, even though this sample isn't an outlier when analyzed within the context of the full set of published Polish Medieval genomes.</br></br> Moreover, PCA0148 is very similar to several Polish Viking Age samples that show Scandinavian-specific genome-wide and Y-chromosome haplotypes, and probably likewise shows some Scandinavian-related ancestry.</br></br> This is important to note when attempting to recapitulate Polish population history, because it suggests that Scandinavian-related ancestry played a formative role in the shaping of the core Polish Medieval genetic cluster.</br></br> Thus, you might be correct when you claim that the six samples in your Poland_Middle_Ages cluster don't show any "detectable" Scandinavian-related ancestry, but this doesn't necessarily mean that this type of ancestry isn't a key part of the post-Iron Age Polish population history.</br></br> Below is a self-explanatory Principal Component Analysis (PCA) plot that illustrates my points. Interestingly, Figure 3c in your preprint shows very similar outcomes in regards to the post-Iron Age Polish population history. But the style and scale of your figure makes it difficult to spot the subtle but likely genuine Northwest European-related genetic shifts shown by PCA0148, the Viking context samples and present-day Poles relative to the Poland_Middle_Ages cluster.</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg6Q0looWhYPxaO-x_eh1k2WfZq85snOzYzYP2FPEkxn1-X9001VXfoc7aFku5CiqWwgiB1pivZo7cyu-17BEdns2o7pi6nuK2Jas1In32k24DJ5uepDNKjTyq-HFKnfny0oUiyFst52xcr_3KLk9IRzqqk4srhRCvMyBtSmWihfkdYu8NrP6AcodpDAcx/s1200/Poland_Middle_Ages_Speidel.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg6Q0looWhYPxaO-x_eh1k2WfZq85snOzYzYP2FPEkxn1-X9001VXfoc7aFku5CiqWwgiB1pivZo7cyu-17BEdns2o7pi6nuK2Jas1In32k24DJ5uepDNKjTyq-HFKnfny0oUiyFst52xcr_3KLk9IRzqqk4srhRCvMyBtSmWihfkdYu8NrP6AcodpDAcx/s400/Poland_Middle_Ages_Speidel.png" width="450"/></a></div> However, I'm also skeptical that your Poland_Middle_Ages cluster doesn't carry any detectable or even significant Scandinavian-related ancestry. That's because I suspect that there might be some technical issues with your analysis that are masking this type of ancestry in the Polish samples.</br></br> Your top mixture model for the Poland_Middle_Ages cluster is, in all likelihood, an extreme statistical abstraction of reality, rather than a close reflection of it. That's because, due to a combination of historical, geographical and genetic factors, neither Italy.Imperial(I).SG nor Lithuania.IronRoman.SG are realistic formative source populations for the Medieval Polish gene pool.</br></br> One of the reasons why you ended up with such a surprising result is probably the lack of suitable samples from East-Central and Eastern Europe, especially those associated with plausibly the earliest Slavic-speaking populations.</br></br> It's also possible that basing your mixture model on formal statistics played a key part.</br></br> Formal statistics-based mixture models are known to be biased towards outcomes involving mixture sources from the extremes of mixture clines. If your analysis is affected by this problem, then this would help to explain why you characterized the Poland_Middle_Ages cluster as simply a two-way mixture between a Middle Eastern-related group from Imperial Rome and a Baltic population with a very high cut of European hunter-gatherer ancestry.</br></br> I do note that on page 6 of your manuscript you consider the possibility that the Southern European-related signal in the Poland_Middle_Ages cluster might only be very distantly related to Italy.Imperial(I).SG, and that it may even have spread across Poland with early Slavic speakers. This is a great point, and I think it should be emphasized and expanded upon, because I suspect that the problem runs deeper than this.</br></br> For instance, if the early Slavic ancestors of Poles carried substantially more Southern European-related ancestry than Lithuania.IronRoman.SG, and this ancestry was, say, more Balkan-related than Italian-related, then this might radically change your modeling of the Poland_Middle_Ages cluster. That's because these early Slavs would be positioned in a very different genetic space than Lithuania.IronRoman.SG, which could potentially require a significant signal of Scandinavian-related ancestry to get a robust mixture model.</br></br> Finally, it might be useful to consider <i>Isolation-by-Distance</i> as a partial vector for the Italy.Imperial(I).SG-related signal in Medieval Poland.</br></br> The full set of published Polish Medieval genomes includes a number of outliers with obvious ancestry from Western Europe and the Balkans. These people probably don't represent any large-scale migrations into Poland, but rather the movements of individuals and small groups. Over time, such small-scale mobility may have had a fairly significant impact on the genetic character of the Polish population.</blockquote></br> <b>Update 26/03/2024:</b> I sent another email to Speidel et al., this time in regards to their analysis of present-day Hungarians.</br></br> <blockquote>Your preprint also claims that present-day Hungarians are genetically similar to Scythians, and that this is consistent with the arrival of Magyars, Avars and other eastern groups in this part of Europe.</br></br> However, present-day Hungarians are overwhelmingly derived from Slavic and German peasants from near Hungary. This is not a controversial claim on my part; it's backed up by historical sources and a wide range of genetic analyses.</br></br> Hungarians still show some minor ancestry from Hungarian Conquerors (early Magyars), but this signal only reliably shows up in large surveys of Y-chromosome samples.</br></br> The Scythians that you used to model the ancestry of present-day Hungarians are of local, Pannonian origin, and they don't show any eastern nomad ancestry. So they're either acculturated Scythians, or, more likely, wrongly classified as Scythians by archeologists.</br></br> And since these so-called Scythians lack eastern nomad ancestry, the similarity between them and present-day Hungarians is not a sign of the impact from Avars, Hungarian Conquerors and the like, but rather a lack of significant input from such groups in present-day Hungarians.</blockquote></br> Citation...</br></br> Speidel et al., <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.15.585102v1">High-resolution genomic ancestry reveals mobility in early medieval Europe</a>, <i>bioRxiv</i>, Posted March 19, 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.03.15.585102</br></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/11/wielbark-goths-were-overwhelmingly-of.html">Wielbark Goths were overwhelmingly of Scandinavian origin</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/03/high-resolution-stuff.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/03/high-resolution-stuff.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2024-03-25T03:21:00-07:00'>3:21:00 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/7387700672725826731' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 595 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=7387700672725826731&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=7387700672725826731&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=7387700672725826731&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=7387700672725826731&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=7387700672725826731&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=7387700672725826731&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20ancestry' rel='tag'>ancient ancestry</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Ancient%20Rome' rel='tag'>Ancient Rome</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Central%20Europe' rel='tag'>Central Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Goths' rel='tag'>Goths</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Imperial%20Rome' rel='tag'>Imperial Rome</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Medieval' rel='tag'>Medieval</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Middle%20Ages' rel='tag'>Middle Ages</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Migration%20Period' rel='tag'>Migration Period</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Poland' rel='tag'>Poland</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Polish' rel='tag'>Polish</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Slavic' rel='tag'>Slavic</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Slavs' rel='tag'>Slavs</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Viking' rel='tag'>Viking</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Viking%20Age' rel='tag'>Viking Age</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Vikings' rel='tag'>Vikings</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Wielbark' rel='tag'>Wielbark</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Thursday, February 22, 2024</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWYtH1mXkaHDmVvdH8kVtv4qBb-W8nODBIB2Go7ostPQBCjXfOHjnJ9s417HEbvWWPmKvIc6W-s95H-EpLEkIELAxBN5l-tODTLZll2zhtow6Jif7f_ndYdKSMy8FaCVlT5RsbEwgiC9nKwmiBDLGCv6eYj4RaZTyKC_TlZ8aJ4qSE0Qc1VvIEmzog9TAk/s400/Sarazm_PC1&2.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='8590168214456201824' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='8590168214456201824'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/02/berkeley-we-have-problem.html'>Berkeley, we have a problem</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-8590168214456201824' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>A new <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.15.580575v2">preprint</a> at <i>bioRxiv</i> by Kerdoncuff et al. makes the following, somewhat surprising, claim:</br></br> <blockquote>One of the individuals, referred to Sarazm_EN_1 (I4290) described above that was discovered with shell bangles showing affiliation with South Asia, has significant amount AHG-related ancestry, while a model without AHG-related ancestry provides the best fit for Sarazm_EN_2 (I4210) (Table S4.5).</blockquote></br> First of all, the authors are actually referring to sample ID I4910 not I4210.</br></br> The aforementioned table, based on qpAdm output, shows that I4290 has 15.9% AHG-related ancestry and basically no Anatolian farmer-related ancestry. It also shows that I4910 has no AHG-related ancestry but 17.9% Anatolian farmer-related ancestry.</br></br> AHG stands for Andaman hunter-gatherer. The authors are using it as a proxy for South Asian hunter-gatherer ancestry.</br></br> However, I've looked at I4290 and I4910 in great detail over the years using ADMIXTURE, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and qpAdm. And I'm quite certain that they do not show any obvious, above noise level South Asian ancestry. Indeed, I'd say that if they do have some minor South Asian ancestry, then I4910 probably has more of it than I4290.</br></br> Kerdoncuff et al. used the following "right pops" or outgroups: Ethiopia_4500BP.SG, WEHG, EEHG, ESHG, Dai.DG, Russia_Ust_Ishim_HG.DG, Iran_Mesolithic_BeltCave and Israel_Natufian.</br></br> This means they mixed data that were generated in very different ways (DG, SG and capture) and included some poor quality samples. For instance, the highest coverage version of Iran_Mesolithic_BeltCave offers just ~50K SNPs.</br></br> Mixing different types of data and relying on low coverage samples, even in part, often has negative consequences when using qpAdm. So I suspect that the above mentioned mixture results for I4290 are skewed by a poor choice of outgroups.</br></br> When I run qpAdm I try to stick to one type of data and avoid low quality singletons in the outgroups. This is the best qpAdm model that I can find for Sarazm_EN:</br></br> <blockquote>right pops:</br> Cameroon_SMA</br> Morocco_Iberomaurusian</br> Israel_Natufian</br> Levant_N</br> Iran_GanjDareh_N</br> Turkey_N</br> Russia_Karelia_HG</br> Russia_WestSiberia_HG</br> Mongolia_North_N</br> Brazil_LapaDoSanto_9600BP</br></br> Sarazm_EN</br> Kazakhstan_Botai_Eneolithic 0.113±0.017</br> Turkmenistan_C_Geoksyur_subset 0.887±0.017</br> P-value 0.06392</br></br> Sarazm_EN_1 (I4290)</br> Kazakhstan_Botai_Eneolithic 0.129±0.021</br> Turkmenistan_C_Geoksyur_subset 0.871±0.021</br> P-value 0.11019</br></br> Sarazm_EN_2 (I4910)</br> Kazakhstan_Botai_Eneolithic 0.104±0.021</br> Turkmenistan_C_Geoksyur_subset 0.896±0.021</br> P-value 0.07427</br></br> Also...</br></br> Sarazm_EN</br> <b>Andaman_hunter-gatherer -0.018±0.020</b></br> Kazakhstan_Botai_Eneolithic 0.123±0.019</br> Turkmenistan_C_Geoksyur_subset 0.895±0.020</br> P-value 0.0298403</br> (Infeasible model)</blockquote></br> Please note that Turkmenistan_C_Geoksyur_subset is made up of just three relatively high quality individuals: I8504, I12483 and I12487. That's because it's not possible to model the ancestry of Sarazm_EN using the full Geoksyur set, probably due to subtle genetic substructures within the latter.</br></br> Below is a PCA plot that, more or less, reflects my qpAdm model. I4290 and I4910 are sitting right next to each other in a cluster of ancient Central and Western Asians, and it's actually I4910 that is shifted slightly towards the South Asian pole of the PCA. Indeed, I can confidently say that there's no way to design a PCA in which I4290 is shifted significantly towards South Asia relative to I4910.</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWYtH1mXkaHDmVvdH8kVtv4qBb-W8nODBIB2Go7ostPQBCjXfOHjnJ9s417HEbvWWPmKvIc6W-s95H-EpLEkIELAxBN5l-tODTLZll2zhtow6Jif7f_ndYdKSMy8FaCVlT5RsbEwgiC9nKwmiBDLGCv6eYj4RaZTyKC_TlZ8aJ4qSE0Qc1VvIEmzog9TAk/s1600/Sarazm_PC1&2.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWYtH1mXkaHDmVvdH8kVtv4qBb-W8nODBIB2Go7ostPQBCjXfOHjnJ9s417HEbvWWPmKvIc6W-s95H-EpLEkIELAxBN5l-tODTLZll2zhtow6Jif7f_ndYdKSMy8FaCVlT5RsbEwgiC9nKwmiBDLGCv6eYj4RaZTyKC_TlZ8aJ4qSE0Qc1VvIEmzog9TAk/s400/Sarazm_PC1&2.png" width="450"/></a></div> Citation...</br></br> Kerdoncuff et al., <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.15.580575v2">50,000 years of Evolutionary History of India: Insights from ∼2,700 Whole Genome Sequences</a>, <i>bioRxiv</i>, posted February 20, 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.02.15.580575</br></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/02/the-nalchik-surprise.html">The Nalchik surprise</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/03/how-shirenzigou-nomads-became-proto.html">A comedy of errors</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/02/berkeley-we-have-problem.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/02/berkeley-we-have-problem.