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</a> <ul id="toc-Working_at_Budapest_Telephone_Exchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Working_at_Edison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Working_at_Edison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Working at Edison </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Working_at_Edison-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Working at Edison subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Working_at_Edison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moving_to_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moving_to_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Moving to the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moving_to_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tesla_Electric_Light_and_Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tesla_Electric_Light_and_Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Tesla Electric Light and Manufacturing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tesla_Electric_Light_and_Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AC_and_the_induction_motor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AC_and_the_induction_motor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 AC and the induction motor </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-AC_and_the_induction_motor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle AC and the induction motor subsection </button> <ul id="toc-AC_and_the_induction_motor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Market_turmoil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_turmoil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Market turmoil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_turmoil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_York_laboratories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_laboratories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 New York laboratories </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-New_York_laboratories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle New York laboratories subsection </button> <ul id="toc-New_York_laboratories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tesla_coil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tesla_coil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Tesla coil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tesla_coil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citizenship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citizenship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Citizenship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citizenship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wireless_lighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wireless_lighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Wireless lighting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wireless_lighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polyphase_system_and_the_Columbian_Exposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polyphase_system_and_the_Columbian_Exposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Polyphase system and the Columbian Exposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polyphase_system_and_the_Columbian_Exposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steam-powered_oscillating_generator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steam-powered_oscillating_generator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Steam-powered oscillating generator </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steam-powered_oscillating_generator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consulting_on_Niagara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consulting_on_Niagara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Consulting on Niagara </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consulting_on_Niagara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Nikola_Tesla_Company" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Nikola_Tesla_Company"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 The Nikola Tesla Company </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Nikola_Tesla_Company-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lab_fire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lab_fire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Lab fire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lab_fire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-X-ray_experimentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#X-ray_experimentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 X-ray experimentation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-X-ray_experimentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_remote_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_remote_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Radio remote control </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_remote_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wireless_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wireless_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Wireless power </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wireless_power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Wireless power subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Wireless_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colorado_Springs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colorado_Springs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Colorado Springs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colorado_Springs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wardenclyffe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wardenclyffe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Wardenclyffe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wardenclyffe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Later years </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later years subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bladeless_turbine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bladeless_turbine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Bladeless turbine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bladeless_turbine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wireless_lawsuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wireless_lawsuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Wireless lawsuits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wireless_lawsuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nobel_Prize_rumors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_Prize_rumors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Nobel Prize rumors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_Prize_rumors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_awards,_patents_and_ideas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_awards,_patents_and_ideas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Other awards, patents and ideas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_awards,_patents_and_ideas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Living_circumstances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living_circumstances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Living circumstances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living_circumstances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birthday_press_conferences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birthday_press_conferences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Birthday press conferences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birthday_press_conferences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life_and_character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Personal life and character </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_and_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_and_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Views and beliefs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Views_and_beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Views and beliefs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Views_and_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-On_experimental_and_theoretical_physics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_experimental_and_theoretical_physics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 On experimental and theoretical physics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_experimental_and_theoretical_physics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 On society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 On religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Literary works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Legacy and honors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nikola Tesla</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 164 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-164" aria-hidden="true" > 164 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%92%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%8B_%E1%89%B0%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8B" title="ኒኮላ ተስላ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኒኮላ ተስላ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Тесла, Никола – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Тесла, Никола" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7" title="نيكولا تسلا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيكولا تسلا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%90_%DC%9B%DC%A3%DC%A0%DC%90" title="ܢܝܩܘܠܐ ܛܣܠܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܢܝܩܘܠܐ ܛܣܠܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1_%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1" title="Նիքոլա Թեսլա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նիքոլա Թեսլա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%27%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="নিক'লা টেছলা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নিক'লা টেছলা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7" title="نیکولا تسلا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیکولا تسلا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="নিকোলা টেসলা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিকোলা টেসলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Никола Тесла – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Никола Тесла" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Нікола Тэсла – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нікола Тэсла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Нікола Тэсла – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нікола Тэсла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="निकोला टेस्ला – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="निकोला टेस्ला" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Никола Тесла – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Никола Тесла" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Никола Тесла – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Никола Тесла" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Никола Тесла – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Никола Тесла" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B1_%CE%A4%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Νίκολα Τέσλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νίκολα Τέσλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7" title="نیکولا تسلا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیکولا تسلا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89" title="尼哥拉·特斯拉 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="尼哥拉·特斯拉" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE_%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE" title="નિકોલા ટેસ્લા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નિકોલા ટેસ્લા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%9C%EB%9D%BC_%ED%85%8C%EC%8A%AC%EB%9D%BC" title="니콜라 테슬라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니콜라 테슬라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1_%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1" title="Նիկոլա Տեսլա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիկոլա Տեսլա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="निकोला टेस्ला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निकोला टेस्ला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%98%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%94" title="ניקולה טסלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניקולה טסלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE" title="ನಿಕೋಲಾ ಟೆಸ್ಲಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಿಕೋಲಾ ಟೆಸ್ಲಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ნიკოლა ტესლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიკოლა ტესლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%90%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8E%D8%B3_%D9%B9%D8%A0%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7" title="نِکولَس ٹؠسلا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نِکولَس ٹؠسلا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Никола Тесла – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Никола Тесла" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AEkola_Tesla" title="Nîkola Tesla – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nîkola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Никола Тесла – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Никола Тесла" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Tesla" title="Nicolaus Tesla – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nicolaus Tesla" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Никола Тесла – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Никола Тесла" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla_(feltal%C3%A1l%C3%B3)" title="Nikola Tesla (feltaláló) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nikola Tesla (feltaláló)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Никола Тесла – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Никола Тесла" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2" title="നിക്കോള ടെസ്‌ല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിക്കോള ടെസ്‌ല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="निकोला टेसला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निकोला टेसला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ნიკოლა ტესლა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნიკოლა ტესლა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7" title="نيكولا تيسلا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيكولا تيسلا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Никола Тесла – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Никола Тесла" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC" title="နီကိုလာ တက်စလာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နီကိုလာ တက်စလာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="निकोला टेस्ला – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="निकोला टेस्ला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="निकोला टेस्ला – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="निकोला टेस्ला" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9" title="ニコラ・テスラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニコラ・テスラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Тесла, Никола – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Тесла, Никола" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE" title="ନିକୋଲା ଟେସ୍‌ଲା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନିକୋଲା ଟେସ୍‌ଲା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaa_Teslaa" title="Nikolaa Teslaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Nikolaa Teslaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਨਿਕੋਲਾ ਟੈਸਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਿਕੋਲਾ ਟੈਸਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7" title="نکولا ٹیسلا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نکولا ٹیسلا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7" title="نیکولا تسلا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نیکولا تسلا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Нікола Тесла – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нікола Тесла" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Тесла, Никола – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тесла, Никола" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Никола Тесла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Никола Тесла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="निकोला टेस्ला – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="निकोला टेस्ला" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱱᱤᱠᱚᱞᱟ ᱴᱮᱥᱞᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱤᱠᱚᱞᱟ ᱴᱮᱥᱞᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F" title="නිකොලා ටෙස්ලා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නිකොලා ටෙස්ලා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7" title="نیکۆلا تێسلا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیکۆلا تێسلا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Никола Тесла – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Никола Тесла" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_T%C3%A9sla" title="Nikola Tésla – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Nikola Tésla" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE" title="நிக்கோலா தெஸ்லா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிக்கோலா தெஸ்லா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE" title="నికోలా టెస్లా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నికోలా టెస్లా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2" title="นิโคลา เทสลา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิโคลา เทสลา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Никола Тесла – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Никола Тесла" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Тесла, Никола – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Тесла, Никола" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Тесла, Никола – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Тесла, Никола" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Нікола Тесла – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нікола Тесла" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7" title="نکولا ٹیسلا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نکولا ٹیسلا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%89%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7" title="نىكولا تېسلا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نىكولا تېسلا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_Nikola" title="Tesla Nikola – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Tesla Nikola" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89" title="尼古拉·特斯拉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尼古拉·特斯拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90_%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90" title="ניקאלא טעסלא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ניקאלא טעסלא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89" title="尼古拉·特斯拉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="尼古拉·特斯拉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Nikola Tesla" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" 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encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Serbian-American engineer and inventor (1856–1943)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nikola Tesla (disambiguation)">Nikola Tesla (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Nikola Tesla</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="sr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Никола Тесла</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_circa_1890.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Head-and-shoulder photograph of a slender man with dark hair and moustache, dark suit and white-collar shirt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tesla_circa_1890.jpeg/220px-Tesla_circa_1890.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tesla_circa_1890.jpeg/330px-Tesla_circa_1890.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tesla_circa_1890.jpeg/440px-Tesla_circa_1890.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="1260" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Tesla, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1890</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1856-07-10)10 July 1856 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Smiljan,_Croatia" title="Smiljan, Croatia">Smiljan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> (now Croatia)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">7 January 1943(1943-01-07) (aged 86) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla_Museum" title="Nikola Tesla Museum">Nikola Tesla Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, Serbia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">Austria (1856–1891) United States (1891–1943)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Graz_University_of_Technology" title="Graz University of Technology">Graz University of Technology</a> (dropped out)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt 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title="Tesla turbine">Tesla turbine</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Tesla_valve" title="Tesla valve">Tesla valve</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/AC_motor" title="AC motor">AC motor</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_button_lamp" title="Carbon button lamp">Carbon button lamp</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Induction_motor" title="Induction motor">Induction motor</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Plasma_globe" title="Plasma globe">Plasma globe</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Plasma_lamp" title="Plasma lamp">Plasma lamp</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Polyphase_system" title="Polyphase system">Polyphase system</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Radio_control" title="Radio control">Radio control</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Resonant_inductive_coupling" title="Resonant inductive coupling">Resonant inductive coupling</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Rotating_magnetic_field" title="Rotating magnetic field">Rotating magnetic field</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Teleforce" title="Teleforce">Teleforce</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Telegeodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegeodynamics">Telegeodynamics</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Teleoperation" title="Teleoperation">Teleoperation</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">Torpedo</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004355-1">[1]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_variable_capacitor" title="Vacuum variable capacitor">Vacuum variable capacitor</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Violet_ray" title="Violet ray">Violet ray</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/VTOL" title="VTOL">VTOL</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Wireless_power_transfer" title="Wireless power transfer">Wireless power transfer</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/World_Wireless_System" title="World Wireless System">World Wireless System</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Sava" title="Order of St. Sava">Order of St. Sava</a> (1892)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a> (1894)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Danilo_I" title="Order of Prince Danilo I">Order of Prince Danilo I</a> (1895)</li><li><a href="/wiki/AIEE_Edison_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="AIEE Edison Medal">AIEE Edison Medal</a> (1916)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Yugoslav_Crown" title="Order of the Yugoslav Crown">Order of the Yugoslav Crown</a> (1931)</li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Medal" title="John Scott Medal">John Scott Medal</a> (1934)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Serbia)" title="Order of the White Eagle (Serbia)">Order of the White Eagle</a> (1937)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Lion" title="Order of the White Lion">Order of the White Lion</a> (1937)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Engineering career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employer(s)</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation">Westinghouse Electric Corporation</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Projects</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wardenclyffe_Tower" title="Wardenclyffe Tower">Wardenclyffe Tower</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significant advance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/AC_power" title="AC power">AC power</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikola_Tesla_signature_1900.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Nikola_Tesla_signature_1900.svg/150px-Nikola_Tesla_signature_1900.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Nikola_Tesla_signature_1900.svg/225px-Nikola_Tesla_signature_1900.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Nikola_Tesla_signature_1900.svg/300px-Nikola_Tesla_signature_1900.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="98" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Nikola Tesla (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈnɪkələˈtɛslə/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Webster's-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Serbian Cyrillic</a>: Никола Тесла, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">[nǐkola têsla]</a>; 10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943) was a Serbian-American<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgan20099-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> engineer, <a href="/wiki/Futurist" title="Futurist">futurist</a>, and inventor. He is known for his contributions to the design of the modern <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> (AC) <a href="/wiki/Electricity_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity supply">electricity supply</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Born and raised in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, Tesla first studied engineering and physics in the 1870s without receiving a degree. He then gained practical experience in the early 1880s working in <a href="/wiki/Telephony" title="Telephony">telephony</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Continental_Edison" title="Continental Edison">Continental Edison</a> in the new <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_industry" title="Electric power industry">electric power industry</a>. In 1884 he immigrated to the United States, where he became a <a href="/wiki/Naturalized_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalized citizen">naturalized citizen</a>. He worked for a short time at the <a href="/wiki/Edison_Machine_Works" title="Edison Machine Works">Edison Machine Works</a> in New York City before he struck out on his own. With the help of partners to finance and market his ideas, Tesla set up laboratories and companies in New York to develop a range of electrical and mechanical devices. His AC <a href="/wiki/Induction_motor" title="Induction motor">induction motor</a> and related <a href="/wiki/Polyphase_system" title="Polyphase system">polyphase</a> AC patents, licensed by <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation">Westinghouse Electric</a> in 1888, earned him a considerable amount of money and became the cornerstone of the <a href="/wiki/Polyphase_system" title="Polyphase system">polyphase system</a> which that company eventually marketed. Attempting to develop inventions he could patent and market, Tesla conducted a range of experiments with mechanical <a href="/wiki/Oscillation" title="Oscillation">oscillators</a>/generators, <a href="/wiki/Electric_discharge" title="Electric discharge">electrical discharge</a> tubes, and early <a href="/wiki/X-Ray_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="X-Ray imaging">X-ray imaging</a>. He also built a <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wirelessly</a> controlled boat, one of the first ever exhibited. Tesla became well known as an inventor and demonstrated his achievements to celebrities and wealthy patrons at his lab, and was noted for his showmanship at public lectures. Throughout the 1890s, Tesla pursued his ideas for wireless lighting and worldwide wireless electric power distribution in his high-voltage, high-frequency power experiments in New York and <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs</a>. In 1893, he made pronouncements on the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Wireless_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless communication">wireless communication</a> with his devices. Tesla tried to put these ideas to practical use in his unfinished <a href="/wiki/Wardenclyffe_Tower" title="Wardenclyffe Tower">Wardenclyffe Tower</a> project, an intercontinental wireless communication and power transmitter, but ran out of funding before he could complete it. After Wardenclyffe, Tesla experimented with a series of inventions in the 1910s and 1920s with varying degrees of success. Having spent most of his money, Tesla lived in a series of New York hotels, leaving behind unpaid bills. He died in New York City in January 1943.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Tesla's work fell into relative obscurity following his death, until 1960, when the <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">General Conference on Weights and Measures</a> named the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI) measurement of <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_flux_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic flux density">magnetic flux density</a> the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">tesla</a> in his honor. There has been a resurgence in popular interest in Tesla since the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikola_Tesla_Memorial_Center.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nikola_Tesla_Memorial_Center.JPG/220px-Nikola_Tesla_Memorial_Center.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nikola_Tesla_Memorial_Center.JPG/330px-Nikola_Tesla_Memorial_Center.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nikola_Tesla_Memorial_Center.JPG/440px-Nikola_Tesla_Memorial_Center.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Tesla's rebuilt birth house (parish hall) and the church where his father served in <a href="/wiki/Smiljan,_Croatia" title="Smiljan, Croatia">Smiljan, Croatia</a>. The site was made into <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla_Memorial_Center" title="Nikola Tesla Memorial Center">a museum about him</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tsbirthplace-8">[8]</a></figcaption></figure> Nikola Tesla was born into an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serb</a> family in the village of <a href="/wiki/Smiljan,_Croatia" title="Smiljan, Croatia">Smiljan</a>, within the <a href="/wiki/Military_Frontier" title="Military Frontier">Military Frontier</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>), on 10 July 1856.