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<div class='cap-left'></div> <div class='cap-right'></div> </div> <div class='fauxborder-left'> <div class='fauxborder-right'></div> <div class='fauxcolumn-inner'> </div> </div> <div class='cap-bottom'> <div class='cap-left'></div> <div class='cap-right'></div> </div> </div> <div class='fauxcolumn-outer fauxcolumn-right-outer'> <div class='cap-top'> <div class='cap-left'></div> <div class='cap-right'></div> </div> <div class='fauxborder-left'> <div class='fauxborder-right'></div> <div class='fauxcolumn-inner'> </div> </div> <div class='cap-bottom'> <div class='cap-left'></div> <div class='cap-right'></div> </div> </div>  <div class='columns-inner'> <div class='column-center-outer'> <div class='column-center-inner'> <div class='main section' id='main' name='Main'><div class='widget Blog' data-version='1' id='Blog1'> <div class='blog-posts hfeed'> <div class='status-msg-wrap'> <div class='status-msg-body'> Showing posts with label <b>Proto-Indo-European</b>. <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/">Show all posts</a> </div> <div class='status-msg-border'> <div class='status-msg-bg'> <div class='status-msg-hidden'>Showing posts with label <b>Proto-Indo-European</b>. <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/">Show all posts</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Friday, April 19, 2024</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='4592417557675648218' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='4592417557675648218'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/04/its-complicated.html'>It's complicated</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-4592417557675648218' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>Three important manuscripts appeared recently at <i>bioRxiv</i>, mostly dealing with the origins and expansions of proto-Germanic and proto-Indo-European populations.</br></br> <blockquote><a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.03.13.584607v1">Steppe Ancestry in western Eurasia and the spread of the Germanic Languages (McColl et al.)</a></br></br> <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589597v1">The Genetic Origin of the Indo-Europeans (Lazaridis et al.)</a></br></br> <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.17.589600v1?ct">A genomic history of the North Pontic Region from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age (Nikitin et al.)</a></blockquote></br> All of these studies are very useful, but there are some problems with each of them. Indeed, I'd say that the authors of the Lazaridis and McColl preprints need to reevaluate the way that they use ancient DNA to solve their linguistic puzzles. Once they do that their conclusions are likely to change significantly.</br></br> I'm aiming to produce a couple of detailed blog posts about these preprints within the next few weeks. Afterwards I'll get in touch with the relevant authors to change their minds about some key things.</br></br> Please stay tuned.</br></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/08/were-dealing-with-bunch-of-insert.html">Indo-European crackpottery</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/04/its-complicated.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/04/its-complicated.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2024-04-19T22:33:00-07:00'>10:33:00 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/4592417557675648218' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 1,347 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4592417557675648218&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4592417557675648218&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4592417557675648218&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4592417557675648218&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4592417557675648218&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4592417557675648218&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/David%20Anthony' rel='tag'>David Anthony</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/David%20Reich' rel='tag'>David Reich</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Germanic' rel='tag'>Germanic</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-Anatolian' rel='tag'>Indo-Anatolian</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-European' rel='tag'>Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Iosif%20Lazaridis' rel='tag'>Iosif Lazaridis</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Nick%20Patterson' rel='tag'>Nick Patterson</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/North%20Pontic%20steppe' rel='tag'>North Pontic steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Pontic-Caspian%20steppe' rel='tag'>Pontic-Caspian steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Proto-Indo-European' rel='tag'>Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Yamnaya' rel='tag'>Yamnaya</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='inline-ad'> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-4761255028787688" data-ad-slot="3573730424" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Thursday, August 31, 2023</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUck9CQNlNUOW3Jm_Gc6tfn7XL17KNILOIbustlJ4A65vhQEVuo0wIDgORsxnK3YkeUbSnTTAqdj0BFwI4Zs17SXXL__Ac7y7w9T90XatO9etkcqvW37xrbYo-laBBUpVG7bVqHynb40DjbeH47q4MUidHbpd0DtHRKQ9fYoy2WnH4mhvMlrTyjlLlQVNF/s600/Khvalynsk-Culture-ancient-DNA-screencap.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='74997558461943017' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='74997558461943017'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/08/the-story-of-khvalynsk-people.html'>The story of the Khvalynsk people</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-74997558461943017' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>I'm totally serious when I say that this <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFDhbqxNHlk&t=381s">video</a> is more objective, informative and accurate than any peer-reviewed paper published to date when it comes to the genetic origins of the Khvalynsk people.</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFDhbqxNHlk&t=381s" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="694" data-original-width="1234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUck9CQNlNUOW3Jm_Gc6tfn7XL17KNILOIbustlJ4A65vhQEVuo0wIDgORsxnK3YkeUbSnTTAqdj0BFwI4Zs17SXXL__Ac7y7w9T90XatO9etkcqvW37xrbYo-laBBUpVG7bVqHynb40DjbeH47q4MUidHbpd0DtHRKQ9fYoy2WnH4mhvMlrTyjlLlQVNF/s600/Khvalynsk-Culture-ancient-DNA-screencap.png" width="500"/></a></div></br> However, that's not to say it's perfect. I think it misses some important details. See here...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/09/the-caucasus-is-semipermeable-genetic.html">The Caucasus is a semipermeable barrier to gene flow</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/01/dear-david-nick-iosiflets-set-record.html">Dear David, Nick, Iosif...let's set the record straight</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/05/understanding-eneolithic-steppe.html">Understanding the Eneolithic steppe</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/08/the-story-of-khvalynsk-people.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/08/the-story-of-khvalynsk-people.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2023-08-31T05:33:00-07:00'>5:33:00 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/74997558461943017' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 358 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=74997558461943017&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=74997558461943017&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=74997558461943017&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=74997558461943017&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=74997558461943017&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=74997558461943017&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20ancestry' rel='tag'>ancient ancestry</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Caucasus' rel='tag'>Caucasus</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Caucasus%20hunter-gatherers' rel='tag'>Caucasus hunter-gatherers</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Khvalynsk' rel='tag'>Khvalynsk</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Pontic-Caspian%20steppe' rel='tag'>Pontic-Caspian steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Proto-Indo-European' rel='tag'>Proto-Indo-European</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Saturday, August 12, 2023</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='6317376931687651819' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='6317376931687651819'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/08/were-dealing-with-bunch-of-insert.html'>Indo-European crackpottery</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-6317376931687651819' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>I've now had the chance to read and digest the following two papers in <i>Science</i> about the origin of Indo-European languages:</br></br> <blockquote><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abg0818">Language trees with sampled ancestors support a hybrid model for the origin of Indo-European languages</a>, Heggarty et al.</br></br> <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm4247">The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe</a>, Lazaridis, Alpaslan-Roodenberg et al.</blockquote></br> The Heggarty et al. paper is pure fluff. It offers nothing useful or even remotely interesting.</br></br> For instance, the authors derive some Indo-European languages in Europe from Anatolian farmers and others from Caucasus hunter-gatherers (see <a href="https://www.science.org/cms/10.1126/science.abg0818/asset/ca8599bc-ef5a-471f-a37a-eb62b94b2278/assets/images/large/science.abg0818-fa.jpg">here</a>). This is not just exceedingly far fetched, but also obviously forced.</br></br> Wolfgang Haak and Johannes Krause, you should be deeply ashamed of yourselves.</br></br> I've already commented extensively about the Lazaridis, Alpaslan-Roodenberg et al. paper (for example, see <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/but-iosif-what-about-phrygians.html">here</a>). But the one thing I need to add is that this paper is what it is due to the inherent bias of some of the lead authors to push the Indo-Anatolian homeland into West Asia. I won't even bother mentioning their names, because we all know who they are.</br></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/11/when-it-seems-like-whole-world-has-gone.html">Crazy stuff</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/01/dear-david-nick-iosiflets-set-record.html">Dear David, Nick, Iosif...let's set the record straight</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/11/the-story-of-r-v1636.html">The story of R-V1636</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/08/were-dealing-with-bunch-of-insert.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/08/were-dealing-with-bunch-of-insert.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2023-08-12T05:01:00-07:00'>5:01:00 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/6317376931687651819' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 409 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6317376931687651819&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6317376931687651819&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6317376931687651819&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6317376931687651819&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6317376931687651819&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6317376931687651819&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20ancestry' rel='tag'>ancient ancestry</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Dear%20Iosif' rel='tag'>Dear Iosif</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/frustrated%20comedians' rel='tag'>frustrated comedians</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Johannes%20Krause' rel='tag'>Johannes Krause</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Pontic-Caspian%20steppe' rel='tag'>Pontic-Caspian steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Proto-Indo-European' rel='tag'>Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/West%20Asia' rel='tag'>West Asia</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Wolfgang%20Haak' rel='tag'>Wolfgang Haak</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Tuesday, November 1, 2022</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkrkB2VnqllwUYMkBlvbLeaF1wpJW1zDco_rv3DUHCW8aZLMA7J1VYYsyHzqXiD0IoMYi_2X8u1-YkMoHl35zSKvGlxDzL3c76k74VUN3tAzIWll2bwo4e8K6_p2XC3R5QIT4kJRholJe8EhcriWGBHn2dwHU_RCJcsj2Cr_vK5215VzvUOQdRokLH-Q/s450/R-V1636_in_ancient_DNA.jpg' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='5372998722978004657' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='5372998722978004657'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/11/the-story-of-r-v1636.html'>The story of R-V1636</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-5372998722978004657' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>Who wants to bet against this map? Keep in mind that ART038 (~3000 calBCE) remains the oldest sample with the V1636 and R1b Y-chromosome mutations in the West Asian ancient DNA record. Ergo, there's nothing to suggest that V1636 or R1b entered Eastern Europe from West Asia.</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkrkB2VnqllwUYMkBlvbLeaF1wpJW1zDco_rv3DUHCW8aZLMA7J1VYYsyHzqXiD0IoMYi_2X8u1-YkMoHl35zSKvGlxDzL3c76k74VUN3tAzIWll2bwo4e8K6_p2XC3R5QIT4kJRholJe8EhcriWGBHn2dwHU_RCJcsj2Cr_vK5215VzvUOQdRokLH-Q/s1290/R-V1636_in_ancient_DNA.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="865" data-original-width="1290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkrkB2VnqllwUYMkBlvbLeaF1wpJW1zDco_rv3DUHCW8aZLMA7J1VYYsyHzqXiD0IoMYi_2X8u1-YkMoHl35zSKvGlxDzL3c76k74VUN3tAzIWll2bwo4e8K6_p2XC3R5QIT4kJRholJe8EhcriWGBHn2dwHU_RCJcsj2Cr_vK5215VzvUOQdRokLH-Q/s450/R-V1636_in_ancient_DNA.jpg" width="400"/></a></div> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/01/a-tantalizing-link.html">A tantalizing link</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/07/how-relevant-is-arslantepe-to-pie-debate.html">How relevant is Arslantepe to the PIE homeland debate?</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/11/the-story-of-r-v1636.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/11/the-story-of-r-v1636.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2022-11-01T18:54:00-07:00'>6:54:00 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/5372998722978004657' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 214 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5372998722978004657&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5372998722978004657&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5372998722978004657&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5372998722978004657&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5372998722978004657&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5372998722978004657&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Arslantepe' rel='tag'>Arslantepe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Caucasus' rel='tag'>Caucasus</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Dear%20Iosif' rel='tag'>Dear Iosif</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Hittite' rel='tag'>Hittite</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-Anatolian' rel='tag'>Indo-Anatolian</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Near%20East' rel='tag'>Near East</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Pontic-Caspian%20steppe' rel='tag'>Pontic-Caspian steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Proto-Indo-European' rel='tag'>Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/R-V1636' rel='tag'>R-V1636</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/R1b' rel='tag'>R1b</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/R1b-V1636' rel='tag'>R1b-V1636</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/West%20Asia' rel='tag'>West Asia</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Thursday, October 27, 2022</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='851824274829546723' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='851824274829546723'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/10/the-yassitepe-challenge.html'>The Yassitepe challenge</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-851824274829546723' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>This is about the only successful qpAdm model that I can find for the pair of Early Bronze Age (EBA) females from Yassitepe, Turkey, using a decent set of outgroups and markers. I wouldn't take it too literally, but it does suggest a potentially significant level of European ancestry, including some steppe ancestry, in these Yassitepe individuals.