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2024-02-22T03:52:00-08:00'>3:52:00 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/8590168214456201824' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 553 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=8590168214456201824&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=8590168214456201824&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=8590168214456201824&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=8590168214456201824&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=8590168214456201824&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=8590168214456201824&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Anatolia' rel='tag'>Anatolia</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20ancestry' rel='tag'>ancient ancestry</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Andaman' rel='tag'>Andaman</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Berkeley' rel='tag'>Berkeley</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Central%20Asia' rel='tag'>Central Asia</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Iranian%20Plateau' rel='tag'>Iranian Plateau</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Onge' rel='tag'>Onge</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/qpAdm' rel='tag'>qpAdm</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Sarazm' rel='tag'>Sarazm</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/South%20Asia' rel='tag'>South Asia</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Monday, February 12, 2024</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLpfZfCKDKjBgr2g_8MOPCwLydSUgbWZT0XHTDOZ2WKI5AZmwvo3GEl772_W211zqhh-G2qwqT5aonnmX2WDlLKAL_R7UMv2gXPM0r_p0lkQIv_Cs8beFXd-_-vcKBinkbNVgAbsF4s2hGyksIQppxHWSK7I-lOQdb1IruMdKaREg5Eq-kjYVFo_UJ6WQT/s400/Yamnaya_cline_vs_Nalchik_Eneolithic.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='5726989184238938979' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='5726989184238938979'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/02/the-nalchik-surprise.html'>The Nalchik surprise</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-5726989184238938979' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>If, like Iosif Lazaridis, you subscribe to the idea that the Yamnaya people carry early Anatolian farmer-related admixture that spread into Eastern Europe via the Caucasus, then I've got great news for you.</br></br> We now have a human sample from the Eneolithic site of Nalchik in the North Caucasus, labeled NL122, that packs well over a quarter of this type of ancestry (see <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra?LinkName=biosample_sra&from_uid=39854872">here</a>). Below is a quick G25/Vahaduo model to illustrate the point (please note that Turkey_N = early Anatolian farmers).</br></br> <blockquote>Target: Nalchik_Eneolithic:NL122</br> Distance: 2.1934% / 0.02193447</br> 60.8 Russia_Steppe_Eneolithic</br> <b>26.2 Turkey_N</b></br> 13.0 Georgia_Kotias</blockquote></br> On the other hand, if, again like Iosif Lazaridis, you subscribe to the idea that the Indo-European language spread into Eastern Europe via the Caucasus in association with this early Anatolian farmer-related admixture, then I've got terrible news for you.</br></br> That's because NL122 is apparently dated to a whopping 5197-4850 BCE (see <a href="https://pcr.news/novosti/md-2023-paleogenomika/">here</a>). This dating might be somewhat bloated, possibly due to what's known as the reservoir effect, because the Nalchik archeological site is generally carbon dated to 4840–4820 BCE.</br></br> However, even with the younger dating, this would still mean that early Anatolian farmer-related ancestry arrived in the North Caucasus, and thus in Eastern Europe, around 4,800 BCE at the latest. That's surprisingly early, and just too early to be relevant to any sort of Indo-European expansion from a necessarily even earlier Proto-Indo-Anatolian homeland somewhere south of the Caucasus.</br></br> <b>This means that NL122 effectively debunks Iosif Lazaridis' Indo-Anatolian hypothesis.</b> Unless, that is, Iosif can provide evidence for a more convoluted scenario, in which there are at least two early Anatolian farmer-related expansions into Eastern Europe via the Caucasus, and the expansion relevant to the arrival of Indo-European speech came well after 5,000 BCE.</br></br> I haven't done any detailed analyses of NL122 with formal stats and qpAdm. But my G25/Vahaduo runs suggest that it might be possible to model the ancestry of the Yamnaya people with around 10% admixture from a population similar to NL122.</br></br> <blockquote>Target: Russia_Samara_EBA_Yamnaya</br> Distance: 3.4123% / 0.03412328</br> 72.6 Russia_Progress_Eneolithic</br> 18.2 Ukraine_N</br> <b>9.2 Nalchik_Eneolithic</b></blockquote></br> However, I don't subscribe to the idea that the Yamnaya people carry early Anatolian farmer-related admixture that spread into Eastern Europe via the Caucasus (on top of what is already found in Progress Eneolithic). Based on basic logic and a wide range of my own analyses, I believe that they acquired this type of ancestry from early European farmers, probably associated with the Trypillia culture. For instance...</br></br> <blockquote>Target: Russia_Samara_EBA_Yamnaya</br> Distance: 3.2481% / 0.03248061</br> 80.2 Russia_Progress_Eneolithic</br> 13.6 Ukraine_Neolithic</br> <b>6.2 Ukraine_VertebaCave_MLTrypillia</b></br> 0.0 Nalchik_Eneolithic</blockquote></br> Another way to show this is with a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) that highlights a Yamnaya cline made up of the Yamnaya, Steppe Eneolithic and Ukraine Neolithic samples. As you can see, dear reader, there's no special relationship between the Yamnaya cline and Nalchik_Eneolithic. The Yamnaya samples, which are sitting near the eastern end of the Yamnaya cline, instead seem to show a subtle shift towards the Trypillian farmers.</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLpfZfCKDKjBgr2g_8MOPCwLydSUgbWZT0XHTDOZ2WKI5AZmwvo3GEl772_W211zqhh-G2qwqT5aonnmX2WDlLKAL_R7UMv2gXPM0r_p0lkQIv_Cs8beFXd-_-vcKBinkbNVgAbsF4s2hGyksIQppxHWSK7I-lOQdb1IruMdKaREg5Eq-kjYVFo_UJ6WQT/s1200/Yamnaya_cline_vs_Nalchik_Eneolithic.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLpfZfCKDKjBgr2g_8MOPCwLydSUgbWZT0XHTDOZ2WKI5AZmwvo3GEl772_W211zqhh-G2qwqT5aonnmX2WDlLKAL_R7UMv2gXPM0r_p0lkQIv_Cs8beFXd-_-vcKBinkbNVgAbsF4s2hGyksIQppxHWSK7I-lOQdb1IruMdKaREg5Eq-kjYVFo_UJ6WQT/s400/Yamnaya_cline_vs_Nalchik_Eneolithic.png" width="520"/></a></div> Indeed, I also don't exactly understand the recent infatuation among many academics, especially Iosif Lazaridis and his colleagues, with trying to put the Proto-Indo-Anatolian homeland somewhere south of the Caucasus. Considering all of the available multidisciplinary data, I'd say it still makes perfect sense to put it in the Sredny Stog culture of the North Pontic steppe, in what is now Ukraine.</br></br> Please note that all of the G25 coordinates used in my models and the PCA are available <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1vf-3ndPJDo29jfKtJBwURagzrcPCDdXI/view?usp=sharing">HERE</a>.</br></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/09/the-caucasus-is-semipermeable-genetic.html">The Caucasus is a semipermeable barrier to gene flow</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/02/the-nalchik-surprise.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/02/the-nalchik-surprise.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2024-02-12T21:01:00-08:00'>9:01:00 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/5726989184238938979' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 252 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5726989184238938979&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5726989184238938979&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5726989184238938979&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5726989184238938979&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5726989184238938979&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5726989184238938979&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20ancestry' rel='tag'>ancient ancestry</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Caucasus' rel='tag'>Caucasus</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Dear%20Iosif' rel='tag'>Dear Iosif</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eneolithic' rel='tag'>Eneolithic</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eneolithic%20steppe' rel='tag'>Eneolithic steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-Anatolian' rel='tag'>Indo-Anatolian</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-European' rel='tag'>Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Iosif%20Lazaridis' rel='tag'>Iosif Lazaridis</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Nalchik' rel='tag'>Nalchik</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/NL122' rel='tag'>NL122</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/North%20Caucasus' rel='tag'>North Caucasus</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Pontic-Caspian%20steppe' rel='tag'>Pontic-Caspian steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Ukraine' rel='tag'>Ukraine</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Saturday, January 13, 2024</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='5288439028665411074' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='5288439028665411074'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/01/romans-and-slavs-in-balkans-olalde-et.html'>Romans and Slavs in the Balkans (Olalde et al. 2023)</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-5288439028665411074' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>It's always amusing to see some random Jovan or Dimitar arguing online that Slavic speakers have been in the Balkans since at least the Neolithic.</br></br> Obviously, Slavic peoples only turned up in the Balkans during the early Middle Ages. It's just that their linguistic and genetic impact on the region was so profound that it may seem like they've been there forever.</br></br> A new paper at <i>Cell</i> by Olalde et al. makes this point well. See <a href="https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674%2823%2901135-2">here</a>.</br></br> That's not to say, however, that it's an ideal effort. The paper's qpAdm mixture models probably could've been more precise and realistic. <i>Genes of the Ancients</i> has a useful discussion on the topic <a href="https://genes-of-the-ancients.blogspot.com/2023/12/did-ancient-greek-leave-genetic-impact.html">here</a>.</br></br> Interestingly, Olalde et al. admit that they can't detect much, if any, admixture from the Italian Peninsula in the Balkans, even in samples dating to the Roman period. And yet, this doesn't stop them from accepting that the Roman Empire had a massive cultural and demographic impact on the Balkans.</br></br> I also assume that, by extension, they don't deny that Latin was introduced into the Balkans from the Italian Peninsula.</br></br> That is, Latin spread into the Balkans without any noticeable genetic tracer dye, and it eventually gave rise to modern Romanian spoken by millions of people today in the eastern Balkans. This might be a useful data point to keep in mind when discussing the spread of Indo-European languages into Anatolia.</br></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/dear-iosif-about-that-2.html">Dear Iosif, about that ~2%</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/01/romans-and-slavs-in-balkans-olalde-et.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/01/romans-and-slavs-in-balkans-olalde-et.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2024-01-13T01:25:00-08:00'>1:25:00 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/5288439028665411074' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 615 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5288439028665411074&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5288439028665411074&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5288439028665411074&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5288439028665411074&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5288439028665411074&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5288439028665411074&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20ancestry' rel='tag'>ancient ancestry</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Ancient%20Greece' rel='tag'>Ancient Greece</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Ancient%20Rome' rel='tag'>Ancient Rome</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Balkans' rel='tag'>Balkans</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Balto-Slavic' rel='tag'>Balto-Slavic</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-European' rel='tag'>Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Italic' rel='tag'>Italic</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Italy' rel='tag'>Italy</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Latin' rel='tag'>Latin</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Roman%20Empire' rel='tag'>Roman Empire</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Slavic' rel='tag'>Slavic</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Slavs' rel='tag'>Slavs</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Wednesday, December 20, 2023</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='1277034894887432745' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='1277034894887432745'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/12/dear-harald-2.html'>Dear Harald #2</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-1277034894887432745' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>The ancIBD method paper from the David Reich Lab was just published in <i>Nature</i> (open access <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-023-01582-w">here</a>). It's a very useful effort, but the authors are still somewhat confused about the origin of the Corded Ware culture (CWC) population. From the paper (emphasis is mine):</br></br> <blockquote>This direct evidence that most Corded Ware ancestry must have genealogical links to people associated with Yamnaya culture spanning on the order of <b>at most a few hundred years</b> is inconsistent with the hypothesis that the Steppe-like ancestry in the Corded Ware primarily reflects an origin in as-of-now unsampled cultures genetically similar to the Yamnaya but related to them only a millennium earlier.</blockquote></br> This is basically a straw man argument, because it's easy to debunk. So why put it in the paper? Well, as far as I can see, to make the idea that the CWC is derived from Yamnaya look more plausible.</br></br> This idea, that the CWC is an offshoot of Yamnaya, seems to be the favorite explanation for the appearance of the CWC among the scientists at the David Reich Lab.</br></br> However, I'd say they're facing a major problem with that, because the CWC and Yamnaya populations have largely different paternal origins. That is, CWC males mostly belong to Y-haplogroups R1a-M417 and R1b-L51, while Yamnaya males almost exclusively belong to Y-haplogroup R1b-Z2103.</br></br> Indeed, as far as I know, there are no reliable instances of R1a-M417 or R1b-L51 in any published or yet to be published Yamnaya samples.