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheneyUthGlenn1999143-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill19449,_12-10">[10]</a> His father, Milutin Tesla (1819–1879),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201314-11">[11]</a> was a priest of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDommermuth-Costa199412"Milutin,_Nikola's_father,_was_a_well-educated_priest_of_the_Serbian_Orthodox_Church."-12">[12]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheney201125"The_tiny_house_in_which_he_was_born_stood_next_to_the_Serbian_Orthodox_Church_presided_over_by_his_father,_the_Reverend_Milutin_Tesla,_who_sometimes_wrote_articles_under_the_nom-de-plume_'Man_of_Justice'"_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney201125"The_tiny_house_in_which_he_was_born_stood_next_to_the_Serbian_Orthodox_Church_presided_over_by_his_father,_the_Reverend_Milutin_Tesla,_who_sometimes_wrote_articles_under_the_nom-de-plume_'Man_of_Justice'"-13">[13]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201314"Following_a_reprimand_at_school_for_not_keeping_his_brass_buttons_polished,_he_quit_and_instead_chose_to_become_a_priest_in_the_Serbian_Orthodox_Church"_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201314"Following_a_reprimand_at_school_for_not_keeping_his_brass_buttons_polished,_he_quit_and_instead_chose_to_become_a_priest_in_the_Serbian_Orthodox_Church"-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgan200917"Nikola's_father,_Milutin_was_a_Serbian_Orthodox_priest_and_had_been_sent_to_Smiljan_by_his_church."-15">[15]</a> His father's brother Josif was a lecturer at a military academy who wrote several textbooks on mathematics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201314-11">[11]</a> Tesla's mother, Georgina "Đuka" Mandić (1822–1892), whose father was also an Eastern Orthodox Church priest,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill194410-16">[16]</a> had a talent for making home craft tools and mechanical appliances and the ability to memorize <a href="/wiki/Serbian_epic_poetry" title="Serbian epic poetry">Serbian epic poems</a>. Đuka had never received a formal education. Tesla credited his <a href="/wiki/Eidetic_memory" title="Eidetic memory">eidetic memory</a> and creative abilities to his mother's genetics and influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney200125–26-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer20017-18">[18]</a> Tesla was the fourth of five children. He had three sisters, Milka, Angelina, and Marica, and an older brother named Dane, who was killed in a horse-riding accident when Tesla was aged six or seven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201321-19">[19]</a> In 1861, Tesla attended primary school in Smiljan where he studied German, arithmetic, and religion. In 1862, the Tesla family moved to the nearby town of <a href="/wiki/Gospi%C4%87" title="Gospić">Gospić</a>, where Tesla's father worked as parish priest. Nikola completed primary school, followed by middle school. In 1870, Tesla moved to <a href="/wiki/Karlovac" title="Karlovac">Karlovac</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer200113-20">[20]</a> to attend high school at the <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_Karlovac" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnasium Karlovac">Higher Real Gymnasium</a> where the classes were held in German, as it was usual throughout schools within the Austro-Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Military_Frontier" title="Military Frontier">Military Frontier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Later in his patent applications, before he obtained American citizenship, Tesla would identify himself as 'of Smiljan, <a href="/wiki/Lika" title="Lika">Lika</a>, border country of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWohinz201914–15-23">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milutin_Tesla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Milutin_Tesla.jpg/150px-Milutin_Tesla.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Milutin_Tesla.jpg/225px-Milutin_Tesla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Milutin_Tesla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Tesla's father, Milutin, was an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> priest in the village of Smiljan.</figcaption></figure> Tesla later wrote that he became interested in demonstrations of electricity by his physics professor.<a href="#cite_note-26">[a]</a> Tesla noted that these demonstrations of this "mysterious phenomena" made him want "to know more of this wonderful force".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201332-27">[26]</a> Tesla was able to perform <a href="/wiki/Integral" title="Integral">integral calculus</a> in his head, which prompted his teachers to believe that he was cheating.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> He finished a four-year term in three years, graduating in 1873.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill194433-29">[28]</a> After graduating Tesla returned to Smiljan but soon contracted <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, was bedridden for nine months and was near death multiple times. In a moment of despair, Tesla's father (who had originally wanted him to enter the priesthood),<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> promised to send him to the best engineering school if he recovered from the illness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201329-31">[30]</a> Tesla later said that he had read <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>'s earlier works while recovering from his illness.<a href="#cite_note-tesla1-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> The next year Tesla evaded <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a> in Smiljan<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer200114-34">[33]</a> by running away southeast of Lika to <a href="/wiki/Tomingaj" title="Tomingaj">Tomingaj</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Gra%C4%8Dac" title="Gračac">Gračac</a>. There he explored the mountains wearing hunter's garb. Tesla said that this contact with nature made him stronger, both physically and mentally. He enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial-Royal_Technical_College_in_Graz" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial-Royal Technical College in Graz">Imperial-Royal Technical College in Graz</a> in 1875 on a Military Frontier scholarship. Tesla passed nine exams (nearly twice as many as required<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill194439-35">[34]</a>) and received a letter of commendation from the dean of the technical faculty to his father, which stated, "Your son is a star of first rank."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill194439-35">[34]</a> At Graz, Tesla noted his fascination with the detailed lectures on electricity presented by Professor <a href="/wiki/Jakob_P%C3%B6schl" title="Jakob Pöschl">Jakob Pöschl</a> and described how he made suggestions on improving the design of an electric motor the professor was demonstrating.<a href="#cite_note-tesla1-32">[31]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201335-36">[35]</a> But by his third year he was failing in school and never graduated, leaving <a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a> in December 1878. One biographer suggests Tesla was not studying and may have been expelled for gambling and womanizing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer200117-37">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_1879_teslauniverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tesla_1879_teslauniverse.jpg/170px-Tesla_1879_teslauniverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tesla_1879_teslauniverse.jpg/255px-Tesla_1879_teslauniverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tesla_1879_teslauniverse.jpg/340px-Tesla_1879_teslauniverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>Tesla aged 23, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1879</figcaption></figure> Tesla's family did not hear from him after he left school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer200117–18-38">[37]</a> There was a rumor among his classmates that he had drowned in the nearby river <a href="/wiki/Mur_(river)" title="Mur (river)">Mur</a> but in January one of them ran into Tesla in the town of <a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a> and reported that encounter to Tesla's family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201347-39">[38]</a> It turned out Tesla had been working there as a draftsman for 60 florins per month.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer200117-37">[36]</a> In March 1879, Milutin finally located his son and tried to convince him to return home and take up his education in Prague.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201347-39">[38]</a> Tesla returned to Gospić later that month when he was deported for not having a residence permit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201347-39">[38]</a> Tesla's father died the next month, on 17 April 1879, at the age of 60 after an unspecified illness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201347-39">[38]</a> During the rest of the year Tesla taught a large class of students in his old school in Gospić. In January 1880, two of Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him leave Gospić for <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, where he was to study. He arrived too late to enroll at <a href="/wiki/Charles_University" title="Charles University">Charles-Ferdinand University</a>; he had never studied <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, a required subject; and he was illiterate in <a href="/wiki/Czech_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech (language)">Czech</a>, another required subject. Tesla did, however, attend lectures in philosophy at the university as an auditor but he did not receive grades for the courses.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Working_at_Budapest_Telephone_Exchange">Working at Budapest Telephone Exchange</h3></div> Tesla moved to <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Hungary</a>, in 1881 to work under <a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegraph</a> company, the Budapest Telephone Exchange. Upon arrival, Tesla realized that the company, then under construction, was not functional, so he worked as a draftsman in the Central Telegraph Office instead. Within a few months, the Budapest Telephone Exchange became functional, and Tesla was allocated the chief electrician position. During his employment, Tesla made many improvements to the Central Station equipment and claimed to have perfected a telephone <a href="/wiki/Repeater" title="Repeater">repeater</a> or <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a>, which was never patented nor publicly described.<a href="#cite_note-tesla1-32">[31]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Working_at_Edison">Working at Edison</h2></div> In 1882, Tivadar Puskás got Tesla another job in Paris with the Continental Edison Company.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Tesla began working in what was then a brand new industry, installing indoor incandescent lighting citywide in large scale electric power <a href="/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">utility</a>. The company had several subdivisions and Tesla worked at the Société Electrique Edison, the division in the <a href="/wiki/Ivry-sur-Seine" title="Ivry-sur-Seine">Ivry-sur-Seine</a> suburb of Paris in charge of installing the lighting system. There he gained a great deal of practical experience in electrical engineering. Management took notice of his advanced knowledge in engineering and physics and soon had him designing and building improved versions of generating <a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">dynamos</a> and motors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201363–64-43">[42]</a> They also sent him on to troubleshoot engineering problems at other Edison utilities being built around France and in Germany. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moving_to_the_United_States">Moving to the United States</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edison_machine_works_goerck_street_new_york_1881.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Edison_machine_works_goerck_street_new_york_1881.png/220px-Edison_machine_works_goerck_street_new_york_1881.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Edison_machine_works_goerck_street_new_york_1881.png/330px-Edison_machine_works_goerck_street_new_york_1881.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Edison_machine_works_goerck_street_new_york_1881.png/440px-Edison_machine_works_goerck_street_new_york_1881.png 2x" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="1079" /></a><figcaption>Edison Machine Works on Goerck Street, New York. Tesla found the change from cosmopolitan Europe to working at this shop, located among the <a href="/wiki/Tenement" title="Tenement">tenements</a> on Manhattan's lower east side, a "painful surprise".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201370-44">[43]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1884, Edison manager <a href="/wiki/Charles_Batchelor" title="Charles Batchelor">Charles Batchelor</a>, who had been overseeing the Paris installation, was brought back to the United States to manage the <a href="/wiki/Edison_Machine_Works" title="Edison Machine Works">Edison Machine Works</a>, a manufacturing division situated in New York City, and asked that Tesla be brought to the United States as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201369-45">[44]</a> In June 1884, Tesla emigrated<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill194457–60-46">[45]</a> and began working almost immediately at the Machine Works on <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side" title="Lower East Side">Lower East Side</a>, an overcrowded shop with a workforce of several hundred machinists, laborers, managing staff, and 20 "field engineers" struggling with the task of building the large electric utility in that city.<a href="#cite_note-edison.rutgers.edu_tesla-47">[46]</a> As in Paris, Tesla was working on troubleshooting installations and improving generators.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Historian W. Bernard Carlson notes Tesla may have met company founder <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> only a couple of times.<a href="#cite_note-edison.rutgers.edu_tesla-47">[46]</a> One of those times was noted in Tesla's autobiography where, after staying up all night repairing the damaged dynamos on the ocean liner <a href="/wiki/SS_Oregon_(1883)" title="SS Oregon (1883)">SS Oregon</a>, he ran into Batchelor and Edison, who made a quip about their "Parisian" being out all night. After Tesla told them he had been up all night fixing the Oregon, Edison commented to Batchelor that "this is a damned good man".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201370-44">[43]</a> One of the projects given to Tesla was to develop an <a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">arc lamp</a>-based street lighting system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201371–73-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Notebook-50">[49]</a> Arc lighting was the most popular type of street lighting but it required high voltages and was incompatible with the Edison low-voltage incandescent system, causing the company to lose contracts in some cities. Tesla's designs were never put into production, possibly because of technical improvements in incandescent street lighting or because of an installation deal that Edison made with an arc lighting company.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201372–73-51">[50]</a> Tesla had been working at the Machine Works for a total of six months when he quit.<a href="#cite_note-edison.rutgers.edu_tesla-47">[46]</a> What event precipitated his leaving is unclear. It may have been over a bonus he did not receive, either for redesigning generators or for the arc lighting system that was shelved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201371–73-49">[48]</a> Tesla had previous run-ins with the Edison company over unpaid bonuses he believed he had earned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer200125,_34-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201369–73-53">[52]</a> In his autobiography, Tesla stated the manager of the Edison Machine Works offered a $50,000 bonus to design "twenty-four different types of standard machines" "but it turned out to be a practical joke".<a href="#cite_note-Autobiography-1919-54">[53]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Later versions of this story have Thomas Edison himself offering and then reneging on the deal, quipping "Tesla, you don't understand our American humor".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill194464-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> The size of the bonus in either story has been noted as odd since Machine Works manager Batchelor was stingy with pay<a href="#cite_note-58">[b]</a> and the company did not have that amount of cash (equal to $1,695,556 today) on hand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004109–110-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer200138-60">[58]</a> Tesla's diary contains just one comment on what happened at the end of his employment, a note he scrawled across the two pages covering 7 December 1884, to 4 January 1885, saying "Good By to the Edison Machine Works".<a href="#cite_note-Notebook-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201373-61">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tesla_Electric_Light_and_Manufacturing">Tesla Electric Light and Manufacturing</h2></div> Soon after leaving the Edison company, Tesla was working on patenting an arc lighting system,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004110–111-62">[60]</a> possibly the same one he had developed at Edison.<a href="#cite_note-edison.rutgers.edu_tesla-47">[46]</a> In March 1885, he met with patent attorney Lemuel W. Serrell, the same attorney used by Edison, to obtain help with submitting the patents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004110–111-62">[60]</a> Serrell introduced Tesla to two businessmen, Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail, who agreed to finance an arc lighting manufacturing and utility company in Tesla's name, the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Electric_Light_%26_Manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing">Tesla Electric Light and Manufacturing Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer199841-63">[61]</a> Tesla worked for the rest of the year obtaining the patents that included an improved DC generator, the first patents issued to Tesla in the US, and building and installing the system in <a href="/wiki/Rahway,_New_Jersey" title="Rahway, New Jersey">Rahway</a>, New Jersey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004111-64">[62]</a> Tesla's new system gained notice in the technical press, which commented on its advanced features. The investors showed little interest in Tesla's ideas for new types of <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> motors and electrical transmission equipment. After the utility was up and running in 1886, they decided that the manufacturing side of the business was too competitive and opted to simply run an electric utility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201375-65">[63]</a> They formed a new utility company, abandoning Tesla's company and leaving the inventor penniless.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201375-65">[63]</a> Tesla even lost control of the patents he had generated, since he had assigned them to the company in exchange for stock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201375-65">[63]</a> He had to work at various electrical repair jobs and as a ditch digger for $2 per day. Later in life Tesla recounted that part of 1886 as a time of hardship, writing "My high education in various branches of science, mechanics and literature seemed to me like a mockery".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201375-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[c]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="AC_and_the_induction_motor">AC and the induction motor</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RMFpatent.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/RMFpatent.PNG/170px-RMFpatent.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/RMFpatent.PNG/255px-RMFpatent.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/RMFpatent.PNG/340px-RMFpatent.PNG 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption>Drawing from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US381968">U.S. patent 381,968</a>, illustrating the principle of Tesla's alternating current induction motor</figcaption></figure> In late 1886, Tesla met Alfred S. Brown, a <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a> superintendent, and New York attorney Charles Fletcher Peck.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> The two men were experienced in setting up companies and promoting inventions and patents for financial gain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201380-69">[66]</a> Based on Tesla's new ideas for electrical equipment, including a <a href="/wiki/Thermo-magnetic_motor" title="Thermo-magnetic motor">thermo-magnetic motor</a> idea,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201376–78-70">[67]</a> they agreed to back the inventor financially and handle his patents. Together they formed the Tesla Electric Company in April 1887, with an agreement that profits from generated patents would go <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄3 to Tesla, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄3 to Peck and Brown, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄3 to fund development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201380-69">[66]</a> They set up a laboratory for Tesla at 89 Liberty Street in Manhattan, where he worked on improving and developing new types of electric motors, generators, and other devices. In 1887, Tesla developed an <a href="/wiki/Induction_motor" title="Induction motor">induction motor</a> that ran on <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> (AC), a power system format that was rapidly expanding in Europe and the United States because of its advantages in long-distance, <a href="/wiki/High-voltage" class="mw-redirect" title="High-voltage">high-voltage</a> transmission. The motor used <a href="/wiki/Polyphase_system" title="Polyphase system">polyphase</a> current, which generated a <a href="/wiki/Rotating_magnetic_field" title="Rotating magnetic field">rotating magnetic field</a> to turn the motor (a principle that Tesla claimed to have conceived in 1882).<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> This innovative electric motor, patented in May 1888, was a simple self-starting design that did not need a <a href="/wiki/Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">commutator</a>, thus avoiding sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004161-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> Along with getting the motor patented, Peck and Brown arranged to get the motor publicized, starting with independent testing to verify it was a functional improvement, followed by press releases sent to technical publications for articles to run concurrently with the issue of the patent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013105-106-76">[73]</a> Physicist <a href="/wiki/William_Arnold_Anthony" title="William Arnold Anthony">William Arnold Anthony</a> (who tested the motor) and Electrical World magazine editor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Commerford_Martin" title="Thomas Commerford Martin">Thomas Commerford Martin</a> arranged for Tesla to demonstrate his AC motor on 16 May 1888 at the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Electrical_Engineers" title="American Institute of Electrical Engineers">American Institute of Electrical Engineers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013105-106-76">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> Engineers working for the <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation">Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company</a> reported to <a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a> that Tesla had a viable AC motor and related power system—something Westinghouse needed for the alternating current system he was already marketing. Westinghouse looked into getting a patent on a similar commutator-less, rotating magnetic field-based induction motor developed in 1885 and presented in a paper in March 1888 by Italian physicist <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Ferraris" title="Galileo Ferraris">Galileo Ferraris</a>, but decided that Tesla's patent would probably control the market.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004160–162-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013108–111-79">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US390721.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US390721.png/170px-US390721.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US390721.png/255px-US390721.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US390721.png/340px-US390721.png 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="806" /></a><figcaption>Tesla's AC dynamo-electric machine (AC <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">electric generator</a>) in an 1888 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US390721">U.S. patent 390,721</a></figcaption></figure> In July 1888, Brown and Peck negotiated a licensing deal with George Westinghouse for Tesla's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor. Westinghouse also hired Tesla for one year for the large fee of $2,000 ($67,800 in today's dollars<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-80">[77]</a>) per month to be a consultant at the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> labs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlooster2009305-81">[78]</a> During that year, Tesla worked in Pittsburgh, helping to create an alternating current system to power the city's streetcars. He found it a frustrating period because of conflicts with the other Westinghouse engineers over how best to implement AC power. Between them, they settled on a 60-cycle AC system that Tesla proposed (to match the working frequency of Tesla's motor), but they soon found that it would not work for streetcars, since Tesla's induction motor could run only at a constant speed. They ended up using a DC <a href="/wiki/Traction_motor" title="Traction motor">traction motor</a> instead.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Munson-83">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market_turmoil">Market turmoil</h3></div> Tesla's demonstration of his induction motor and Westinghouse's subsequent licensing of the patent, both in 1888, came at the time of extreme competition between electric companies.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> The three big firms, Westinghouse, Edison, and <a href="/wiki/Thomson-Houston_Electric_Company" title="Thomson-Houston Electric Company">Thomson-Houston Electric Company</a>, were trying to grow in a capital-intensive business while financially undercutting each other. There was even a "<a href="/wiki/War_of_currents" class="mw-redirect" title="War of currents">war of currents</a>" propaganda campaign going on, with Edison Electric claiming their <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> system was better and safer than the Westinghouse alternating current system and Thomson-Houston sometimes siding with Edison.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer199847-87">[84]</a> Competing in this market meant Westinghouse would not have the cash or engineering resources to develop Tesla's motor and the related polyphase system right away.<a href="#cite_note-gentlegenius-88">[85]</a> Two years after signing the Tesla contract, Westinghouse Electric was in trouble. The near collapse of <a href="/wiki/Barings_Bank" title="Barings Bank">Barings Bank</a> in London triggered the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1890" class="mw-redirect" title="Panic of 1890">financial panic of 1890</a>, causing investors to call in their loans to Westinghouse Electric.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013130-89">[86]</a> The sudden cash shortage forced the company to refinance its debts. The new lenders demanded that Westinghouse cut back on what looked like excessive spending on acquisition of other companies, research, and patents, including the per motor royalty in the Tesla contract.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013131-90">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonnes200429-91">[88]</a> At that point, the Tesla induction motor had been unsuccessful and was stuck in development.<a href="#cite_note-gentlegenius-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013130-89">[86]</a> Westinghouse was paying a $15,000-a-year guaranteed royalty<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> even though operating examples of the motor were rare and polyphase power systems needed to run it was even rarer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004161-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013130-89">[86]</a> In early 1891, George Westinghouse explained his financial difficulties to Tesla in stark terms, saying that, if he did not meet the demands of his lenders, he would no longer be in control of Westinghouse Electric and Tesla would have to "deal with the bankers" to try to collect future royalties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004228-93">[90]</a> The advantages of having Westinghouse continue to champion the motor probably seemed obvious to Tesla and he agreed to release the company from the royalty payment clause in the contract.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004228-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013130–131-94">[91]</a> Six years later Westinghouse purchased Tesla's patent for a <a href="/wiki/Lump_sum" title="Lump sum">lump sum</a> payment of $216,000 as part of a patent-sharing agreement signed with <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> (a company created from the 1892 merger of Edison and Thomson-Houston).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney200148–49-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_York_laboratories">New York laboratories</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Twain_in_Tesla%27s_Lab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mark Twain in Tesla's lab, 1894" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twain_in_Tesla%27s_Lab.jpg/220px-Twain_in_Tesla%27s_Lab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twain_in_Tesla%27s_Lab.jpg/330px-Twain_in_Tesla%27s_Lab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twain_in_Tesla%27s_Lab.jpg/440px-Twain_in_Tesla%27s_Lab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> in Tesla's South Fifth Avenue laboratory, 1894</figcaption></figure> The money Tesla made from licensing his AC patents made him independently wealthy and gave him the time and funds to pursue his own interests.