</br></br> <blockquote>TUR_Aegean_Yassitepe_EBA</br> AZE_Caucasus_lowlands_LN 0.565±0.054</br> <b>ROU_N 0.387±0.041</br> RUS_Progress_En 0.048±0.022</b></br> P-value 0.103248</br> <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qZkwsNGL8dAPdzcsKCF4hxuBJ2C5c-b0/view?usp=sharing">Full output</a></blockquote></br> If anyone reading this can find a better, more convincing solution then I'd love to see it. Feel free to share it in the comments below.</br></br> Obviously, both of the Yassitepe samples are from the recent <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm4247">Lazaridis, Alpaslan-Roodenberg et al.</a> paper. Their EBA dating suggests that they might be relevant to the debate over the origins of Anatolian speakers, such as the Hittites and Luwians.</br></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/dear-iosif-about-that-2.html">Dear Iosif, about that ~2%</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/06/the-precursor-of-trojans.html">The precursor of the Trojans</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/10/the-yassitepe-challenge.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/10/the-yassitepe-challenge.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2022-10-27T04:25:00-07:00'>4:25:00 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/851824274829546723' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 153 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=851824274829546723&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=851824274829546723&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=851824274829546723&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=851824274829546723&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=851824274829546723&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=851824274829546723&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Aegean' rel='tag'>Aegean</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Anatolia' rel='tag'>Anatolia</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20ancestry' rel='tag'>ancient ancestry</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Balkans' rel='tag'>Balkans</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Bronze%20Age' rel='tag'>Bronze Age</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Hittite' rel='tag'>Hittite</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Hittites' rel='tag'>Hittites</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-Anatolian' rel='tag'>Indo-Anatolian</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Luwian' rel='tag'>Luwian</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Luwians' rel='tag'>Luwians</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Proto-Indo-European' rel='tag'>Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Yassitepe' rel='tag'>Yassitepe</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Thursday, October 13, 2022</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='4323052441445471190' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='4323052441445471190'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/10/the-kura-araxes-people-deserve-better.html'>The Kura-Araxes people deserve better</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-4323052441445471190' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>When discussing the Kura-Araxes culture and its people it's important to understand these key points:</br></br> <blockquote>- there is Eastern European steppe ancestry in Kura-Araxes samples, and if you're not seeing it then you're not looking hard enough</br></br> - Armenian Kura-Araxes samples are mainly a mixture between three different groups currently best represented in the ancient DNA record by ARM_Areni_C, IRN_Hajji_Firuz_C and RUS_Darkveti-Meshoko_En</br></br> - ergo, most of the steppe ancestry in the Kura-Araxes population of what is now Armenia must have been mediated via local Chalcolithic groups like ARM_Areni_C</br></br> - Kura-Araxes samples show Mesopotamian-related ancestry, and this mustn't be ignored.</blockquote></br> Oh, you don't believe it because you just read a big paper in <i>Science</i> claiming otherwise?</br></br> Well, the authors of that paper, <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/but-iosif-what-about-phrygians.html">Lazaridis, Alpaslan-Roodenberg et al.</a>, used distal mixture models to study the ancestry of their Kura-Araxes samples, and such models can miss important details.</br></br> Consider these three proximate mixture models for a relatively high quality and very homogenous Kura-Araxes sample set from the aforementioned paper. They were done with the qpAdm software</br></br> <blockquote>ARM_Kura-Araxes_Berkaber</br> <b>ARM_Areni_C 0.239±0.068</b></br> IRN_Hajji_Firuz_C 0.379±0.068</br> RUS_Darkveti-Meshoko_En 0.382±0.054</br> P-value 0.285122 (Pass)</br> <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/14gpS2CVsNkzlG-JkJoACOGe3EqLGU_Cq/view?usp=sharing">Full output</a></br></br> ARM_Kura-Araxes_Berkaber</br> IRN_Hajji_Firuz_C 0.569±0.051</br> RUS_Darkveti-Meshoko_En 0.363±0.058</br> <b>RUS_Progress_En 0.068±0.020</b></br> P-value 0.20306 (Pass)</br> <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rVjh6kjzlrtQEP-adPARZN-2ZIh3MgYM/view?usp=sharing">Full output</a></br></br> ARM_Kura-Araxes_Berkaber</br> IRN_Hajji_Firuz_C 0.531±0.060</br> RUS_Darkveti-Meshoko_En 0.469±0.060</br> P-value 0.0132579 (Fail)</br> <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1fjNgFFdZMea5bpSMY-ApTYvgNbj3mFYe/view?usp=sharing">Full output</a></blockquote></br> Some caveats apply. For instance, the pass threshold (P-value ≥0.05) is arbitrary. But the point is that the models look much better with steppe-related and steppe reference populations (ARM_Areni_C and RUS_Progress_En, respectively).</br></br> Moreover, the unique and vital Darkveti-Meshoko population is represented by just one individual. I also have the genotypes of his brother and sister, but relatives aren't allowed in these sorts of tests.</br></br> Including a singleton in the analysis means that I can't use the <i>inbreed: YES</i> option, which apparently can be a bad thing. Nevertheless, these models do look very solid.</br></br> Indeed, I can also model ARM_Kura-Araxes_Berkaber as practically 100% RUS_Maykop_Novosvobodnaya, perhaps with some excess ARM_Areni_C-related input.</br></br> <blockquote>ARM_Kura-Araxes_Berkaber</br> ARM_Areni_C 0.094±0.087</br> <b>RUS_Maykop_Novosvobodnaya 0.906±0.087</b></br> P-value 0.284259 (Pass)</br> <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1q7GuKimcQ6XGYsheOgrPPPr-WoEoLIiJ/view?usp=sharing">Full ouput</a></blockquote></br> This makes good sense, because RUS_Maykop_Novosvobodnaya can also be modeled solidly as a mixture between IRN_Hajji_Firuz_C, RUS_Darkveti-Meshoko_En and RUS_Progress_En.</br></br> <blockquote>RUS_Maykop_Novosvobodnaya</br> IRN_Hajji_Firuz_C 0.614±0.056</br> RUS_Darkveti-Meshoko_En 0.307±0.064</br> <b>RUS_Progress_En 0.080±0.022</b></br> P-value 0.141468 (Pass)</br> <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1sAun9w18WlP97KbRnn-tJW5kEOu_pvzY/view?usp=sharing">Full output</a></blockquote></br> I don't know whether the genetic relationship between ARM_Kura-Araxes_Berkaber and RUS_Maykop_Novosvobodnaya shown in my model is due to Maykop ancestry in the former. It might just be a coincidence in the sense that the same or similar processes led to the formation of both groups. Feel free to let me know your thoughts about that in the comments.</br></br> The fact that the Kura-Araxes people harbored steppe ancestry might be very important in the debate over the location of the so called Indo-Anatolian homeland. For instance, it's possible that the proto-Anatolian language spread from the North Caucasus into Anatolia via the Kura-Araxes culture.</br></br> But, admittedly, such a solution doesn't have strong support from historical linguistics data, which suggest that the Indo-Anatolian homeland was located in what is now Ukraine and that Anatolian speakers entered West Asia via the Balkans:</br></br> <blockquote><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0275744">Indo-European cereal terminology suggests a Northwest Pontic homeland for the core Indo-European languages</a></blockquote></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/12/r-v1636-eneolithic-steppe-kura-araxes.html">R-V1636: Eneolithic steppe > Kura-Araxes?</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/dear-iosifyamnaya.html">Dear Iosif...Yamnaya</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/but-iosif-what-about-phrygians.html">But Iosif, what about the Phrygians?</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/10/the-kura-araxes-people-deserve-better.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/10/the-kura-araxes-people-deserve-better.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2022-10-13T17:02:00-07:00'>5:02:00 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/4323052441445471190' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 242 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4323052441445471190&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4323052441445471190&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4323052441445471190&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4323052441445471190&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4323052441445471190&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4323052441445471190&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20ancestry' rel='tag'>ancient ancestry</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Armenia' rel='tag'>Armenia</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Caucasus' rel='tag'>Caucasus</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Dear%20Iosif' rel='tag'>Dear Iosif</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-Anatolian' rel='tag'>Indo-Anatolian</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Iosif%20Lazaridis' rel='tag'>Iosif Lazaridis</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Kura-Araxes' rel='tag'>Kura-Araxes</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Pontic-Caspian%20steppe' rel='tag'>Pontic-Caspian steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Proto-Indo-European' rel='tag'>Proto-Indo-European</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Monday, September 19, 2022</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj29XyVyn5ogdU1VSKjbwjaDHpYnMPyqDWYihn_5S-IxgT9MywmJiZOmfCDqlMzv6mWq6fFzkD5WqiTdzrqiRhJ1d2WcGawXYDnIp-YAd_Rd9O9cVfVyQD61oXRSwQw5A1P_tNyvbfUlNkW6U4l7t6l2yulZ9R-T0Q0MG8DcG-15fdbT-c969BLG9utHg/s450/Yamnaya_not_from_West_Asia_qpAdm.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='5686444417228339956' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='5686444417228339956'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/dear-iosifyamnaya.html'>Dear Iosif...Yamnaya</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-5686444417228339956' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>Even though the Yamnaya culture probably originated in what is now Ukraine, the earliest Yamnaya samples currently available are from the modern-day Samara region of Russia. They mostly date to around 3,000 BCE. I can analyze their ancestry using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) data.</br></br> <blockquote>Target: RUS_Yamnaya_Samara</br> Distance: 3.2816% / 0.03281581</br> <b>81.0 RUS_Progress_En</b></br> <b>14.4 UKR_N</b></br> <b>4.6 HUN_Vinca_MN</b></br> 0.0 ARM_Aknashen_N</br> 0.0 ARM_Masis_Blur_N</br> 0.0 AZE_Caucasus_lowlands_LN</br> 0.0 BGR_C</br> 0.0 BGR_Dzhulyunitsa_N</br> 0.0 IRN_Ganj_Dareh_N</br> 0.0 IRN_Hajji_Firuz_C</br> 0.0 IRN_Seh_Gabi_C</br> 0.0 IRN_Tepe_Abdul_Hosein_N</br> 0.0 IRN_Wezmeh_N</br> 0.0 RUS_Darkveti-Meshoko_En</br> 0.0 RUS_Maykop</br> 0.0 RUS_Maykop_Late</br> 0.0 RUS_Maykop_Novosvobodnaya</br> </blockquote></br> The above results show exactly zero ancestry from West Asia. Admittedly, both RUS_Progress_En and HUN_Vinca_MN are European ancients with significant <i>West Asian-related</i> ancestry. However, this ancestry is very distantly West Asian-related, and, for instance, it almost certainly has no relevance to the Indo-Anatolian homeland debate.</br></br> The Afanasievo culture of Central Asia is regarded to have been an early offshoot of the Yamnaya culture. A good number of Afanasievo samples are available, so let's have a look if their results match those of the Yamnaya folks. And indeed they do, since BGR_C is very similar to HUN_Vinca_MN.</br></br> <blockquote>Target: RUS_Afanasievo</br> Distance: 3.4055% / 0.03405499</br> <b>84.0 RUS_Progress_En</b></br> <b>11.4 UKR_N</b></br> <b>4.6 BGR_C</b></br> 0.0 ARM_Aknashen_N</br> 0.0 ARM_Masis_Blur_N</br> 0.0 AZE_Caucasus_lowlands_LN</br> 0.0 BGR_Dzhulyunitsa_N</br> 0.0 HUN_Vinca_MN</br> 0.0 IRN_Ganj_Dareh_N</br> 0.0 IRN_Hajji_Firuz_C</br> 0.0 IRN_Seh_Gabi_C</br> 0.0 IRN_Tepe_Abdul_Hosein_N</br> 0.0 IRN_Wezmeh_N</br> 0.0 RUS_Darkveti-Meshoko_En</br> 0.0 RUS_Maykop</br> 0.0 RUS_Maykop_Late</br> 0.0 RUS_Maykop_Novosvobodnaya</br> </blockquote></br> To try this at home, stick the PCA data in the text file <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LrmjaH4cJhZDihNbWSb7wMmI2Ycm3rgE/view?usp=sharing">here</a> into the relevant fields <a href="https://vahaduo.github.io/vahaduo/">here</a> and cranck up the "Cycles" to 4X. You should see exactly zero ancestry from West Asia every time.</br></br> I can, more or less, reproduce these results with tools that are routinely used in peer reviewed papers. Below is a table of mixture models produced with the qpAdm software. I set the pass threshold to P ≥0.05, which is an arbitrary value, but the pattern is clear. The full output from each qpAdm run is available <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gGhbNXYSRK6ToCW_nUTAcX5xM-XKh5cE/view?usp=sharing">here</a>.</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj29XyVyn5ogdU1VSKjbwjaDHpYnMPyqDWYihn_5S-IxgT9MywmJiZOmfCDqlMzv6mWq6fFzkD5WqiTdzrqiRhJ1d2WcGawXYDnIp-YAd_Rd9O9cVfVyQD61oXRSwQw5A1P_tNyvbfUlNkW6U4l7t6l2yulZ9R-T0Q0MG8DcG-15fdbT-c969BLG9utHg/s691/Yamnaya_not_from_West_Asia_qpAdm.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="358" data-original-width="691" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj29XyVyn5ogdU1VSKjbwjaDHpYnMPyqDWYihn_5S-IxgT9MywmJiZOmfCDqlMzv6mWq6fFzkD5WqiTdzrqiRhJ1d2WcGawXYDnIp-YAd_Rd9O9cVfVyQD61oXRSwQw5A1P_tNyvbfUlNkW6U4l7t6l2yulZ9R-T0Q0MG8DcG-15fdbT-c969BLG9utHg/s450/Yamnaya_not_from_West_Asia_qpAdm.png" width="400"/></a></div></br> Importantly, qpAdm needs to be fed the relevant "right pop" outgroups to be able to discriminate accurately between reference populations.</br></br> <blockquote>right pops:</br> CMR_Shum_Laka_8000BP</br> MAR_Taforalt</br> Levant_Natufian</br> IRN_Ganj_Dareh_N</br> Levant_PPNB</br> TUR_Marmara_Barcin_N</br> HUN_Starcevo_N</br> HUN_Koros_N</br> SRB_Iron_Gates_HG</br> Iberia_Southeast_Meso</br> RUS_Karelia_HG</br> RUS_West_Siberia_HG</br> RUS_Boisman_MN</br> MNG_North_N</br> TWN_Hanben</br> BRA_LapaDoSanto_9600BP</blockquote></br> So, for instance, if one were to use in this role the modern-day Mbuti people, as opposed to, say, the ancient hunter-gatherers of Shum Laka, one might find that many models look statistically better than they should. And then one might also find that the Yamnaya samples carry significant West Asian ancestry.</br></br> Actually, I'm not opposed to the idea of some West Asian ancestry in Yamnaya. Indeed, considering the extraordinary mobility of the Yamnaya people and their Eneolithic predecessors on the Pontic-Caspian steppe, it would be unusual if they didn't come into close contact and mix, to some degree, with their neighbors from West Asia.</br></br> However, based on everything I've seen, from uniparental markers to different types of autosomal genetic tests, it's clear to me that there's no substantial West Asian ancestry in any Yamnaya samples, except for an outlier female from modern-day Ozera, Ukraine (see <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/05/understanding-eneolithic-steppe.html">here</a>).</br></br> Admittedly, ancient DNA does have a habit of throwing curveballs, so I'm eagerly awaiting new Eneolithic samples from the Pontic-Caspian steppe, particularly those associated with the Yamnaya-like Sredni Stog culture, to help finally settle this issue.</br></br> Believe it or not, a contact recently sent me a supposedly unpublished female sample from a ~4,200 BCE Sredni Stog burial in modern-day Igren, east central Ukraine. So what the hell, let's assume for the time being that this sample is genuine. This is how Miss Sredni Stog behaves in my PCA mixture test.