</br></br> But it is possible to reconcile the Y-haplogroup data with the ancIBD results if we assume that the peoples associated with the Corded Ware, Yamnaya and also Afanasievo cultures expanded from a genetically more diverse ancestral gene pool, each taking a specific subset of the variation with them.</br></br> This gene pool would've existed somewhere in Eastern Europe, probably at the western end of the Pontic-Caspian steppe, <b>at most a few hundred years</b> before the appearance of the earliest CWC burials in what is now Poland.</br></br> Moreover, the split between the CWC and Yamnaya populations need not have been a clean one, with long-range contacts and largely female-mediated mixing maintained for generations, adding to the already close genealogical links between them.</br></br> Citation...</br></br> Ringbauer, H., Huang, Y., Akbari, A. et al. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-023-01582-w">Accurate detection of identity-by-descent segments in human ancient DNA.</a> Nat Genet (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-023-01582-w</br></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/07/on-origin-of-corded-ware-people.html">On the origin of the Corded Ware people</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/12/dear-harald-2.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/12/dear-harald-2.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2023-12-20T21:11:00-08:00'>9:11:00 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/1277034894887432745' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 399 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=1277034894887432745&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=1277034894887432745&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=1277034894887432745&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=1277034894887432745&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=1277034894887432745&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=1277034894887432745&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancIBD' rel='tag'>ancIBD</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20ancestry' rel='tag'>ancient ancestry</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Corded%20Ware%20Culture' rel='tag'>Corded Ware Culture</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/CWC' rel='tag'>CWC</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/David%20Reich' rel='tag'>David Reich</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/David%20Reich%20Lab' rel='tag'>David Reich Lab</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Harald%20Ringbauer' rel='tag'>Harald Ringbauer</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/IBD' rel='tag'>IBD</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Pontic-Caspian%20steppe' rel='tag'>Pontic-Caspian steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Yamnaya' rel='tag'>Yamnaya</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Sunday, November 19, 2023</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='5676700252773462380' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='5676700252773462380'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/11/musaeum-scythia-on-seima-turbino.html'>Musaeum Scythia on the Seima-Turbino Phenomenon</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-5676700252773462380' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>A few weeks ago <i>bioRxiv</i> published two preprints on the Seima-Turbino Phenomenon (see <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.10.01.560195">here</a> and <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.10.01.560332">here</a>).</br></br> I can't say much about these manuscripts until I see the relevant ancient DNA samples, and that might take some time.</br></br> However, for now, I will say that both preprints really need to emphasize the profound impact that the Sintashta-related early Indo-Iranian speakers had on the Seima-Turbino Phenomenon. This, of course, would require Wolfgang Haak and friends to pull their heads out of their behinds and admit that the proto-Indo-Iranian homeland was in Eastern Europe, not in Iran.</br></br> At the same time, it's likely that the Seima-Turbino Phenomenon originated deep in Siberia, and its inception was probably most closely associated with the West Siberian Hunter-Gatherer (WSHG) genetic component. It's important that the preprints emphasize this too.</br></br> Moreover, I can't see any convincing arguments in either preprint that the Seima-Turbino Phenomenon was mainly associated with proto-Uralic speakers, or even that it was an important vector for the spread of proto-Uralic. So there's not much point in forcing the Uralic angle on studies focused on the Seima-Turbino Phenomenon. Indeed, what we also need is an archaeogenetics paper dealing specifically with the proto-Uralic expansion.</br></br> Apart from that, I'd like to direct your attention to the fact that <i>Musaeum Scythia</i> has already written a fine blog post about these preprints:</br></br> <a href="https://musaeumscythia.blogspot.com/2023/11/genomic-insights-into-seima-turbino.html"> Genomic insights into the Seima-Turbino Phenomenon</a></br></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/02/finally-proto-uralic-genome.html">Finally, a proto-Uralic genome</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/02/the-uralic-cline-with-kra001-no.html">The Uralic cline with kra001 - no projection this time</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/11/slavs-dont-have-much-if-any-scytho.html">Slavs have little, if any, Scytho-Sarmatian ancestry</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/11/musaeum-scythia-on-seima-turbino.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/11/musaeum-scythia-on-seima-turbino.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2023-11-19T18:04:00-08:00'>6:04:00 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/5676700252773462380' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 521 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5676700252773462380&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5676700252773462380&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5676700252773462380&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5676700252773462380&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5676700252773462380&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5676700252773462380&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20ancestry' rel='tag'>ancient ancestry</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Musaeum%20Scythia' rel='tag'>Musaeum Scythia</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Proto-Uralic' rel='tag'>Proto-Uralic</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Seima-Turbino%20Phenomenon' rel='tag'>Seima-Turbino Phenomenon</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Siberia' rel='tag'>Siberia</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Sintashta' rel='tag'>Sintashta</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Uralic' rel='tag'>Uralic</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/West%20Siberia' rel='tag'>West Siberia</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Friday, November 10, 2023</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqVgcTWZcJFm28I-GE28nn6bVO0jdPQK2gmBQEyhJt0iRoQQSbMJB10R0JCLYtKv_pL8TxLluV3k4AWH3ho4myLsloqepqGVx5Hx1Ogs8uyQ0LWzMAeDVcGbUK-i4qVQ7bCuDQljt4ccABux0huJQVfE-uzbky9DQpQ1DJqgFwTusM_efffg6m9oG1itNg/s500/Poland_IA_vs_MA_G25.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='9001855357653779492' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='9001855357653779492'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/11/wielbark-goths-were-overwhelmingly-of.html'>Wielbark Goths were overwhelmingly of Scandinavian origin</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-9001855357653779492' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>When used properly, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is an extraordinarily powerful tool and one of the best ways to study fine-scale genetic substructures within Europe.</br></br> The PCA plot below is based on Global25 data and focuses on the genetic relationship between Wielbark Goths and Medieval Poles, including from the Viking Age, in the context of present-day European genetic variation.</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqVgcTWZcJFm28I-GE28nn6bVO0jdPQK2gmBQEyhJt0iRoQQSbMJB10R0JCLYtKv_pL8TxLluV3k4AWH3ho4myLsloqepqGVx5Hx1Ogs8uyQ0LWzMAeDVcGbUK-i4qVQ7bCuDQljt4ccABux0huJQVfE-uzbky9DQpQ1DJqgFwTusM_efffg6m9oG1itNg/s1200/Poland_IA_vs_MA_G25.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="1200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqVgcTWZcJFm28I-GE28nn6bVO0jdPQK2gmBQEyhJt0iRoQQSbMJB10R0JCLYtKv_pL8TxLluV3k4AWH3ho4myLsloqepqGVx5Hx1Ogs8uyQ0LWzMAeDVcGbUK-i4qVQ7bCuDQljt4ccABux0huJQVfE-uzbky9DQpQ1DJqgFwTusM_efffg6m9oG1itNg/s500/Poland_IA_vs_MA_G25.png" width="500"/></a></div></br> I'd say that it's a wonderfully self-explanatory plot, but here are some key observations:</br></br> <blockquote>- the Wielbark Goths (Poland_Wielbark_IA) and Medieval Poles (Poland_Middle_Ages) are two distinct populations</br></br> - moreover, the Wielbark Goths form a relatively compact Scandinavian-related cluster and must surely represent a homogenous population overwhelmingly of Scandinavian origin</br></br> - on the other hand, the Medieval Poles form a more extensive and heterogeneous cluster that overlaps with present-day groups all the way from Central Europe to the East Baltic, and that's because they are likely to be in large part of mixed origin</br></br> - I know for a fact that at least some of these early Poles harbor recent admixture, because their burials are similar to those of Vikings and their haplotypes have been shown to be partly of Scandinavian origin (see <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/703405v1">here</a>)</br></br> - one of the Wielbark females is an obvious genetic outlier (Poland_Wielbark_IA_outlier), and basically looks like a first generation mixture between a Goth and a Balt.</blockquote></br> Please note that the PCA is only based on relatively high quality genomes, so as not to confuse the picture with spurious results and noise. Also, all outliers with potentially significant ancestry from outside of Central, Eastern and Northern Europe were removed from the analysis. The relevant datasheet is available <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/104KCAsNFbdMHnoNlSl-0VV_5NtoANSJ9/view?usp=sharing">here</a>.</br></br> However, sanity checks are always important when studying complex topics like fine-scale genetic ancestry. To that end I've prepared a graph based on f3-statistics of the form f3(X,Cameroon_SMA,Estonia_BA)/(X,Cameroon_SMA,Ireland_Megalithic), that reproduces the key features of my PCA. The relevant datasheet is available <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/11YSYLj8e3ZtXIkBpsPAIeFyR0SMt5Eyu/view?usp=sharing">here</a>.</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVOAGHspJcbOFh5gbhwYjKbqie5ys6nHjeNhWRSXESjTD1kMNf5sB-NsMXnNORnu9VC4190FyV7Stt38jM7WJbH1MzxArtxpcVhgU62bgozGeGiGp31JzI3_laVzQ0eaYkwdxN-9mq2BKdE14AmeM60WoKBCZ1Js_9Zc7QAyHqc113Q_sJd3zX_ZpryeYN/s1279/Poland_Wielbark_IA_f3_graph.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="621" data-original-width="1279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVOAGHspJcbOFh5gbhwYjKbqie5ys6nHjeNhWRSXESjTD1kMNf5sB-NsMXnNORnu9VC4190FyV7Stt38jM7WJbH1MzxArtxpcVhgU62bgozGeGiGp31JzI3_laVzQ0eaYkwdxN-9mq2BKdE14AmeM60WoKBCZ1Js_9Zc7QAyHqc113Q_sJd3zX_ZpryeYN/s500/Poland_Wielbark_IA_f3_graph.png" width="500"/></a></div> Polish groups from the Middle Ages are marked with the MA suffix, while the Iron Age Wielbark Goths are marked with the IA suffix.</br></br> If you're wondering why I plotted the f3-statistics that I did, take a look at this (all groups largely of Scandinavian origin are emboldened):</br></br> <blockquote><i>f3(X,Estonia_BA,Cameroon_SMA)</i></br> Poland_Legowo_MA 0.226406</br> Poland_Ostrow_Lednicki_MA 0.225996</br> Poland_Plonsk_MA 0.225017</br> Poland_Trzciniec_Culture 0.224215</br> Poland_Lad_MA 0.224142</br> Poland_Viking 0.223838</br> Poland_Niemcza_MA 0.223659</br> <b>Poland_Weklice_IA 0.223549</b></br> <b>Poland_Kowalewko_IA 0.222584</b></br> <b>Poland_Pruszcz_Gdanski_IA 0.222324</b></br> <b>Sweden_Viking 0.222091</b></br> <b>Russia_Viking 0.222042</b></br> <b>Poland_Maslomecz_IA 0.221914</b></br> <b>Norway_Viking 0.221825</b></br> <b>Denmark_EarlyViking 0.221257</b></br> <b>Denmark_Viking 0.221174</b></br> <b>England_Viking 0.220979</b></br></br> <i>f3(X,Ireland_Megalithic,Cameroon_SMA)</i></br> <b>Poland_Maslomecz_IA 0.219816</b></br> <b>Poland_Weklice_IA 0.219501</b></br> <b>Denmark_Viking 0.2192</b></br> <b>Poland_Kowalewko_IA 0.219176</b></br> Poland_Ostrow_Lednicki_MA 0.218916</br> <b>Norway_Viking 0.218854</b></br> <b>Poland_Pruszcz_Gdanski_IA 0.218684</b></br> <b>Sweden_Viking 0.218626</b></br> <b>Denmark_EarlyViking 0.218529</b></br> <b>England_Viking 0.218308</b></br> <b>Russia_Viking 0.217999</b></br> Poland_Viking 0.217914</br> Poland_Plonsk_MA 0.217756</br> Poland_Lad_MA 0.217719</br> Poland_Legowo_MA 0.21765</br> Poland_Niemcza_MA 0.217001</br> Poland_Trzciniec_Culture 0.216551</blockquote></br> Interestingly, the Middle Bronze Age samples associated with the Trzciniec Culture (Poland_Trzciniec_Culture) show a closer genetic relationship to Medieval Poles than to Wielbark Goths or Northwestern Europeans. This is indeed the case both in terms of genome-wide and uniparental markers, including some very specific lineages under Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a.</br></br> But that's a much more complex issue that I'll leave for another time. So please stay tuned.</br></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/11/slavs-dont-have-much-if-any-scytho.html">Slavs have little, if any, Scytho-Sarmatian ancestry</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/11/wielbark-goths-were-overwhelmingly-of.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/11/wielbark-goths-were-overwhelmingly-of.