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> In 1889, Tesla moved out of the Liberty Street shop Peck and Brown had rented and for the next dozen years worked out of a series of workshop/laboratory spaces in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>. These included a lab at 175 <a href="/wiki/Grand_Street_(Manhattan)" title="Grand Street (Manhattan)">Grand Street</a> (1889–1892), the fourth floor of 33–35 South <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue" title="Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a> (1892–1895), and sixth and seventh floors of 46 & 48 East <a href="/wiki/Houston_Street" title="Houston Street">Houston Street</a> (1895–1902).<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> Tesla and his hired staff conducted some of his most significant work in these workshops. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tesla_coil">Tesla coil</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tesla_coil" title="Tesla coil">Tesla coil</a></div> In the summer of 1889, Tesla traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1889)" title="Exposition Universelle (1889)">1889 Exposition Universelle</a> in Paris and learned of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a>'s 1886–1888 experiments that proved the existence of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013120-101">[98]</a> In repeating and then expanding on these experiments Tesla tried powering a <a href="/wiki/Induction_coil" title="Induction coil">Ruhmkorff coil</a> with a high speed <a href="/wiki/Alternator" title="Alternator">alternator</a> he had been developing as part of an improved <a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">arc lighting</a> system but found that the high-frequency current overheated the iron core and melted the insulation between the primary and secondary windings in the coil. To fix this problem Tesla came up with his "oscillating transformer", with an air gap instead of insulating material between the primary and secondary windings and an iron core that could be moved to different positions in or out of the coil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013122-102">[99]</a> Later called the Tesla coil, it would be used to produce high-<a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a>, low-<a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">current</a>, high <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating-current</a> electricity.<a href="#cite_note-NMFL-103">[100]</a> He would use this <a href="/wiki/Resonant_transformer" class="mw-redirect" title="Resonant transformer">resonant transformer circuit</a> in his later wireless power work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013124-104">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-BurnettOperation-105">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citizenship">Citizenship</h3></div> On 30 July 1891, aged 35, Tesla became a <a href="/wiki/Naturalized_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalized citizen">naturalized citizen</a> of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-NYcourts-106">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013138-107">[104]</a> In the same year, he patented his Tesla coil.<a href="#cite_note-Uth-108">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wireless_lighting">Wireless lighting</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TeslaWirelessPower1891.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/TeslaWirelessPower1891.png/220px-TeslaWirelessPower1891.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/TeslaWirelessPower1891.png/330px-TeslaWirelessPower1891.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/TeslaWirelessPower1891.png/440px-TeslaWirelessPower1891.png 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Tesla demonstrating wireless lighting by "electrostatic induction" during an 1891 lecture at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia College (New York)">Columbia College</a> via two long <a href="/wiki/Geissler_tube" title="Geissler tube">Geissler tubes</a> (similar to <a href="/wiki/Neon_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Neon light">neon tubes</a>) in his hands</figcaption></figure> After 1890, Tesla experimented with transmitting power by inductive and capacitive coupling using high AC voltages generated with his Tesla coil.<a href="#cite_note-Tesla1891-109">[106]</a> He attempted to develop a wireless lighting system based on <a href="/wiki/Near_and_far_field" title="Near and far field">near-field</a> inductive and capacitive coupling and conducted a series of public demonstrations where he lit <a href="/wiki/Geissler_tube" title="Geissler tube">Geissler tubes</a> and even incandescent light bulbs from across a stage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013132-110">[107]</a> He spent most of the decade working on variations of this new form of lighting with the help of various investors but none of the ventures succeeded in making a commercial product out of his findings.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> In 1893 at <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, Missouri, the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania and the <a href="/wiki/National_Electric_Light_Association" title="National Electric Light Association">National Electric Light Association</a>, Tesla told onlookers that he was sure a system like his could eventually conduct "intelligible signals or perhaps even power to any distance without the use of wires" by conducting it through the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013178–179-112">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Orton-113">[110]</a> Tesla served as a vice-president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Electrical_Engineers" title="American Institute of Electrical Engineers">American Institute of Electrical Engineers</a> from 1892 to 1894, the forerunner of the modern-day <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> (along with the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Radio_Engineers" title="Institute of Radio Engineers">Institute of Radio Engineers</a>).<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polyphase_system_and_the_Columbian_Exposition">Polyphase system and the Columbian Exposition</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TeslaPOLYPHASEColumbianEXPO1893rwLIPACKownerA.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/TeslaPOLYPHASEColumbianEXPO1893rwLIPACKownerA.pdf/page1-220px-TeslaPOLYPHASEColumbianEXPO1893rwLIPACKownerA.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/TeslaPOLYPHASEColumbianEXPO1893rwLIPACKownerA.pdf/page1-330px-TeslaPOLYPHASEColumbianEXPO1893rwLIPACKownerA.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/TeslaPOLYPHASEColumbianEXPO1893rwLIPACKownerA.pdf/page1-440px-TeslaPOLYPHASEColumbianEXPO1893rwLIPACKownerA.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1743" data-file-height="1637" /></a><figcaption>A Westinghouse display of the "Tesla Polyphase System" at Chicago's 1893 Columbian Exposition</figcaption></figure> By the beginning of 1893, Westinghouse engineer <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Scott_(engineer)" title="Charles F. Scott (engineer)">Charles F. Scott</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_G._Lamme" title="Benjamin G. Lamme">Benjamin G. Lamme</a> had made progress on an efficient version of Tesla's induction motor. Lamme found a way to make the <a href="/wiki/Polyphase_system" title="Polyphase system">polyphase system</a> it would need compatible with older single-phase AC and DC systems by developing a <a href="/wiki/Rotary_converter" title="Rotary converter">rotary converter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013166-115">[112]</a> Westinghouse Electric now had a way to provide electricity to all potential customers and started branding their polyphase AC system as the "Tesla Polyphase System". They believed that Tesla's patents gave them <a href="/wiki/Priority_right" title="Priority right">patent priority</a> over other polyphase AC systems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013167-116">[113]</a> Westinghouse Electric asked Tesla to participate in the 1893 <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">World's Columbian Exposition</a> in Chicago where the company had a large space in the "Electricity Building" devoted to electrical exhibits. Westinghouse Electric won the bid to light the Exposition with alternating current and it was a key event in the history of AC power, as the company demonstrated to the American public the safety, reliability, and efficiency of an alternating current system that was polyphase and could also supply the other AC and DC exhibits at the fair.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> A special exhibit space was set up to display various forms and models of Tesla's induction motor. The rotating magnetic field that drove them was explained through a series of demonstrations including an <a href="/wiki/Tesla%27s_Egg_of_Columbus" title="Tesla's Egg of Columbus">Egg of Columbus</a> that used the two-phase coil found in an induction motor to spin a copper egg making it stand on end.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> Tesla visited the fair for a week during its six-month run to attend the <a href="/wiki/International_Electrical_Congress" title="International Electrical Congress">International Electrical Congress</a> and put on a series of demonstrations at the Westinghouse exhibit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer2001120-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> A specially darkened room had been set up where Tesla showed his wireless lighting system, using a demonstration he had previously performed throughout America and Europe;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney200176-123">[120]</a> these included using high-voltage, high-frequency alternating current to light wireless <a href="/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp" title="Gas-discharge lamp">gas-discharge lamps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney200179-124">[121]</a> An observer noted: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Within the room were suspended two hard-rubber plates covered with tin foil. These were about fifteen feet apart and served as terminals of the wires leading from the transformers. When the current was turned on, the lamps or tubes, which had no wires connected to them, but lay on a table between the suspended plates, or which might be held in the hand in almost any part of the room, were made luminous. These were the same experiments and the same apparatus shown by Tesla in London about two years previous, "where they produced so much wonder and astonishment".<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steam-powered_oscillating_generator">Steam-powered oscillating generator</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tesla%27s_oscillator" title="Tesla's oscillator">Tesla's oscillator</a></div> During his presentation at the International Electrical Congress in the Columbian Exposition Agriculture Hall, Tesla introduced his <a href="/wiki/Tesla%27s_oscillator" title="Tesla's oscillator">steam powered reciprocating electricity generator</a> that he patented that year, something he thought was a better way to generate alternating current.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013182-126">[123]</a> Steam was forced into the oscillator and rushed out through a series of ports, pushing a piston up and down that was attached to an armature. The magnetic armature vibrated up and down at high speed, producing an alternating <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">induced</a> alternating electric current in the wire coils located adjacent. It did away with the complicated parts of a steam engine/generator, but never caught on as a feasible engineering solution to generate electricity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013181–185-127">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consulting_on_Niagara">Consulting on Niagara</h3></div> In 1893, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Dean_Adams" title="Edward Dean Adams">Edward Dean Adams</a>, who headed the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a> <a href="/wiki/Cataract_Construction_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Cataract Construction Company">Cataract Construction Company</a>, sought Tesla's opinion on what system would be best to transmit power generated at the falls. Over several years, there had been a series of proposals and open competitions on how best to do it. Among the systems proposed by several US and European companies were two-phase and three-phase AC, high-voltage DC, and compressed air. Adams asked Tesla for information about the current state of all the competing systems. Tesla advised Adams that a two-phased system would be the most reliable and that there was a Westinghouse system to light incandescent bulbs using two-phase alternating current. The company awarded a contract to Westinghouse Electric for building a two-phase AC generating system at the Niagara Falls, based on Tesla's advice and Westinghouse's demonstration at the Columbian Exposition. At the same time, a further contract was awarded to General Electric to build the AC distribution system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013167–173-129">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Nikola_Tesla_Company">The Nikola Tesla Company</h3></div> In 1895, Edward Dean Adams, impressed with what he saw when he toured Tesla's lab, agreed to help found the Nikola Tesla Company, set up to fund, develop, and market a variety of previous Tesla patents and inventions as well as new ones. Alfred Brown signed on, bringing along patents developed under Peck and Brown. The board was filled out with William Birch Rankine and Charles F. Coaney.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013205–206-130">[127]</a> It found few investors since the mid-1890s were a tough time financially, and the wireless lighting and oscillators patents it was set up to market never panned out. The company handled Tesla's patents for decades to come. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lab_fire">Lab fire</h3></div> In the early morning hours of 13 March 1895, the South Fifth Avenue building that housed Tesla's lab caught fire. It started in the basement of the building and was so intense Tesla's 4th-floor lab burned and collapsed into the second floor. The fire not only set back Tesla's ongoing projects, but it also destroyed a collection of early notes and research material, models, and demonstration pieces, including many that had been exhibited at the 1893 Worlds Colombian Exposition. Tesla told <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> "I am in too much grief to talk. What can I say?".<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> After the fire Tesla moved to 46 & 48 East Houston Street and rebuilt his lab on the 6th and 7th floors. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="X-ray_experimentation">X-ray experimentation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:X-Ray_Photograph_of_Tesla%27s_left_hand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/X-Ray_Photograph_of_Tesla%27s_left_hand.jpg/220px-X-Ray_Photograph_of_Tesla%27s_left_hand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/X-Ray_Photograph_of_Tesla%27s_left_hand.jpg/330px-X-Ray_Photograph_of_Tesla%27s_left_hand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/X-Ray_Photograph_of_Tesla%27s_left_hand.jpg/440px-X-Ray_Photograph_of_Tesla%27s_left_hand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8832" data-file-height="11167" /></a><figcaption>X-ray Tesla took of his hand</figcaption></figure> Starting in 1894, Tesla began investigating what he referred to as <a href="/wiki/Radiant_energy" title="Radiant energy">radiant energy</a> of "invisible" kinds after he had noticed damaged film in his laboratory in previous experiments<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> (later identified as "Roentgen rays" or "<a href="/wiki/X-rays" class="mw-redirect" title="X-rays">X-rays</a>"). His early experiments were with <a href="/wiki/Crookes_tube" title="Crookes tube">Crookes tubes</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cold_cathode" title="Cold cathode">cold cathode</a> electrical discharge tube. Tesla may have inadvertently captured an X-ray image—predating, by a few weeks, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a>'s December 1895 announcement of the discovery of X-rays—when he tried to photograph Mark Twain illuminated by a <a href="/wiki/Geissler_tube" title="Geissler tube">Geissler tube</a>, an earlier type of gas discharge tube. The only thing captured in the image was the metal locking screw on the camera lens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney2001134-133">[130]</a> In March 1896, after hearing of Röntgen's discovery of X-ray and X-ray imaging (<a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography">radiography</a>),<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> Tesla proceeded to do his own experiments in X-ray imaging, developing a high-energy single-terminal <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a> of his own design that had no target electrode and that worked from the output of the Tesla coil (the modern term for the phenomenon produced by this device is <a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">bremsstrahlung</a> or braking radiation). In his research, Tesla devised several experimental setups to produce X-rays. Tesla held that, with his circuits, the "instrument will ... enable one to generate Roentgen rays of much greater power than obtainable with ordinary apparatus".<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> Tesla noted the hazards of working with his circuit and single-node X-ray-producing devices. In his many notes on the early investigation of this phenomenon, he attributed the skin damage to various causes. He believed early on that damage to the skin was not caused by the Roentgen rays, but by the <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> generated in contact with the skin, and to a lesser extent, by <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_acid" title="Nitrous acid">nitrous acid</a>. Tesla incorrectly believed that X-rays were longitudinal waves, such as those produced in <a href="/wiki/Waves_in_plasmas" title="Waves in plasmas">waves in plasmas</a>. These plasma waves can occur in <a href="/wiki/Force-free_magnetic_field" title="Force-free magnetic field">force-free magnetic fields</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> On 11 July 1934, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune" title="New York Herald Tribune">New York Herald Tribune</a> published an article on Tesla, in which he recalled an event that occasionally took place while experimenting with his single-electrode vacuum tubes. A minute particle would break off the cathode, pass out of the tube, and physically strike him:<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-138">[135]</a> <blockquote> Tesla said he could feel a sharp stinging pain where it entered his body, and again at the place where it passed out. In comparing these particles with the bits of metal projected by his "electric gun", Tesla said, "The particles in the beam of force ... will travel much faster than such particles ... and they will travel in concentrations". </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_remote_control">Radio remote control</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_boat1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tesla_boat1.jpg/170px-Tesla_boat1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tesla_boat1.jpg/255px-Tesla_boat1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tesla_boat1.jpg/340px-Tesla_boat1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>In 1898, Tesla demonstrated a radio-controlled boat, which he hoped to sell as a guided torpedo to navies around the world.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1898, Tesla demonstrated a boat that used a <a href="/wiki/Coherer" title="Coherer">coherer</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Radio_control" title="Radio control">radio control</a>—which he dubbed "telautomaton"—to the public during an electrical exhibition at <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden_(1890)" title="Madison Square Garden (1890)">Madison Square Garden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004-140">[137]</a> Tesla tried to sell his idea to the US military as a type of radio-controlled <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a>, but they showed little interest.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> Remote <a href="/wiki/Radio_control" title="Radio control">radio control</a> remained a novelty until World War I and afterward, when a number of countries used it in <a href="/wiki/Glide_bomb" title="Glide bomb">military programs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> Tesla took the opportunity to further demonstrate "Teleautomatics" in an address to a meeting of the Commercial Club in Chicago, while he was traveling to <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs</a>, on 13 May 1899. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wireless_power">Wireless power</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wireless_power_transfer#Tesla" title="Wireless power transfer">Wireless power transfer § Tesla</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teslathinker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Teslathinker.jpg/170px-Teslathinker.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Teslathinker.jpg/255px-Teslathinker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Teslathinker.jpg/340px-Teslathinker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="1554" /></a><figcaption>Tesla sitting in front of a spiral coil used in his wireless power experiments at his East Houston St. laboratory</figcaption></figure> From the 1890s through 1906, Tesla spent a great deal of his time and fortune on a series of projects trying to develop <a href="/wiki/Wireless_power_transfer" title="Wireless power transfer">the transmission of electrical power without wires</a>. It was an expansion of his idea of using coils to transmit power that he had been demonstrating in wireless lighting. He saw this as not only a way to transmit large amounts of power around the world but also, as he had pointed out in his earlier lectures, a way to transmit worldwide communications. At the time Tesla was formulating his ideas, there was no feasible way to wirelessly transmit communication signals over long distances, let alone large amounts of power. Tesla had studied radio waves early on, and came to the conclusion that part of the existing study on them, by Hertz, was incorrect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013127-143">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-earlyradiohistory.us-144">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[d]</a> Also, this new form of radiation was widely considered at the time to be a short-distance phenomenon that seemed to die out in less than a mile.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> Tesla noted that, even if theories on radio waves were true, they were totally worthless for his intended purposes since this form of "invisible light" would diminish over a distance just like any other radiation and would travel in straight lines right out into space, becoming "hopelessly lost".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013209-148">[144]</a> By the mid-1890s, Tesla was working on the idea that he might be able to conduct electricity long distance through the Earth or the atmosphere, and began working on experiments to test this idea including setting up a large resonance transformer <a href="/wiki/Magnifying_transmitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnifying transmitter">magnifying transmitter</a> in his East Houston Street lab.<a href="#cite_note-My_Inventions-149">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> Seeming to borrow from a common idea at the time that the Earth's atmosphere was conductive,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer2001107-152">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201345-153">[149]</a> he proposed a system composed of balloons suspending, transmitting, and receiving, electrodes in the air above 30,000 feet (9,100 m) in altitude, where he thought the lower pressure would allow him to send high voltages (millions of volts) long distances. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colorado_Springs">Colorado Springs</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Experimental_Station" title="Tesla Experimental Station">Tesla Experimental Station</a>; <a href="/wiki/Magnifying_transmitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnifying transmitter">Magnifying transmitter</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs_Notes,_1899%E2%80%931900" title="Colorado Springs Notes, 1899–1900">Colorado Springs Notes, 1899–1900</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_Colorado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Tesla_Colorado.jpg/170px-Tesla_Colorado.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Tesla_Colorado.jpg/255px-Tesla_Colorado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Tesla_Colorado.jpg/340px-Tesla_Colorado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>Tesla's Colorado Springs laboratory</figcaption></figure> To further study the conductive nature of low-pressure air, Tesla set up an <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Experimental_Station" title="Tesla Experimental Station">experimental station</a> at high altitude in Colorado Springs during 1899.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheneyUthGlenn199992-154">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013264-156">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wireless_Telegraphy_2002,_p._109-157">[153]</a> There he could safely operate much larger coils than in the cramped confines of his New York lab, and an associate had made an arrangement for the El Paso Electric Light Company to supply alternating current free of charge.<a href="#cite_note-Wireless_Telegraphy_2002,_p._109-157">[153]</a> To fund his experiments, he convinced <a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor_IV" title="John Jacob Astor IV">John Jacob Astor IV</a> to invest $100,000 ($3,662,400 in today's dollars<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-80">[77]</a>) to become a majority shareholder in the Nikola Tesla Company. Astor thought he was primarily investing in the new wireless lighting system. Instead, Tesla used the money to fund his Colorado Springs experiments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013255–259-158">[154]</a> Upon his arrival, he told reporters that he planned to conduct <a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">wireless telegraphy</a> experiments, transmitting signals from <a href="/wiki/Pikes_Peak" title="Pikes Peak">Pikes Peak</a> to Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney2001173-159">[155]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikola_Tesla,_with_his_equipment_Wellcome_M0014782_-_restoration2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Nikola_Tesla%2C_with_his_equipment_Wellcome_M0014782_-_restoration2.jpg/220px-Nikola_Tesla%2C_with_his_equipment_Wellcome_M0014782_-_restoration2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Nikola_Tesla%2C_with_his_equipment_Wellcome_M0014782_-_restoration2.jpg/330px-Nikola_Tesla%2C_with_his_equipment_Wellcome_M0014782_-_restoration2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Nikola_Tesla%2C_with_his_equipment_Wellcome_M0014782_-_restoration2.jpg/440px-Nikola_Tesla%2C_with_his_equipment_Wellcome_M0014782_-_restoration2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7441" data-file-height="5619" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">multiple exposure</a> picture of Tesla sitting next to his "<a href="/wiki/Magnifying_transmitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnifying transmitter">magnifying transmitter</a>" generating millions of volts. The 7-metre (23 ft) long arcs were not part of the normal operation, but only produced for effect by rapidly cycling the power switch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013290–301-160">[156]</a></figcaption></figure> There, he conducted experiments with a large coil operating in the megavolts range, producing artificial lightning (and thunder) consisting of millions of volts and discharges of up to 135 feet (41 m) in length,<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> and, at one point, inadvertently burned out the generator in El Paso, causing a power outage.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> The observations he made of the electronic noise of lightning strikes led him to (incorrectly) conclude<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013301-163">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper2015165-164">[160]</a> that he could use the entire globe of the Earth to conduct electrical energy. During his time at his laboratory, Tesla observed unusual signals from his receiver which he speculated to be communications from another planet. He mentioned them in a letter to a reporter in December 1899<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross Society">Red Cross Society</a> in December 1900.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013315-166">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer1998220–223-167">[163]</a> Reporters treated it as a sensational story and jumped to the conclusion Tesla was hearing signals from <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013315-166">[162]</a> He expanded on the signals he heard in a 9 February 1901 Collier's Weekly article entitled "Talking With Planets", where he said it had not been immediately apparent to him that he was hearing "intelligently controlled signals" and that the signals could have come from Mars, <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, or other planets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer1998220–223-167">[163]</a> It has been hypothesized that he may have intercepted <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a>'s European experiments in July 1899—Marconi may have transmitted the letter S (dot/dot/dot) in a naval demonstration, the same three impulses that Tesla hinted at hearing in Colorado<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer1998220–223-167">[163]</a>—or signals from another experimenter in wireless transmission.<a href="#cite_note-seifer2006-168">[164]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] Tesla had an agreement with the editor of <a href="/wiki/The_Century_Magazine" title="The Century Magazine">The Century Magazine</a> to produce an article on his findings. The magazine sent a photographer to Colorado to photograph the work being done there. The article, titled "The Problem of Increasing Human Energy", appeared in the June 1900 edition of the magazine. He explained the superiority of the wireless system he envisioned but the article was more of a lengthy philosophical treatise than an understandable scientific description of his work,<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> illustrated with what were to become iconic images of Tesla and his Colorado Springs experiments. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wardenclyffe">Wardenclyffe</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wardenclyffe_Tower" title="Wardenclyffe Tower">Wardenclyffe Tower</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_Broadcast_Tower_1904.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tesla_Broadcast_Tower_1904.jpeg/170px-Tesla_Broadcast_Tower_1904.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tesla_Broadcast_Tower_1904.jpeg/255px-Tesla_Broadcast_Tower_1904.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tesla_Broadcast_Tower_1904.jpeg/340px-Tesla_Broadcast_Tower_1904.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Tesla's Wardenclyffe plant on Long Island in 1904. From this facility, Tesla hoped to demonstrate wireless transmission of electrical energy across the Atlantic.</figcaption></figure> Tesla made the rounds in New York trying to find investors for what he thought would be a viable system of wireless transmission, wining and dining them at the <a href="/wiki/Waldorf-Astoria_(1893%E2%80%931929)" title="Waldorf-Astoria (1893–1929)">Waldorf-Astoria</a>'s Palm Garden (the hotel where he was living at the time), <a href="/wiki/The_Players_(New_York_City)" title="The Players (New York City)">The Players Club</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Delmonico%27s" title="Delmonico's">Delmonico's</a>.<a href="#cite_note-teslascience.org-170">[166]</a> In March 1901, he obtained $150,000 ($5,493,600 in today's dollars<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-80">[77]</a>) from <a href="/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan">J. P. Morgan</a> in return for a 51% share of any generated wireless patents, and began planning the <a href="/wiki/Wardenclyffe_Tower" title="Wardenclyffe Tower">Wardenclyffe Tower</a> facility to be built in <a href="/wiki/Shoreham,_New_York" title="Shoreham, New York">Shoreham, New York</a>, 100 miles (161 km) east of the city on the North Shore of Long Island.<a href="#cite_note-broad1-171">[167]</a> By July 1901, Tesla had expanded his plans to build a more powerful transmitter to leap ahead of <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a>'s radio-based system, which Tesla thought was a copy of his own.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013315-166">[162]</a> He approached Morgan to ask for more money to build the larger system, but Morgan refused to supply any further funds.<a href="#cite_note-seifer2006-168">[164]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] In December 1901, Marconi successfully transmitted the letter S from England to <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador#colony" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a>, defeating Tesla in the race to be first to complete such a transmission. A month after Marconi's success, Tesla tried to get Morgan to back an even larger plan to transmit messages and power by controlling "vibrations throughout the globe".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013315-166">[162]</a> Over the next five years, Tesla wrote more than 50 letters to Morgan, pleading for and demanding additional funding to complete the construction of Wardenclyffe. Tesla continued the project for another nine months into 1902. The tower was erected to its full height of 187 feet (57 m).<a href="#cite_note-seifer2006-168">[164]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] In June 1902, Tesla moved his lab operations from Houston Street to Wardenclyffe.<a href="#cite_note-broad1-171">[167]</a> Investors on <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> were putting their money into Marconi's system, and some in the press began turning against Tesla's project, claiming it was a hoax.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> The project came to a halt in 1905, and in 1906, the financial problems and other events may have led to what Tesla biographer <a href="/wiki/Marc_J._Seifer" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc J. Seifer">Marc J. Seifer</a> suspects was a nervous breakdown on Tesla's part.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> Tesla mortgaged the Wardenclyffe property to cover his debts at the Waldorf-Astoria, which eventually amounted to $20,000 ($608,400 in today's dollars<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-80">[77]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> He lost the property in foreclosure in 1915, and in 1917 the Tower was demolished by the new owner to make the land a more viable real estate asset. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2></div> After Wardenclyffe closed, Tesla continued to write to Morgan; after "the great man" died, Tesla wrote to Morgan's son Jack, trying to get further funding for the project. In 1906, Tesla opened offices at 165 Broadway in Manhattan, trying to raise further funds by developing and marketing his patents. He went on to have offices at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Life_Insurance_Company_Tower" title="Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower">Metropolitan Life Tower</a> from 1910 to 1914; rented for a few months at the <a href="/wiki/Woolworth_Building" title="Woolworth Building">Woolworth Building</a>, moving out because he could not afford the rent; and then to office space at 8 West 40th Street from 1915 to 1925. After moving to 8 West 40th Street, he was effectively bankrupt. Most of his patents had run out and he was having trouble with the new inventions he was trying to develop.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013373–375-175">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bladeless_turbine">Bladeless turbine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tesla_turbine" title="Tesla turbine">Tesla turbine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TeslaTurbineOriginal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/TeslaTurbineOriginal.png/220px-TeslaTurbineOriginal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/TeslaTurbineOriginal.png/330px-TeslaTurbineOriginal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/TeslaTurbineOriginal.png 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption>Tesla's bladeless turbine design</figcaption></figure> On his 50th birthday, in 1906, Tesla demonstrated a 200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) 16,000 rpm <a href="/wiki/Tesla_turbine" title="Tesla turbine">bladeless turbine</a>. During 1910–1911, at the <a href="/wiki/Waterside_Generating_Station" title="Waterside Generating Station">Waterside Power Station</a> in New York, several of his bladeless turbine engines were tested at 100–5,000 hp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013371-176">[172]</a> Tesla worked with several companies including from 1919 to 1922 in <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Allis-Chalmers" title="Allis-Chalmers">Allis-Chalmers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer2001398-177">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013373-178">[174]</a> He spent most of his time trying to perfect the Tesla turbine with Hans Dahlstrand, the head engineer at the company, but engineering difficulties meant it was never made into a practical device.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill1944-179">[175]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Tesla did license the idea to a precision instrument company and it found use in the form of luxury car <a href="/wiki/Speedometer" title="Speedometer">speedometers</a> and other instruments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheneyUthGlenn1999115-180">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wireless_lawsuits">Wireless lawsuits</h3></div> When <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> broke out, the British cut the transatlantic telegraph cable linking the US to <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> in order to control the flow of information between the two countries. They also tried to shut off German wireless communication to and from the US by having the US Marconi Company sue the German radio company <a href="/wiki/Telefunken" title="Telefunken">Telefunken</a> for patent infringement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013377-181">[177]</a> Telefunken brought in the physicists <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Zenneck" title="Jonathan Zenneck">Jonathan Zenneck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Karl Ferdinand Braun</a> for their defense, and hired Tesla as a witness for two years for $1,000 a month. The case stalled and then went moot when the US entered the war against Germany in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013377-181">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer2001373-182">[178]</a> In 1915, Tesla attempted to sue the <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi Company</a> for infringement of his wireless tuning patents. Marconi's initial radio patent had been awarded in the US in 1897, but his 1900 patent submission covering improvements to radio transmission had been rejected several times, before it was finally approved in 1904, on the grounds that it infringed on other existing patents including two 1897 Tesla wireless power tuning patents.<a href="#cite_note-earlyradiohistory.us-144">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> Tesla's 1915 case went nowhere,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013377-378-185">[181]</a> but in a related case, where the Marconi Company tried to sue the US government over WWI patent infringements, a <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> 1943 decision restored the prior patents of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lodge" title="Oliver Lodge">Oliver Lodge</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Stone_Stone" title="John Stone Stone">John Stone</a>, and Tesla.<a href="#cite_note-LQsxMxEUC_page_3-186">[182]</a> The court declared that their decision had no bearing on Marconi's claim as the first to achieve radio transmission, just that since Marconi's claim to certain patented improvements were questionable, the company could not claim infringement on those same patents.<a href="#cite_note-earlyradiohistory.us-144">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_Prize_rumors">Nobel Prize rumors</h3></div> On 6 November 1915, a <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> news agency report from London had the 1915 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> awarded to Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla; however, on 15 November, a Reuters story from Stockholm stated the prize that year was being awarded to <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Lawrence Bragg</a> "for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney2001245-188">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> There were unsubstantiated rumors at the time that either Tesla or Edison had refused the prize.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney2001245-188">[184]</a> The Nobel Foundation said, "Any rumor that a person has not been given a Nobel Prize because he has made known his intention to refuse the reward is ridiculous"; a recipient could decline a Nobel Prize only after he is announced a winner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney2001245-188">[184]</a> There have been subsequent claims by Tesla biographers that Edison and Tesla were the original recipients and that neither was given the award because of their animosity toward each other; that each sought to minimize the other's achievements and right to win the award; that both refused ever to accept the award if the other received it first; that both rejected any possibility of sharing it; and even that a wealthy Edison refused it to keep Tesla from getting the $20,000 prize money.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer20017-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney2001245-188">[184]</a> In the years after these rumors, neither Tesla nor Edison won a Nobel prize (although Edison received one of 38 possible bids in 1915 and Tesla received one of 38 possible bids in 1937).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer2001378–380-191">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_awards,_patents_and_ideas">Other awards, patents and ideas</h3></div> Tesla won numerous medals and awards over this time. They include: <ul><li>Grand Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Sava" title="Order of St. Sava">Order of St. Sava</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a>, 1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a>, US, 1894)<a href="#cite_note-pg-192">[188]</a></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Danilo_I" title="Order of Prince Danilo I">Order of Prince Danilo I</a> (<a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, 1895)<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a></li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> (US, 1896)<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIEE_Edison_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="AIEE Edison Medal">AIEE Edison Medal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a>, US, 1916)<a href="#cite_note-EdisonMedal-195">[191]</a></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Sava" title="Order of St. Sava">Order of St. Sava</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes">Yugoslavia</a>, 1926)<a href="#cite_note-eserbia-196">[192]</a></li> <li>Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Yugoslav_Crown" title="Order of the Yugoslav Crown">Order of the Yugoslav Crown</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, 1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Medal" title="John Scott Medal">John Scott Medal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> & <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Council" title="Philadelphia City Council">Philadelphia City Council</a>, US, 1934)<a href="#cite_note-pg-192">[188]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Serbia)" title="Order of the White Eagle (Serbia)">Order of the White Eagle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, 1936)</li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Lion" title="Order of the White Lion">Order of the White Lion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, 1937)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney2011312-197">[193]</a></li> <li>Medal of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> (Paris, France, 1937)</li> <li>The Medal of the University St. Clement of Ochrida (<a href="/wiki/Sofia,_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sofia, Bulgaria">Sofia, Bulgaria</a>, 1939)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_banquet_meeting_of_the_Institute_of_Radio_Engineers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Second_banquet_meeting_of_the_Institute_of_Radio_Engineers.jpg/220px-Second_banquet_meeting_of_the_Institute_of_Radio_Engineers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Second_banquet_meeting_of_the_Institute_of_Radio_Engineers.jpg/330px-Second_banquet_meeting_of_the_Institute_of_Radio_Engineers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Second_banquet_meeting_of_the_Institute_of_Radio_Engineers.jpg/440px-Second_banquet_meeting_of_the_Institute_of_Radio_Engineers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>Second banquet meeting of the Institute of Radio Engineers, 23 April 1915. Tesla is seen standing in the center.</figcaption></figure> Tesla attempted to market several devices based on the production of <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a>. These included his 1900 Tesla Ozone Company selling an 1896 patented device based on his Tesla coil, used to bubble ozone through different types of oils to make a therapeutic gel.<a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> He also tried to develop a variation of this a few years later as a room sanitizer for hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013353-199">[195]</a> Tesla theorized that the application of electricity to the brain enhanced intelligence. In 1912, he crafted "a plan to make dull students bright by saturating them unconsciously with electricity," wiring the walls of a schoolroom and, "saturating [the schoolroom] with infinitesimal electric waves vibrating at high frequency. The whole room will thus, Mr. Tesla claims, be converted into a health-giving and stimulating electromagnetic field or 'bath.'"<a href="#cite_note-Gilliams-200">[196]</a> The plan was, at least provisionally, approved by then superintendent of New York City schools, William H. Maxwell.<a href="#cite_note-Gilliams-200">[196]</a> Before <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Tesla sought overseas investors. After the war started, Tesla lost the funding he was receiving from his patents in European countries. In the August 1917 edition of the magazine <a href="/wiki/Electrical_Experimenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical Experimenter">Electrical Experimenter</a>, Tesla postulated that electricity could be used to locate submarines via using the reflection of an "electric ray" of "tremendous frequency," with the signal being viewed on a fluorescent screen (a system that has been noted to have a superficial resemblance to modern <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>).<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> Tesla was incorrect in his assumption that high-frequency radio waves would penetrate water.<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Girardeau" title="Émile Girardeau">Émile Girardeau</a>, who helped develop France's first radar system in the 1930s, noted in 1953 that Tesla's general speculation that a very strong high-frequency signal would be needed was correct. Girardeau said, "(Tesla) was prophesying or dreaming, since he had at his disposal no means of carrying them out, but one must add that if he was dreaming, at least he was dreaming correctly".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney2001266-203">[199]</a> In 1928, Tesla received patent, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1655114">U.S. patent 1,655,114</a>, for a <a href="/wiki/Biplane" title="Biplane">biplane</a> design capable of <a href="/wiki/Vertical_take-off_and_landing" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical take-off and landing">vertical take-off and landing</a> (VTOL), which "gradually tilted through manipulation of the elevator devices" in flight until it was flying like a conventional plane.<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> This impractical design was something Tesla thought would sell for less than $1,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney2001251-205">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-airspacemag-206">[202]</a> Tesla had a further office at 350 Madison Ave<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> but by 1928 he no longer had a laboratory or funding.<a href="#cite_note-airspacemag-206">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Living_circumstances">Living circumstances</h3></div> Tesla lived at the <a href="/wiki/Waldorf-Astoria_(1893%E2%80%931929)" title="Waldorf-Astoria (1893–1929)">Waldorf Astoria</a> in New York City from 1900 and ran up a large bill.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheneyUthGlenn1999125-208">[204]</a> He moved to the <a href="/wiki/St._Regis_New_York" title="St. Regis New York">St. Regis Hotel</a> in 1922 and followed a pattern from then on of moving to a different hotel every few years and leaving unpaid bills behind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013467-468-209">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill1944359-210">[206]</a> Tesla walked to the park every day to feed the pigeons. He began feeding them at the window of his hotel room and nursed injured birds back to health.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill1944359-210">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a> He said that he had been visited by a certain injured white pigeon daily. He spent over $2,000 (equivalent to $36,410 in 2023) to care for the bird, including a device he built to support her comfortably while her broken wing and leg healed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer2001414-213">[209]</a> Tesla stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I have been feeding pigeons, thousands of them for years. But there was one, a beautiful bird, pure white with light grey tips on its wings; that one was different. It was a female. I had only to wish and call her and she would come flying to me. I loved that pigeon as a man loves a woman, and she loved me. As long as I had her, there was a purpose to my life.<a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a></blockquote> Tesla's unpaid bills, as well as complaints about the mess made by pigeons, led to his eviction from St. Regis in 1923. He was also forced to leave the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Pennsylvania" title="Hotel Pennsylvania">Hotel Pennsylvania</a> in 1930 and the Hotel Governor Clinton in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill1944359-210">[206]</a> At one point he also took rooms at the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Marguery" title="Hotel Marguery">Hotel Marguery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheneyUthGlenn1999135-215">[211]</a> Tesla moved to the <a href="/wiki/Wyndham_New_Yorker_Hotel" title="Wyndham New Yorker Hotel">Hotel New Yorker</a> in 1934. At this time Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company began paying him $125 (equivalent to $2,850 in 2023) per month in addition to paying his rent. Accounts of how this came about vary. Several sources claim that Westinghouse was concerned, or possibly warned, about potential bad publicity arising from the impoverished conditions in which their former star inventor was living.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004365-216">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seifer435-218">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013379-219">[215]</a> The payment has been described as being couched as a "consulting fee" to get around Tesla's aversion to accepting charity. Tesla biographer Marc Seifer described the Westinghouse payments as a type of "unspecified settlement".<a href="#cite_note-Seifer435-218">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birthday_press_conferences">Birthday press conferences</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikola_Tesla_on_Time_Magazine_1931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Nikola_Tesla_on_Time_Magazine_1931.jpg/220px-Nikola_Tesla_on_Time_Magazine_1931.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Nikola_Tesla_on_Time_Magazine_1931.jpg/330px-Nikola_Tesla_on_Time_Magazine_1931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Nikola_Tesla_on_Time_Magazine_1931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Tesla on <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time magazine</a> commemorating his 75th birthday</figcaption></figure> In 1931, a young journalist whom Tesla befriended, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Swezey" title="Kenneth M. Swezey">Kenneth M. Swezey</a>, organized a celebration for the inventor's 75th birthday.<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> Tesla received congratulations from figures in science and engineering such as <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>,<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a> and he was also featured on the cover of <a href="/wiki/Time_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time magazine">Time magazine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a> The cover caption "All the world's his power house" noted his contribution to <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electrical power generation</a>. The party went so well that Tesla made it an annual event, an occasion where he would put out a large spread of food and drink—featuring dishes of his own creation. He invited the press in order to see his inventions and hear stories about his past exploits, views on current events, and sometimes baffling claims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney2001151-223">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013380–382-224">[220]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teslathoughtcamera.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Teslathoughtcamera.jpeg/220px-Teslathoughtcamera.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Teslathoughtcamera.jpeg/330px-Teslathoughtcamera.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Teslathoughtcamera.jpeg/440px-Teslathoughtcamera.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>Newspaper representation of the thought camera Tesla described at his 1933 birthday party</figcaption></figure> At the 1932 party, Tesla claimed he had invented a motor that would run on <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013380–382-224">[220]</a> In 1933, at age 77, Tesla told reporters at the event that, after 35 years of work, he was on the verge of producing proof of a new form of energy. He claimed it was a theory of energy that was "violently opposed" to Einsteinian physics and could be tapped with an apparatus that would be cheap to run and last 500 years. He also told reporters he was working on a way to transmit individualized private radio wavelengths, working on breakthroughs in <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>, and developing a way to photograph the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> to record thought.<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a> At the 1934 occasion, Tesla told reporters he had designed a <a href="/wiki/Superweapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Superweapon">superweapon</a> he claimed would end all war.<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-seifer1-227">[223]</a> He called it "<a href="/wiki/Teleforce" title="Teleforce">teleforce</a>", but was usually referred to as his <a href="/wiki/Death_ray" title="Death ray">death ray</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a> In 1940, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> gave a range for the ray of 250 miles (400 km), with an expected development cost of US$2 million (equivalent to $43.5 million in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-pmnyt1940-229">[225]</a> Tesla described it as a defensive weapon that would be put up along the border of a country and be used against attacking ground-based infantry or aircraft. Tesla never revealed detailed plans of how the weapon worked during his lifetime but, in 1984, they surfaced at the <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla_Museum" title="Nikola Tesla Museum">Nikola Tesla Museum</a> archive in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013382-230">[226]</a> The treatise, The New Art of Projecting Concentrated Non-dispersive Energy through the Natural Media, described an open-ended vacuum tube with a gas jet seal that allows particles to exit, a method of charging slugs of tungsten or mercury to millions of volts, and directing them in streams (through <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrostatic">electrostatic</a> repulsion).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013380–382-224">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer1998454-231">[227]</a> Tesla tried to attract interest of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">US War Department</a>,<a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a> United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and Yugoslavia in the device.<a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> In 1935, at his 79th birthday party, Tesla covered many topics. He claimed to have discovered the cosmic ray in 1896 and invented a way to produce direct current by <a href="/wiki/Inductive_charging" title="Inductive charging">induction</a>, and made many claims about his <a href="/wiki/Tesla%27s_oscillator" title="Tesla's oscillator">mechanical oscillator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-234">[230]</a> Describing the device (which he expected would earn him $100 million within two years) he told reporters that a version of his oscillator had caused an earthquake in his 46 East Houston Street lab and neighboring streets in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a> in 1898.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-234">[230]</a> He went on to tell reporters his oscillator could destroy the <a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Building" title="Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a> with 5 pounds (2.3 kg) of air pressure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013380-235">[231]</a> He also proposed using his oscillators to transmit vibrations into the ground. He claimed it would work over any distance and could be used for communication or locating underground mineral deposits, a technique he called "<a href="/wiki/Telegeodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegeodynamics">telegeodynamics</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-138">[135]</a> In 1937, at his Grand Ballroom of Hotel New Yorker event, Tesla received the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Lion" title="Order of the White Lion">Order of the White Lion</a> from the Czechoslovak ambassador and a medal from the Yugoslav ambassador. On questions concerning the death ray, Tesla stated: "But it is not an experiment ... I have built, demonstrated and used it. Only a little time will pass before I can give it to the world."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013380–382-224">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Room3327HotelNewYorker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Room 3327 of the Hotel New Yorker, where Tesla died" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Room3327HotelNewYorker.jpg/220px-Room3327HotelNewYorker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Room3327HotelNewYorker.jpg/330px-Room3327HotelNewYorker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Room3327HotelNewYorker.jpg/440px-Room3327HotelNewYorker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Room 3327 of the <a href="/wiki/Wyndham_New_Yorker_Hotel" title="Wyndham New Yorker Hotel">Hotel New Yorker</a>, where Tesla died</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aug09_TeslaPlaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Aug09_TeslaPlaque.jpg/220px-Aug09_TeslaPlaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Aug09_TeslaPlaque.jpg/330px-Aug09_TeslaPlaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Aug09_TeslaPlaque.jpg/440px-Aug09_TeslaPlaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="1582" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative plaque, New Yorker Hotel</figcaption></figure> In the fall of 1937 at the age of 81, after midnight one night, Tesla left the Hotel New Yorker to make his regular commute to the cathedral and library to feed the pigeons. While crossing a street a couple of blocks from the hotel, Tesla was struck by a moving taxicab and was thrown to the ground. His back was severely wrenched and three of his ribs were broken in the accident. The full extent of his injuries was never known; Tesla refused to consult a doctor, an almost lifelong custom, and never fully recovered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill1944313-236">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013389-237">[233]</a> On 7 January 1943, at the age of 86, Tesla died alone in Room 3327 of the <a href="/wiki/Wyndham_New_Yorker_Hotel" title="Wyndham New Yorker Hotel">Hotel New Yorker</a>. His body was found by maid Alice Monaghan when she entered Tesla's room, ignoring the "do not disturb" sign that Tesla had placed on his door two days earlier. Assistant medical examiner H.W. Wembley examined the body and ruled that the cause of death had been <a href="/wiki/Coronary_thrombosis" title="Coronary thrombosis">coronary thrombosis</a> (a type of heart attack). Two days later the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> ordered the <a href="/wiki/Alien_Property_Custodian" class="mw-redirect" title="Alien Property Custodian">Alien Property Custodian</a> to seize Tesla's belongings. <a href="/wiki/John_G._Trump" title="John G. Trump">John G. Trump</a>, a professor at <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">M.I.T.