</br></br> <blockquote>Target: UKR_Sredni_Stog</br> Distance: 4.0769% / 0.04076877</br> <b>75.6 RUS_Progress_En</b></br> <b>17.8 UKR_N</b></br> <b>6.6 HUN_Vinca_MN</b></br> 0.0 ARM_Aknashen_N</br> 0.0 ARM_Masis_Blur_N</br> 0.0 AZE_Caucasus_lowlands_LN</br> 0.0 BGR_C</br> 0.0 BGR_Dzhulyunitsa_N</br> 0.0 HUN_Vinca_MN</br> 0.0 IRN_Ganj_Dareh_N</br> 0.0 IRN_Hajji_Firuz_C</br> 0.0 IRN_Seh_Gabi_C</br> 0.0 IRN_Tepe_Abdul_Hosein_N</br> 0.0 IRN_Wezmeh_N</br> 0.0 RUS_Darkveti-Meshoko_En</br> 0.0 RUS_Maykop</br> 0.0 RUS_Maykop_Late</br> 0.0 RUS_Maykop_Novosvobodnaya</blockquote></br> Wow, just wow. Have we actually found Miss Proto-Yamnaya? What does qpAdm have to say in the matter?</br></br> <blockquote>UKR_Sredni_Stog</br> <b>HUN_Vinca_MN 0.034±0.028</b></br> <b>RUS_Progress_En 0.796±0.045</b></br> <b>UKR_N 0.170±0.034</b></br> P-value 0.41088</blockquote></br> Again, this is an excellent match with the results from my PCA test, especially if we take into account the standard errors. However, with qpAdm it's also possible to model this individual's ancestry as part West Asian.</br></br> <blockquote>UKR_Sredni_Stog</br> <b>AZE_Caucasus_lowlands_LN 0.056±0.039</b></br> <b>RUS_Progress_En 0.761±0.061</b></br> <b>UKR_N 0.183±0.036</b></br> P-value 0.465667</blockquote></br> As I pointed out above, it's plausible for such people to harbor some West Asian ancestry, but I'm very sceptical that this is really the case here, despite the rather solid qpAdm statistical fit. That's because UKR_Sredni_Stog is not a high quality sample, and, from my experience, qpAdm often has problems analyzing fine scale ancestry in singletons or even small groups that show excess DNA damage and/or offer much less than a million markers.</br></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/dear-iosif-about-that-2.html">Dear Iosif, about that ~2%</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/but-iosif-what-about-phrygians.html">But Iosif, what about the Phrygians?</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/dear-iosifyamnaya.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/dear-iosifyamnaya.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2022-09-19T05:52:00-07:00'>5:52:00 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/5686444417228339956' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 370 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5686444417228339956&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5686444417228339956&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5686444417228339956&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5686444417228339956&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5686444417228339956&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5686444417228339956&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Dear%20Iosif' rel='tag'>Dear Iosif</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-Anatolian' rel='tag'>Indo-Anatolian</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Iosif%20Lazaridis' rel='tag'>Iosif Lazaridis</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/PCA' rel='tag'>PCA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Pontic-Caspian%20steppe' rel='tag'>Pontic-Caspian steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Proto-Indo-European' rel='tag'>Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Sredni%20Stog' rel='tag'>Sredni Stog</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Sredny%20Stog' rel='tag'>Sredny Stog</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Ukraine' rel='tag'>Ukraine</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/West%20Asia' rel='tag'>West Asia</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Yamnaya' rel='tag'>Yamnaya</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Friday, September 9, 2022</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='4442879510948054423' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='4442879510948054423'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/dear-iosif-about-that-2.html'>Dear Iosif, about that ~2%</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-4442879510948054423' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>The debate over the location of the so called Indo-Anatolian homeland won't be decided by the persistence of any type of genetic ancestry in ancient Anatolia.</br></br> <b>It'll be decided by a multidisciplinary study on the interactions between the ancient peoples of the North Pontic steppe, the eastern Balkans, and western Anatolia.</b></br></br> If such a study finds a pulse of steppe-related gene flow from the Balkans into Anatolia sometime during the early metal ages, it'll corroborate the linguistic hypothesis that a language ancestral to Hittite, Luwian and related tongues moved into Anatolia from Eastern Europe.</br></br> Why do we only need a pulse of gene flow, you might ask? Obviously, because:</br></br> <blockquote><b>- language and genetic ancestry can start with a strong association but, since they're not linked, they can eventually follow very different trajectories</br></br> - the dilution of genetic ancestry is an important factor, especially in ancient West Asia, and it must be taken into account in models of language spread, rather than ignored in favor of simple, elegant models that do not reflect reality.</b></blockquote></br> Here's my favorite quote from the recent <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm4247">Lazaridis, Alpaslan-Roodenberg et al.</a> paper, because, probably unbeknownst to the authors, it's exceptionally revealing about the spread of a wide range of Indo-European speakers into Anatolia.</br></br> <blockquote>However, in individuals from Gordion, a Central Anatolian city that was under the control of Hittites before becoming the Phrygian capital and then coming under the control of Persian and Hellenistic rulers, the proportion of Eastern hunter-gatherer ancestry is only ~2%, a tiny fraction for a region controlled by at least four different Indo-European–speaking groups.</blockquote></br> Indeed, this is exactly what the Lazaridis, Alpaslan-Roodenberg et al. paper should've been about. <b>That is, the authors should've given us a painstaking account of the spread of different ancient Indo-European speaking groups into Anatolia and explained how, overall, their DNA was rapidly diluted to a trace amount.</b></br></br> However, instead they treated us to a make-believe tale about a so called Indo-Anatolian homeland in what is now Armenia.</br></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/dear-iosifyamnaya.html">Dear Iosif...Yamnaya</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/but-iosif-what-about-phrygians.html">But Iosif, what about the Phrygians?</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/08/dear-iosif.html">Dear Iosif...</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/08/dear-iosif-2.html">Dear Iosif #2</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/dear-iosif-3.html">Dear Iosif #3</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/dear-iosif-about-that-2.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/dear-iosif-about-that-2.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2022-09-09T21:15:00-07:00'>9:15:00 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/4442879510948054423' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 267 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4442879510948054423&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4442879510948054423&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4442879510948054423&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4442879510948054423&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4442879510948054423&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4442879510948054423&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Anatolia' rel='tag'>Anatolia</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20ancestry' rel='tag'>ancient ancestry</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Balkans' rel='tag'>Balkans</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Dear%20Iosif' rel='tag'>Dear Iosif</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Hittite' rel='tag'>Hittite</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-Anatolian' rel='tag'>Indo-Anatolian</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Iosif%20Lazaridis' rel='tag'>Iosif Lazaridis</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/language' rel='tag'>language</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Luwian' rel='tag'>Luwian</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/multidisciplinary' rel='tag'>multidisciplinary</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Proto-Indo-European' rel='tag'>Proto-Indo-European</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Sunday, September 4, 2022</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWB0y166Yjqr-1hxLmf0yW3IQwGW7KvU8nilxxxMBkVs1KfEHTpZnudhPX-Yx2Yty25QE41zexfj8kSRNPfLt78LNNr8BtHW-fAUPOhue3QwYMJKCa4F4CsfVhdxejyzybMQC9d08aO88xRI-nvOTOrJ81-Y4Q0mRMFAt4BjyRgAxg3HF_Dv07fkpuew/s400/TUR_C_Gordion_Anc_PCA_analysis.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='4419071167461449714' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='4419071167461449714'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/but-iosif-what-about-phrygians.html'>But Iosif, what about the Phrygians?</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-4419071167461449714' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>A paper in <i>Science</i> co-authored by around 200 scientists from some of the world's top academic institutions surely must mean something, right? Not necessarily.</br></br> In this short blog post I'll try to explain, as simply as I can, why the <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm4247">Lazaridis, Alpaslan-Roodenberg et al.</a> paper doesn't get us any closer to solving the riddle of the so called Indo-Anatolian homeland.</br></br> However, it must be said that the paper does include many interesting and valuable samples. I'll be using six of these samples, labeled TUR_C_Gordion_Anc, to argue my case.</br></br> The TUR_C_Gordion_Anc sample set is from Gordion, the capital of ancient Phrygia, and thus, in all likeliness, it represents Phrygian speakers.</br></br> Phrygian is an Indo-European language and the leading hypothesis is that it originated in the Balkans.</br></br> In terms of fine scale ancestry, TUR_C_Gordion_Anc can be reliably divided into two genetic clusters. In the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) below these clusters are labeled TUR_C_Gordion_Anc1 and TUR_C_Gordion_Anc2.</br></br> Note that TUR_C_Gordion_Anc1 is obviously pulling away from TUR_C_Gordion_Anc2 towards samples from the Balkans. I've used ancient samples from what is now North Macedonia, labeled MKD_Anc, to represent the Balkans. To see an interactive version of the plot, paste the PCA coordinates from <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Flt1HEGVUoNiHafzP4Rmo_3brDuJlWJe/view?usp=sharing">here</a> into the relevant field <a href="https://vahaduo.github.io/g25views/#WestEurasia">here</a>.</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWB0y166Yjqr-1hxLmf0yW3IQwGW7KvU8nilxxxMBkVs1KfEHTpZnudhPX-Yx2Yty25QE41zexfj8kSRNPfLt78LNNr8BtHW-fAUPOhue3QwYMJKCa4F4CsfVhdxejyzybMQC9d08aO88xRI-nvOTOrJ81-Y4Q0mRMFAt4BjyRgAxg3HF_Dv07fkpuew/s1200/TUR_C_Gordion_Anc_PCA_analysis.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWB0y166Yjqr-1hxLmf0yW3IQwGW7KvU8nilxxxMBkVs1KfEHTpZnudhPX-Yx2Yty25QE41zexfj8kSRNPfLt78LNNr8BtHW-fAUPOhue3QwYMJKCa4F4CsfVhdxejyzybMQC9d08aO88xRI-nvOTOrJ81-Y4Q0mRMFAt4BjyRgAxg3HF_Dv07fkpuew/s400/TUR_C_Gordion_Anc_PCA_analysis.png" width="400"/></a></div> Visually, this is not an especially dramatic outcome, but it's an incredible result nonetheless, because it shows that even a few ancient samples can help to solve an age old mystery.</br></br> Across many dimensions of genetic variation, the shift in the PCA from TUR_C_Gordion_Anc1 to TUR_C_Gordion_Anc2 represents about 20% admixture from the Balkans, and about 8% from the Eastern European steppe. That's plenty enough to corroborate the linguistic hypothesis that the Phrygians originated in the Balkans, and that some of their ancestors came from the steppe. The mixture models below were done with the tools <a href="https://vahaduo.github.io/vahaduo/">here</a>.</br></br> <blockquote><b>Target: TUR_C_Gordion_Anc1</b></br> Distance: 1.6634% / 0.01663373</br> 40.6 Kura-Araxes_ARM_Kaps</br> 22.2 Anatolia_Barcin_N</br> <b>21.8 MKD_Anc</b></br> 13.6 Levant_PPNB</br> 1.4 IRN_Ganj_Dareh_N</br> 0.4 Han</br></br> <b>Target: TUR_C_Gordion_Anc1</b></br> Distance: 1.7109% / 0.01710904</br> 40.2 Kura-Araxes_ARM_Kaps</br> 37.8 Anatolia_Barcin_N</br> 12.4 Levant_PPNB</br> <b>8.0 Yamnaya_RUS_Samara</b></br> 1.2 IRN_Ganj_Dareh_N</br> 0.4 Han</br></br> <b>Target: TUR_C_Gordion_Anc2</b></br> Distance: 2.0293% / 0.02029339</br> 51.0 Kura-Araxes_ARM_Kaps</br> 26.8 Anatolia_Tepecik_Ciftlik_N</br> 17.6 Anatolia_Barcin_N</br> 4.6 Levant_PPNB</blockquote></br> Surprisingly, Lazaridis, Alpaslan-Roodenberg et al. didn't have much to say about this topic. This quote basically sums it up:</br></br> <blockquote>However, in individuals from Gordion, a Central Anatolian city that was under the control of Hittites before becoming the Phrygian capital and then coming under the control of Persian and Hellenistic rulers, the proportion of Eastern hunter-gatherer ancestry is only ~2%, a tiny fraction for a region controlled by at least four different Indo-European–speaking groups.</blockquote></br> I have no doubt that Lazaridis, Alpaslan-Roodenberg et al. can run a very decent PCA, and then blow it up to a size big enough to show that the Gordion samples represent two genetically somewhat distinct groups. I'm also sure that, if they really try, they can locate significant levels of <i>proximate and relevant</i> European ancestry in some of these samples.</br></br> They don't have to use my methods; they can use any methods they like. My point is that they won't find much if they're just looking for genetic signals from the Upper Paleolithic or Mesolithic.</br></br> Now, considering the way that the Phrygian question was treated by Lazaridis, Alpaslan-Roodenberg et al., despite the fact that they managed to sequence a few likely Phrygian speakers from none other than the Phrygian capital, let's not pretend that their paper brought us any closer to understanding the genetic origins of Anatolian speakers or pinpointing their ancestral homeland.</br></br> In order to even try to solve these problems with ancient DNA, we need a wide range of samples from Hittite, Luwian and other key sites where Anatolian languages were spoken. And then we must analyze them properly.</br></br> I'm guessing that Lazaridis, Alpaslan-Roodenberg et al. went out of their way to get such samples, but for one reason or another they failed. If so, that's OK, but I have a feeling that even if they got them, they wouldn't know what to do with them, because at best these samples would only show ~2% Eastern hunter-gatherer ancestry. Haha.</br></br> For what it's worth, I believe that the ancient data in the Lazaridis, Alpaslan-Roodenberg et al. paper point to the North Pontic steppe as the Indo-Anatolian homeland, and I'll lay out my arguments in an upcoming blog post.</br></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/dear-iosifyamnaya.html">Dear Iosif...Yamnaya</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/dear-iosif-about-that-2.html">Dear Iosif, about that ~2%</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/08/dear-iosif.html">Dear Iosif...</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/08/dear-iosif-2.html">Dear Iosif #2</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/dear-iosif-3.html">Dear Iosif #3</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/but-iosif-what-about-phrygians.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/but-iosif-what-about-phrygians.