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2023-11-10T03:59:00-08:00'>3:59:00 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/9001855357653779492' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 261 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=9001855357653779492&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=9001855357653779492&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=9001855357653779492&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=9001855357653779492&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=9001855357653779492&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=9001855357653779492&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20ancestry' rel='tag'>ancient ancestry</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Balts' rel='tag'>Balts</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Germanic' rel='tag'>Germanic</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Goths' rel='tag'>Goths</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Iron%20Age' rel='tag'>Iron Age</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Middle%20Ages' rel='tag'>Middle Ages</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Northern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Northern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/PCA' rel='tag'>PCA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Poland' rel='tag'>Poland</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Poles' rel='tag'>Poles</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Scandinavia' rel='tag'>Scandinavia</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Slavic' rel='tag'>Slavic</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Slavs' rel='tag'>Slavs</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Wielbark' rel='tag'>Wielbark</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Saturday, November 4, 2023</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7RpyYuKSSZJMCKTeBr59z74vqDArGd8By5EhzoN2FoKbKF6_uHANsmABZXpQBS33y50OtoXkbxlf7gIn74EsCun9GHJawFDpkKW_R8-2GyqbWqQqeKbcFE6CCh4p3EIbfd9j-liRfzbkDZTN852ScONU75rFTcOiNtiZ3qcxVDUESGlk7ZNkDAd2E8iaP/s1200/Sarmatian_Scythian_Slavic_G25_PCA.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='8811894103822069038' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='8811894103822069038'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/11/slavs-dont-have-much-if-any-scytho.html'>Slavs have little, if any, Scytho-Sarmatian ancestry</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-8811894103822069038' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>Here's an abstract of a new study from the David Reich Lab about ancient Slavs, titled "Genetic identification of Slavs in Migration Period Europe using an IBD sharing graph". Emphasis is mine:</br></br> <blockquote>Popular methods of genetic analysis relying on allele frequencies such as PCA, ADMIXTURE and qpAdm are not suitable for distinguishing many populations that were important historical actors in the Migration Period Europe. For instance, differentiating Slavic, Germanic, and Celtic people is very difficult relying on these methods, but very helpful for archaeologists given a large proportion of graves with no inventory and frequent adoption of a different culture. To overcome these problems, we applied a method based on autosomal haplotypes. Imputation of missing genotypes and phasing was performed according to a protocol by Rubinacci et al. (2021), and IBD inference was done for ancient Eurasian individuals with data available at >600,000 1240K sites. IBD links for a subset of these individuals were represented as a graph, visualized with a force-directed layout algorithm, and clusters in this graph are inferred with the Leiden algorithm. One of the clusters in the IBD graph emerged that includes nearly all individuals in the dataset annotated archaeologically as “Slavic”. <b>According to PCA a hypothesis for the origin of this population can be proposed: it was formed by admixture of a Baltic-related group with East Germanic people and Sarmatians or Scythians.</b> The individuals belonging to the “Slavic” IBD sharing cluster form a chronological gradient on the PCA plot, with the earliest samples close to the Baltic LBA/EIA group. Later “Slavic” individuals are shifted to the right, closer to Central and Southern Europeans and probably reflecting further admixture of Slavs with local populations during the Migration Period.</blockquote></br> Apparently this abstract is causing a bit of confusion online because of the mention of possible Sarmatian or Scythian ancestry in Slavs.</br></br> <b>However, it's important to understand that the authors are referring to certain Slavic or even just Slavic-related individuals, usually from culturally heterogeneous frontier settlements deep in what is now Russia.</b></br></br> So yes, it's possible that some of these individuals carry Sarmatian, Scythian or other exotic eastern ancestry. But even if this is true, then obviously we can't extend this inference to all ancient and modern-day Slavs.</br></br> Indeed, below is a G25/Vahaduo Principal Component Analysis (PCA) that shows why modern-day Slavic speakers can't be linked genetically to Sarmatians or Scythians. To experience a more detailed version of the PCA paste the data <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/16SNr00q20QpzhQdCMGG9XtoQzuxYg8Br/view?usp=sharing">here</a> into the relevant field <a href="https://vahaduo.github.io/g25views/#NorthEurasia3">here</a>.</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7RpyYuKSSZJMCKTeBr59z74vqDArGd8By5EhzoN2FoKbKF6_uHANsmABZXpQBS33y50OtoXkbxlf7gIn74EsCun9GHJawFDpkKW_R8-2GyqbWqQqeKbcFE6CCh4p3EIbfd9j-liRfzbkDZTN852ScONU75rFTcOiNtiZ3qcxVDUESGlk7ZNkDAd2E8iaP/s1600/Sarmatian_Scythian_Slavic_G25_PCA.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="1600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7RpyYuKSSZJMCKTeBr59z74vqDArGd8By5EhzoN2FoKbKF6_uHANsmABZXpQBS33y50OtoXkbxlf7gIn74EsCun9GHJawFDpkKW_R8-2GyqbWqQqeKbcFE6CCh4p3EIbfd9j-liRfzbkDZTN852ScONU75rFTcOiNtiZ3qcxVDUESGlk7ZNkDAd2E8iaP/s1200/Sarmatian_Scythian_Slavic_G25_PCA.png" width="400"/></a></div> As you can see, dear reader, most of the Slavs (Belarusians, Poles, Ukrainians and many Russians) cluster with the Irish near the western end of the plot.</br></br> Some Russians are shifted significantly east of them along the "Uralic cline" and, as a result, they cluster with various Uralic speakers such as Mordovians. That's because when Slavs migrated deep into what is now northern Russia they mixed with Uralic speakers who were there before them.</br></br> Most of the Sarmatians and Scythians form a cluster southeast of the Slavs and Irish because they carry significant levels of East Asian ancestry. This type of eastern ancestry is basically missing in modern-day Slavs (see <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/06/my-take-on-erfurt-jews.html">here</a>).</br></br> Several of the Scythians cluster among the Slavs and Irish, but that's because they're genetic outliers, whose existence, if anything, suggests that some Scythians had significant Slavic-related and/or Irish-related ancestry.</br></br> Now, even though most of the Slavs do cluster with the Irish in the above PCA plot, I strongly disagree with the authors of the abstract when they claim that "differentiating Slavic, Germanic, and Celtic people is very difficult" with PCA. It's actually pretty damn easy and I've been doing it successfully for many years. For instance, see <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/12/avalon-vs-valhalla-revisited.html">here</a>.</br></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/11/wielbark-goths-were-overwhelmingly-of.html">Wielbark Goths were overwhelmingly of Scandinavian origin</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/09/the-caucasus-is-semipermeable-genetic.html">The Caucasus is a semipermeable barrier to gene flow</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/11/slavs-dont-have-much-if-any-scytho.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/11/slavs-dont-have-much-if-any-scytho.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2023-11-04T00:06:00-07:00'>12:06:00 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/8811894103822069038' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 204 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=8811894103822069038&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=8811894103822069038&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=8811894103822069038&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=8811894103822069038&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=8811894103822069038&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=8811894103822069038&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20ancestry' rel='tag'>ancient ancestry</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Balto-Slavic' rel='tag'>Balto-Slavic</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Belarusians' rel='tag'>Belarusians</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/IBD' rel='tag'>IBD</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/PCA' rel='tag'>PCA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Poles' rel='tag'>Poles</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Russia' rel='tag'>Russia</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Russians' rel='tag'>Russians</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Sarmatian' rel='tag'>Sarmatian</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Scythian' rel='tag'>Scythian</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Slavic' rel='tag'>Slavic</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Slavs' rel='tag'>Slavs</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Ukraine' rel='tag'>Ukraine</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Ukrainians' rel='tag'>Ukrainians</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Uralic' rel='tag'>Uralic</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Friday, September 22, 2023</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5Ja61RD9nybJIgKw6W46rRlILr5dTuw4ZJkp2TxZfElklZKVz0tFB5SB7vDtKalXou6t_XolWEy6X-RTVGxk_kcJhFUX0AouaV3ZFiyx6Tvw_mf-_3K90Kv5zqi579fB0oukTsGF5QvGP/s380/Herodotus_vs_PCA_small.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='9097016263927784858' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='9097016263927784858'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/09/the-caucasus-is-semipermeable-genetic.html'>The Caucasus is a semipermeable barrier to gene flow</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-9097016263927784858' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>The scientists at the David Reich Lab are a clever bunch. But they're not always on top of things. And this can be a problem.</br></br> For instance, they fail to understand that the Caucasus has effectively stymied human gene flow between Eastern Europe and West Asia through the ages. That is, the Caucasus is a semipermeable barrier to human gene flow.</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9o3EYTdM8lQelZhUGYtN1g1VnM/view?usp=sharing&resourcekey=0-9FP1ZaFNjCJrxyoFmrOm7g" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="461" data-original-width="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5Ja61RD9nybJIgKw6W46rRlILr5dTuw4ZJkp2TxZfElklZKVz0tFB5SB7vDtKalXou6t_XolWEy6X-RTVGxk_kcJhFUX0AouaV3ZFiyx6Tvw_mf-_3K90Kv5zqi579fB0oukTsGF5QvGP/s380/Herodotus_vs_PCA_small.png" /></a></div></br> Until they accept and understand this fact, they won't be able to accurately characterize the ancestry of the ancient human populations of the Pontic-Caspian (PC) steppe, including the Yamnaya people.</br></br> In turn, they also won't be able to locate the Indo-Anatolian homeland.</br></br> Now, the Caucasus isn't a barrier to gene flow because it's difficult to cross, and, indeed, many human populations have managed to cross it since the Upper Palaeolithic. As a result, the peoples of the North Caucasus are today genetically more similar to the populations of the Near East than Europe.</br></br> In fact, the clear genetic gap between most West Asian and Eastern European populations through the ages is actually caused by the extreme differentiation between the mountain ecology of the Caucasus and the steppe ecology of the PC steppe.</br></br> That is, the Caucasus is ecologically so different from the PC steppe that it has been practically impossible for human populations to make the transition from one to the other.</br></br> <b>Indeed, it's important to understand that there's no reliable record of any prehistoric human population successfully making the transition from the mountain ecology to the steppe ecology in this part of the world.</br></br> In other words, contrary to claims by people like David Reich and David Anthony, there's no solid evidence of any significant prehistoric human migration from the Caucasus, or from south of the Caucasus, to Eastern Europe by hunter-gatherers, farmers or pastoralists.</b></br></br> But, you might ask, how on earth did the Yamnaya people get their significant Caucasus/Iranian-related admixture if not via a mass migration from the Caucasus and/or the Iranian Plateau, as is often argued by the above mentioned scholars and their many colleagues?</br></br> Well, obviously, the diffusion of alleles from one population to another can happen without migration. All that is needed is a contact zone between them.</br></br> <b>The ancient DNA and archeological data currently available from the Caucasus and the PC steppe suggest to me that there was at least one such contact zone in this area bringing together the peoples of the mountain and steppe ecoregions. This allowed them to mix, probably gradually and over a long period of time, by and large without leaving their ecoregions.</br></br> Once the Caucasus alleles entered the steppe, they were spread around by local hunter-gatherers and pastoralists who were highly mobile and well adapted to the steppe ecology.</b></br></br> Someone should write a paper about this.</br></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/02/the-nalchik-surprise.html">The Nalchik surprise</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/05/understanding-eneolithic-steppe.html">Understanding the Eneolithic steppe</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/06/matters-of-geography.html">Matters of geography</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/09/the-caucasus-is-semipermeable-genetic.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/09/the-caucasus-is-semipermeable-genetic.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2023-09-22T05:53:00-07:00'>5:53:00 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/9097016263927784858' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 571 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=9097016263927784858&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=9097016263927784858&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=9097016263927784858&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=9097016263927784858&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=9097016263927784858&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=9097016263927784858&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Caucasus' rel='tag'>Caucasus</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/David%20Anthony' rel='tag'>David Anthony</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/David%20Reich' rel='tag'>David Reich</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/David%20Reich%20Lab' rel='tag'>David Reich Lab</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ecology' rel='tag'>ecology</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-Anatolian' rel='tag'>Indo-Anatolian</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-European' rel='tag'>Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/migration' rel='tag'>migration</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/North%20Caucasus' rel='tag'>North Caucasus</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Pontic-Caspian%20steppe' rel='tag'>Pontic-Caspian steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/West%20Asia' rel='tag'>West Asia</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Yamnaya' rel='tag'>Yamnaya</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Thursday, August 31, 2023</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUck9CQNlNUOW3Jm_Gc6tfn7XL17KNILOIbustlJ4A65vhQEVuo0wIDgORsxnK3YkeUbSnTTAqdj0BFwI4Zs17SXXL__Ac7y7w9T90XatO9etkcqvW37xrbYo-laBBUpVG7bVqHynb40DjbeH47q4MUidHbpd0DtHRKQ9fYoy2WnH4mhvMlrTyjlLlQVNF/s600/Khvalynsk-Culture-ancient-DNA-screencap.