</a> and a well-known electrical engineer serving as a technical aide to the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Research_Committee" title="National Defense Research Committee">National Defense Research Committee</a>, was called in to analyze the Tesla items. After a three-day investigation, Trump's report concluded that there was nothing which would constitute a hazard in unfriendly hands, stating: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">His [Tesla's] thoughts and efforts during at least the past 15 years were primarily of a speculative, philosophical, and somewhat promotional character often concerned with the production and wireless transmission of power; but did not include new, sound, workable principles or methods for realizing such results.<a href="#cite_note-autogeneratedll-238">[234]</a></blockquote> In a box purported to contain a part of Tesla's "death ray", Trump found a 45-year-old <a href="/wiki/Decade_Box" class="mw-redirect" title="Decade Box">multidecade resistance box</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> On 10 January 1943, New York City mayor <a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">Fiorello La Guardia</a> read a eulogy written by Slovene-American author <a href="/wiki/Louis_Adamic" title="Louis Adamic">Louis Adamic</a> live over <a href="/wiki/WNYC_(AM)" title="WNYC (AM)">WNYC</a> radio while violin pieces "<a href="/wiki/Ave_Maria_(Schubert)" title="Ave Maria (Schubert)">Ave Maria</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Tamo_daleko" title="Tamo daleko">Tamo daleko</a>" were played in the background. On 12 January, two thousand people attended a state funeral for Tesla at the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._John_the_Divine" title="Cathedral of St. John the Divine">Cathedral of St. John the Divine</a> in Manhattan. After the funeral, Tesla's body was taken to the <a href="/wiki/Ferncliff_Cemetery" title="Ferncliff Cemetery">Ferncliff Cemetery</a> in Ardsley, New York, where it was later cremated. The following day, a second service was conducted by prominent priests in the Trinity Chapel (today's <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Chapel_Complex" title="Trinity Chapel Complex">Serbian Orthodox Cathedral of Saint Sava</a>) in New York City. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_character">Personal life and character</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N.Tesla.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Nikola Tesla, a slender, moustachioed man with a thin face and pointed chin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/N.Tesla.JPG/220px-N.Tesla.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/N.Tesla.JPG/330px-N.Tesla.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/N.Tesla.JPG/440px-N.Tesla.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2563" data-file-height="3348" /></a><figcaption>Tesla <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1896</figcaption></figure> Tesla was a lifelong bachelor, who had once explained that his chastity was very helpful to his scientific abilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney200133-240">[236]</a> In an interview with the Galveston Daily News on 10 August 1924 he stated, "Now the soft-voiced gentlewoman of my reverent worship has all but vanished. In her place has come the woman who thinks that her chief success in life lies in making herself as much as possible like man—in dress, voice and actions..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheneyUthGlenn1999135-215">[211]</a> Although he told a reporter in later years that he sometimes felt that by not marrying, he had made too great a sacrifice to his work,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer2001414-213">[209]</a> Tesla chose to never pursue or engage in any known relationships, instead finding all the stimulation he needed in his work. Tesla was asocial and prone to seclude himself with his work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004-140">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheneyUthGlenn1999Preface-241">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a> However, when he did engage in social life, many people spoke very positively and admiringly of Tesla. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Underwood_Johnson" title="Robert Underwood Johnson">Robert Underwood Johnson</a> described him as attaining a "distinguished sweetness, sincerity, modesty, refinement, generosity, and force".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer2001130-243">[239]</a> His secretary, Dorothy Skerrit, wrote: "his genial smile and nobility of bearing always denoted the gentlemanly characteristics that were so ingrained in his soul".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill1944289-244">[240]</a> Tesla's friend, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Hawthorne" title="Julian Hawthorne">Julian Hawthorne</a>, wrote, "seldom did one meet a scientist or engineer who was also a poet, a philosopher, an appreciator of fine music, a linguist, and a connoisseur of food and drink".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney200180-245">[241]</a> Tesla was a good friend of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Marion_Crawford" title="Francis Marion Crawford">Francis Marion Crawford</a>, Robert Underwood Johnson,<a href="#cite_note-teslasociety1-246">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanford_White" title="Stanford White">Stanford White</a>,<a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a> Fritz Lowenstein, George Scherff, and Kenneth Swezey.<a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a> In middle age, Tesla became a close friend of <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>; they spent a lot of time together in his lab and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-teslasociety1-246">[242]</a> Twain notably described Tesla's <a href="/wiki/Induction_motor" title="Induction motor">induction motor</a> invention as "the most valuable patent since the telephone".<a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a> At a party thrown by actress <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bernhardt" title="Sarah Bernhardt">Sarah Bernhardt</a> in 1896, Tesla met Indian Hindu monk <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>. Vivekananda later wrote that Tesla said he could demonstrate mathematically the relationship between matter and energy, something Vivekananda hoped would give a scientific foundation to <a href="/wiki/Vedantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedantic">Vedantic</a> cosmology.<a href="#cite_note-252">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a> The meeting with Swami Vivekananda stimulated Tesla's interest in Eastern Science, which led to Tesla studying Hindu and <a href="/wiki/Vedic_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic philosophy">Vedic philosophy</a> for a number of years.<a href="#cite_note-254">[250]</a> Tesla later wrote an article titled "Man's Greatest Achievement" using Sanskrit terms <a href="/wiki/Akasha" title="Akasha">akasha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">prana</a> to describe the relationship between matter and energy.<a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[252]</a> In the late 1920s, Tesla befriended <a href="/wiki/George_Sylvester_Viereck" title="George Sylvester Viereck">George Sylvester Viereck</a>, a poet, writer, mystic, and later, a <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> propagandist. Tesla occasionally attended dinner parties held by Viereck and his wife.<a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[254]</a> Tesla could be harsh at times and openly expressed disgust for overweight people, such as when he fired a secretary because of her weight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney2001110-259">[255]</a> He was quick to criticize clothing; on several occasions, Tesla directed a subordinate to go home and change her dress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney200133-240">[236]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> died in 1931, Tesla contributed the only negative opinion to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, buried in an extensive coverage of Edison's life: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">He had no hobby, cared for no sort of amusement of any kind and lived in utter disregard of the most elementary rules of hygiene ... His method was inefficient in the extreme, for an immense ground had to be covered to get anything at all unless blind chance intervened and, at first, I was almost a sorry witness of his doings, knowing that just a little theory and calculation would have saved him 90 percent of the labor. But he had a veritable contempt for book learning and mathematical knowledge, trusting himself entirely to his inventor's instinct and practical American sense.<a href="#cite_note-lifeEdison-260">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edisonobit-261">[257]</a></blockquote> Tesla became a vegetarian in his later years, living on only milk, bread, honey, and vegetable juices.<a href="#cite_note-seifer1-227">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_and_beliefs">Views and beliefs</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikola_Tesla_by_Sarony_c1885-crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Nikola_Tesla_by_Sarony_c1885-crop.png/220px-Nikola_Tesla_by_Sarony_c1885-crop.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Nikola_Tesla_by_Sarony_c1885-crop.png/330px-Nikola_Tesla_by_Sarony_c1885-crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Nikola_Tesla_by_Sarony_c1885-crop.png/440px-Nikola_Tesla_by_Sarony_c1885-crop.png 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption>Tesla <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1885</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_experimental_and_theoretical_physics">On experimental and theoretical physics</h3></div> Tesla disagreed with the theory of atoms being composed of smaller <a href="/wiki/Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">subatomic particles</a>, stating there was no such thing as an <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> creating an electric charge. He believed that if electrons existed at all, they were some fourth state of matter or "sub-atom" that could exist only in an experimental vacuum and that they had nothing to do with electricity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill1944249-263">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[260]</a> Tesla believed that atoms are immutable—they could not change state or be split in any way. He was a believer in the 19th-century concept of an all-pervasive <a href="/wiki/Ether_(classical_element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ether (classical element)">ether</a> that transmitted electrical energy.<a href="#cite_note-265">[261]</a> Tesla was generally antagonistic towards theories about the conversion of matter into energy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill1944247-266">[262]</a> He was also critical of Einstein's <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">theory of relativity</a>, saying: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I hold that space cannot be curved, for the simple reason that it can have no properties. It might as well be said that God has properties. He has not, but only attributes and these are of our own making. Of properties we can only speak when dealing with matter filling the space. To say that in the presence of large bodies space becomes curved is equivalent to stating that something can act upon nothing. I, for one, refuse to subscribe to such a view.<a href="#cite_note-267">[263]</a></blockquote> In 1935 he described relativity as "a beggar wrapped in purple whom ignorant people take for a king" and said his own experiments had measured the speed of cosmic rays from Arcturus as fifty times the speed of light.<a href="#cite_note-268">[264]</a> Tesla claimed to have developed his own physical principle regarding matter and energy that he started working on in 1892,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill1944247-266">[262]</a> and in 1937, at age 81, claimed in a letter to have completed a "dynamic theory of gravity" that "[would] put an end to idle speculations and false conceptions, as that of curved space". He stated that the theory was "worked out in all details" and that he hoped to soon give it to the world.<a href="#cite_note-269">[265]</a> Further elucidation of his theory was never found in his writings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney2001309-270">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_society">On society</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #006150; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eugenics" title="Category:Eugenics">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#006150; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics Movement</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Historical trajectory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_League" title="Malthusian League">Malthusian League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Prevention_of_Hereditarily_Diseased_Offspring" title="Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring">Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Health_Court" title="Hereditary Health Court">Hereditary Health Courts</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene">Racial hygiene</a>" <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebensborn" title="Lebensborn">Lebensborn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">US eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">Slave breeding in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Survey_of_Vermont" title="Eugenics Survey of Vermont">Eugenics Survey of Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_stirpiculture" title="Oneida stirpiculture">Oneida stirpiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterilization_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sterilization law in the United States">Sterilization law in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buck_v._Bell" title="Buck v. Bell">Buck v. Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doe_ex._rel._Tarlow_v._District_of_Columbia" title="Doe ex. rel. Tarlow v. District of Columbia">Doe ex. rel. Tarlow v. District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal_v._Quilligan" title="Madrigal v. Quilligan">Madrigal v. Quilligan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poe_v._Lynchburg_Training_School_%26_Hospital" title="Poe v. Lynchburg Training School & Hospital">Poe v. Lynchburg Training School & Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinner_v._Oklahoma" title="Skinner v. Oklahoma">Skinner v. Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stump_v._Sparkman" title="Stump v. Sparkman">Stump v. Sparkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Sterilization_Act_of_1924" title="Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924">Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Canadian Eugenics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Famous_Five_(Canada)" title="The Famous Five (Canada)">The Famous Five</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Sterilization_Act" title="Sexual Sterilization Act">Sexual Sterilization Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Japanese eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_eugenics" title="Hispanic eugenics">Hispanic eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Mexico" title="Eugenics in Mexico">Mexican eugenics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_movement_in_the_United_States#Eugenics_and_race" title="Birth control movement in the United States">Birth control movement in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-eugenics">Neo-eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/He_Jiankui_affair" title="He Jiankui affair">He Jiankui affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_enhancement" title="Human genetic enhancement">Human genetic enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_response_to_assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Religious response to assisted reproductive technology">Religious response to assisted reproductive technology</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Pre-war academic proponents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Brigham" title="Carl Brigham">Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Carrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Davenport" title="Charles Davenport">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Darwin" title="Leonard Darwin">Darwin (Leonhard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_DeCourcy_Ward" title="Robert DeCourcy Ward">DeCourcy Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_M._Elderton" title="Ethel M. Elderton">Elderton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Ruggles_Gates" title="Reginald Ruggles Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Gruber" title="Max von Gruber">Gruber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_F._Guyer" title="Michael F. Guyer">Guyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane#Ectogenesis_and_in_vitro_fertilisation" title="J. B. S. Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Herseni" title="Traian Herseni">Herseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jackson_Holmes#Eugenics" title="Samuel Jackson Holmes">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ale%C5%A1_Hrdli%C4%8Dka#Controversy_and_criticism" title="Aleš Hrdlička">Hrdlička</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Jennings" title="Herbert Spencer Jennings">Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Starr_Jordan#Eugenics" title="David Starr Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmine_Key" title="Wilhelmine Key">Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Kraepelin" title="Emil Kraepelin">Kraepelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lenz" title="Fritz Lenz">Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivey_Foreman_Lewis" title="Ivey Foreman Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_London#Eugenics" title="Jack London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabin_Manuil%C4%83" title="Sabin Manuilă">Manuilă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otfrid_Mittmann" title="Otfrid Mittmann">Mittmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliano_Moreira" title="Juliano Moreira">Moreira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Munro" title="William B. Munro">Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Nordau" title="Max Nordau">Nordau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fairfield_Osborn" title="Henry Fairfield Osborn">Osborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Guangdan" title="Pan Guangdan">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson#Political_views_and_eugenics" title="Karl Pearson">Pearson (Karl)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Farnham_Perkins" title="Henry Farnham Perkins">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Hern%C3%A1ndez_P%C3%A9rez" title="Eusebio Hernández Pérez">Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Ploetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet">Quetelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisc_Rainer#Biological_anthropology" title="Francisc Rainer">Rainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Relgis#Eugenics" title="Eugen Relgis">Relgis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Schallmayer" title="Wilhelm Schallmayer">Schallmayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Scharffenberg" title="Johan Scharffenberg">Scharffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sergeevich_Serebrovsky" title="Alexander Sergeevich Serebrovsky">Serebrovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Sergi" title="Giuseppe Sergi">Sergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Slater" title="Eliot Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Ernest_Southard" title="Elmer Ernest Southard">Southard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothrop_Stoddard" title="Lothrop Stoddard">Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Taussig#Beliefs" title="F. W. Taussig">Taussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Terman#Eugenics" title="Lewis Terman">Terman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#On_society">Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike#Eugenics" title="Edward Thorndike">Thorndike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">Vacher de Lapouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otmar_Freiherr_von_Verschuer" title="Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer">Verschuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Yerkes#Intelligence_testing_and_eugenics" title="Robert Yerkes">Yerkes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Post-war academic remnants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Agar#Work_on_human_enhancement" title="Nicholas Agar">Agar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Bell" title="Julia Bell">Bell (Julia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Blacker" title="Carlos Blacker">Blacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Carl" title="Noah Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedric_Carter" title="Cedric Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Cattell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Coleman_(demographer)#Career" title="David Coleman (demographer)">Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Darlington#Sociobiology_and_the_Lysenko_Affair" title="C. D. Darlington">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Jos%C3%A9_Figueredo" title="Aurelio José Figueredo">Figueredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Fleischman" title="Diana Fleischman">Fleischman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Garrett_(psychologist)" title="Henry Garrett (psychologist)">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Glad" title="John Glad">Glad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane#Ectogenesis_and_in_vitro_fertilisation" title="J. B. S. Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanania" title="Richard Hanania">Hanania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Nash_Herndon" title="C. Nash Herndon">Herndon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Ingle" title="Dwight Ingle">Ingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Itzkoff" title="Seymour Itzkoff">Itzkoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Kallmann" title="Franz Josef Kallmann">Kallmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson_Kirkconnell" title="Watson Kirkconnell">Kirkconnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lene_Koch" title="Lene Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Lederberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz#Nazism" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Lundman" title="Bertil Lundman">Lundman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lynn" title="Richard Lynn">Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._MacEachran" title="John M. MacEachran">MacEachran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Geoffrey Miller (psychologist)">Miller (Geoffrey )</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Miller" title="Edward M. Miller">Miller (Edward M.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley#Racist_and_eugenicist_views" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley#Eugenics_and_race" title="Julian Huxley">Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Muller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_te_Nijenhuis" title="Jan te Nijenhuis">Nijenhuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Nyborg" title="Helmuth Nyborg">Nyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Osborn" title="Frederick Osborn">Osborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Pearson (Roger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Pendell" title="Elmer Pendell">Pendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pitt-Rivers" title="George Pitt-Rivers">Pitt-Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Popenoe" title="Paul Popenoe">Popenoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Rostand" title="Jean Rostand">Rostand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Savulescu#Procreative_beneficence" title="Julian Savulescu">Savulescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_L._Shapiro" title="Harry L. Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otmar_Freiherr_von_Verschuer" title="Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer">Verschuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Vining_Jr." title="Daniel Vining Jr.">Vining Jr.</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Pamphlets and manifestos</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Genius" title="Hereditary Genius">Hereditary Genius</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquiries_into_Human_Faculty_and_Its_Development" title="Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development">Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degeneration_(Nordau)" title="Degeneration (Nordau)">Degeneration</a> (1892–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_(novel)#Eugenicist_thought_in_Gallia" title="Gallia (novel)">Gallia</a> (1895)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Blood_of_the_Nation:_A_Study_in_the_Decay_of_Races_by_the_Survival_of_the_Unfit" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blood of the Nation: A Study in the Decay of Races by the Survival of the Unfit">The Blood of the Nation</a>" (1901/1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Training_of_the_Human_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Training of the Human Plant">The Training of the Human Plant</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heredity_in_Relation_to_Eugenics" title="Heredity in Relation to Eugenics">Heredity in Relation to Eugenics</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankind_at_the_Crossroads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mankind at the Crossroads">Mankind at the Crossroads</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalus;_or,_Science_and_the_Future" title="Daedalus; or, Science and the Future">Daedalus; or, Science and the Future</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_raza_c%C3%B3smica" title="La raza cósmica">La raza cósmica</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_and_Morals" title="Marriage and Morals">Marriage and Morals</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Genetical_Theory_of_Natural_Selection#Eugenics" title="The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection">The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man,_the_Unknown" title="Man, the Unknown">Man, the Unknown</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/After_Us,_or_the_World_as_it_Might_Be" title="After Us, or the World as it Might Be">After Us</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_manifesto" title="Eugenics manifesto">Eugenics manifesto</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Bottles_for_New_Wine" class="mw-redirect" title="New Bottles for New Wine">New Bottles for New Wine</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Marching_Morons" title="The Marching Morons">The Marching Morons</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilized_Man%27s_Eight_Deadly_Sins" title="Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins">Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyondism" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyondism">Beyondism</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve" title="The Bell Curve">The Bell Curve</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics:_Genetic_Deterioration_in_Modern_Populations" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations">Dysgenics</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics:_A_Reassessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenics: A Reassessment">Eugenics: A Reassessment</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Breeding_and_the_Birth_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective Breeding and the Birth of Philosophy">Selective Breeding and the Birth of Philosophy</a> (2023)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Without significant post-war activity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Birth_Control_League#History" title="American Birth Control League">ABCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Eugenics_Board" title="Alberta Eugenics Board">Alberta Eugenics Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Study_and_Prevention_of_Infant_Mortality" title="American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality">AASPIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Eugenics_Society" title="American Eugenics Society">AES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_for_Science#Departments_on_life_studies" title="Carnegie Institution for Science">Carnegie Institution for Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory#History" title="Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory">CSHL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Board_of_North_Carolina" title="Eugenics Board of North Carolina">EBNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Record_Office" title="Eugenics Record Office">ERO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Foundation_for_the_Study_of_Human_Problems" title="French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems">Carrel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton_Laboratory" title="Galton Laboratory">Galton Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Society_for_Racial_Hygiene" title="German Society for Racial Hygiene">German Society for Racial Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heredity_Commission" title="Heredity Commission">Heredity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Betterment_Foundation" title="Human Betterment Foundation">HBF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Betterment_League" title="Human Betterment League">Human Betterment League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_d%C3%A9mographiques#history" title="Institut national d'études démographiques">INED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Ethnology_and_Eugenics" title="International Association for the Advancement of Ethnology and Eugenics">IAAEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Eugenics_Conference" title="International Eugenics Conference">International Eugenics Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Eugenics_Organizations" title="International Federation of Eugenics Organizations">IFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Institute_of_Anthropology,_Human_Heredity,_and_Eugenics" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics">Kaiser Wilhelm Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Psychiatry#History" title="Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry">Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Association_of_America" title="Population Association of America">PAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_Betterment_Foundation" title="Race Betterment Foundation">Race Betterment Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Hygiene_Association_of_New_South_Wales" title="Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales">RHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Institute_for_Racial_Biology" title="State Institute for Racial Biology">State Institute for Racial Biology</a></li></ul> With significant post-war activity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Human_Genetics#Annals_of_Eugenics" title="Annals of Human Genetics">Annals of Eugenics</a> (Renamed "Annals of Human Genetics" only 1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eugenics_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eugenics Review">The Eugenics Review</a> (Renamed "Journal of Biosocial Science" only 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Research_and_Education_on_Eugenics_and_Dysgenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation for Research and Education on Eugenics and Dysgenics">Foundation for Research and Education on Eugenics and Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Diversity_Foundation" title="Human Diversity Foundation">Human Diversity Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Social,_Political_and_Economic_Studies" title="Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies">Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_on_Intelligence" title="London Conference on Intelligence">London Conference on Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankind_Quarterly" title="Mankind Quarterly">Mankind Quarterly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenPsych" title="OpenPsych">OpenPsych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repository_for_Germinal_Choice" title="Repository for Germinal Choice">Repository for Germinal Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Institute_for_Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Institute for Social Research">Ulster Institute for Social Research</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #DEB71E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_engineering" title="Demographic engineering">Demographic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">History of eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiocracy" title="Idiocracy">Idiocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedigree_chart" title="Pedigree chart">Pedigree chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell_bibliography" title="Raymond Cattell bibliography">Raymond Cattell bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher_bibliography" title="Ronald Fisher bibliography">Ronald Fisher bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/14px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/21px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/29px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1276" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:History of Science">History of Science portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Eugenics_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Eugenics Movement (page does not exist)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Eugenics_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Eugenics Movement (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eugenics_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eugenics Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Tesla is widely considered by his biographers to have been a <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a> in philosophical outlook.