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2022-09-04T02:26:00-07:00'>2:26:00 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/4419071167461449714' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 164 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4419071167461449714&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4419071167461449714&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4419071167461449714&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4419071167461449714&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4419071167461449714&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4419071167461449714&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Anatolia' rel='tag'>Anatolia</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Balkans' rel='tag'>Balkans</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Dear%20Iosif' rel='tag'>Dear Iosif</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Hittite' rel='tag'>Hittite</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-Anatolian' rel='tag'>Indo-Anatolian</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-European' rel='tag'>Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Iosif%20Lazaridis' rel='tag'>Iosif Lazaridis</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Luwian' rel='tag'>Luwian</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/North%20Pontic%20steppe' rel='tag'>North Pontic steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Phrygian' rel='tag'>Phrygian</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Pontic-Caspian%20steppe' rel='tag'>Pontic-Caspian steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Proto-Indo-European' rel='tag'>Proto-Indo-European</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Thursday, September 1, 2022</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='1080705733100378151' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='1080705733100378151'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/dear-iosif-3.html'>Dear Iosif #3</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-1080705733100378151' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>Back in 2016 I made this prediction about the origins of the Yamnaya people (Steppe_EMBA):</br></br> <blockquote>But here's my prediction: Steppe_EMBA only has 10-15% admixture from the post-Mesolithic Near East not including the North Caucasus, and basically all of this comes via female mediated gene flow from farming communities in the Caucasus and perhaps present-day Ukraine.</blockquote></br> The relevant blog post is still <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/07/modeling-steppeemba.html">here</a>. Looking back, my analysis is a bit sloppy and I didn't articulate my ideas too well. But that was a pretty good prediction for its time, and I believe it still has a chance of being confirmed, more or less.</br></br> On the other hand, the widely publicized hypothesis that the Yamnaya population is a ~50/50 mixture between indigenous Eastern European hunter-gatherers and Near Eastern or West Asian migrants never looked right to me. So I'm glad that it's now dead and buried.</br></br> Those of you not up to date with this topic, all you need to know is that the Yamnaya genotype existed in Eastern Europe at least a thousand years before Yamnaya, and, moreover, <b>the Yamnaya people are largely derived from Eastern European foragers already rich in Near Eastern-related ancestry</b>. The relevant ancient genomes are on the way (for instance, see <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/05/population-genomics-of-stone-age.html">here</a>).</br></br> Nevertheless, the narrative that waves of Near Eastern migrants moved into prehistoric Eastern Europe, leading to the emergence of the Yamnaya culture and even the Proto-Indo-European language, is still being pushed by some notable scientists working with ancient DNA.</br></br> My hope is that, considering the latest revelations about the genetic origins of the Yamnaya people, these scientists can embrace a more nuanced view. How about something like this?</br></br> <blockquote><b>- people moved around, and they were especially mobile on the Eastern European steppe from the Eneolithic onwards</br></br> - when they made contact they sometimes mixed, so there was admixture between far flung steppe groups</br></br> - since population densities on the steppe were low until the Yamnaya period, minor admixture that entered the steppe during the Neolithic and Eneolithic wasn't dilluted easily.</b></blockquote></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/08/dear-iosif-2.html">Dear Iosif #2</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/but-iosif-what-about-phrygians.html">But Iosif, what about the Phrygians?</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/dear-iosif-about-that-2.html">Dear Iosif, about that ~2%</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/dear-iosifyamnaya.html">Dear Iosif...Yamnaya</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/dear-iosif-3.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/dear-iosif-3.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2022-09-01T15:27:00-07:00'>3:27:00 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/1080705733100378151' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 60 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=1080705733100378151&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=1080705733100378151&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=1080705733100378151&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=1080705733100378151&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=1080705733100378151&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=1080705733100378151&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/admixture' rel='tag'>admixture</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Caucasus' rel='tag'>Caucasus</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Dear%20Iosif' rel='tag'>Dear Iosif</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eneolithic' rel='tag'>Eneolithic</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Iosif%20Lazaridis' rel='tag'>Iosif Lazaridis</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Near%20East' rel='tag'>Near East</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Pontic-Caspian%20steppe' rel='tag'>Pontic-Caspian steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Proto-Indo-European' rel='tag'>Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/West%20Asia' rel='tag'>West Asia</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Yamna' rel='tag'>Yamna</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Yamnaya' rel='tag'>Yamnaya</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Saturday, August 27, 2022</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='2995297632767300171' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='2995297632767300171'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/08/dear-iosif.html'>Dear Iosif...</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-2995297632767300171' itemprop='description articleBody'> <b>Update 29/08/22:</b> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/08/dear-iosif-2.html">Dear Iosif #2</a></br></br> ...</br></br> </br>I'm skimming through the <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm4247">Lazaridis, Alpaslan-Roodenberg et al.</a> paper that just came out at <i>Science</i>. And I feel like someone punched me in the face.</br></br> Nevertheless, I'll try to be diplomatic. Suffice to say, for now, that there's some rather strange stuff in this paper.</br></br> <b>The main problem is that the authors are attempting to study fine scale ancestry with a somewhat rough distal model. As a result, they miss important details.</b></br></br> For instance, this quote is from the paper's supplementary PDF file, freely available <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm4247">here</a>.</br></br> <blockquote>However, the complete lack of association of R-haplogroup descendants and EHG ancestry in either Armenia or Iran is consistent with either a massive dilution of EHG ancestry in these populations resulting in the dissociation of Y-chromosome lineages from autosomal ancestry over time, or with a scenario in which R-M269 was not associated with substantial EHG ancestry to begin with.</blockquote></br> Obviously, EHG means Eastern European Hunter-Gatherer. But why focus on EHG? Surely, this makes little sense when looking at the genetic prehistory of West Asia, because no one ever argued that this region was settled by EHG populations. It was widely settled by Yamnaya-related groups, with already heavily diluted EHG ancestry, during the metal ages.</br></br> OK, so the authors are actually aware about the potential dilution of EHG ancestry, but they don't really do anything about it.</br></br> If we're looking at the origins of West Asian R1b-M269, and using its association with autosomal DNA components as a guide, then we should be focusing on Yamnaya-related ancestry.</br></br> For instance, here's a fine scale ancient ancestry model based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) data. It shows the ancestry proportions of two relatively high coverage Iron Age males from two different sites in Iran from the Lazaridis, Alpaslan-Roodenberg et al. dataset. Both belong to R1b-M269 and both show significant Yamnaya-related ancestry.</br></br> <blockquote>Target: IRN_HajjiFiruz_IA:I2327_all</br> Distance: 2.2930% / 0.02292994</br> 39.6 Kura-Araxes_ARM_Kaps</br> 24.2 IRN_Ganj_Dareh_N</br> 18.2 Levant_PPNB</br> <b>12.4 Yamnaya_RUS_Samara</b></br> 4.4 Anatolia_Tepecik_Ciftlik_N</br> 1.2 Han</br></br> Target: IRN_Hasanlu_IA:I4232_all</br> Distance: 2.5179% / 0.02517895</br> 26.0 IRN_Ganj_Dareh_N</br> 25.6 Kura-Araxes_ARM_Kaps</br> 24.4 Anatolia_Tepecik_Ciftlik_N</br> <b>15.8 Yamnaya_RUS_Samara</b></br> 7.6 Levant_PPNB</br> 0.6 IRN_Shahr_I_Sokhta_BA2</blockquote></br> As a control, here's an earlier, Chalcolithic sample bearing Y-haplogroup J2b from the same region. Not surprisingly, this individual totally lacks the Yamnaya-related signal.</br></br> <blockquote>Target: IRN_HajjiFiruz_ChL:I4241_all</br> Distance: 2.7938% / 0.02793782</br> 32.6 Kura-Araxes_ARM_Kaps</br> 25.6 IRN_Ganj_Dareh_N</br> 23.6 Anatolia_Tepecik_Ciftlik_N</br> 18.2 Levant_PPNB</blockquote></br> Overall, these results make perfect sense. I could probably locate very minor signals of EHG ancestry in the Iron Age samples, but that would be more difficult and much less certain, so I won't bother.</br></br> Soon I'll be able to rerun these analyses with Bronze Age samples from Dagestan and surrounds. That should bump up the levels of Yamnaya-related ancestry and improve the statistical fits (wink, wink, nudge, nudge).</br></br> Disappointingly, Lazaridis, Alpaslan-Roodenberg et al. go so far as to suggest that R1b-M269 may have originated in West Asia.</br></br> However, considering the scores of ancient Eastern European populations rich in R1b-M269 and many near and far related subclades of R1b, this makes no sense whatsoever.</br></br> <b>Indeed, contemplating nowadays that R1b-M269 might be native to West Asia, where R1b only starts showing up in the ancient DNA record during the Copper Age, is about as stupid as claiming that gravity doesn't exist.</b></br></br> Largely due to their distal model approach, Lazaridis, Alpaslan-Roodenberg et al. also argue that the Indo-Anatolian homeland was located in what is now Armenia and surrounds. I'm far from convinced that this solution will stand the test of time.</br></br> In terms of the more widely accepted theory that the Indo-Anatolian homeland was located on the Pontic-Caspian steppe in Eastern Europe, the most important samples in the paper are the three Bronze Age individuals from Yassitepe in western Anatolia. That's because they're from a region that is traditionally seen as the entry point of Indo-Anatolian speakers into Anatolia from the European steppe via the Balkans.</br></br> <b>Interestingly, individual I5737, dated to 2035-1900 calBCE or the Middle Bronze Age, belongs to Y-chromosome haplogroup <a href="https://www.yfull.com/tree/I-P78/">I2a-P78</a>, which surely must be a signal of European ancestry. I see this as a significant result.</b></br></br> Here's how the trio from Yassitepe look in my fine scale ancient ancestry model. Minor Yamnaya-related ancestry does show up, although, admittedly, it might just be noise in individual I5735.</br></br> <blockquote>Target: TUR_Aegean_Izmir_Yassitepe_MBA:I5737</br> Distance: 2.7507% / 0.02750748</br> 58.4 Anatolia_Barcin_N</br> 20.4 Kura-Araxes_ARM_Kaps</br> 9.2 Anatolia_Tepecik_Ciftlik_N</br> 5.6 IRN_Ganj_Dareh_N</br> <b>3.8 Yamnaya_RUS_Samara</b></br> 2.6 Levant_PPNB</br></br> Target: TUR_Aegean_Izmir_Yass谋tepe_EBA:I5733</br> Distance: 2.7969% / 0.02796887</br> 52.0 Anatolia_Barcin_N</br> 27.2 Kura-Araxes_ARM_Kaps</br> 8.6 Levant_PPNB</br> <b>6.2 Yamnaya_RUS_Samara</b></br> 6.0 IRN_Ganj_Dareh_N</br></br> Target: TUR_Aegean_Izmir_Yass谋tepe_EBA:I5735</br> Distance: 3.1270% / 0.03127009</br> 36.0 Kura-Araxes_ARM_Kaps</br> 32.4 Anatolia_Tepecik_Ciftlik_N</br> 26.0 Anatolia_Barcin_N</br> 2.8 IRN_Shahr_I_Sokhta_BA2</br> <b>1.2 Yamnaya_RUS_Samara</b></br> 1.0 Levant_PPNB</br> 0.6 MAR_Taforalt</blockquote></br> This isn't much, especially considering it's already late 2022, but it's better than nothing. Fortunately, more samples from Bronze Age western Anatolia are on the way (wink, wink, nudge, nudge).</br></br> However, I'm not done with the Lazaridis, Alpaslan-Roodenberg et al. dataset yet. I'm planning to spend much more time on this blog in the coming weeks and months and will be using their samples in a wide range of analyses.</br></br> Citation...</br></br> Iosif Lazaridis, Song眉l Alpaslan-Roodenberg et al., <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm4247">The genetic history of the Southern Arc:A bridge between West Asia and Europe</a>, Science 377, eabm4247 (2022)</br></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/dear-iosif-3.html">Dear Iosif #3</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/but-iosif-what-about-phrygians.html">But Iosif, what about the Phrygians?</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/dear-iosif-about-that-2.html">Dear Iosif, about that ~2%</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/dear-iosifyamnaya.html">Dear Iosif...Yamnaya</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/08/dear-iosif.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/08/dear-iosif.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2022-08-27T02:26:00-07:00'>2:26:00 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/2995297632767300171' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 119 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=2995297632767300171&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=2995297632767300171&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=2995297632767300171&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=2995297632767300171&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=2995297632767300171&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=2995297632767300171&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Anatolia' rel='tag'>Anatolia</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20ancestry' rel='tag'>ancient ancestry</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Caucasus' rel='tag'>Caucasus</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Hittite' rel='tag'>Hittite</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-Anatolian' rel='tag'>Indo-Anatolian</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-European' rel='tag'>Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Iosif%20Lazaridis' rel='tag'>Iosif Lazaridis</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Iran' rel='tag'>Iran</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Luwian' rel='tag'>Luwian</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Pontic-Caspian%20steppe' rel='tag'>Pontic-Caspian steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Proto-Indo-European' rel='tag'>Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/R1b-M269' rel='tag'>R1b-M269</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Turkey' rel='tag'>Turkey</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Ukraine' rel='tag'>Ukraine</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Yamnaya' rel='tag'>Yamnaya</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Saturday, June 18, 2022</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyqg2UdNrqvoHcEb3KAw0mqe4leHJ2zSCB114vFg4fiadipFdpB9ri2LPfhRUo24VuLCny5S8DiZtpXL5hHiOfHYyUU_LKpoPqRPr0IzODqZCHqi8aWc0mu54w8j3ats-kcQUKB2ZdFxmj/s480/Eneolithic_steppe_PCA1.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='2551272990990935606' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='2551272990990935606'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/06/david-reich-on-origin-of-yamnaya-people.html'>David Reich on the origin of the Yamnaya people (!?)</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-2551272990990935606' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>Harvard's David Reich is doing a talk next month about the genetic history of West Asia and nearby parts of Europe. This is a quote from an online abstract of the talk (found <a href="https://iias.huji.ac.il/event/david-reich-lecture">here</a>).</br></br> <blockquote>The impermeability of Anatolia to exogenous migration contrasts with our finding that the Yamnaya had two distinct gene flows, both from West Asia, suggesting that the Indo-Anatolian language family originated in the eastern wing of the Southern Arc and that the steppe served only as a secondary staging area of Indo-European language dispersal.</blockquote></br> If this is actually what David Reich is going to claim then I'd say his team has a lot of work to do before they put out their paper on the topic.</br></br> First of all, Yamnaya did not have two distinct gene flows from West Asia. I don't even know what that means exactly, but there's no way that this statement is correct no matter how one interprets it.