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='74997558461943017' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='74997558461943017'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/08/the-story-of-khvalynsk-people.html'>The story of the Khvalynsk people</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-74997558461943017' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>I'm totally serious when I say that this <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFDhbqxNHlk&t=381s">video</a> is more objective, informative and accurate than any peer-reviewed paper published to date when it comes to the genetic origins of the Khvalynsk people.</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFDhbqxNHlk&t=381s" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="694" data-original-width="1234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUck9CQNlNUOW3Jm_Gc6tfn7XL17KNILOIbustlJ4A65vhQEVuo0wIDgORsxnK3YkeUbSnTTAqdj0BFwI4Zs17SXXL__Ac7y7w9T90XatO9etkcqvW37xrbYo-laBBUpVG7bVqHynb40DjbeH47q4MUidHbpd0DtHRKQ9fYoy2WnH4mhvMlrTyjlLlQVNF/s600/Khvalynsk-Culture-ancient-DNA-screencap.png" width="500"/></a></div></br> However, that's not to say it's perfect. I think it misses some important details. See here...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/09/the-caucasus-is-semipermeable-genetic.html">The Caucasus is a semipermeable barrier to gene flow</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/01/dear-david-nick-iosiflets-set-record.html">Dear David, Nick, Iosif...let's set the record straight</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/05/understanding-eneolithic-steppe.html">Understanding the Eneolithic steppe</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/08/the-story-of-khvalynsk-people.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/08/the-story-of-khvalynsk-people.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2023-08-31T05:33:00-07:00'>5:33:00 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/74997558461943017' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 358 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=74997558461943017&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=74997558461943017&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=74997558461943017&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=74997558461943017&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=74997558461943017&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=74997558461943017&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20ancestry' rel='tag'>ancient ancestry</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Caucasus' rel='tag'>Caucasus</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Caucasus%20hunter-gatherers' rel='tag'>Caucasus hunter-gatherers</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Khvalynsk' rel='tag'>Khvalynsk</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Pontic-Caspian%20steppe' rel='tag'>Pontic-Caspian steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Proto-Indo-European' rel='tag'>Proto-Indo-European</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Saturday, August 12, 2023</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='6317376931687651819' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='6317376931687651819'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/08/were-dealing-with-bunch-of-insert.html'>Indo-European crackpottery</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-6317376931687651819' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>I've now had the chance to read and digest the following two papers in <i>Science</i> about the origin of Indo-European languages:</br></br> <blockquote><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abg0818">Language trees with sampled ancestors support a hybrid model for the origin of Indo-European languages</a>, Heggarty et al.</br></br> <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm4247">The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe</a>, Lazaridis, Alpaslan-Roodenberg et al.</blockquote></br> The Heggarty et al. paper is pure fluff. It offers nothing useful or even remotely interesting.</br></br> For instance, the authors derive some Indo-European languages in Europe from Anatolian farmers and others from Caucasus hunter-gatherers (see <a href="https://www.science.org/cms/10.1126/science.abg0818/asset/ca8599bc-ef5a-471f-a37a-eb62b94b2278/assets/images/large/science.abg0818-fa.jpg">here</a>). This is not just exceedingly far fetched, but also obviously forced.</br></br> Wolfgang Haak and Johannes Krause, you should be deeply ashamed of yourselves.</br></br> I've already commented extensively about the Lazaridis, Alpaslan-Roodenberg et al. paper (for example, see <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/but-iosif-what-about-phrygians.html">here</a>). But the one thing I need to add is that this paper is what it is due to the inherent bias of some of the lead authors to push the Indo-Anatolian homeland into West Asia. I won't even bother mentioning their names, because we all know who they are.</br></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/11/when-it-seems-like-whole-world-has-gone.html">Crazy stuff</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/01/dear-david-nick-iosiflets-set-record.html">Dear David, Nick, Iosif...let's set the record straight</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/11/the-story-of-r-v1636.html">The story of R-V1636</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/08/were-dealing-with-bunch-of-insert.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/08/were-dealing-with-bunch-of-insert.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2023-08-12T05:01:00-07:00'>5:01:00 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/6317376931687651819' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 409 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6317376931687651819&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6317376931687651819&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6317376931687651819&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6317376931687651819&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6317376931687651819&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6317376931687651819&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20ancestry' rel='tag'>ancient ancestry</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Dear%20Iosif' rel='tag'>Dear Iosif</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/frustrated%20comedians' rel='tag'>frustrated comedians</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Johannes%20Krause' rel='tag'>Johannes Krause</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Pontic-Caspian%20steppe' rel='tag'>Pontic-Caspian steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Proto-Indo-European' rel='tag'>Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/West%20Asia' rel='tag'>West Asia</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Wolfgang%20Haak' rel='tag'>Wolfgang Haak</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Sunday, July 23, 2023</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5tcZwkNPqmjmPB-1PGemtaNFoMmLvhPKORpOAoXh9VptfangymX9Q8u2svMIiobOWiCNsbwTT9BKKYorTwt-FsVbRDUNp_Lg7L8w-0RyGZPfEKnyQ-TxL78N7bl85Tf9WEMDfeFDg93N_VTowTOAYJe_GFvEZqitBgyr2kIbLOzBUXRmC-pf0DAafftc-/s500/Vahaduo%20Global%2025%20West%20Eurasia%20PCA.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='2633919390787187696' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='2633919390787187696'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/07/dear-sandra-wolfgangwe-have-problem.html'>Dear Sandra, Wolfgang...a problem</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-2633919390787187696' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>In their recent paper, titled <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06334-8">Early contact between late farming and pastoralist societies in southeastern Europe</a>, Penske et al. make the following claim:</br></br> <blockquote>By contrast, Yamnaya Caucasus individuals from the southern steppe can be modelled as a two-way model of around 76% Steppe Eneolithic and 26% Caucasus Eneolithic/Maykop, confirming the findings of Lazaridis and colleagues 47. This two-way mix (40% + 60%, respectively) also provides a well-fit model (P = 0.09) for the Ozera outlier individual, consistent with the position in PCA and corroborating an influence from the Caucasus.</blockquote></br> Err, nope.</br></br> The Ozera Yamnaya outlier, a female dated to 3096-2913 calBCE, is, in fact, a ~50/50 mix between standard Yamnaya and Late Maykop. It's a result that is totally unambiguous.</br></br> There are a number of ways to demonstrate this fact. For example, with the qpAdm software that was also used by Penske et al., except with different outgroups or right pops. Please note that in my dataset the Ozera outlier is labeled Ukraine_Ozera_EBA_Yamnaya_o.</br></br> <blockquote>right pops:</br> Cameroon_SMA</br> Levant_N</br> Iran_GanjDareh_N</br> Iran_C_SehGabi</br> Georgia_HG</br> Turkey_N</br> Serbia_IronGates_Mesolithic</br> Russia_WestSiberia_HG</br> Russia_Karelia_HG</br> Latvia_HG</br> Russia_Boisman_MN</br> Brazil_LapaDoSanto_9600BP</br></br> Ukraine_Ozera_EBA_Yamnaya_o</br> <b>Russia_Caucasus_EneolithicMaykop 0.554±0.031</br> Russia_Steppe_Eneolithic 0.446±0.031</br> P-value 0.00109868 (FAIL)</b></br></br> Ukraine_Ozera_EBA_Yamnaya_o</br> <b>Russia_LateMaykop 0.512±0.035</br> Russia_Samara_EBA_Yamnaya 0.488±0.035</br> P-value 0.462447 (PASS)</b></blockquote></br> I can also do it with the Global25/Vahaduo method. And you, dear reader, can too, by putting the <i>Target</i> and <i>Source</i> Global25 coords from the text file <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1J-2C5fPKET8_0KfhjQL2IPOwF4Zq_MSY/view?usp=sharing">here</a> into the relevant fields <a href="https://vahaduo.github.io/vahaduo/">here</a>.</br></br> <blockquote>Target: Ukraine_Ozera_EBA_Yamnaya_o</br> Distance: 2.9292% / 0.02929202</br> <b>50.6 Russia_Samara_EBA_Yamnaya</br> 49.4 Russia_Caucasus_LateMaykop</br> 0.0 Russia_Caucasus_EneolithicMaykop</br> 0.0 Russia_Steppe_Eneolithic</b></blockquote></br> Moreover, here's a self-explanatory Principal Component Analysis (PCA) plot that illustrates why my Late Maykop/Samara Yamnaya combo is much better than the reference populations used by Penske and colleagues. It was done with the PCA tools <a href="https://vahaduo.github.io/g25views/#WestEurasia">here</a>.</b></b> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5tcZwkNPqmjmPB-1PGemtaNFoMmLvhPKORpOAoXh9VptfangymX9Q8u2svMIiobOWiCNsbwTT9BKKYorTwt-FsVbRDUNp_Lg7L8w-0RyGZPfEKnyQ-TxL78N7bl85Tf9WEMDfeFDg93N_VTowTOAYJe_GFvEZqitBgyr2kIbLOzBUXRmC-pf0DAafftc-/s1200/Vahaduo%20Global%2025%20West%20Eurasia%20PCA.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5tcZwkNPqmjmPB-1PGemtaNFoMmLvhPKORpOAoXh9VptfangymX9Q8u2svMIiobOWiCNsbwTT9BKKYorTwt-FsVbRDUNp_Lg7L8w-0RyGZPfEKnyQ-TxL78N7bl85Tf9WEMDfeFDg93N_VTowTOAYJe_GFvEZqitBgyr2kIbLOzBUXRmC-pf0DAafftc-/s500/Vahaduo%20Global%2025%20West%20Eurasia%20PCA.png" width="500"/></a></div> <b>I'm pointing this out for two main reasons. First of all, this is a fairly obvious mistake that should've been avoided, especially considering the level of expertise and experience among the authors (such as Wolfgang Haak and Johannes Krause).</br></br> Secondly, it's important to understand that the Ozera outlier comes out almost exactly 50% Samara Yamnaya because the standard Yamnaya genotype already existed well before she was alive, and thus she cannot be used to corroborate any sort of influence from the Caucasus in the formation of the mainstream Yamnaya population.</b></br></br> As for the Yamnaya Caucasus individuals, I don't know why Penske et al. attempted to model their ancestry as a group, because they don't form a coherent genetic cluster. RK1001 and ZO2002 are fairly similar to standard Yamnaya samples, while RK1007 and SA6010 resemble Eneolithic steppe samples from the Progress burial site. This is what happens when I try to reproduce the Penske et al. model with my outgroups.</br></br> <blockquote>Russia_Caucasus_EBA_Yamnaya</br> Russia_Caucasus_EneolithicMaykop 0.187±0.019</br> Russia_Steppe_Eneolithic 0.813±0.019</br> <b>P-value 4.15842e-06 (HARD FAIL)</b></blockquote></br> Oh, and Penske et al. modeled the ancestry of mainstream Yamnaya as a three-way mixture with Steppe Eneolithic, Caucasus Eneolithic/Maykop and Ukraine Neolithic (or Ukraine N). They succeeded, but with my outgroups it's another hard fail.</br></br> <blockquote>Russia_Samara_EBA_Yamnaya</br> Russia_Caucasus_EneolithicMaykop 0.177±0.017</br> Russia_Steppe_Eneolithic 0.706±0.026</br> Ukraine_N 0.116±0.014</br> <b>P-value 4.73919e-07 (HARD FAIL)</b></blockquote></br> Admittedly, proximal models aren't easy to get right. And if you throw enough outgroups into a model, a large proportion of plausible models will fail. But I'm somewhat taken aback by these poor statistical fits.</br></br> In my opinion, mainstream Yamnaya doesn't harbor any Caucasus ancestry that wasn't already present on the Pontic-Caspian steppe during the Eneolithic or even much earlier (see <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/02/dear-david-nick-iosiflet-me-tell-you.html">here</a>). But ultimately this problem can only be solved with direct evidence from ancient DNA, so let's now wait patiently for the right samples.</br></br> Citation...</br></br> Penske et al., <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06334-8">Early contact between late farming and pastoralist societies in southeastern Europe</a>, <i>Nature</i>, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06334-8</br></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/05/understanding-eneolithic-steppe.html">Understanding the Eneolithic steppe</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/07/dear-sandra-wolfgangwe-have-problem.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/07/dear-sandra-wolfgangwe-have-problem.