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004154-271">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[268]</a> This did not preclude Tesla, like many of his era, from becoming a proponent of an imposed <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a> version of <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>. Tesla expressed the belief that human "pity" had come to interfere with the natural "ruthless workings of nature". Though his argumentation did not depend on a concept of a "master race" or the inherent superiority of one person over another, he advocated for eugenics. In a 1937 interview he stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... man's new sense of pity began to interfere with the ruthless workings of nature. The only method compatible with our notions of civilization and the race is to prevent the breeding of the unfit by sterilization and the deliberate guidance of the mating instinct ... The trend of opinion among eugenists is that we must make marriage more difficult. Certainly no one who is not a desirable parent should be permitted to produce progeny. A century from now it will no more occur to a normal person to mate with a person eugenically unfit than to marry a habitual criminal.<a href="#cite_note-273">[269]</a></blockquote> In 1926, Tesla commented on the ills of the social subservience of women and the struggle of women toward <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>, and indicated that humanity's future would be run by "<a href="/wiki/Queen_bee_(sociology)" title="Queen bee (sociology)">Queen Bees</a>". He believed that women would become the dominant sex in the future.<a href="#cite_note-274">[270]</a> Tesla made predictions about the relevant issues of a post-World War I environment in a printed article entitled "Science and Discovery are the great Forces which will lead to the Consummation of the War" (20 December 1914).<a href="#cite_note-275">[271]</a> Tesla believed that the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> was not a remedy for the times and issues.<a href="#cite_note-tesla1-32">[31]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_religion">On religion</h3></div> Tesla was raised an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christian</a>. Later in life he did not consider himself to be a "believer in the orthodox sense", said he opposed <a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">religious fanaticism</a>, and said "Buddhism and Christianity are the greatest religions both in number of disciples and in importance."<a href="#cite_note-Viereck1937-276">[272]</a> He also said "To me, the universe is simply a great machine which never came into being and never will end" and "what we call 'soul' or 'spirit,' is nothing more than the sum of the functionings of the body. When this functioning ceases, the 'soul' or the 'spirit' ceases likewise."<a href="#cite_note-Viereck1937-276">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_works">Literary works</h2></div> Tesla wrote a number of books and articles for magazines and journals.<a href="#cite_note-277">[273]</a> Among his books are <a href="/wiki/My_Inventions:_The_Autobiography_of_Nikola_Tesla" title="My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla">My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla</a>, compiled and edited by Ben Johnston in 1983 from a series of 1919 magazine articles by Tesla which were republished in 1977; <a href="/wiki/The_Fantastic_Inventions_of_Nikola_Tesla" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fantastic Inventions of Nikola Tesla">The Fantastic Inventions of Nikola Tesla</a> (1993), compiled and edited by <a href="/wiki/David_Hatcher_Childress" title="David Hatcher Childress">David Hatcher Childress</a>; and The Tesla Papers. Many of Tesla's writings are freely available online,<a href="#cite_note-278">[274]</a> including the article "The Problem of Increasing Human Energy", published in <a href="/wiki/The_Century_Magazine" title="The Century Magazine">The Century Magazine</a> in 1900,<a href="#cite_note-279">[275]</a> and the article "Experiments with Alternate Currents of High Potential and High Frequency", published in his book Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla.<a href="#cite_note-280">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honors">Legacy and honors</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla_in_popular_culture" title="Nikola Tesla in popular culture">Nikola Tesla in popular culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Nikola_Tesla" title="List of things named after Nikola Tesla">List of things named after Nikola Tesla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nikola_Tesla_patents" title="List of Nikola Tesla patents">List of Nikola Tesla patents</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urn_with_Teslas_ashes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Urn_with_Teslas_ashes.jpg/220px-Urn_with_Teslas_ashes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Urn_with_Teslas_ashes.jpg/330px-Urn_with_Teslas_ashes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Urn_with_Teslas_ashes.jpg/440px-Urn_with_Teslas_ashes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Gilded urn with Tesla's ashes, in his favorite geometric object, a <a href="/wiki/Sphere" title="Sphere">sphere</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla_Museum" title="Nikola Tesla Museum">Nikola Tesla Museum</a>, Belgrade)</figcaption></figure> In 1952, following pressure from Tesla's nephew, influential Yugoslav politician <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sava_Kosanovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sava Kosanović (page does not exist)">Sava Kosanović</a> [<a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava_Kosanovi%C4%87_(politi%C4%8Dar)" class="extiw" title="sr:Sava Kosanović (političar)">sr</a>], Tesla's entire estate was shipped to Belgrade in 80 trunks marked N.T. In 1957, Kosanović's secretary Charlotte Muzar transported Tesla's ashes from the United States to Belgrade. The ashes are displayed in a gold-plated sphere on a marble pedestal in the <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla_Museum" title="Nikola Tesla Museum">Nikola Tesla Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[278]</a> Tesla obtained around 300 patents worldwide for his inventions.<a href="#cite_note-sarboh-283">[279]</a> Some of Tesla's patents are not accounted for, and various sources have discovered some that have lain hidden in patent archives. There are a minimum of 278 known patents<a href="#cite_note-sarboh-283">[279]</a> issued to Tesla in 26 countries. Many of Tesla's patents were in the United States, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a>, and Canada, but many other patents were approved in countries around the globe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney200162-284">[280]</a> Many inventions developed by Tesla were not put into patent protection.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_electricity" title="Atmospheric electricity">Atmospheric electricity</a> – Electricity in planetary atmospheres</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> – English physicist and chemist (1791–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Proteus_Steinmetz" title="Charles Proteus Steinmetz">Charles Proteus Steinmetz</a> – American mathematician and electrical engineer (1865–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telluric_current" title="Telluric current">Telluric current</a> – Natural electric current in the Earth's crust</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> Footnotes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Tesla does not mention which professor this was by name, but some sources conclude this was <a href="/wiki/Martin_Sekuli%C4%87" title="Martin Sekulić">Martin Sekulić</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer1998CHILDHOOD_1856-74-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetešić197629–30-25">[25]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Tesla's contemporaries remembered that on a previous occasion Machine Works manager Batchelor had been unwilling to give Tesla a $7 a week pay raise <a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Account comes from a letter Tesla sent in 1938 on the occasion of receiving an award from the National Institute of Immigrant Welfare<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Tesla's own experiments led him to erroneously believe Hertz had misidentified a form of conduction instead of a new form of electromagnetic radiation, an incorrect assumption that Tesla held for a couple of decades.<a href="#cite_note-earlyradiohistory.us-144">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013127–128-145">[142]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> Citations <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004355-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004355_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonnes2004">Jonnes 2004</a>, p. 355. </li> <li id="cite_note-Webster's-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Webster's_2-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/tesla">"Tesla"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024010805/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/tesla">Archived</a> 24 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgan20099-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgan20099_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurgan2009">Burgan 2009</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5167054.stm">"Electrical pioneer Tesla honoured"</a>. BBC News. 10 July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201010073256/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5167054.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Electrical+pioneer+Tesla+honoured&rft.date=2006-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F5167054.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaplante1999" class="citation book cs1">Laplante, Phillip A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=soSsLATmZnkC">Comprehensive Dictionary of Electrical Engineering 1999</a>. Springer. p. 635. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-64835-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-64835-2"><bdi>978-3-540-64835-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Dictionary+of+Electrical+Engineering+1999&rft.pages=635&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-540-64835-2&rft.aulast=Laplante&rft.aufirst=Phillip+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsoSsLATmZnkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Shei2008" class="citation book cs1">O'Shei, Tim (2008). Marconi and Tesla: Pioneers of Radio Communication. MyReportLinks.com Books. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59845-076-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59845-076-7"><bdi>978-1-59845-076-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marconi+and+Tesla%3A+Pioneers+of+Radio+Communication&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=MyReportLinks.com+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59845-076-7&rft.aulast=O%27Shei&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Riper2011">Van Riper 2011</a>, p. 150 </li> <li id="cite_note-tsbirthplace-8"><a href="#cite_ref-tsbirthplace_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teslasociety.com/birthplace.htm">"Pictures of Tesla's home in Smiljan, Croatia and his father's church after rebuilding"</a>. Tesla Memorial Society of NY. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030602202049/http://www.teslasociety.com/birthplace.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2003. Retrieved 22 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pictures+of+Tesla%27s+home+in+Smiljan%2C+Croatia+and+his+father%27s+church+after+rebuilding.&rft.pub=Tesla+Memorial+Society+of+NY&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teslasociety.com%2Fbirthplace.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheneyUthGlenn1999143-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheneyUthGlenn1999143_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheneyUthGlenn1999">Cheney, Uth & Glenn 1999</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill19449,_12-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neill19449,_12_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Neill1944">O'Neill 1944</a>, pp. 9, 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201314-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201314_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201314_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDommermuth-Costa199412"Milutin,_Nikola's_father,_was_a_well-educated_priest_of_the_Serbian_Orthodox_Church."-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDommermuth-Costa199412"Milutin,_Nikola's_father,_was_a_well-educated_priest_of_the_Serbian_Orthodox_Church."_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDommermuth-Costa1994">Dommermuth-Costa 1994</a>, p. 12, "Milutin, Nikola's father, was a well-educated priest of the Serbian Orthodox Church.". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney201125"The_tiny_house_in_which_he_was_born_stood_next_to_the_Serbian_Orthodox_Church_presided_over_by_his_father,_the_Reverend_Milutin_Tesla,_who_sometimes_wrote_articles_under_the_nom-de-plume_'Man_of_Justice'"-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheney201125"The_tiny_house_in_which_he_was_born_stood_next_to_the_Serbian_Orthodox_Church_presided_over_by_his_father,_the_Reverend_Milutin_Tesla,_who_sometimes_wrote_articles_under_the_nom-de-plume_'Man_of_Justice'"_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheney2011">Cheney 2011</a>, p. 25, "The tiny house in which he was born stood next to the Serbian Orthodox Church presided over by his father, the Reverend Milutin Tesla, who sometimes wrote articles under the nom-de-plume 'Man of Justice'". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201314"Following_a_reprimand_at_school_for_not_keeping_his_brass_buttons_polished,_he_quit_and_instead_chose_to_become_a_priest_in_the_Serbian_Orthodox_Church"-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201314"Following_a_reprimand_at_school_for_not_keeping_his_brass_buttons_polished,_he_quit_and_instead_chose_to_become_a_priest_in_the_Serbian_Orthodox_Church"_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, p. 14, "Following a reprimand at school for not keeping his brass buttons polished, he quit and instead chose to become a priest in the Serbian Orthodox Church". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgan200917"Nikola's_father,_Milutin_was_a_Serbian_Orthodox_priest_and_had_been_sent_to_Smiljan_by_his_church."-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgan200917"Nikola's_father,_Milutin_was_a_Serbian_Orthodox_priest_and_had_been_sent_to_Smiljan_by_his_church."_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurgan2009">Burgan 2009</a>, p. 17, "Nikola's father, Milutin was a Serbian Orthodox priest and had been sent to Smiljan by his church.". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill194410-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neill194410_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Neill1944">O'Neill 1944</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney200125–26-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheney200125–26_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheney2001">Cheney 2001</a>, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer20017-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeifer20017_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeifer20017_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeifer2001">Seifer 2001</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201321-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201321_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer200113-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeifer200113_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeifer2001">Seifer 2001</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeslaMarinčić2008" class="citation book cs1">Tesla, Nikola; Marinčić, Aleksandar (2008). From Colorado Springs to Long Island: research notes. Belgrade: Nikola Tesla Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-81243-44-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-81243-44-2"><bdi>978-86-81243-44-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Colorado+Springs+to+Long+Island%3A+research+notes&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pub=Nikola+Tesla+Museum&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-86-81243-44-2&rft.aulast=Tesla&rft.aufirst=Nikola&rft.au=Marin%C4%8Di%C4%87%2C+Aleksandar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudiansky2021" class="citation book cs1">Budiansky, Stephen (2021). Journey to the edge of reason : the life of Kurt Gödel (First ed.). New York, NY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-324-00545-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-324-00545-2"><bdi>978-1-324-00545-2</bdi></a>. <q>In the natural sciences, Austria produced a remarkable number of talented theorists and experimentalists. The electrical genius Nikola Tesla, from Croatia, studied in Karlovac at one of the rigorous German-language high schools, the Gymnasiums, established throughout the Austrian Empire.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journey+to+the+edge+of+reason+%3A+the+life+of+Kurt+G%C3%B6del&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=First&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-324-00545-2&rft.aulast=Budiansky&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWohinz201914–15-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWohinz201914–15_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWohinz2019">Wohinz 2019</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer1998CHILDHOOD_1856-74-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeifer1998CHILDHOOD_1856-74_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeifer1998">Seifer 1998</a>, CHILDHOOD 1856-74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetešić197629–30-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetešić197629–30_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetešić1976">Petešić 1976</a>, pp. 29–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201332-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201332_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_early.html">"Tesla Life and Legacy – Tesla's Early Years"</a>. PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720022706/http://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_early.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tesla+Life+and+Legacy+%E2%80%93+Tesla%27s+Early+Years&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Ftesla%2Fll%2Fll_early.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill194433-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neill194433_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Neill1944">O'Neill 1944</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenn1994" class="citation book cs1">Glenn, Jim, ed. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completepatentso00tesl">The complete patents of Nikola Tesla</a>. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56619-266-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56619-266-8"><bdi>1-56619-266-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+complete+patents+of+Nikola+Tesla&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-56619-266-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompletepatentso00tesl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201329-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201329_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-tesla1-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tesla1_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tesla1_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tesla1_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tesla1_32-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesla2011" class="citation book cs1">Tesla, Nikola (2011) [1919 edition reprint]. My inventions: the autobiography of Nikola Tesla. Eastford: Martino Fine Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61427-084-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61427-084-3"><bdi>978-1-61427-084-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+inventions%3A+the+autobiography+of+Nikola+Tesla&rft.place=Eastford&rft.pub=Martino+Fine+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61427-084-3&rft.aulast=Tesla&rft.aufirst=Nikola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelman2016" class="citation news cs1">Adelman, Juliana (11 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/the-electricity-between-mark-twain-and-nikola-tesla-1.2522523">"The electricity between Mark Twain and Nikola Tesla"</a>. The Irish Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=The+electricity+between+Mark+Twain+and+Nikola+Tesla&rft.date=2016-02-11&rft.aulast=Adelman&rft.aufirst=Juliana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fthe-electricity-between-mark-twain-and-nikola-tesla-1.2522523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer200114-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeifer200114_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeifer2001">Seifer 2001</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill194439-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neill194439_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neill194439_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Neill1944">O'Neill 1944</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201335-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201335_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, pp. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer200117-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeifer200117_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeifer200117_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeifer2001">Seifer 2001</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer200117–18-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeifer200117–18_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeifer2001">Seifer 2001</a>, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201347-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201347_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201347_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201347_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201347_39-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, pp. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMrkich2003" class="citation book cs1">Mrkich, D. (2003). Nikola Tesla: The European Years (1st ed.). Ottawa: Commoner's Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88970-113-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88970-113-X"><bdi>0-88970-113-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nikola+Tesla%3A+The+European+Years&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Commoner%27s+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-88970-113-X&rft.aulast=Mrkich&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teslasociety.com/nyhotel.htm">"NYHOTEL"</a>. Tesla Society of NY. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181231231421/http://www.teslasociety.com/nyhotel.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NYHOTEL&rft.pub=Tesla+Society+of+NY&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teslasociety.com%2Fnyhotel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topdocumentaryfilms.com/nikola-tesla-the-genius/">"Nikola Tesla: The Genius Who Lit the World"</a>. Top Documentary Films. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190426020752/https://topdocumentaryfilms.com/nikola-tesla-the-genius/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nikola+Tesla%3A+The+Genius+Who+Lit+the+World&rft.pub=Top+Documentary+Films&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftopdocumentaryfilms.com%2Fnikola-tesla-the-genius%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201363–64-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201363–64_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, pp. 63–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201370-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201370_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201370_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201369-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201369_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill194457–60-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neill194457–60_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Neill1944">O'Neill 1944</a>, pp. 57–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-edison.rutgers.edu_tesla-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edison.rutgers.edu_tesla_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-edison.rutgers.edu_tesla_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-edison.rutgers.edu_tesla_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-edison.rutgers.edu_tesla_47-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edison.rutgers.edu/tesla.htm">"Edison & Tesla – The Edison Papers"</a>. edison.rutgers.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190311214910/http://edison.rutgers.edu/tesla.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=edison.rutgers.edu&rft.atitle=Edison+%26+Tesla+%E2%80%93+The+Edison+Papers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedison.rutgers.edu%2Ftesla.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey1989" class="citation book cs1">Carey, Charles W. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKiGgl36bkgC">American inventors, entrepreneurs & business visionaries</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-4559-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-4559-3"><bdi>0-8160-4559-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323123046/https://books.google.com/books?id=XKiGgl36bkgC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 27 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+inventors%2C+entrepreneurs+%26+business+visionaries&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8160-4559-3&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXKiGgl36bkgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201371–73-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201371–73_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201371–73_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, pp. 71–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-Notebook-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Notebook_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Notebook_50-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla/books/nikola-tesla-notebook-edison-machine-works-1884-1885">Radmilo Ivanković' Dragan Petrović, review of the reprinted "Nikola Tesla: Notebook from the Edison Machine Works 1884–1885"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190226120239/https://teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla/books/nikola-tesla-notebook-edison-machine-works-1884-1885">Archived</a> 26 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/86-81243-11-X" title="Special:BookSources/86-81243-11-X">86-81243-11-X</a>, teslauniverse.com </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201372–73-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201372–73_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, pp. 72–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer200125,_34-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeifer200125,_34_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeifer2001">Seifer 2001</a>, pp. 25, 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201369–73-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201369–73_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, pp. 69–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-Autobiography-1919-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Autobiography-1919_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tfcbooks.com/e-books/my_inventions.pdf">"Nikola Tesla, My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla, originally published: 1919, p. 19"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412052438/http://www.tfcbooks.com/e-books/my_inventions.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nikola+Tesla%2C+My+Inventions%3A+The+Autobiography+of+Nikola+Tesla%2C+originally+published%3A+1919%2C+p.+19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tfcbooks.com%2Fe-books%2Fmy_inventions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill194464-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neill194464_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Neill1944">O'Neill 1944</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPickover1999">Pickover 1999</a>, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Seifer – Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla, p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004109–110-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004109–110_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonnes2004">Jonnes 2004</a>, pp. 109–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer200138-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeifer200138_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeifer2001">Seifer 2001</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201373-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201373_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004110–111-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004110–111_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004110–111_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonnes2004">Jonnes 2004</a>, pp. 110–111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer199841-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeifer199841_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeifer1998">Seifer 1998</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004111-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004111_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonnes2004">Jonnes 2004</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201375-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201375_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201375_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201375_65-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201375_65-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatzlaff1984" class="citation book cs1">Ratzlaff, John T., ed. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nikolateslajohnt.ratzlaffteslasaid">Tesla Said</a>. Millbrae, California: Tesla Book Co. p. 280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914119-00-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-914119-00-1"><bdi>0-914119-00-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tesla+Said&rft.place=Millbrae%2C+California&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Tesla+Book+Co.&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-914119-00-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnikolateslajohnt.ratzlaffteslasaid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Charles Fletcher Peck of <a href="/wiki/Englewood,_New_Jersey" title="Englewood, New Jersey">Englewood, New Jersey</a> per <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US381968A/en">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008142341/https://patents.google.com/patent/US381968A/en">Archived</a> 8 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201380-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201380_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201380_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201376–78-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201376–78_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, pp. 76–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-71"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g07Q9M4agp4C&pg=PA117">Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880–1930</a>. JHU Press. March 1993. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-4614-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-4614-4"><bdi>978-0-8018-4614-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323123125/https://books.google.com/books?id=g07Q9M4agp4C&pg=PA117#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 13 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Networks+of+Power%3A+Electrification+in+Western+Society%2C+1880%E2%80%931930&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1993-03&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-4614-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg07Q9M4agp4C%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Thomas Parke Hughes, Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880–1930, pp. 115–118 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLtdInstitution1998" class="citation book cs1">Ltd, Nmsi Trading; Institution, Smithsonian (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1AsFdUxOwu8C&pg=PA204">Robert Bud, Instruments of Science: An Historical Encyclopedia</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1561-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1561-2"><bdi>978-0-8153-1561-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323123051/https://books.google.com/books?id=1AsFdUxOwu8C&pg=PA204#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. 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Prout, A Life of George Westinghouse, p. 129 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013105-106-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2013105-106_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2013105-106_76-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, p. 105-106. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroehlichKent1998" class="citation book cs1">Froehlich, Fritz E.; <a href="/wiki/Allen_Kent" title="Allen Kent">Kent, Allen</a> (December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8j5bJ5OkGpgC&pg=PA36">The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications: Volume 17</a>. CRC Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-2915-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-2915-8"><bdi>978-0-8247-2915-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323123231/https://books.google.com/books?id=8j5bJ5OkGpgC&pg=PA36#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Froehlich%2FKent+Encyclopedia+of+Telecommunications%3A+Volume+17&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1998-12&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-2915-8&rft.aulast=Froehlich&rft.aufirst=Fritz+E.&rft.au=Kent%2C+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8j5bJ5OkGpgC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004160–162-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004160–162_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonnes2004">Jonnes 2004</a>, p. 160–162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013108–111-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2013108–111_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, pp. 108–111. </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_80-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_80-3">d</a> 1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? 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J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a>. Retrieved 29 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlooster2009305-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlooster2009305_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlooster2009">Klooster 2009</a>, p. 305. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2008" class="citation web cs1">Harris, William (14 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.howstuffworks.com/nikola-tesla.htm#pt2">"William Harris, How did Nikola Tesla change the way we use energy?"</a>. Science.howstuffworks.com. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190522131016/https://science.howstuffworks.com/nikola-tesla2.htm#pt2">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Harris%2C+How+did+Nikola+Tesla+change+the+way+we+use+energy%3F&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Science.howstuffworks.com&rft.date=2008-07-14&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.howstuffworks.com%2Fnikola-tesla.htm%23pt2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munson-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Munson_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunson2005" class="citation book cs1">Munson, Richard (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromedisontoenro00muns_0/page/24">From Edison to Enron: The Business of Power and What It Means for the Future of Electricity</a>. Westport, CT: Praeger. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromedisontoenro00muns_0/page/24">24–42</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98740-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98740-4"><bdi>978-0-275-98740-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Edison+to+Enron%3A+The+Business+of+Power+and+What+It+Means+for+the+Future+of+Electricity&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=24-42&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98740-4&rft.aulast=Munson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromedisontoenro00muns_0%2Fpage%2F24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Quentin R. Skrabec (2007). George Westinghouse: Gentle Genius, Algora Publishing, pp. 119–121 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Robert L. Bradley, Jr. (2011). Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 55–58 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Quentin R. Skrabec (2007). George Westinghouse: Gentle Genius, Algora Publishing, pp. 118–120 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer199847-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeifer199847_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeifer1998">Seifer 1998</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-gentlegenius-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gentlegenius_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gentlegenius_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkrabec2007" class="citation book cs1">Skrabec, Quentin R. (2007). George Westinghouse : gentle genius. New York: Algora Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-506-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-506-5"><bdi>978-0-87586-506-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Westinghouse+%3A+gentle+genius&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Algora+Pub.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-506-5&rft.aulast=Skrabec&rft.aufirst=Quentin+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013130-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2013130_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2013130_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2013130_89-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013131-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2013131_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonnes200429-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonnes200429_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonnes2004">Jonnes 2004</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Thomas Parke Hughes, Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880–1930 (1983), p. 119 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004228-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004228_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004228_93-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonnes2004">Jonnes 2004</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013130–131-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2013130–131_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, pp. 130–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney200148–49-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheney200148–49_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheney2001">Cheney 2001</a>, pp. 48–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Christopher Cooper, The Truth About Tesla: The Myth of the Lone Genius in the History of Innovation, Race Point Publishing. 2015, p. 109 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Electricity, a Popular Electrical Journal, Volume 13, No. 4, 4 August 1897, Electricity Newspaper Company, pp. 50 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nNA9AQAAMAAJ&q=tesla+patent+1897+%22patent+pool%22&pg=PA50">Google Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528024213/https://books.google.com/books?id=nNA9AQAAMAAJ&q=tesla+patent+1897+%22patent+pool%22&pg=PA50">Archived</a> 28 May 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRybak1999" class="citation journal cs1">Rybak, James P. 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Retrieved 21 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Electronics&rft.atitle=Nikola+Tesla%3A+Scientific+Savant+from+the+Tesla+Universe+Article+Collection&rft.pages=40-48+%26+88&rft.date=1999-11&rft.aulast=Rybak&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteslauniverse.com%2Fnikola-tesla%2Farticles%2Fnikola-tesla-scientific-savant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Carlson, W. Bernard (2013). Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age, Princeton University Press, p. 218 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teslaresearch.jimdo.com/labs-in-new-york-1889-1902/">"Laboratories in New York (1889–1902)"</a>. Open Tesla Research. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180820234947/https://teslaresearch.jimdo.com/labs-in-new-york-1889-1902/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2018. 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Museum of Electricity and Magnetism, Center for Learning. National High Magnetic Field Laboratory website, Florida State Univ. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923174243/https://nationalmaglab.org/education/magnet-academy/history-of-electricity-magnetism/museum/tesla-coil-1891">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Electricity+and+Magnetism%2C+Center+for+Learning&rft.atitle=Tesla+coil&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalmaglab.org%2Feducation%2Fmagnet-academy%2Fhistory-of-electricity-magnetism%2Fmuseum%2Ftesla-coil-1891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013124-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2013124_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-BurnettOperation-105"><a href="#cite_ref-BurnettOperation_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnett2008" class="citation web cs1">Burnett, Richie (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richieburnett.co.uk/operation.html#operation">"Operation of the Tesla Coil"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richie%27s+Tesla+Coil+Web+Page&rft.atitle=Operation+of+the+Tesla+Coil&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Burnett&rft.aufirst=Richie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richieburnett.co.uk%2Foperation.html%23operation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYcourts-106"><a href="#cite_ref-NYcourts_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fold3.com/image/20564444?ann=f3dc7880-a283-11dc-2973-11792d3d4a08">"Naturalization Record of Nikola Tesla, 30 July 1891"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024010806/https://www.fold3.com/image/20564444?ann=f3dc7880-a283-11dc-2973-11792d3d4a08">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Naturalization+Record+of+Nikola+Tesla%2C+30+July+1891&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fold3.com%2Fimage%2F20564444%3Fann%3Df3dc7880-a283-11dc-2973-11792d3d4a08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988">, Naturalization Index, NYC Courts, referenced in Carlson (2013), Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age, p. H-41 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013138-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2013138_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-Uth-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Uth_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUth2000" class="citation web cs1">Uth, Robert (12 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/tesla/ins/lab_tescoil.html">"Tesla coil"</a>. Tesla: Master of Lightning. PBS.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190905184548/http://www.pbs.org/tesla/ins/lab_tescoil.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tesla%3A+Master+of+Lightning&rft.atitle=Tesla+coil&rft.date=2000-12-12&rft.aulast=Uth&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Ftesla%2Fins%2Flab_tescoil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tesla1891-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Tesla1891_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesla1891" class="citation book cs1">Tesla, Nikola (20 May 1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1891-05-20.htm">Experiments with Alternate Currents of Very High Frequency and Their Application to Methods of Artificial Illumination</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306023235/http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1891-05-20.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Experiments+with+Alternate+Currents+of+Very+High+Frequency+and+Their+Application+to+Methods+of+Artificial+Illumination&rft.date=1891-05-20&rft.aulast=Tesla&rft.aufirst=Nikola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tfcbooks.com%2Ftesla%2F1891-05-20.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988">, lecture delivered before the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Electrical_Engineers" title="American Institute of Electrical Engineers">American Institute of Electrical Engineers</a>, Columbia College, New York. Reprinted as a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=94eH3rULPy4C">book of the same name by</a>. Wildside Press. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8095-0162-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8095-0162-7"><bdi>0-8095-0162-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323123047/https://books.google.com/books?id=94eH3rULPy4C">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=book+of+the+same+name+by&rft.pub=Wildside+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8095-0162-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D94eH3rULPy4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013132-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2013132_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Christopher Cooper (2015). The Truth About Tesla: The Myth of the Lone Genius in the History of Innovation, Race Point Publishing, pp. 143–144 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013178–179-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2013178–179_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, pp. 178–179. </li> <li id="cite_note-Orton-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Orton_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrton2004" class="citation book cs1">Orton, John (2004). The Story of Semiconductors. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Semiconductors&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Orton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorumCorum" class="citation web cs1">Corum, Kenneth L. & Corum, James F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teslasociety.com/columbia.pdf">"Tesla's Connection to Columbia University"</a> (PDF). Tesla Memorial Society of NY. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171118002803/http://www.teslasociety.com/columbia.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 November 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tesla%27s+Connection+to+Columbia+University&rft.pub=Tesla+Memorial+Society+of+NY&rft.aulast=Corum&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+L.&rft.au=Corum%2C+James+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teslasociety.com%2Fcolumbia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013166-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2013166_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013167-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2013167_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran2007" class="citation book cs1">Moran, Richard (2007). Executioner's Current: Thomas Edison, George Westinghouse, and the Invention of the Electric Chair. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 222.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Executioner%27s+Current%3A+Thomas+Edison%2C+George+Westinghouse%2C+and+the+Invention+of+the+Electric+Chair&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Rosenberg, Chaim M. (20 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ErxIGp3QN0C">America at the Fair: Chicago's 1893 World's Columbian Exposition</a>. Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-2521-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-2521-1"><bdi>978-0-7385-2521-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323123130/https://books.google.com/books?id=-ErxIGp3QN0C">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 3 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+at+the+Fair%3A+Chicago%27s+1893+World%27s+Columbian+Exposition&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2008-02-20&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-2521-1&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Chaim+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ErxIGp3QN0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertucaHartmanNeumeister1996" class="citation book cs1">Bertuca, David J.; Hartman, Donald K. & Neumeister, Susan M. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F6cWRxU9go4C&pg=PR21">The World's Columbian Exposition: A Centennial Bibliographic Guide</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. xxi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26644-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26644-7"><bdi>978-0-313-26644-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323123640/https://books.google.com/books?id=F6cWRxU9go4C&pg=PR21">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Columbian+Exposition%3A+A+Centennial+Bibliographic+Guide&rft.pages=xxi&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26644-7&rft.aulast=Bertuca&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft.au=Hartman%2C+Donald+K.&rft.au=Neumeister%2C+Susan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF6cWRxU9go4C%26pg%3DPR21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Hugo Gernsback, "Tesla's Egg of Columbus, How Tesla Performed the Feat of Columbus Without Cracking the Egg" Electrical Experimenter, 19 March 1919, p. 774 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.teslacollection.com/tesla_articles/1919/electrical_experimenter/h_gernsback/the_tesla_egg_of_columbus">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200327222415/http://www.teslacollection.com/tesla_articles/1919/electrical_experimenter/h_gernsback/the_tesla_egg_of_columbus">Archived</a> 27 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer2001120-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeifer2001120_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeifer2001">Seifer 2001</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Thomas Commerford Martin, The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla: With Special Reference to His Work in Polyphase Currents and High Potential Lighting, Electrical Engineer – 1894, Chapter XLII, page 485 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/inventionsresear00martiala">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney200176-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheney200176_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheney2001">Cheney 2001</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney200179-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheney200179_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheney2001">Cheney 2001</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett1894" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, John Patrick (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electricityatco00barrgoog">Electricity at the Columbian Exposition; Including an Account of the Exhibits in the Electricity Building, the Power Plant in Machinery Hall</a>. R. R. Donnelley. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electricityatco00barrgoog/page/n288">268</a>–269. Retrieved 29 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electricity+at+the+Columbian+Exposition%3B+Including+an+Account+of+the+Exhibits+in+the+Electricity+Building%2C+the+Power+Plant+in+Machinery+Hall&rft.pages=268-269&rft.pub=R.+R.+Donnelley&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=John+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felectricityatco00barrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013182-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2013182_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013181–185-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2013181–185_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, pp. 181–185. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Reciprocating Engine, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US514169">U.S. patent 514,169</a>, 6 February 1894. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013167–173-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2013167–173_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, pp. 167–173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013205–206-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2013205–206_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, pp. 205–206. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Mr. Tesla's Great Loss, All of the Electrician’s Valuable Instruments Burned, WORK OF HALF A LIFETIME GONE, New York Times, 14 March 1895 (archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla/articles/mr-teslas-great-loss">teslauniverse.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220628160738/https://teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla/articles/mr-teslas-great-loss">Archived</a> 28 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesla2007" class="citation book cs1">Tesla, Nikola (2007). X-ray vision: Nikola Tesla on Roentgen rays (1st ed.). Radford, VA: Wiilder Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934451-92-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934451-92-2"><bdi>978-1-934451-92-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=X-ray+vision%3A+Nikola+Tesla+on+Roentgen+rays&rft.place=Radford%2C+VA&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Wiilder+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-934451-92-2&rft.aulast=Tesla&rft.aufirst=Nikola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney2001134-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheney2001134_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheney2001">Cheney 2001</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> RADIOGRAPHY – EXPERIMENTS MADE BY NIKOLA TESLA – Shoulder of a Man Taken Through His Clothing—Chalky Deposits Infallibly Detected, The Constitution, Atlanta, Georgia, Friday 13, March 1896, p. 9 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anengineersaspect.blogspot.com/2011/07/nikola-tesla-radiography-experiments.html">online archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213023/http://anengineersaspect.blogspot.com/2011/07/nikola-tesla-radiography-experiments.html">Archived</a> 4 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesla1898" class="citation book cs1">Tesla, Nikola (17 November 1898). "High Frequency Oscillators for Electro-Therapeutic and Other Purposes". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1898-11-17.htm">Proceedings of the American Electro-Therapeutic Association</a>. American Electro-Therapeutic Association. p. 25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101011808/http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1898-11-17.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=High+Frequency+Oscillators+for+Electro-Therapeutic+and+Other+Purposes&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Electro-Therapeutic+Association&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=American+Electro-Therapeutic+Association&rft.date=1898-11-17&rft.aulast=Tesla&rft.aufirst=Nikola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tfcbooks.com%2Ftesla%2F1898-11-17.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Griffiths, David J. Introduction to Electrodynamics, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-805326-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-805326-X">0-13-805326-X</a> and Jackson, John D. Classical Electrodynamics, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-30932-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-30932-X">0-471-30932-X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bUo7vYNkbKQC">Transactions of the American Electro-therapeutic Association</a>. American Electrotherapeutic Association. 1899. p. 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323123806/https://books.google.com/books?id=bUo7vYNkbKQC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Electro-therapeutic+Association&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=American+Electrotherapeutic+Association&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbUo7vYNkbKQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_138-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1998" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Leland (1998). Nikola Tesla's teleforce & telegeodynamics proposals. Breckenridge, Colo.: 21st Century Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9636012-8-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9636012-8-8"><bdi>0-9636012-8-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nikola+Tesla%27s+teleforce+%26+telegeodynamics+proposals&rft.place=Breckenridge%2C+Colo.