</br></br> <b>In fact, the Yamnaya population formed on the Pontic-Caspian steppe from earlier groups native to this part of Eastern Europe, such as the people associated with the Sredny Stog culture.</b></br></br> That is, there were no migrations from West Asia into Eastern Europe that can be claimed to have been instrumental in the emergence of the Yamnaya population. On the other hand, Yamnaya may have been significantly influenced by cultural impulses from West Asia, but this is nothing new.</br></br> In terms of <i>deep</i> population structure, the Yamnaya genotype can be described as a mixture between Eastern European and West Asian-related genetic components. However, these Asian-related components were already in Europe thousands of years before Yamnaya came into existence.</br></br> <b>Indeed, soon to be published ancient DNA shows that hunter-gatherers very similar to the Yamnaya people, packing quite a lot of West Asian-related ancestry, lived in the Middle Don region (just north of the Pontic-Caspian steppe) well before 5,000 BCE (see <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/05/population-genomics-of-stone-age.html">here</a>).</b></br></br> So, did the West Asian ancestors of these Middle Don hunter-gatherers speak Proto-Indo-European, or, as David Reich calls it, Indo-Anatolian? Keep in mind that most linguists put the birth of Indo-Anatolian around 4,000 BCE, which is actually the Sredny Stog period.</br></br> Moreover, in underlining Anatolia's supposed impermeability to exogenous migration, David Reich is arguing against things that no one worth their salt ever claimed. That's because the spread of Indo-Anatolian speakers into Anatolia has never really been described by archeologists and linguists as a massive migration, but rather as an infiltration into lands already heavily populated by the Hattians (for instance, see <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/1461957114Y.0000000075?journalCode=yeja20">here</a>).</br></br> We may have already seen the genetic evidence of this infiltration in the presence of steppe Y-chromosome haplogroup R-V1636 in a Chalcolithic burial at Arslantepe (see <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/06/maykop-ancestry-in-copper-age-arslantepe.html">here</a> and <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/01/a-tantalizing-link.html">here</a>). Let's wait and see what else crops up over the next few years as many more ancient Anatolian genomes are sequenced by David Reich and colleagues.</br></br> See also...</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/05/understanding-eneolithic-steppe.html" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="757" data-original-width="1218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyqg2UdNrqvoHcEb3KAw0mqe4leHJ2zSCB114vFg4fiadipFdpB9ri2LPfhRUo24VuLCny5S8DiZtpXL5hHiOfHYyUU_LKpoPqRPr0IzODqZCHqi8aWc0mu54w8j3ats-kcQUKB2ZdFxmj/s480/Eneolithic_steppe_PCA1.png" /></a></div></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/06/david-reich-on-origin-of-yamnaya-people.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/06/david-reich-on-origin-of-yamnaya-people.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2022-06-18T01:30:00-07:00'>1:30:00 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/2551272990990935606' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 122 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=2551272990990935606&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=2551272990990935606&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=2551272990990935606&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=2551272990990935606&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=2551272990990935606&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=2551272990990935606&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Anatolia' rel='tag'>Anatolia</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/David%20Reich' rel='tag'>David Reich</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/David%20Reich%20Lab' rel='tag'>David Reich Lab</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Harvard' rel='tag'>Harvard</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Hittite' rel='tag'>Hittite</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-Anatolian' rel='tag'>Indo-Anatolian</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/PIE' rel='tag'>PIE</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/PIE%20homeland' rel='tag'>PIE homeland</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Pontic-Caspian%20steppe' rel='tag'>Pontic-Caspian steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Proto-Indo-European' rel='tag'>Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/West%20Asia' rel='tag'>West Asia</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Yamnaya' rel='tag'>Yamnaya</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Wednesday, February 2, 2022</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='4808539062747028378' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='4808539062747028378'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/02/the-pie-homeland-controversy-february.html'>The PIE homeland controversy: February 2022 status report</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-4808539062747028378' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>I think we'll see the emergence of two main competing proto-Indo-European (PIE) homeland theories over the next few years:</br></br> <blockquote>- a homeland in the Eneolithic North Caucasus, and the spread of Anatolian languages into West Asia with Maykop-related ancestry</br></br> - a homeland in the North Pontic region, possibly within the Eneolithic Sredny Stog archeological culture, and the spread of Anatolian languages into West Asia via the Balkans.</blockquote></br> Both theories have support from ancient DNA. Some of it has already been published (for instance, see <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/06/maykop-ancestry-in-copper-age-arslantepe.html">here</a>).</br></br> At this point, I can see myself firmly in the North Pontic camp, even if it turns out that North Pontic-related ancestry only made a fleeting impact on Bronze Age Anatolia.</br></br> After all, there's no direct relationship between genes and languages, so to prove that Anatolian languages came from the North Pontic, there's no need for North Pontic-related ancestry to persist in Anatolia, as long as we have solid evidence that people with this type of ancestry moved there at the right time.</br></br> In my mind, for now, the Maykop culture provides an excellent explanation for non-Indo-European influences in PIE, and there's no need to make it Indo-European speaking, let alone PIE speaking.</br></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/06/the-pie-homeland-controversy-june-2021.html">The PIE homeland controversy: June 2021 status report</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/02/the-pie-homeland-controversy-february.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/02/the-pie-homeland-controversy-february.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2022-02-02T21:43:00-08:00'>9:43:00 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/4808539062747028378' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 247 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4808539062747028378&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4808539062747028378&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4808539062747028378&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4808539062747028378&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4808539062747028378&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=4808539062747028378&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Anatolia' rel='tag'>Anatolia</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Caucasus' rel='tag'>Caucasus</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Corded%20Ware' rel='tag'>Corded Ware</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Hittite' rel='tag'>Hittite</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Maykop' rel='tag'>Maykop</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/North%20Caucasus' rel='tag'>North Caucasus</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/North%20Pontic' rel='tag'>North Pontic</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/North%20Pontic%20steppe' rel='tag'>North Pontic steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Pontic-Caspian%20steppe' rel='tag'>Pontic-Caspian steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Proto-Indo-European' rel='tag'>Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Sredny%20Stog' rel='tag'>Sredny Stog</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Steppe%20Maykop' rel='tag'>Steppe Maykop</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Yamnaya' rel='tag'>Yamnaya</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Friday, January 21, 2022</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='7961143060020709715' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='7961143060020709715'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/01/yamnaya-is-from-europe-but-its-really.html'>Yamnaya is from Europe, but it's really from Asia</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-7961143060020709715' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>I was about to post a comment under a new preprint at <i>bioRxiv</i>, but the comment section isn't there anymore. Hopefully, this is just a temporary glitch.</br></br> The preprint in question is titled <i>Reconstructing the spatiotemporal patterns of admixture during the European Holocene using a novel genomic dating method</i> [<a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476710v1">LINK</a>]. It's co-authored by Harvard/Broad MIT scientist Nick Patterson who occasionally comments at this blog.</br></br> My impression is that the authors see the people associated with the Yamnaya culture as Asians who simply used "far" Eastern Europe as a springboard to expand into other parts of Europe.</br></br> If so, they're dead wrong.</br></br> There are at least three arguments why the Yamnaya population should be seen as quintessentially European:</br></br> <blockquote><b>- its home was initially and overwhelmingly the Pontic-Caspian steppe, which is entirely located within the present-day borders of Europe</br></br> - Yamnaya genomes are clearly different from those of older populations native to nearby parts of Asia, and, in fact, these differences show a very strong correlation with the present-day borders between Europe and Asia</br></br> - the Yamnaya people weren't a new population in Europe by any stretch, but must have been overwhelmingly derived from the very similar Eneolithic peoples of the Pontic-Caspian steppe and/or the nearby forest steppe, both of which are located in Eastern Europe.</b></blockquote></br> And yet, this is what the preprint claims:</br></br> <blockquote>The beginning of the Bronze Age was a period of major cultural and demographic change in Eurasia, accompanied by the spread of Yamnaya Steppe Pastoralist-related ancestry from Pontic-Caspian steppes into Europe and South Asia (16).</blockquote></br> In fact, what really happened at this time was that Yamnaya steppe pastoralist-related ancestry spread from Eastern Europe to other parts of Europe, as well as to Central and West Asia.</br></br> The preprint does eventually explain that present-day South Asians derive their Yamnaya-related ancestry from a later eastward expansion of the European Corded Ware culture (CWC), but it completely ignores the fact that the Afanasievo culture was the result of the initial eastward expansion from Europe to Asia. That is, the ancestors of the Afanasievo people were recent migrants from the Pontic-Caspian steppe to Central Asia and Siberia.</br></br> There's also this:</br></br> <blockquote>Over the following millennium, the Yamnaya-derived groups of the Corded Ware Complex (CWC) and Bell Beaker complex (BBC) cultures brought Steppe pastoralist-related ancestry to Europe.</blockquote></br> Seriously? Both the CWC and BBC, just like the Yamnaya culture, were from Europe. In fact, as per above, the descendants of the CWC expanded <i>into</i> Asia.</br></br> And this:</br></br> <blockquote>The second major migration occurred when populations associated with the Yamnaya culture in the Pontic-Caspian steppe expanded to central and western Europe from far eastern Europe.</blockquote></br> The authors basically admit here that Yamnaya came from Eastern Europe, but they call it "far" Eastern Europe. Perhaps they know something I don't, but as things stand, there's no evidence that Yamnaya came from "far" Eastern Europe. In fact, the emerging consensus based on ancient DNA, including pre-publication data, is that Yamnaya may have originated in what is now Ukraine. In my opinion, Ukraine isn't located in "far" Eastern Europe, but more or less in the middle of it.</br></br> Inexplicably, this is what they say about the genetic origins of the Yamnaya and Afanasievo peoples:</br></br> <blockquote>These groups were likely the result of a genetic admixture between the descendants of EHG-related groups and CHG-related groups associated with the first farmers from Iran (8, 22, 36).</br></br> ...</br></br> Thus, we combined all early Steppe pastoralist individuals in one group to obtain a more precise estimate for the genetic formation of proto-Yamnaya of ~4,400 to 4,000 BCE (Figure 2). These dates are noteworthy as they pre-date the archeological evidence by more than a millennium (37) and have important implications for understanding the origin of proto-Pontic Caspian cultures and their spread to Europe and South Asia.</blockquote></br> Not really.</br></br> Like I said, the Yamnaya population was overwhelmingly derived from the Eneolithic peoples of the Eastern European steppe and/or forest steppe. And these Yamnaya-like Eneolithic peoples were spread out across a vast area of Eastern Europe by at least ~4,500 BCE. Some of their genomes have been available for several years, and many more are on the way.</br></br> It is possible that the Yamnaya and Afanasievo genotype formed in 4,400-4,000 BCE, but if so, then this was due to mixing between the Eneolithic steppe peoples and nearby European farmers. That's because the difference between the Yamnaya and Eneolithic steppe genotypes is minor (~15%) European farmer admixture in the former.</br></br> The really interesting puzzle is exactly where and when the peculiar Eneolithic steppe genotype came into being. Any ideas Dr Patterson?</br></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/06/matters-of-geography.html">Matters of geography</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/05/understanding-eneolithic-steppe.html">Understanding the Eneolithic steppe</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/01/yamnaya-is-from-europe-but-its-really.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/01/yamnaya-is-from-europe-but-its-really.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2022-01-21T19:48:00-08:00'>7:48:00 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/7961143060020709715' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 146 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=7961143060020709715&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=7961143060020709715&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=7961143060020709715&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=7961143060020709715&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=7961143060020709715&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=7961143060020709715&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Afanasevo' rel='tag'>Afanasevo</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Afanasievo' rel='tag'>Afanasievo</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Corded%20Ware' rel='tag'>Corded Ware</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Corded%20Ware%20Culture' rel='tag'>Corded Ware Culture</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/CWC' rel='tag'>CWC</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eurasia' rel='tag'>Eurasia</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eurasian%20steppe' rel='tag'>Eurasian steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-European' rel='tag'>Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Pontic-Caspian%20steppe' rel='tag'>Pontic-Caspian steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Proto-Indo-European' rel='tag'>Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Yamna' rel='tag'>Yamna</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Yamnaya' rel='tag'>Yamnaya</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Tuesday, November 9, 2021</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFMqgNkYSyZYbgvlyzJEVOhL57XEtjDcp3nt2mHmvf8M2c23mUcViX-ChrW1CNy-s5SB9_lN9aT-AcsaPDGgZWKHtP8Ak_I5fs11bWdho3YMz0E2DvAjPVtGkIc_sLbiW_p7Ah-vSOgkip/s1296/OutofintoIran.jpg' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='3428890437055932902' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='3428890437055932902'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/11/when-it-seems-like-whole-world-has-gone.html'>Crazy stuff</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-3428890437055932902' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>I'm hoping that 2022 is the year when this problem is finally straightened out. Over to you David Reich, Nick Patterson, Iosif Lazaridis, David Anthony, Wolfgang Haak, Johannes Krause and colleagues.