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2023-07-23T05:37:00-07:00'>5:37:00 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/2633919390787187696' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 401 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=2633919390787187696&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=2633919390787187696&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=2633919390787187696&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=2633919390787187696&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=2633919390787187696&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=2633919390787187696&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Caucasus' rel='tag'>Caucasus</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Johannes%20Krause' rel='tag'>Johannes Krause</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Maykop' rel='tag'>Maykop</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Ozera' rel='tag'>Ozera</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/PCA' rel='tag'>PCA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Pontic-Caspian%20steppe' rel='tag'>Pontic-Caspian steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/qpAdm' rel='tag'>qpAdm</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Russia' rel='tag'>Russia</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Samara' rel='tag'>Samara</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Sandra%20Penske' rel='tag'>Sandra Penske</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Ukraine' rel='tag'>Ukraine</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Wolfgang%20Haak' rel='tag'>Wolfgang Haak</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Yamnaya' rel='tag'>Yamnaya</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Saturday, April 8, 2023</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='7666690675542157894' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='7666690675542157894'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/04/dear-harald.html'>Dear Harald...</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-7666690675542157894' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>I've started analyzing the Identity-by-Descent (IBD) data from the recent Ringbauer et al. preprint (see <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.08.531671v1">here</a>). Unfortunately, it'll take me a few weeks to do this properly, so I won't be able to write anything detailed on the topic for a while.</br></br> Meantime, this is the comment that I left for the authors at <i>bioRxiv</i> (at this time it's still being approved, but it should appear there within a day or so, possibly along with a reply from the authors):</br></br> <blockquote>Hello authors,</br></br> Thanks for the interesting preprint and data. However, I'd like to see you address a couple of technical issues and perhaps one theoretical issue in the final manuscript:</br></br> - the output you posted shows some unusual results, which are potentially false positives that appear to be concentrated among the shotgun and noUDG samples. I'm guessing that this is due to the same types of ancient DNA damage creating IBD-like patterns in these samples. If so, isn't there a risk that many or even most of the individuals in your analysis are affected by this problem to some degree, which might be skewing your estimates of genealogical relatedness between them?</br></br> - many individuals from groups that have experienced founder effects, such as Ashkenazi Jews, appear to be close genetic cousins, even though they're not genealogical cousins. Basically, the reason for this is reduced haplotype diversity in such populations. Have you considered the possibility that at least some of the close relationships that you're seeing between individuals and populations might be exaggerated by founder effects?</br></br> - thanks to ancient DNA we've learned that the Yamnaya phenomenon isn't just an archeological horizon, but also a closely related and genetically very similar group of people. Indeed, in my mind, ancient DNA has helped to redefine the Yamnaya concept, with Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b-Z2103 now being one of the key traits of the Yamnaya identity. So considering that the Corded Ware people are not rich in R1b-Z2103, and even the earliest Corded Ware individuals are somewhat different from the Yamnaya people in terms of genome-wide genetic structure, it doesn't seem right to keep claiming that the Corded Ware population is derived from Yamnaya. I can't see anything in your IBD data that would preclude the idea that the Corded Ware and Yamnaya peoples were different populations derived from the same as yet unsampled pre-Yamnaya/post-Sredny steppe group.</blockquote></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/12/dear-harald-2.html">Dear Harald #2</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/07/on-origin-of-corded-ware-people.html">On the origin of the Corded Ware people</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/04/dear-harald.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/04/dear-harald.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2023-04-08T04:15:00-07:00'>4:15:00 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/7666690675542157894' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 443 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=7666690675542157894&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=7666690675542157894&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=7666690675542157894&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=7666690675542157894&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=7666690675542157894&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=7666690675542157894&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancIBD' rel='tag'>ancIBD</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20ancestry' rel='tag'>ancient ancestry</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Corded%20Ware%20Culture' rel='tag'>Corded Ware Culture</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/CWC' rel='tag'>CWC</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/David%20Reich' rel='tag'>David Reich</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/haplotype' rel='tag'>haplotype</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Harald%20Ringbauer' rel='tag'>Harald Ringbauer</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/IBD' rel='tag'>IBD</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Identity-by-Descent' rel='tag'>Identity-by-Descent</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Nick%20Patterson' rel='tag'>Nick Patterson</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Pontic-Caspian%20steppe' rel='tag'>Pontic-Caspian steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Yamnaya' rel='tag'>Yamnaya</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Monday, February 13, 2023</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5BLgNBL-VG-uWs2JRsSacTCIdGgV9VWeZTHUfUXUtTbUDYbbwAFLQP1aw2T0PmVuPbJWTDrzqTdbFYCOORIWfXTFRJ3pftQKJX3KtKyQAEpdqpb6rRBzXJK3gvQU_WcPsOS6xf6yN_FPWFbhSnOOZoEXUy6rNb2cFkQLiXnyTYQ4eA9AxiiVML7cRQg/s400/Yamnaya_origins_Vahaduo_PCA1.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='6908466288304619839' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='6908466288304619839'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/02/dear-david-nick-iosiflet-me-tell-you.html'>Dear David, Nick, Iosif...let me tell you about Yamnaya</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-6908466288304619839' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm4247">Lazaridis, Alpaslan-Roodenberg et al.</a> recently claimed that the Yamnaya people of the Pontic-Caspian (PC) steppe carried "substantial" ancestry from what is now Armenia or surrounds.</br></br> However, this claim is essentially false.</br></br> Only one individual associated with the Yamnaya culture shows an unambiguous signal of such ancestry. This is a female usually labeled Ukraine_Yamnaya_Ozera_o:I1917. The "o" suffix indicates that she is an outlier from the main Yamnaya genetic cluster.</br></br> Unlike I1917, typical Yamnaya individuals carry a few per cent of ancient European farmer admixture. This ancestry is only very distantly Armenian-related via Neolithic Anatolia (see <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/dear-iosifyamnaya.html">here</a>).</br></br> It's difficult for me to understand how Lazaridis, Alpaslan-Roodenberg et al. missed this. I suspect that they relied too heavily on formal statistics and overinterpreted their results.</br></br> Formal statistics are a very useful tool in ancient DNA work. Unfortunately, they're also a relatively blunt tool that often has problems distinguishing between similar sources of gene flow.</br></br> There are arguably better methods for studying fine scale ancestry, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA).</br></br> Below is a somewhat special PCA featuring a wide range of ancient populations that plausibly might be relevant to the genetic origins of the Yamnaya people. Unlike most PCA with ancient samples, this PCA doesn't rely on any sort of projection, so that all of the actors are interacting with each other and directly affecting the outcome.</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5BLgNBL-VG-uWs2JRsSacTCIdGgV9VWeZTHUfUXUtTbUDYbbwAFLQP1aw2T0PmVuPbJWTDrzqTdbFYCOORIWfXTFRJ3pftQKJX3KtKyQAEpdqpb6rRBzXJK3gvQU_WcPsOS6xf6yN_FPWFbhSnOOZoEXUy6rNb2cFkQLiXnyTYQ4eA9AxiiVML7cRQg/s1600/Yamnaya_origins_Vahaduo_PCA1.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5BLgNBL-VG-uWs2JRsSacTCIdGgV9VWeZTHUfUXUtTbUDYbbwAFLQP1aw2T0PmVuPbJWTDrzqTdbFYCOORIWfXTFRJ3pftQKJX3KtKyQAEpdqpb6rRBzXJK3gvQU_WcPsOS6xf6yN_FPWFbhSnOOZoEXUy6rNb2cFkQLiXnyTYQ4eA9AxiiVML7cRQg/s400/Yamnaya_origins_Vahaduo_PCA1.png" width="400"/></a></div></br> Here's another version of the same plot with a less complicated labeling system. Note that I designed this PCA specifically to differentiate between European populations and those from the Armenian highlands, the Iranian plateau and surrounds.</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh25VUGdKkdTrX95EuugpwrJq6rSW8iGALM0Rf6IHskuCrzBi7Xu7nLAihKfVC60TOop5lSYLIKeycdfKttLo_Tm2bVsPapSMOStV9nuCET5PPNCudWNguWsDx1stpewBlM3cJAEr9SpZ1TKQt9mrY9bgYj_7CyNccsEDmhueRApTDvBpOiO2q6v_GeCg/s1600/Yamnaya_origins_Vahaduo_PCA2.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh25VUGdKkdTrX95EuugpwrJq6rSW8iGALM0Rf6IHskuCrzBi7Xu7nLAihKfVC60TOop5lSYLIKeycdfKttLo_Tm2bVsPapSMOStV9nuCET5PPNCudWNguWsDx1stpewBlM3cJAEr9SpZ1TKQt9mrY9bgYj_7CyNccsEDmhueRApTDvBpOiO2q6v_GeCg/s400/Yamnaya_origins_Vahaduo_PCA2.png" width="400"/></a></div></br> And here's a close up of the part of the plot that shows the Yamnaya cluster. This cluster is made up of samples associated with the Afanasievo, Catacomb, Poltavka and Yamnaya cultures. All of the individuals in this part of the plot are closely related, which is why they're so tightly packed together. The differentiation between them is caused by admixture from different groups mostly from outside of the PC steppe.</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLWiA9OcEbOKfNbUUl3vD46GkFDkEEGNTFrccc4gohzHAc6jeVrHV29cUNYGRSFJIcy1hTPYxWm9EvzSWMNhv2PkKB2QPg836e8szy1-eIW-Zkbby6vpOlvpzxrx8zycPkXGYyp7jE1w8JJs_H5En4QVpnfr85T9sXrKA_X4p7vJ-UinpPfxYS1vJ2BA/s1600/Yamnaya_origins_Vahaduo_PCA2b.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLWiA9OcEbOKfNbUUl3vD46GkFDkEEGNTFrccc4gohzHAc6jeVrHV29cUNYGRSFJIcy1hTPYxWm9EvzSWMNhv2PkKB2QPg836e8szy1-eIW-Zkbby6vpOlvpzxrx8zycPkXGYyp7jE1w8JJs_H5En4QVpnfr85T9sXrKA_X4p7vJ-UinpPfxYS1vJ2BA/s400/Yamnaya_origins_Vahaduo_PCA2b.png" width="400"/></a></div></br> The Yamnaya cluster can be broadly characterized as a population that formed along the genetic continuum between the Eneolithic groups of the Progress region and Neolithic foragers from the Dnieper River valley (Progress_Eneolithic and Ukraine_N, respectively). However, this cluster also shows a slight western shift that is increasingly more pronounced in the Corded Ware samples. This shift is due to the aforementioned admixture from early European farmers.</br></br> <b>Indeed, the plot reveals two parallel clines extending west from the Progress samples. One of the clines is made up of the Yamnaya cluster and the Corded Ware samples, and pulls towards the ancient European farmers. The other cline includes Ukraine_Yamnaya_Ozera_o:I1917 and pulls towards samples from the Armenian highlands and surrounds.</br></br> Being aware of these two clines and knowing how they came about is important to understanding the genetic prehistory of the PC steppe and indeed of much of Eurasia.</br></br> At some point, probably during the late Eneolithic, a Progress-related group experienced gene flow from the west and became the Yamnaya and Corded Ware populations. Sporadically, admixture from the Armenian highlands and the Iranian plateau also entered the PC steppe, giving rise to people like the Steppe Maykop outliers and Ukraine_Yamnaya_Ozera_o:I1917.</b></br></br> Unfortunately, this sort of PCA doesn't offer output suitable for mixture modeling, basically because the recent genetic drift shared by many of the samples creates significant noise.</br></br> However, to check that my inferences based on the plot are correct I can create composites with specific ancestry proportions to see how they behave. In the plot below Mix1 is 80% Progress_Eneolithic and 20% Iran_Hajji_Firuz_N, Mix2 is 80% Progress_Eneolithic and 20% Armenia_EBA_Kura_Araxes, while Mix3 is 80% Progress_Eneolithic, 15% Ukraine_N and 5% Hungary_MN_Vinca (Middle Neolithic farmers from the Carpathian Basin).</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikl9brEdW-XrrNgYVFkYqLGxPAZfRuR6zdK36mD-imTztcHuW5fdTHfzwtgMwFo7rAPQt-KzMg73IwdtMsacNzQL_l43Ux_8Cn28trFL1jM2PCFmK0l6fjxhCbpDu7tkhS4VQQT6ACsB66lnu233t3udkrLys0T1JTV4pkZjz1593fURqWZcsd6-Oibg/s1600/Yamnaya_origins_Vahaduo_PCA3.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikl9brEdW-XrrNgYVFkYqLGxPAZfRuR6zdK36mD-imTztcHuW5fdTHfzwtgMwFo7rAPQt-KzMg73IwdtMsacNzQL_l43Ux_8Cn28trFL1jM2PCFmK0l6fjxhCbpDu7tkhS4VQQT6ACsB66lnu233t3udkrLys0T1JTV4pkZjz1593fURqWZcsd6-Oibg/s400/Yamnaya_origins_Vahaduo_PCA3.png" width="400"/></a></div></br> <b>Obviously, we can't get Yamnaya by mixing Progress_Eneolithic with any ancients from the Armenian highlands or the Iranian plateau.</b> On the other hand, Mix3 works quite well, at least in the first two dimensions. In some of the other dimensions genetic drift specific to Ukraine_N pulls it away from the Yamnaya cluster, but this is to be expected.</br></br> By the way, the plots were created with the excellent Vahaduo Custom PCA tool freely available <a href="https://vahaduo.github.io/custompca/">here</a>. It's well worth trying the interactive 3D option using my PCA data. The relevant datasheet is available <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1nbsZAfRaVc9wSKCdEe8giqWZOmTRXGuo/view?usp=sharing">here.</a> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipIRSo3KkXHzEkyX_I_TMIlBenzFBVAXdn1EhLDF5QEKK5hlnTicFoUd-H0bFcZxdAx8yt3tB5Ra0bmFDzBH8lbBAnXxQwgjKDVBlFEfQbnwEkI91VXZ297-_c5W2R5hk9fKt2RwptE9yzuZcWO9Pg1nLO99BdFcZKEJ2ZQApxtirrNYqd6BboW-BpfA/s1600/Yamnaya_origins_Vahaduo_PCA_3D.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipIRSo3KkXHzEkyX_I_TMIlBenzFBVAXdn1EhLDF5QEKK5hlnTicFoUd-H0bFcZxdAx8yt3tB5Ra0bmFDzBH8lbBAnXxQwgjKDVBlFEfQbnwEkI91VXZ297-_c5W2R5hk9fKt2RwptE9yzuZcWO9Pg1nLO99BdFcZKEJ2ZQApxtirrNYqd6BboW-BpfA/s400/Yamnaya_origins_Vahaduo_PCA_3D.png" width="400"/></a></div></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/01/dear-david-nick-iosiflets-set-record.html">Dear David, Nick, Iosif...let's set the record straight</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/09/the-caucasus-is-semipermeable-genetic.html">The Caucasus is a semipermeable barrier to gene flow</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/02/dear-david-nick-iosiflet-me-tell-you.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/02/dear-david-nick-iosiflet-me-tell-you.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2023-02-13T02:36:00-08:00'>2:36:00 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/6908466288304619839' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 892 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6908466288304619839&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6908466288304619839&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6908466288304619839&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6908466288304619839&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6908466288304619839&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6908466288304619839&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20ancestry' rel='tag'>ancient ancestry</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Armenia' rel='tag'>Armenia</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Caucasus' rel='tag'>Caucasus</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Corded%20Ware' rel='tag'>Corded Ware</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/David%20Reich' rel='tag'>David Reich</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Dear%20Iosif' rel='tag'>Dear Iosif</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Iosif%20Lazaridis' rel='tag'>Iosif Lazaridis</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Nick%20Patterson' rel='tag'>Nick Patterson</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Pontic-Caspian%20steppe' rel='tag'>Pontic-Caspian steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Yamnaya' rel='tag'>Yamnaya</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Friday, January 13, 2023</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5BLgNBL-VG-uWs2JRsSacTCIdGgV9VWeZTHUfUXUtTbUDYbbwAFLQP1aw2T0PmVuPbJWTDrzqTdbFYCOORIWfXTFRJ3pftQKJX3KtKyQAEpdqpb6rRBzXJK3gvQU_WcPsOS6xf6yN_FPWFbhSnOOZoEXUy6rNb2cFkQLiXnyTYQ4eA9AxiiVML7cRQg/s400/Yamnaya_origins_Vahaduo_PCA1.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='5914498720054957474' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='5914498720054957474'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/01/dear-david-nick-iosiflets-set-record.html'>Dear David, Nick, Iosif...let's set the record straight</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-5914498720054957474' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>Almost a decade ago scientists at the David Reich Lab extracted DNA from the remains of three men from the Khvalynsk II cemetery at the northern end of the Pontic-Caspian (PC) steppe.</br></br> These Eneolithic Eastern Europeans showed significant genetic heterogeneity, with highly variable levels of Eastern Hunter-Gatherer (EHG) and Near Eastern-related ancestry components.</br></br> As a result, the people at the David Reich Lab concluded that the Eneolithic populations of the PC steppe formed from a relatively recent admixture between local hunter-gatherers and Near Eastern migrants.</br></br> Unfortunately, this view has since become the consensus among scientists working with ancient DNA.</br></br> I say unfortunately because there's a more straightforward and indeed obvious explanation for the genetic heterogeneity among the samples from Khvalynsk II. It's also the only correct explanation, and it doesn't involve any recent gene flow from the Near East.</br></br> Here it is, in point form, as simply as I can put it:</br></br> <b><blockquote>- EHG is best represented by samples from Karelia and Lebyazhinka, which are modern-day Russian localities in the forest zone and on the border between the steppe and the forest-steppe, respectively</br></br> - Khvalynsk II is also located on the boundary between the steppe and the forest-steppe, and very far from the Near East</br></br> - so the genetic structure of the people buried at Khvalynsk II does represent an admixture event</br></br> - however, this admixture event simply involved an EHG population from the forest-steppe and a very distantly Near Eastern-related group native to the steppe (that is, two different Eastern European populations).</blockquote></b></br> I've written this blog post because I think David Reich, Nick Patterson, Iosif Lazaridis and colleagues should finally admit that they didn't quite get this right. And it'd be nice if they could put out a paper sometime soon in which they set the record straight.</br></br> See also...</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/02/dear-david-nick-iosiflet-me-tell-you.html" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5BLgNBL-VG-uWs2JRsSacTCIdGgV9VWeZTHUfUXUtTbUDYbbwAFLQP1aw2T0PmVuPbJWTDrzqTdbFYCOORIWfXTFRJ3pftQKJX3KtKyQAEpdqpb6rRBzXJK3gvQU_WcPsOS6xf6yN_FPWFbhSnOOZoEXUy6rNb2cFkQLiXnyTYQ4eA9AxiiVML7cRQg/s400/Yamnaya_origins_Vahaduo_PCA1.png" width="400"/></a></div></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/01/dear-david-nick-iosiflets-set-record.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/01/dear-david-nick-iosiflets-set-record.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2023-01-13T12:23:00-08:00'>12:23:00 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/5914498720054957474' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 450 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5914498720054957474&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5914498720054957474&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5914498720054957474&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5914498720054957474&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5914498720054957474&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5914498720054957474&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20ancestry' rel='tag'>ancient ancestry</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/David%20Reich' rel='tag'>David Reich</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Dear%20Iosif' rel='tag'>Dear Iosif</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20European%20hunter-gatherers' rel='tag'>Eastern European hunter-gatherers</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20European%20steppe' rel='tag'>Eastern European steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/EHG' rel='tag'>EHG</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Iosif%20Lazaridis' rel='tag'>Iosif Lazaridis</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Khvalynsk' rel='tag'>Khvalynsk</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Near%20East' rel='tag'>Near East</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Nick%20Patterson' rel='tag'>Nick Patterson</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Pontic-Caspian%20steppe' rel='tag'>Pontic-Caspian steppe</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Tuesday, November 1, 2022</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkrkB2VnqllwUYMkBlvbLeaF1wpJW1zDco_rv3DUHCW8aZLMA7J1VYYsyHzqXiD0IoMYi_2X8u1-YkMoHl35zSKvGlxDzL3c76k74VUN3tAzIWll2bwo4e8K6_p2XC3R5QIT4kJRholJe8EhcriWGBHn2dwHU_RCJcsj2Cr_vK5215VzvUOQdRokLH-Q/s450/R-V1636_in_ancient_DNA.jpg' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='5372998722978004657' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='5372998722978004657'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/11/the-story-of-r-v1636.html'>The story of R-V1636</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-5372998722978004657' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>Who wants to bet against this map? Keep in mind that ART038 (~3000 calBCE) remains the oldest sample with the V1636 and R1b Y-chromosome mutations in the West Asian ancient DNA record. Ergo, there's nothing to suggest that V1636 or R1b entered Eastern Europe from West Asia.</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkrkB2VnqllwUYMkBlvbLeaF1wpJW1zDco_rv3DUHCW8aZLMA7J1VYYsyHzqXiD0IoMYi_2X8u1-YkMoHl35zSKvGlxDzL3c76k74VUN3tAzIWll2bwo4e8K6_p2XC3R5QIT4kJRholJe8EhcriWGBHn2dwHU_RCJcsj2Cr_vK5215VzvUOQdRokLH-Q/s1290/R-V1636_in_ancient_DNA.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="865" data-original-width="1290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkrkB2VnqllwUYMkBlvbLeaF1wpJW1zDco_rv3DUHCW8aZLMA7J1VYYsyHzqXiD0IoMYi_2X8u1-YkMoHl35zSKvGlxDzL3c76k74VUN3tAzIWll2bwo4e8K6_p2XC3R5QIT4kJRholJe8EhcriWGBHn2dwHU_RCJcsj2Cr_vK5215VzvUOQdRokLH-Q/s450/R-V1636_in_ancient_DNA.jpg" width="400"/></a></div> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/01/a-tantalizing-link.html">A tantalizing link</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/07/how-relevant-is-arslantepe-to-pie-debate.html">How relevant is Arslantepe to the PIE homeland debate?</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/11/the-story-of-r-v1636.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/11/the-story-of-r-v1636.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2022-11-01T18:54:00-07:00'>6:54:00 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/5372998722978004657' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 214 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5372998722978004657&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5372998722978004657&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5372998722978004657&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5372998722978004657&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5372998722978004657&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5372998722978004657&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Arslantepe' rel='tag'>Arslantepe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Caucasus' rel='tag'>Caucasus</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Dear%20Iosif' rel='tag'>Dear Iosif</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Hittite' rel='tag'>Hittite</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-Anatolian' rel='tag'>Indo-Anatolian</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Near%20East' rel='tag'>Near East</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Pontic-Caspian%20steppe' rel='tag'>Pontic-Caspian steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Proto-Indo-European' rel='tag'>Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/R-V1636' rel='tag'>R-V1636</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/R1b' rel='tag'>R1b</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/R1b-V1636' rel='tag'>R1b-V1636</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/West%20Asia' rel='tag'>West Asia</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Thursday, October 27, 2022</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='851824274829546723' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='851824274829546723'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/10/the-yassitepe-challenge.html'>The Yassitepe challenge</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-851824274829546723' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>This is about the only successful qpAdm model that I can find for the pair of Early Bronze Age (EBA) females from Yassitepe, Turkey, using a decent set of outgroups and markers. I wouldn't take it too literally, but it does suggest a potentially significant level of European ancestry, including some steppe ancestry, in these Yassitepe individuals.</br></br> <blockquote>TUR_Aegean_Yassitepe_EBA</br> AZE_Caucasus_lowlands_LN 0.565±0.054</br> <b>ROU_N 0.387±0.041</br> RUS_Progress_En 0.048±0.022</b></br> P-value 0.103248</br> <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qZkwsNGL8dAPdzcsKCF4hxuBJ2C5c-b0/view?usp=sharing">Full output</a></blockquote></br> If anyone reading this can find a better, more convincing solution then I'd love to see it. Feel free to share it in the comments below.</br></br> Obviously, both of the Yassitepe samples are from the recent <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm4247">Lazaridis, Alpaslan-Roodenberg et al.</a> paper. Their EBA dating suggests that they might be relevant to the debate over the origins of Anatolian speakers, such as the Hittites and Luwians.</br></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/dear-iosif-about-that-2.html">Dear Iosif, about that ~2%</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/06/the-precursor-of-trojans.html">The precursor of the Trojans</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/10/the-yassitepe-challenge.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/10/the-yassitepe-challenge.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2022-10-27T04:25:00-07:00'>4:25:00 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/851824274829546723' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 153 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=851824274829546723&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=851824274829546723&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=851824274829546723&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=851824274829546723&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=851824274829546723&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=851824274829546723&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Aegean' rel='tag'>Aegean</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Anatolia' rel='tag'>Anatolia</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20ancestry' rel='tag'>ancient ancestry</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Balkans' rel='tag'>Balkans</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Bronze%20Age' rel='tag'>Bronze Age</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Hittite' rel='tag'>Hittite</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Hittites' rel='tag'>Hittites</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-Anatolian' rel='tag'>Indo-Anatolian</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Luwian' rel='tag'>Luwian</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Luwians' rel='tag'>Luwians</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Proto-Indo-European' rel='tag'>Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Yassitepe' rel='tag'>Yassitepe</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class='blog-pager' id='blog-pager'> <span id='blog-pager-older-link'> <a class='blog-pager-older-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA?updated-max=2022-10-27T04:25:00-07:00&max-results=20&start=20&by-date=false' id='Blog1_blog-pager-older-link' title='Older Posts'>Older Posts</a> </span> <a class='home-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/'>Home</a> </div> <div class='clear'></div> <div class='blog-feeds'> <div class='feed-links'> Subscribe to: <a class='feed-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default' target='_blank' type='application/atom+xml'>Posts (Atom)</a> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class='column-left-outer'> <div class='column-left-inner'> <aside> </aside> </div> </div> <div class='column-right-outer'> <div class='column-right-inner'> <aside> <div class='sidebar section' id='sidebar-right-1'><div class='widget FeaturedPost' data-version='1' id='FeaturedPost1'> <h2 class='title'>Featured Post</h2> <div class='post-summary'> <h3><a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/09/the-caucasus-is-semipermeable-genetic.html'>The Caucasus is a semipermeable barrier to gene flow</a></h3> <p> The scientists at the David Reich Lab are a clever bunch. 