</br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFMqgNkYSyZYbgvlyzJEVOhL57XEtjDcp3nt2mHmvf8M2c23mUcViX-ChrW1CNy-s5SB9_lN9aT-AcsaPDGgZWKHtP8Ak_I5fs11bWdho3YMz0E2DvAjPVtGkIc_sLbiW_p7Ah-vSOgkip/s1296/OutofintoIran.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1296" data-original-width="620" height="770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFMqgNkYSyZYbgvlyzJEVOhL57XEtjDcp3nt2mHmvf8M2c23mUcViX-ChrW1CNy-s5SB9_lN9aT-AcsaPDGgZWKHtP8Ak_I5fs11bWdho3YMz0E2DvAjPVtGkIc_sLbiW_p7Ah-vSOgkip/s1296/OutofintoIran.jpg"/></a></div> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/07/an-early-iranian-obviously.html">An early Iranian, obviously</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/12/the-hajji-firuz-fiasco.html">The Hajji Firuz fiasco</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/07/a-mycenaean-and-iron-age-iranian-walk.html">A Mycenaean and an Iron Age Iranian walk into a bar...</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/11/when-it-seems-like-whole-world-has-gone.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/11/when-it-seems-like-whole-world-has-gone.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2021-11-09T20:40:00-08:00'>8:40:00 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/3428890437055932902' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 550 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=3428890437055932902&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=3428890437055932902&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=3428890437055932902&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=3428890437055932902&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=3428890437055932902&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=3428890437055932902&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Caucasus%20hunter-gatherers' rel='tag'>Caucasus hunter-gatherers</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eurasian%20steppe' rel='tag'>Eurasian steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Harvard' rel='tag'>Harvard</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-European' rel='tag'>Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Iran' rel='tag'>Iran</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Iranian%20Plateau' rel='tag'>Iranian Plateau</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Max%20Planck' rel='tag'>Max Planck</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Pontic-Caspian%20steppe' rel='tag'>Pontic-Caspian steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Proto-Indo-European' rel='tag'>Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/R1a-M417' rel='tag'>R1a-M417</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/R1b-M269' rel='tag'>R1b-M269</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Wednesday, October 20, 2021</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHetOujhTneQ3uIjKmPuiyn_7KKlsraCP4bdjuYdDifyQ24N2Z8-pN3Mz-QvUxGKKMj9KJZcm3jd4jJnUifDf4TDXUEiYBEOV3iZAZez0TInAThymIJQ-FOXNLsdMy9mNl2KGSTP-n5vk8/s1600/Inferring_the_language_of_the_CWC3_small.jpg' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='6732968127274806877' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='6732968127274806877'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/10/modern-domestic-horses-came-from.html'>Modern domestic horses came from the Eastern European steppe</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-6732968127274806877' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>Over at <i>Nature</i> at this <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04018-9">LINK</a>. I'm getting the impression that geneticists and the editors at <i>Nature</i> are really crap at geography. Obviously, this paper argues that modern domestic horses came from the Pontic-Caspian steppe, which is located very firmly in Eastern Europe. But, inexplicably, instead of actually saying this, the authors came up with the much more ambiguous term Western Eurasian steppes, and even put that in the title. I wonder why? Here's the paper abstract:</br></br> <blockquote>Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare 1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling 2,3,4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia 5 and Anatolia 6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes <b>[my note: they actually mean the Pontic-Caspian steppe, which is located in Eastern Europe]</b>, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association 7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe <b>[my note: the Yamnaya culture was located in Europe]</b> around 3000 bc 8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages 10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture 11,12.</blockquote></br> Librado, P., Khan, N., Fages, A. et al. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04018-9">The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes.</a> Nature (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04018-9</br></br> <b>Update:</b> I emailed one of the lead authors, Ludovic Orlando, asking him for a comment. Here it is:</br></br> <blockquote>Thanks for your interest in our research. We indeed struggled finding the term that would be most appropriate and this was discussed with our coauthors. The Pontic-Caspian steppe would seem the most obvious choice but my understanding is that this would include a large region, stretching from the most north-western side of the Black sea to the foothills of the Urals. This is larger than the signature recovered in our data. My understanding is that the Eastern European steppes would also stretch more northernly than the region that we narrowed down. Eastern European steppes was also not immediately clear, even for European scholars such as myself. Therefore, it did not seem that there were any terms that were ready-made for truly qualifying our findings. We thus went for Western Eurasian steppes in the main title, and sticked to more precise locations such as the Don-Volga region in the main text. I guess that this is one of those cases where the activities of past herders did not exactly follow some geographic terms that would only be defined thousands of years later.</blockquote></br> However, the Pontic-Caspian steppe and the Eastern European steppe are in fact terms that describe the western end of the Eurasian steppe. So they should be totally interchangeable with the term Western Eurasian steppes. Except, at least to me, they seem less ambiguous.</br></br> Ergo, the Eastern European steppe can't be more northerly than the Western Eurasian steppes, because it's the same thing. Moreover, the Pontic-Caspian steppe can't stretch further west than the Western Eurasian steppes, because, again, it's the same thing.</br></br> Indeed, the land north of the Eastern European/Western Eurasian steppes is called the forest steppe.</br></br> See also...</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/05/inferring-linguistic-affinity-of-long.html" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="909" data-original-width="1158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHetOujhTneQ3uIjKmPuiyn_7KKlsraCP4bdjuYdDifyQ24N2Z8-pN3Mz-QvUxGKKMj9KJZcm3jd4jJnUifDf4TDXUEiYBEOV3iZAZez0TInAThymIJQ-FOXNLsdMy9mNl2KGSTP-n5vk8/s1600/Inferring_the_language_of_the_CWC3_small.jpg" /></a></div></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/10/modern-domestic-horses-came-from.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/10/modern-domestic-horses-came-from.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2021-10-20T14:31:00-07:00'>2:31:00 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/6732968127274806877' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 236 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6732968127274806877&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6732968127274806877&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6732968127274806877&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6732968127274806877&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6732968127274806877&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6732968127274806877&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Corded%20Ware%20Culture' rel='tag'>Corded Ware Culture</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20European%20steppe' rel='tag'>Eastern European steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/horse' rel='tag'>horse</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Iberian%20horse' rel='tag'>Iberian horse</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-European' rel='tag'>Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-Iranian' rel='tag'>Indo-Iranian</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Pontic-Caspian%20steppe' rel='tag'>Pontic-Caspian steppe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Proto-Indo-European' rel='tag'>Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Przewalski%27s%20horse' rel='tag'>Przewalski's horse</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Sintashta' rel='tag'>Sintashta</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Yamnaya' rel='tag'>Yamnaya</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Friday, August 27, 2021</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSXe55arKbgRps_GhyphenhyphenjttySWsR_KwBhBceCsUIaf7JniqIapvpb7Rkdq4TjdxQFOPkauzyyNwxVK7azvKfQlYgxyn5A5t2PE3sRCuA6LFKVK6KWT7We2C2zMd_zC57C-9MkG7iK3-i88Z0/s480/Czech_Transect.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='5747760666519975451' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='5747760666519975451'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/08/r1a-vs-r1b-in-third-millennium-bce.html'>R1a vs R1b in third millennium BCE Central Europe (Papac et al. 2021)</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-5747760666519975451' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>R1a-M417 and R1b-L51 are by far the most important Y-chromosome haplogroups in Europe today. More precisely, R1a-M417 dominates in Eastern Europe, while R1b-L51 in Western Europe.</br></br> It's been obvious for a while now, at least to me, that both of these Y-haplogroups are closely associated with the men of the Late Neolithic Corded Ware culture (CWC). Indeed, in my mind they're the main genetic signals of its massive expansion, probably from a homeland somewhere north of the Black Sea in what is now Ukraine.</br></br> I'm still not exactly sure how the east/west dichotomy between R1a and R1b emerged in Europe, but, thanks to a <a href="https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/7/35/eabi6941">new paper</a> by Papac et al. at <i>Science Advances</i>, at least now I have a working hypothesis about that. Below is a quote from the said paper, emphasis is mine:</br></br> <blockquote>In addition to autosomal genetic changes through time, we observe a sharp reduction in Y-chromosomal diversity going from five different lineages in early CW to a dominant (single) lineage in late CW (Fig. 4A). We used forward simulations to explore the demographic scenarios that could account for the observed reduction in Y-chromosomal diversity. Performing 1 million simulations of a population with a starting frequency of R1a-M417(xZ645) centered around the observed starting frequency in Bohemia_CW_Early (3 of 11, 0.27), we assessed the plausibility of this lineage reaching the observed frequency in Bohemia_CW_Late (10 of 11, 0.91) in the time frame of 500 years under a model of a closed population and random mating (Materials and Methods). <b>We reject the “neutral” hypothesis, i.e., that this change in frequency occurred by chance, given a wide range of plausible population sizes. Instead, our results suggest that R1a-M417(xZ645) was subject to a nonrandom increase in frequency, resulting in these males having 15.79% (4.12 to 44.42%) more surviving offspring per generation relative to males of other Y-haplogroups. We also find that this change in Y chromosome frequency is extreme compared to the changes in allele frequencies at fully covered autosomal 1240k sites within the same males, suggesting a process that disproportionately affected Y-chromosomal compared to autosomal genetic diversity, ruling out a population bottleneck as the likely cause.</b> Our results suggest that the Y-lineage diversity in early CW males was supplanted by a nonrandom process [selection, social structure, or influx of nonlocal R1a-M417(xZ645) lineages] that drove the collapse in Y-chromosomal diversity. A simultaneous decline of Y-chromosomal diversity dating to the Neolithic has been observed across most extant Y-haplogroups (64), possibly due to increased conflict between male-mediated patrilines (65). <b>We view that changes in social structure (e.g., an isolated mating network with strictly exclusive social norms) could be an alternative cause but would be difficult to distinguish in the underlying model parameters.</b></blockquote></br> Right, so even though the CWC was clearly a community of closely related groups, there must have been some competition between its different clans. And since these clans were highly patriarchal and patrilineal, this competition probably led to different paternal lineages dominating different parts of the CWC horizon, with M417 becoming especially common in the east and L51 in the west.</br></br> Of course, the expansions of post-Corded Ware groups, such as the M417-rich Slavs in Eastern Europe and L51-rich Celts in Western Europe, were also instrumental in creating Europe's R1a/R1b dichotomy, but obviously these groups were in large part the heirs of the CWC.</br></br> By the way, most of the samples from Papac et al. are already in the Global25 datasheets linked <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/07/getting-most-out-of-global25_12.html">here</a>. Look for the labels listed <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/19PBiQANJN7YqPxQs2olgfdCZoMlIBcG0/view?usp=sharing">here</a>. Below is a plot made from the Global25 data courtesy of regular commentator Matt. <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSXe55arKbgRps_GhyphenhyphenjttySWsR_KwBhBceCsUIaf7JniqIapvpb7Rkdq4TjdxQFOPkauzyyNwxVK7azvKfQlYgxyn5A5t2PE3sRCuA6LFKVK6KWT7We2C2zMd_zC57C-9MkG7iK3-i88Z0/s2048/Czech_Transect.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1115" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSXe55arKbgRps_GhyphenhyphenjttySWsR_KwBhBceCsUIaf7JniqIapvpb7Rkdq4TjdxQFOPkauzyyNwxVK7azvKfQlYgxyn5A5t2PE3sRCuA6LFKVK6KWT7We2C2zMd_zC57C-9MkG7iK3-i88Z0/s480/Czech_Transect.png" width="400"/></a></div> Citation: L. Papac, M. Ern茅e, M. Dobe拧, M. Langov谩, A. B. Rohrlach, F. Aron, G. U. Neumann, M. A. Spyrou, N. Rohland, P. Velem铆nsk媒, M. Kuna, H. Brzobohat谩, B. Culleton, D. Dan臎膷ek, A. Danielisov谩, M. Dobis铆kov谩, J. Hlo啪ek, D. J. Kennett, J. Klementov谩, M. Kostka, P. Kri拧tuf, M. Kucha艡铆k, J. K. Hlavov谩, P. Limbursk媒, D. Malykov谩, L. Mattiello, M. Pecinovsk谩, K. Petri拧膷谩kov谩, E. Pr暖chov谩, P. Str谩nsk谩, L. Smejtek, J. 艩pa膷ek, R. 艩umberov谩, O. 艩vejcar, M. Trefn媒, M. V谩vra, J. Kol谩艡, V. Heyd, J. Krause, R. Pinhasi, D. Reich, S. Schiffels, W. Haak, <a href="https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/7/35/eabi6941">Dynamic changes in genomic and social structures in third millennium BCE central Europe.</a> Sci. Adv. 7, eabi6941 (2021).</br></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/07/on-origin-of-corded-ware-people.html">On the origin of the Corded Ware people</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/05/understanding-eneolithic-steppe.html">Understanding the Eneolithic steppe</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/05/conan-barbarian-probably-belonged-to-y.html">Conan the Barbarian probably belonged to Y-haplogroup R1a</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/08/r1a-vs-r1b-in-third-millennium-bce.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/08/r1a-vs-r1b-in-third-millennium-bce.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2021-08-27T18:50:00-07:00'>6:50:00 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/5747760666519975451' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 303 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5747760666519975451&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5747760666519975451&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5747760666519975451&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5747760666519975451&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5747760666519975451&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=5747760666519975451&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Balto-Slavic' rel='tag'>Balto-Slavic</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Celtic' rel='tag'>Celtic</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Central%20Europe' rel='tag'>Central Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Corded%20Ware' rel='tag'>Corded Ware</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Corded%20Ware%20Culture' rel='tag'>Corded Ware Culture</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/CWC' rel='tag'>CWC</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Germanic' rel='tag'>Germanic</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-European' rel='tag'>Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Northern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Northern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Proto-Indo-European' rel='tag'>Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/R1a-M417' rel='tag'>R1a-M417</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/R1b-L151' rel='tag'>R1b-L151</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/R1b-L51' rel='tag'>R1b-L51</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Slavic' rel='tag'>Slavic</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Slavs' rel='tag'>Slavs</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Tuesday, July 20, 2021</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtsAk7xc8KcBYwBhJYoGdl-3-t64OedpCiC-zuJSdTu0mp7xF9mqSUCoe4L_idaFi0Sf4euAElw4sCEVT58eILxY3sGd1Bv8Z6mdlkqeZ8xJOP-gymLfx-gUtem2n823kBdcDXRpGpY1-F/s480/Eneolithic_steppe_PCA2.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='7462467382331323042' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='7462467382331323042'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/07/on-origin-of-corded-ware-people.html'>On the origin of the Corded Ware people</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-7462467382331323042' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>There's been a lot of talk lately about the finding that the peoples associated with the Corded Ware and Yamnaya archeological cultures were genetic cousins (for instance, see <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/06/the-pie-homeland-controversy-june-2021.html">here</a>). As I've already pointed out, this is an interesting discovery, but, at this stage, it's difficult to know what it means exactly.</br></br> It might mean that the Yamnayans were the direct predecessors of the Corded Ware people. Or it might just mean that, at some point, the Corded Ware and Yamnaya populations swapped women regularly (that is, they practiced female exogamy with each other).</br></br> In any case, I feel that several important facts aren't being taken into account by most of the interested parties. These facts include, in no particular order:</br></br> <blockquote>- despite being closely related, <b>the Corded Ware and Yamnaya peoples were highly adapted to very different ecological zones</b> - temperate forests and arid steppes, respectively - and this is surely not something that happened within a few years and probably not even within a couple of generations</br></br> - both <b>the Corded Ware and Yamnaya populations expanded widely and rapidly at around the same time</b>, but never got in each others way, probably because they occupied very different ecological niches</br></br> - despite sharing the R1b Y-chromosome haplogroup, their paternal origins were quite different, with Corded Ware males rich in <b>R1a-M417 and R1b-L51</b> and Yamnaya males rich in <b>R1b-Z2103 and I2a-L699</b></blockquote></br> I suppose it's possible that the Corded Ware people were overwhelmingly and directly derived from the Yamnaya population. But right now my view is that, even if they were, then the Yamnaya population that they came from was quite different from the classic, R1b-Z2103-rich Yamnaya that spread rapidly across the steppes.</br></br> Indeed, perhaps what we're dealing with here is a very early (proto?) Yamnaya gene pool located somewhere in the border zone between the forests and the steppes, that then split into two main sub-populations, with one of these groups heading north and the other south?</br></br> I do wonder what David Anthony would say if he was made aware of the above mentioned facts? Then again, perhaps he's already aware of them, and simply chose to ignore them when formulating his <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/01/david-anthony-on-y-haplogroup-r1a.html">latest theory</a> about the origin of the Corded Ware people?</br></br> See also...</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/05/understanding-eneolithic-steppe.html" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="757" data-original-width="1218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtsAk7xc8KcBYwBhJYoGdl-3-t64OedpCiC-zuJSdTu0mp7xF9mqSUCoe4L_idaFi0Sf4euAElw4sCEVT58eILxY3sGd1Bv8Z6mdlkqeZ8xJOP-gymLfx-gUtem2n823kBdcDXRpGpY1-F/s480/Eneolithic_steppe_PCA2.png" /></a></div></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/07/on-origin-of-corded-ware-people.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/07/on-origin-of-corded-ware-people.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2021-07-20T02:27:00-07:00'>2:27:00 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/7462467382331323042' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 743 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=7462467382331323042&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=7462467382331323042&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=7462467382331323042&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=7462467382331323042&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=7462467382331323042&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=7462467382331323042&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Corded%20Ware' rel='tag'>Corded Ware</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Corded%20Ware%20Culture' rel='tag'>Corded Ware Culture</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/CWC' rel='tag'>CWC</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/David%20Anthony' rel='tag'>David Anthony</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/David%20Reich' rel='tag'>David Reich</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-European' rel='tag'>Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Proto-Indo-European' rel='tag'>Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/R1a-M417' rel='tag'>R1a-M417</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/R1b-L51' rel='tag'>R1b-L51</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/R1b-Z2103' rel='tag'>R1b-Z2103</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Yamna' rel='tag'>Yamna</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Yamnaya' rel='tag'>Yamnaya</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Monday, June 28, 2021</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='6293506174140293278' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='6293506174140293278'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/06/the-pie-homeland-controversy-june-2021.html'>The PIE homeland controversy: June 2021 status report</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-6293506174140293278' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>Archeologist David Anthony has made several appearances online recently to promote his theories about the origins of the Corded Ware and Yamnaya cultures and peoples.</br></br> In a clip on Youtube he reiterated his theory that the so called Iranian-related ancestry in the Yamnaya people actually came from what is now Iran, and, more precisely, that it was carried by hunter-gatherers who travelled relatively rapidly from the South Caspian region into the Volga Delta in what is now Russia.</br></br> It's still a complete mystery to me as to why a group of hunter-gatherers from the South Caspian would undertake such a migration, instead of, say, expanding their range gradually over thousands of years, first into the Caucasus and eventually into Eastern Europe.</br></br> But there's a more serious problem with Anthony's theory: it contradicts the currently available ancient DNA. That's because the so called Iranian-related ancestry in the Yamnaya people is most closely related to the Kotias and Satsurblia hunter-gatherers from what is now Georgia, and these hunter-gatherers form a separate clade from the earliest samples from what is now Iran. For instance, see <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/12/a-final-note-for-year.html">here</a> and <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/12/fully-automated-graph-exploration.html">here</a>.</br></br> Also, in a podcast on Razib's blog, Anthony doubled down on his theory that Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a was closely associated with Yamnaya plebs who were excluded from Kurgan burials, and, as a result, their remains haven't yet been sampled.</br></br> At least this theory isn't yet contradicted by ancient DNA, but it's more complicated and less parsimonious than my theory, which posits that R1a, or rather R1a-M417, was simply a very rare lineage in the Yamnaya population, and that it only became a common and widespread marker thanks to the Corded Ware expansion (see <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/01/david-anthony-on-y-haplogroup-r1a.html">here</a>).</br></br> Intriguingly, my understanding is that there are several unpublished R1a samples from the Caspian and Volga steppes at Harvard's David Reich Lab that have been classified by its scientists as Yamnaya outliers. Of course, Anthony is collaborating on at least one major paper with this lab (see <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/05/understanding-eneolithic-steppe.html">here</a>).</br></br> Ergo, I strongly suspect that Anthony's theory is in part based on these Yamnaya outliers. However, I also believe that these samples are wrongly dated and probably represent Scythians and/or Sarmatians. I'll be able to look into that if they're ever published.</br></br> Speaking of the David Reich Lab, its leading scientists, David Reich and Nick Patterson, have also made appearances online recently, on Youtube and Razib's blog, respectively, to reveal that the Corded Ware and Yamnaya peoples aren't just very similar genetically, but in fact close cousins.</br></br> This is a very interesting finding. Apparently it's based on a relatively high level of Identity-by-Descent (IBD) segment sharing between Corded Ware and Yamnaya samples, but that's all I know. I'm guessing that the relevant paper is coming soon (that is, within the next five years).</br></br> However, the long-standing question that the readers of this blog want to see answered is not whether the Corded Ware and Yamnaya peoples are close cousins, but whether Yamnaya migrants founded the Corded Ware culture. The obvious way to prove that they did is to find at least one ancient population unambiguously classified as part of the Yamnaya horizon that is rich in the typically Corded Ware Y-haplogroups R1a-M417 and R1b-L151.</br></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/07/on-origin-of-corded-ware-people.html">On the origin of the Corded Ware people</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/12/the-pie-homeland-controversy-january.html">The PIE homeland controversy: January 2019 status report</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/08/the-pie-homeland-controversy-august.html">The PIE homeland controversy: August 2019 status report</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/06/the-pie-homeland-controversy-june-2021.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/06/the-pie-homeland-controversy-june-2021.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2021-06-28T00:55:00-07:00'>12:55:00 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/6293506174140293278' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 532 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6293506174140293278&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6293506174140293278&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6293506174140293278&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6293506174140293278&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6293506174140293278&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=6293506174140293278&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Corded%20Ware' rel='tag'>Corded Ware</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/CWC' rel='tag'>CWC</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/David%20Anthony' rel='tag'>David Anthony</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/David%20Reich' rel='tag'>David Reich</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/David%20Reich%20Lab' rel='tag'>David Reich Lab</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-European' rel='tag'>Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Iran' rel='tag'>Iran</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Nick%20Patterson' rel='tag'>Nick Patterson</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Proto-Indo-European' rel='tag'>Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/R1a-M417' rel='tag'>R1a-M417</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/R1b-L151' rel='tag'>R1b-L151</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/R1b-L51' rel='tag'>R1b-L51</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Yamna' rel='tag'>Yamna</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Yamnaya' rel='tag'>Yamnaya</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Thursday, June 17, 2021</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgitkiGzu22KG0AnTpVF2Z2OylEZ2tPt5Gc0ZUEm7w5zS-3TyBtkamiGo_d5S_9lbg__RnyLkv_h0M-bT6ucyBs3C6HzVdOJJgUmabXfoLLEwJncJ2023wA7J8oOub4oqYzwqeDLmA1RasN/s360/Balto-Slavic_drift_f4.png' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='4123559132014627431' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='8387203673658813574' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='8387203673658813574'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/06/balto-slavic-drift.html'>Balto-Slavic drift</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-8387203673658813574' itemprop='description articleBody'> </br>A few years ago I began using the term "Balto-Slavic genetic drift" to describe the fine-scale genetic signal that is shared by the speakers of Baltic and Slavic languages to the exclusion of Europeans without significant Balto-Slavic ancestry.</br></br> As a result, nowadays, many people online use the term "Balto-Slavic drift" when referring to this phenomenon.</br></br> The easiest way to prove that Balto-Slavic drift exists is to run a fine-scale Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of European genetic variation with a lot of Balto-Slavic samples in the mix. Indeed, my Global25 PCA analysis does a great job of illustrating the impact of Balto-Slavic drift on the population structure of Europe both in PCA plots and mixture models (for instance, see <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/05/global25-workshop-2-intra-european.html">here</a>).</br></br> It's also possible to tease out Balto-Slavic drift with formal statistics. I showed this indirectly in a recent blog post about Greek population structure (see <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/05/beware-of-greeks-bearing-gifts.html">here</a>). In this post I'm going to demonstrate how to explicitly and formally test for Balto-Slavic drift both in ancient and present-day samples.</br></br> To do this we need to find stats that basically split Baltic and Slavic speakers from other Europeans, such as f4(Outgroup,Test;Bell_Beaker_NDL,Baltic_LVA_BA). In this f4-stat, Baltic_LVA_BA is the ancient reference population with an unusually high level of Balto-Slavic drift, while Bell_Beaker_NDL is a fairly similar population overall in terms of ancient ancestry components, but with practically zero Balto-Slavic drift.</br></br> Note that the statistics with the most significant Z scores (>3) involve populations that speak Baltic or Slavic languages, or their neighbors who plausibly harbor significant Baltic and/or Slavic ancestry. Among the ancient, mostly Scandinavian, populations (from <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2688-8">Margaryan et al. 2020</a> and marked with the VK2020 prefix), significant Balto-Slavic drift only appears in the more easterly and/or later groups from the Viking Age (VA).