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For ins... </p> <img class='image' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5Ja61RD9nybJIgKw6W46rRlILr5dTuw4ZJkp2TxZfElklZKVz0tFB5SB7vDtKalXou6t_XolWEy6X-RTVGxk_kcJhFUX0AouaV3ZFiyx6Tvw_mf-_3K90Kv5zqi579fB0oukTsGF5QvGP/s380/Herodotus_vs_PCA_small.png'/> </div> <style type='text/css'> .image { width: 100%; } </style> <div class='clear'></div> </div><div class='widget AdSense' data-version='1' id='AdSense1'> <div class='widget-content'> <script type="text/javascript"> google_ad_client = "ca-pub-4761255028787688"; google_ad_host = "pub-1556223355139109"; google_ad_slot = "3225443864"; google_ad_width = 300; google_ad_height = 250; </script>  <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> <div class='clear'></div> </div> </div><div class='widget PopularPosts' data-version='1' id='PopularPosts1'> <h2>Popular Posts</h2> <div class='widget-content popular-posts'> <ul> <li> <div class='item-content'> <div class='item-thumbnail'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/07/getting-most-out-of-global25_12.html' target='_blank'> <img alt='' border='0' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmf_h-xeKllRcC3UGJ_8Yk9JrclGXXhwgEbufMkgCHVx-K4scCCvUqthC_IXfFFvA3FuCnoizvKv_tYyVO5YKmtzop0Bt6J_WLn8RLVeVp-zS8WAM4wjRalVWESHrWJqCP8SFvvc_SIV0/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/G25_guide1.png'/> </a> </div> <div class='item-title'><a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/07/getting-most-out-of-global25_12.html'>Getting the most out of the Global25</a></div> <div class='item-snippet'>The first thing you need to know about the Global25 is that I update the relevant datasheets regularly, usually every few weeks, but they...</div> </div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </li> <li> <div class='item-content'> <div class='item-thumbnail'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/07/on-origin-of-corded-ware-people.html' target='_blank'> <img alt='' border='0' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtsAk7xc8KcBYwBhJYoGdl-3-t64OedpCiC-zuJSdTu0mp7xF9mqSUCoe4L_idaFi0Sf4euAElw4sCEVT58eILxY3sGd1Bv8Z6mdlkqeZ8xJOP-gymLfx-gUtem2n823kBdcDXRpGpY1-F/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/Eneolithic_steppe_PCA2.png'/> </a> </div> <div class='item-title'><a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/07/on-origin-of-corded-ware-people.html'>On the origin of the Corded Ware people</a></div> <div class='item-snippet'>There's been a lot of talk lately about the finding that the peoples associated with the Corded Ware and Yamnaya archeological cultures ...</div> </div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </li> <li> <div class='item-content'> <div class='item-thumbnail'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/11/when-it-seems-like-whole-world-has-gone.html' target='_blank'> <img alt='' border='0' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFMqgNkYSyZYbgvlyzJEVOhL57XEtjDcp3nt2mHmvf8M2c23mUcViX-ChrW1CNy-s5SB9_lN9aT-AcsaPDGgZWKHtP8Ak_I5fs11bWdho3YMz0E2DvAjPVtGkIc_sLbiW_p7Ah-vSOgkip/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/OutofintoIran.jpg'/> </a> </div> <div class='item-title'><a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/11/when-it-seems-like-whole-world-has-gone.html'>Crazy stuff</a></div> <div class='item-snippet'>I'm hoping that 2022 is the year when this problem is finally straightened out. Over to you David Reich, Nick Patterson, Iosif Lazaridis...</div> </div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </li> <li> <div class='item-content'> <div class='item-thumbnail'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2013/12/ancient-human-genomes-suggest-three.html' target='_blank'> <img alt='' border='0' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7Z__6v2wuDTAlaKvTiQyHUt0qYx-8COp3SqLx9k-dAKkekDRk4Swg9znPDVzbmQZ_Ulb-Eil_bLlsYO9nCatqSE2nF8rBRnCsjXLArISvyPomF88un3sT9guZ7APklbe6k3inY4PI7RZ8/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/Ancient_human_genomes_suggest_three_ancestral_populations_Fig2_small.png'/> </a> </div> <div class='item-title'><a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2013/12/ancient-human-genomes-suggest-three.html'>Ancient human genomes suggest (more than) three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans</a></div> <div class='item-snippet'>This new preprint at bioRxiv is quite the Christmas present for those of us with a passion for European genetics and prehistory. It's ...</div> </div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </li> <li> <div class='item-content'> <div class='item-thumbnail'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/02/ancient-dna-vs-ex-oriente-lux.html' target='_blank'> <img alt='' border='0' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis3f4KzBUNwJXcYBAMkBaSFoYGIEb3EMtY53kxRRKY3381uzTKwFlp28J1nYNKPkab1E3d3Z9eU1Sp5ja6rEvR-Z6bQ1VoBferbuZSOY8Y6vvpV5sbyC2s91k6YErTvggUkGeGGRTkjrH_/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/Eneolithic_steppe_burial_sites.jpg'/> </a> </div> <div class='item-title'><a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/02/ancient-dna-vs-ex-oriente-lux.html'>Ancient DNA vs Ex Oriente Lux</a></div> <div class='item-snippet'>In recent years you may have read academic papers, books and press articles claiming that the Early Bronze Age Yamnaya culture of the Pontic...</div> </div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </li> <li> <div class='item-content'> <div class='item-thumbnail'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/12/the-pie-homeland-controversy-december.html' target='_blank'> <img alt='' border='0' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd4oZWKHIn6qydgyLAREiVK6oDi0Sov0TKQPAUN42xN_nU4Ez0S8XSP8uHKoAr5s7wPrMH1a9tzlrTt2lqZENDsuFSaDReZ8u-DnhRUFy_exvd2le61nMf4GoRFKbjNnHTEEZYcJn5z7vPFoKl6gsVhJAaj1N56zcd_BnAlZsU2WfgJndKtYPk2ik36H3E/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/HittitesPossible.jpeg'/> </a> </div> <div class='item-title'><a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/12/the-pie-homeland-controversy-december.html'>The PIE homeland controversy: December 2024 open thread</a></div> <div class='item-snippet'>It seems like we're getting close to the moment when Iosif Lazaridis has to finally admit that the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) homeland wa...</div> </div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </li> </ul> <div class='clear'></div> </div> </div><div class='widget BlogList' data-version='1' id='BlogList1'> <h2 class='title'>My Other Blogs</h2> <div class='widget-content'> <div class='blog-list-container' id='BlogList1_container'> <ul id='BlogList1_blogs'> <li style='display: block;'> <div class='blog-icon'> <img data-lateloadsrc='https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_s7pdTMFTfRjOXlRPgO3gOI9X4qckkacYdpyp9WOMOVIxPLhVtuCZr0RGYtvww8ET0S4stN7-V15TrhgBvE5Ech2krQK2-hjik=s16-w16-h16' height='16' width='16'/> </div> <div class='blog-content'> <div class='blog-title'> <a href='http://bga101.blogspot.com/' target='_blank'> Eurogenes Genetic Ancestry Project</a> </div> <div class='item-content'> <span class='item-title'> <a href='http://bga101.blogspot.com/2020/01/modeling-your-ancestry-has-never-been.html' target='_blank'> Modeling your ancestry has never been easier </a> </span> <div class='item-time'> 5 years ago </div> </div> </div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </li> <li style='display: block;'> <div class='blog-icon'> <img data-lateloadsrc='https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_s3u7biUyRlC2wCaCQU1i2IVSUGQJx2-vleOXJd7jtPJHwerYN08w2OVMwO1OovAhCkhjHXuMzyab-kIiBreEnFOjndGjLJ--xHbv7lFE0=s16-w16-h16' height='16' width='16'/> </div> <div class='blog-content'> <div class='blog-title'> <a href='http://polishgenes.blogspot.com/' target='_blank'> Polishgenes Blog</a> </div> <div class='item-content'> <span class='item-title'> <a href='http://polishgenes.blogspot.com/2019/07/viking-invasion-at-biorxiv.html' target='_blank'> Viking invasion at bioRxiv </a> </span> <div class='item-time'> 5 years ago </div> </div> </div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </li> </ul> <div class='clear'></div> </div> </div> </div><div class='widget BlogList' data-version='1' id='BlogList2'> <h2 class='title'>News Feed</h2> <div class='widget-content'> <div class='blog-list-container' id='BlogList2_container'> <ul id='BlogList2_blogs'> <li style='display: block;'> <div class='blog-icon'> <img data-lateloadsrc='https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_t4KluNfbM_0cOn9Ida0_nB1M8_z5CnJajc05f6nkb7gYF9RKNu1Ivg7JARZe_4CgaINhJsYahSipEbmc8_nYk=s16-w16-h16' height='16' width='16'/> </div> <div class='blog-content'> <div class='blog-title'> <a href='https://phys.org/' target='_blank'> Phys.org - latest science and technology news stories</a> </div> <div class='item-content'> <span class='item-title'> <a href='https://phys.org/news/2025-02-lethal-generation-rat-poisons-endangered.html' target='_blank'> Lethal second-generation rat poisons are killing endangered quolls and Tasmanian devils </a> </span> </div> </div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </li> <li style='display: block;'> <div class='blog-icon'> <img data-lateloadsrc='https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_vvbdd39OkxjmclEy29pxA8wOM-GKO2nT743rcsZqHg9hn1jJdnuO5AmUdk-O9RjbF371mstewT74sIb2umZLkOcAncq_70k1lD2qH-Ik_EWRxNMzkZb9dNUrxjGA=s16-w16-h16' height='16' width='16'/> </div> <div class='blog-content'> <div class='blog-title'> <a href='https://www.genomeweb.com/section/rss/news?access_control%3D46' target='_blank'> Genomeweb News</a> </div> <div class='item-content'> <span class='item-title'> <a href='https://www.genomeweb.com/business-news/new-products-posted-genomeweb-bd-biosciences-thermo-fisher-scientific-yourgene-health' target='_blank'> New Products Posted to GenomeWeb: BD Biosciences, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Yourgene Health, GeneDx </a> </span> </div> </div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </li> <li style='display: block;'> <div class='blog-icon'> <img data-lateloadsrc='https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_tRfd4K0sV-DzK8rX2JfDE-46OK26RhTQHLskFnG-SE3TINCehIpxcjLj18fbHge5Pa1T7ZYMnXB25WRwlW5ar7xF5RGAk=s16-w16-h16' height='16' width='16'/> </div> <div class='blog-content'> <div class='blog-title'> <a href='https://archaeology.org/' target='_blank'> Archaeological Headlines - Archaeology Magazine</a> </div> <div class='item-content'> <span class='item-title'> <a href='https://archaeology.org/news/2025/02/14/hillside-fortress-in-slovakia-mapped-with-lidar/' target='_blank'> Hillside Fortress in Slovakia Mapped With Lidar </a> </span> </div> </div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </li> </ul> <div class='clear'></div> </div> </div> </div><div class='widget AdSense' data-version='1' id='AdSense2'> <div class='widget-content'> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-4761255028787688" data-ad-slot="2452220442" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> <div class='clear'></div> </div> </div><div class='widget BlogArchive' data-version='1' id='BlogArchive2'> <h2>Blog Archive</h2> <div class='widget-content'> <div id='ArchiveList'> <div id='BlogArchive2_ArchiveList'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate expanded'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy toggle-open'> ▼  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2025/'> 2025 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate expanded'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy toggle-open'> ▼  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2025/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> <ul class='posts'> <li><a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2025/02/g25-available-again.html'>G25 available again</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2025/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li 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href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/'> 2023 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(13)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/'> 2022 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(28)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/'> 2021 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(24)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/'> 2020 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(45)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/'> 2019 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(73)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/'> 2018 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(101)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(10)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(13)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(14)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(11)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/'> 2017 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(131)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(11)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(10)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(11)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(11)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(18)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(17)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(22)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/'> 2016 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(79)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(10)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(12)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a 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