</br></br> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgitkiGzu22KG0AnTpVF2Z2OylEZ2tPt5Gc0ZUEm7w5zS-3TyBtkamiGo_d5S_9lbg__RnyLkv_h0M-bT6ucyBs3C6HzVdOJJgUmabXfoLLEwJncJ2023wA7J8oOub4oqYzwqeDLmA1RasN/s1072/Balto-Slavic_drift_f4.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1072" data-original-width="681" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgitkiGzu22KG0AnTpVF2Z2OylEZ2tPt5Gc0ZUEm7w5zS-3TyBtkamiGo_d5S_9lbg__RnyLkv_h0M-bT6ucyBs3C6HzVdOJJgUmabXfoLLEwJncJ2023wA7J8oOub4oqYzwqeDLmA1RasN/s360/Balto-Slavic_drift_f4.png"/></a></div></br> Unfortunately, one of the problems with this analysis is that Baltic_LVA_BA and Bell_Beaker_NDL aren't identical in terms of their ancient ancestry proportions. For one, the latter has significantly more Neolithic farmer ancestry. No wonder then, that Greeks, who are mostly of early farmer stock, don't show a significant Z score, despite probably packing a significant amount of Balto-Slavic ancestry dating to the Middle Ages.</br></br> In the near future, as more ancient samples become available, it might be possible to find better reference populations for the job and create more accurate, finer-scaled tests.</br></br> See also...</br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2015/09/uralic-genes.html">Uralian genes</a></br></br> <a href="https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/01/that-old-chestnut-northeast-vs.html">That old chestnut: Northeast vs Northwest Euros</a></br></br> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/04637918905430604850' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>Davidski</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/06/balto-slavic-drift.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/06/balto-slavic-drift.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2021-06-17T18:52:00-07:00'>6:52:00 PM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/4123559132014627431/8387203673658813574' onclick='javascript:window.open(this.href, "bloggerPopup", "toolbar=0,location=0,statusbar=1,menubar=0,scrollbars=yes,width=640,height=500"); return false;'> 233 comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1186917030'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=8387203673658813574&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=8387203673658813574&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-blog' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=8387203673658813574&target=blog' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=270,width=475"); return false;' target='_blank' title='BlogThis!'><span class='share-button-link-text'>BlogThis!</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-twitter' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=8387203673658813574&target=twitter' target='_blank' title='Share to X'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to X</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-facebook' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=8387203673658813574&target=facebook' onclick='window.open(this.href, "_blank", "height=430,width=640"); return false;' target='_blank' title='Share to Facebook'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Facebook</span></a><a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-pinterest' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4123559132014627431&postID=8387203673658813574&target=pinterest' target='_blank' title='Share to Pinterest'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Share to Pinterest</span></a> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20ancestry' rel='tag'>ancient ancestry</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/ancient%20DNA' rel='tag'>ancient DNA</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Balto-Slavic' rel='tag'>Balto-Slavic</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Balts' rel='tag'>Balts</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Eastern%20Europe' rel='tag'>Eastern Europe</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/genetic%20drift' rel='tag'>genetic drift</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Germanic' rel='tag'>Germanic</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Greek' rel='tag'>Greek</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Indo-European' rel='tag'>Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Proto-Indo-European' rel='tag'>Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Slavs' rel='tag'>Slavs</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Uralian' rel='tag'>Uralian</a>, <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Uralic' rel='tag'>Uralic</a> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class='blog-pager' id='blog-pager'> <span id='blog-pager-older-link'> <a class='blog-pager-older-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/search/label/Proto-Indo-European?updated-max=2021-06-17T18:52:00-07:00&max-results=20&start=20&by-date=false' id='Blog1_blog-pager-older-link' title='Older Posts'>Older Posts</a> </span> <a class='home-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/'>Home</a> </div> <div class='clear'></div> <div class='blog-feeds'> <div class='feed-links'> Subscribe to: <a class='feed-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default' target='_blank' type='application/atom+xml'>Posts (Atom)</a> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class='column-left-outer'> <div class='column-left-inner'> <aside> </aside> </div> </div> <div class='column-right-outer'> <div class='column-right-inner'> <aside> <div class='sidebar section' id='sidebar-right-1'><div class='widget FeaturedPost' data-version='1' id='FeaturedPost1'> <h2 class='title'>Featured Post</h2> <div class='post-summary'> <h3><a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/09/the-caucasus-is-semipermeable-genetic.html'>The Caucasus is a semipermeable barrier to gene flow</a></h3> <p> The scientists at the David Reich Lab are a clever bunch. 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Over to you David Reich, Nick Patterson, Iosif Lazaridis...</div> </div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </li> <li> <div class='item-content'> <div class='item-thumbnail'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2013/12/ancient-human-genomes-suggest-three.html' target='_blank'> <img alt='' border='0' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7Z__6v2wuDTAlaKvTiQyHUt0qYx-8COp3SqLx9k-dAKkekDRk4Swg9znPDVzbmQZ_Ulb-Eil_bLlsYO9nCatqSE2nF8rBRnCsjXLArISvyPomF88un3sT9guZ7APklbe6k3inY4PI7RZ8/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/Ancient_human_genomes_suggest_three_ancestral_populations_Fig2_small.png'/> </a> </div> <div class='item-title'><a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2013/12/ancient-human-genomes-suggest-three.html'>Ancient human genomes suggest (more than) three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans</a></div> <div class='item-snippet'>This new preprint at bioRxiv is quite the Christmas present for those of us with a passion for European genetics and prehistory. It's ...</div> </div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </li> <li> <div class='item-content'> <div class='item-thumbnail'> <a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/02/ancient-dna-vs-ex-oriente-lux.html' target='_blank'> <img alt='' border='0' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis3f4KzBUNwJXcYBAMkBaSFoYGIEb3EMtY53kxRRKY3381uzTKwFlp28J1nYNKPkab1E3d3Z9eU1Sp5ja6rEvR-Z6bQ1VoBferbuZSOY8Y6vvpV5sbyC2s91k6YErTvggUkGeGGRTkjrH_/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/Eneolithic_steppe_burial_sites.jpg'/> </a> </div> <div class='item-title'><a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/02/ancient-dna-vs-ex-oriente-lux.html'>Ancient DNA vs Ex Oriente Lux</a></div> <div class='item-snippet'>In recent years you may have read academic papers, books and press articles claiming that the Early Bronze Age Yamnaya culture of the Pontic...</div> </div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </li> </ul> <div class='clear'></div> </div> </div><div class='widget BlogList' data-version='1' id='BlogList1'> <h2 class='title'>My Other Blogs</h2> <div class='widget-content'> <div class='blog-list-container' id='BlogList1_container'> <ul id='BlogList1_blogs'> <li style='display: block;'> <div class='blog-icon'> <img data-lateloadsrc='https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_vks7uirH6G8HBCj0be2IhV76y744SA4CB8g_jXhQ-_gMFeQDqWf60E64P4zyH6M6GdTyI9Krx1CLs_zET4Ry5SDROe3eQ-PCPjcH0ZH54=s16-w16-h16' height='16' width='16'/> </div> <div class='blog-content'> <div class='blog-title'> <a href='http://polishgenes.blogspot.com/' target='_blank'> Polishgenes Blog</a> </div> <div class='item-content'> <span class='item-title'> <a href='http://polishgenes.blogspot.com/2023/11/wielbark-goths-were-overwhelmingly-of.html' target='_blank'> Wielbark Goths were overwhelmingly of Scandinavian origin </a> </span> <div class='item-time'> 1 year ago </div> </div> </div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </li> <li style='display: block;'> <div class='blog-icon'> <img data-lateloadsrc='https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_v0zME2FT5Q1tZjms8A1AIUBbJ51PSk4As0nZj4XZlcjboQfsOQhV2ktiplWDGk_R5YIek-bjB6SJuTwdGk3iu7_2XsvSvoYL4=s16-w16-h16' height='16' width='16'/> </div> <div class='blog-content'> <div class='blog-title'> <a href='http://bga101.blogspot.com/' target='_blank'> Eurogenes Genetic Ancestry Project</a> </div> <div class='item-content'> <span class='item-title'> <a href='http://bga101.blogspot.com/2021/08/genetic-ancestry-online-store.html' target='_blank'> Genetic ancestry online store (closed until further notice) </a> </span> <div class='item-time'> 3 years ago </div> </div> </div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </li> </ul> <div class='clear'></div> </div> </div> </div><div class='widget BlogList' data-version='1' id='BlogList2'> <h2 class='title'>News Feed</h2> <div class='widget-content'> <div class='blog-list-container' id='BlogList2_container'> <ul id='BlogList2_blogs'> <li style='display: block;'> <div class='blog-icon'> <img data-lateloadsrc='https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_uIWTEc6MLaYh40M1guW7f9WpXR7cXhmg8dRTfTworMIfrh8YN9K8sKjntdrAzxj_-N0jdN89HNTkCZOudUqYE=s16-w16-h16' height='16' width='16'/> </div> <div class='blog-content'> <div class='blog-title'> <a href='https://phys.org/' target='_blank'> Phys.org - latest science and technology news stories</a> </div> <div class='item-content'> <span class='item-title'> <a href='https://phys.org/news/2024-11-whales-season-gorge-critical-food.html' target='_blank'> First right whales of season gorge on critical food off Massachusetts, giving hope for a strong year </a> </span> </div> </div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </li> <li style='display: block;'> <div class='blog-icon'> <img data-lateloadsrc='https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_sd7uDN82rPumkotak_LkI2NyWl_f7IT8vYU4OSNp8LCRPRjdsCkYjigliBut6roPxMVYzv2Lc53SBVKV5h7ur5tnubjDhxRfR84XpkmSMa0V92zRgLM9bK7IAozw=s16-w16-h16' height='16' width='16'/> </div> <div class='blog-content'> <div class='blog-title'> <a href='https://www.genomeweb.com/section/rss/news?access_control%3D46' target='_blank'> Genomeweb News</a> </div> <div class='item-content'> <span class='item-title'> <a href='https://www.genomeweb.com/cancer/leukemia-subclones-treatment-targets-spelled-out-single-cell-multiomics-study' target='_blank'> Leukemia Subclones, Treatment Targets Spelled Out in Single-Cell Multiomics Study </a> </span> </div> </div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </li> <li style='display: block;'> <div class='blog-icon'> <img data-lateloadsrc='https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_taAssOV__6Dq7HCVCdHgbnMOoAL_iYNBrULRv0oBHUGid50xcjNyGPs6ptntB8cbBibzIaZvPfoebzzJ0SOJYH2NqOD2E=s16-w16-h16' height='16' width='16'/> </div> <div class='blog-content'> <div class='blog-title'> <a href='https://archaeology.org/' target='_blank'> Archaeological Headlines - Archaeology Magazine</a> </div> <div class='item-content'> <span class='item-title'> <a href='https://archaeology.org/news/2024/11/22/looted-etruscan-sarcophagi-recovered/' target='_blank'> Looted Etruscan Sarcophagi Recovered </a> </span> </div> </div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </li> </ul> <div class='clear'></div> </div> </div> </div><div class='widget AdSense' data-version='1' id='AdSense2'> <div class='widget-content'> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-4761255028787688" data-ad-slot="2452220442" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> <div class='clear'></div> </div> </div><div class='widget BlogArchive' data-version='1' id='BlogArchive2'> <h2>Blog Archive</h2> <div class='widget-content'> <div id='ArchiveList'> <div id='BlogArchive2_ArchiveList'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate expanded'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy toggle-open'> ▼  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/'> 2024 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate expanded'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy toggle-open'> ▼  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> <ul class='posts'> <li><a href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/04/its-complicated.html'>It's complicated</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2024/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/'> 2023 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(13)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2023/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/'> 2022 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(28)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2022/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/'> 2021 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(24)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2021/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/'> 2020 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(45)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2020/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/'> 2019 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(73)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2019/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/'> 2018 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(101)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(10)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(13)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(14)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2018/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(11)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/'> 2017 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(131)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(11)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(10)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(11)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(11)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(18)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(17)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(22)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2017/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/'> 2016 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(79)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(10)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(12)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2016/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2015/'> 2015 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(61)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2015/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2015/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2015/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2015/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2015/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(10)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2015/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2015/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2015/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2015/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2015/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2015/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2015/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2014/'> 2014 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(23)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2014/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2014/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2014/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2014/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://eurogenes.blogspot.com/2014/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul 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