&rft.pub=21st+Century+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-9636012-8-8&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Leland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> W. Bernard Carlson, Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age, Princeton University Press – 2013, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004_140-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonnes2004">Jonnes 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger2009" class="citation book cs1">Singer, P. W. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6aStP3Du5cgC&pg=PT50">Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the Twenty-first Century</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4406-8597-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4406-8597-2"><bdi>978-1-4406-8597-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323123553/https://books.google.com/books?id=6aStP3Du5cgC&pg=PT50#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2012 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wired+for+War%3A+The+Robotics+Revolution+and+Conflict+in+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4406-8597-2&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=P.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6aStP3Du5cgC%26pg%3DPT50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. "Fritz-X", in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare (London: Phoebus, 1978), Volume 10, p.1037. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013127-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2013127_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-earlyradiohistory.us-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-earlyradiohistory.us_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-earlyradiohistory.us_144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-earlyradiohistory.us_144-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-earlyradiohistory.us_144-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2012" class="citation web cs1">White, Thomas H. (1 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earlyradiohistory.us/tesla.htm">"Nikola Tesla: The Guy Who DIDN'T "Invent Radio""</a>. earlyradiohistory.us. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115150200/http://earlyradiohistory.us/tesla.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2019. 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(Refers to letter by Tesla in the New York Herald, 31 December 1895.) </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Mining & Scientific Press, "Electrical Progress" Nikola Tesla Is Credited With Statement", 11 April 1896 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifer2001107-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeifer2001107_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeifer2001">Seifer 2001</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson201345-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson201345_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheneyUthGlenn199992-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheneyUthGlenn199992_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheneyUthGlenn1999">Cheney, Uth & Glenn 1999</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_colspr.html">"PBS: Tesla – Master of Lightning: Colorado Springs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pbs.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Pbs.org">pbs.org</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707120257/http://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_colspr.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2017. 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Retrieved 14 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nikola+Tesla%3A+The+Lost+Wizard&rft.pub=ExtraOrdinary+Technology+%28Volume+4%2C+Issue+1%3B+Jan%2FFeb%2FMarch+2006%29&rft.aulast=Seifer&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fteslatech.info%2Fttmagazine%2Fv4n1%2Fseifer.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teslamemorialsociety.org/info/Research%20of%20Nikola%20Tesla%20in%20Long%20Island%20Laboratory.htm">"Research of Nikola Tesla in Long Island Laboratory"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506115345/http://www.teslamemorialsociety.org/info/Research%20of%20Nikola%20Tesla%20in%20Long%20Island%20Laboratory.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+of+Nikola+Tesla+in+Long+Island+Laboratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teslamemorialsociety.org%2Finfo%2FResearch%2520of%2520Nikola%2520Tesla%2520in%2520Long%2520Island%2520Laboratory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-teslascience.org-170"><a href="#cite_ref-teslascience.org_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teslascience.org/pages/dream.htm">"Tesla Wardenclyffe Project Update – An Introduction to the Issues"</a>. www.teslascience.org. 22 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170121115706/http://www.teslascience.org/pages/dream.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2017. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111710/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/05/science/05tesla.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Battle+to+Preserve+a+Visionary%27s+Bold+Failure&rft.date=2009-05-04&rft.aulast=Broad&rft.aufirst=William+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F05%2F05%2Fscience%2F05tesla.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Malanowski, Gregory, The Race for Wireless, AuthorHouse, p. 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChildress1993" class="citation book cs1">Childress, David Hatcher (1993). 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Springer. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-3230-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-3230-0"><bdi>978-90-481-3230-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323123811/https://books.google.com/books?id=c92LQsxMxEUC&q=British+Court+tesla+radio&pg=PA3#v=snippet&q=British%20Court%20tesla%20radio&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. 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Springer. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-1116-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-1116-1"><bdi>978-1-4614-1116-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323123556/https://books.google.com/books?id=SdGaiV6iup0C&q=supreme+court+1943+radio+marconi&pg=PA3#v=snippet&q=supreme%20court%201943%20radio%20marconi&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Sobot%2C+Wireless+Communication+Electronics%3AIntroduction+to+RF+Circuits+and+Design+Techniques&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012-02-18&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-1116-1&rft.aulast=Sobot&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSdGaiV6iup0C%26q%3Dsupreme%2Bcourt%2B1943%2Bradio%2Bmarconi%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney2001245-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheney2001245_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheney2001245_188-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheney2001245_188-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheney2001245_188-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheney2001">Cheney 2001</a>, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1915/">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915"</a>. nobelprize.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120808195305/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1915/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2012. 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The European Edisons: Volta, Tesla, and Tigerstedt, Springer. pp. 53–54 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2013353-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2013353_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2013">Carlson 2013</a>, p. 353. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilliams-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gilliams_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilliams_200-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilliams1912" class="citation web cs1">Gilliams, E. Leslie (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teslacollection.com/tesla_articles/1912/popular_electricity_magazine/e_leslie_gilliams/tesla_s_plan_of_electrically_treating_school_children">"Tesla's Plan of Electrically Treating Schoolchildren"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swami+Vivekananda%3A+A+Contemporary+Reader+edited+by+Makarand+R.+Paranjape&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-06-12&rft.isbn=978-1-317-44636-1&rft.aulast=Paranjape&rft.aufirst=Makarand+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D30PeCQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtesla%2BVivekananda%26pg%3DPT24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teslasociety.com/tesla_and_swami.htm">"Nikola Tesla and Swami Vivekananda"</a>. www.teslasociety.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221220143353/https://www.teslasociety.com/tesla_and_swami.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.teslasociety.com&rft.atitle=Nikola+Tesla+and+Swami+Vivekananda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.teslasociety.com%2Ftesla_and_swami.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scienceandnonduality.com/article/the-influence-vedic-philosophy-had-on-nikola-teslas-idea-of-free-energy">"The Influence Vedic Philosophy Had on Nikola Tesla's Idea of Free Energy – SAND"</a>. The Influence Vedic Philosophy Had on Nikola Tesla’s Idea of Free Energy – SAND. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221220143355/https://www.scienceandnonduality.com/article/the-influence-vedic-philosophy-had-on-nikola-teslas-idea-of-free-energy">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Influence+Vedic+Philosophy+Had+on+Nikola+Tesla%E2%80%99s+Idea+of+Free+Energy+%E2%80%93+SAND&rft.atitle=The+Influence+Vedic+Philosophy+Had+on+Nikola+Tesla%27s+Idea+of+Free+Energy+%E2%80%93+SAND&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandnonduality.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-influence-vedic-philosophy-had-on-nikola-teslas-idea-of-free-energy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dokumen.tips/documents/tesla-1930-mans-greatest-achievementpdf.html">"(PDF) Tesla (1930)-Man's Greatest Achievement.pdf"</a>. dokumen.tips. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221220143359/https://dokumen.tips/documents/tesla-1930-mans-greatest-achievementpdf.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dokumen.tips&rft.atitle=%28PDF%29+Tesla+%281930%29-Man%27s+Greatest+Achievement.pdf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdokumen.tips%2Fdocuments%2Ftesla-1930-mans-greatest-achievementpdf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheneyUth2001" class="citation book cs1">Cheney, Margaret & Uth, Robert (2001). Tesla: Master of Lightning. 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New York Times. 19 October 1931. p. 27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323124240/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/10/19/issue.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Tesla+says+Edison+was+an+empiricist&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1931-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1931%2F10%2F19%2Fissue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGitelman1997" class="citation web cs1">Gitelman, Lisa (1 November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/1997/11/01/237150/reconciling-the-visionary-with-the-inventor/">"Reconciling the Visionary with the Inventor Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla"</a>. technology review (MIT). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922054715/https://www.technologyreview.com/1997/11/01/237150/reconciling-the-visionary-with-the-inventor/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2020. 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November 1928. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323124316/https://books.google.com/books?id=tCcDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA171#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+Prophet+of+Science+Looks+Into+The+Future%2C%22+Popular+Science+November+1928%2C+p.+171&rft.date=1928-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtCcDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeifer2001">Seifer 2001</a>, p. 1745 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill1944247-266">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neill1944247_266-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Neill1944247_266-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Neill1944">O'Neill 1944</a>, p. 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune" title="New York Herald Tribune">New York Herald Tribune</a>, 11 September 1932 </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teslaresearch.jimdofree.com/articles-interviews/tesla-79-promises-to-transmit-force-new-york-times-july-11-1935/">"Tesla, 79, Promises to Transmit Force"</a>. Open Tesla Research. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701054231/https://teslaresearch.jimdofree.com/articles-interviews/tesla-79-promises-to-transmit-force-new-york-times-july-11-1935/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Tesla+Research&rft.atitle=Tesla%2C+79%2C+Promises+to+Transmit+Force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fteslaresearch.jimdofree.com%2Farticles-interviews%2Ftesla-79-promises-to-transmit-force-new-york-times-july-11-1935%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tesla.hu/tesla/articles/19370710.doc">Prepared Statement by Nikola Tesla</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724105436/http://www.tesla.hu/tesla/articles/19370710.doc">Archived</a> 24 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> downloadable from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.tesla.hu">http://www.tesla.hu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225022943/http://tesla.hu/">Archived</a> 25 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney2001309-270"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheney2001309_270-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheney2001">Cheney 2001</a>, p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004154-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonnes2004154_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonnes2004">Jonnes 2004</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelohlavekWagner2008" class="citation book cs1">Belohlavek, Peter; Wagner, John W (2008). Innovation: The Lessons of Nikola Tesla. Blue Eagle. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-987-651-009-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-987-651-009-7"><bdi>978-987-651-009-7</bdi></a>. <q>This was Tesla: a scientist, philosopher, humanist, and ethical man of the world in the truest sense.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Innovation%3A+The+Lessons+of+Nikola+Tesla&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Blue+Eagle&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-987-651-009-7&rft.aulast=Belohlavek&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Wagner%2C+John+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/tesla/res/res_art11.html">"A Machine to End War"</a>. Public Broadcasting Service. February 1937. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120214740/https://www.pbs.org/tesla/res/res_art11.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2022. 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George Sylvester Viereck (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/tesla/res/res_art11.html">"A Machine to End War"</a>. PBS.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120214740/https://www.pbs.org/tesla/res/res_art11.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Machine+to+End+War&rft.pub=PBS.org&rft.date=1937-02&rft.aulast=Tesla&rft.aufirst=Nikola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Ftesla%2Fres%2Fres_art11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/bibliography.htm">"Nikola Tesla Bibliography"</a>. 21st Century Books. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927044514/http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/bibliography.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nikola+Tesla+Bibliography&rft.pub=21st+Century+Books&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tfcbooks.com%2Ftesla%2Fbibliography.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090130031901/http://tfcbooks.com/tesla/contents.htm">"Selected Tesla writings"</a>. Nikola Tesla Information Resource. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/contents.htm">the original</a> on 30 January 2009. Retrieved 15 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nikola+Tesla+Information+Resource&rft.atitle=Selected+Tesla+writings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tfcbooks.com%2Ftesla%2Fcontents.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1900-06-00.htm">"THE PROBLEM OF INCREASING HUMAN ENERGY"</a>. Twenty-First Century Books. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191120001402/http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1900-06-00.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+PROBLEM+OF+INCREASING+HUMAN+ENERGY&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tfcbooks.com%2Ftesla%2F1900-06-00.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesla" class="citation book cs1">Tesla, Nikola. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13476/13476-h/13476-h.htm">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Experiments with Alternate Currents of High Potential and High Frequency, by Nikola Tesla</a>. <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110916122641/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13476/13476-h/13476-h.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Project+Gutenberg+eBook%2C+Experiments+with+Alternate+Currents+of+High+Potential+and+High+Frequency%2C+by+Nikola+Tesla&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft.aulast=Tesla&rft.aufirst=Nikola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F13476%2F13476-h%2F13476-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesla" class="citation web cs1">Tesla, Nikola. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1892-02-03.htm">"EXPERIMENTS WITH ALTERNATE CURRENTS OF HIGH POTENTIAL AND HIGH FREQUENCY"</a>. Twenty-First Century Books. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919045738/http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1892-02-03.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EXPERIMENTS+WITH+ALTERNATE+CURRENTS+OF+HIGH+POTENTIAL+AND+HIGH+FREQUENCY&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.aulast=Tesla&rft.aufirst=Nikola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tfcbooks.com%2Ftesla%2F1892-02-03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825230422/http://www.tesla-museum.org/meni_en/muzej/3.htm">"Urn with Tesla's ashes"</a>. Tesla Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tesla-museum.org/meni_en/muzej/3.htm">the original</a> on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Urn+with+Tesla%27s+ashes&rft.pub=Tesla+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tesla-museum.org%2Fmeni_en%2Fmuzej%2F3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sarboh-283">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sarboh_283-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sarboh_283-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="sarbo" class="citation web cs1">Šarboh, Snežana (18–20 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071030134331/http://www.tesla-symp06.org/papers/Tesla-Symp06_Sarboh.pdf">"Nikola Tesla's Patents"</a> (PDF). Sixth International Symposium Nikola Tesla. Belgrade, Serbia. p. 6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tesla-symp06.org/papers/Tesla-Symp06_Sarboh.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 October 2007. Retrieved 8 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sixth+International+Symposium+Nikola+Tesla&rft.atitle=Nikola+Tesla%27s+Patents&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2006-10-18%2F2006-10-20&rft.aulast=%C5%A0arboh&rft.aufirst=Sne%C5%BEana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tesla-symp06.org%2Fpapers%2FTesla-Symp06_Sarboh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheney200162-284"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheney200162_284-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheney2001">Cheney 2001</a>, p. 62. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgan2009" class="citation book cs1">Burgan, Michael (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PW06qF-dj2IC">Nikola Tesla: Inventor, Electrical Engineer</a>. Mankato, Minnesota: <a href="/wiki/Capstone_Publishers" title="Capstone Publishers">Capstone</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-4086-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-4086-9"><bdi>978-0-7565-4086-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nikola+Tesla%3A+Inventor%2C+Electrical+Engineer&rft.place=Mankato%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Capstone&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7565-4086-9&rft.aulast=Burgan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPW06qF-dj2IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2013" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, W. Bernard (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5I5c9j8BEn4C">Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4655-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4655-9"><bdi>978-1-4008-4655-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230805044626/https://books.google.com/books?id=5I5c9j8BEn4C">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tesla%3A+Inventor+of+the+Electrical+Age&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4655-9&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=W.+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5I5c9j8BEn4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheney2011" class="citation book cs1">Cheney, Margaret (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HIuK7iLO9zgC">Tesla: Man Out of Time</a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-7486-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-7486-6"><bdi>978-1-4516-7486-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323124618/https://books.google.com/books?id=HIuK7iLO9zgC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 13 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tesla%3A+Man+Out+of+Time&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-7486-6&rft.aulast=Cheney&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHIuK7iLO9zgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheney2001" class="citation book cs1">Cheney, Margaret (2001) [1981]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ti2Jt7XarzMC">Tesla: Man Out of Time</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1536-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1536-7"><bdi>978-0-7432-1536-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323124620/https://books.google.com/books?id=ti2Jt7XarzMC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tesla%3A+Man+Out+of+Time&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-1536-7&rft.aulast=Cheney&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dti2Jt7XarzMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheneyUthGlenn1999" class="citation book cs1">Cheney, Margaret; Uth, Robert; Glenn, Jim (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3W6_h6XG6VAC">Tesla, Master of Lightning</a>. <a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnes & Noble Books">Barnes & Noble Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-1005-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-1005-0"><bdi>978-0-7607-1005-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323124632/https://books.google.com/books?id=3W6_h6XG6VAC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tesla%2C+Master+of+Lightning&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-1005-0&rft.aulast=Cheney&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.au=Uth%2C+Robert&rft.au=Glenn%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3W6_h6XG6VAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2015" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Christopher (2015). The truth about Tesla : the myth of the lone genius in the history of innovation. New York: Race Point Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63106-030-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63106-030-4"><bdi>978-1-63106-030-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+truth+about+Tesla+%3A+the+myth+of+the+lone+genius+in+the+history+of+innovation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Race+Point+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-63106-030-4&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDommermuth-Costa1994" class="citation book cs1">Dommermuth-Costa, Carol (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kFFWipanqsoC">Nikola Tesla: A Spark of Genius</a>. <a href="/wiki/Twenty-First_Century_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-First Century Books">Twenty-First Century Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-4920-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-4920-8"><bdi>978-0-8225-4920-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323125136/https://books.google.com/books?id=kFFWipanqsoC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 13 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nikola+Tesla%3A+A+Spark+of+Genius&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-4920-8&rft.aulast=Dommermuth-Costa&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkFFWipanqsoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonnes2004" class="citation book cs1">Jonnes, Jill (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BKX5UYWzVyQC">Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, and the Race to Electrify the World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a> Trade Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-75884-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-75884-3"><bdi>978-0-375-75884-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323125210/https://books.google.com/books?id=BKX5UYWzVyQC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 13 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+Light%3A+Edison%2C+Tesla%2C+Westinghouse%2C+and+the+Race+to+Electrify+the+World&rft.pub=Random+House+Trade+Paperbacks&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-375-75884-3&rft.aulast=Jonnes&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBKX5UYWzVyQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlooster2009" class="citation book cs1">Klooster, John W. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WKuG-VIwID8C">Icons of Invention: The Makers of the Modern World from Gutenberg to Gates</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34743-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34743-6"><bdi>978-0-313-34743-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323125138/https://books.google.com/books?id=WKuG-VIwID8C">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 13 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Icons+of+Invention%3A+The+Makers+of+the+Modern+World+from+Gutenberg+to+Gates&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34743-6&rft.aulast=Klooster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWKuG-VIwID8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill1944" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_O%27Neill_(journalist)" title="John Joseph O'Neill (journalist)">O'Neill, John J.</a> (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rastko.rs/istorija/tesla/oniell-tesla.html">Prodigal Genius: The Life of Nikola Tesla</a>. New York: Ives Washburn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914732-33-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-914732-33-1"><bdi>0-914732-33-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203084239/https://www.rastko.rs/istorija/tesla/oniell-tesla.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prodigal+Genius%3A+The+Life+of+Nikola+Tesla&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ives+Washburn&rft.date=1944&rft.isbn=0-914732-33-1&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rastko.rs%2Fistorija%2Ftesla%2Foniell-tesla.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"> (see also <a href="/wiki/Prodigal_Genius:_The_Life_of_Nikola_Tesla" class="mw-redirect" title="Prodigal Genius: The Life of Nikola Tesla">Prodigal Genius: The Life of Nikola Tesla</a>; also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59605-713-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-59605-713-0">1-59605-713-0</a>; reprinted 2007 by Book Tree, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60206-743-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60206-743-1">978-1-60206-743-1</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickover1999" class="citation book cs1">Pickover, Clifford A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P0CSxB2aHMcC">Strange Brains and Genius: The Secret Lives Of Eccentric Scientists And Madmen</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-16894-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-16894-0"><bdi>978-0-688-16894-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323125210/https://books.google.com/books?id=P0CSxB2aHMcC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 13 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strange+Brains+and+Genius%3A+The+Secret+Lives+Of+Eccentric+Scientists+And+Madmen&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-688-16894-0&rft.aulast=Pickover&rft.aufirst=Clifford+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP0CSxB2aHMcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetešić1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Petešić, Ćiril (1976). Genij s našeg kamenjara: život i djelo Nikole Tesle [The genius from our rocks: life and work of Nikola Tesla] (in Croatian). Zagreb: Školske novine. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36439558">36439558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genij+s+na%C5%A1eg+kamenjara%3A+%C5%BEivot+i+djelo+Nikole+Tesle&rft.place=Zagreb&rft.pub=%C5%A0kolske+novine&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36439558&rft.aulast=Pete%C5%A1i%C4%87&rft.aufirst=%C4%86iril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeifer2001" class="citation book cs1">Seifer, Marc J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h2DTNDFcC14C">Wizard: the life and times of Nikola Tesla: biography of a genius</a>. Citadel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-1960-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-1960-9"><bdi>978-0-8065-1960-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323125147/https://books.google.com/books?id=h2DTNDFcC14C">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 13 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wizard%3A+the+life+and+times+of+Nikola+Tesla%3A+biography+of+a+genius&rft.pub=Citadel&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8065-1960-9&rft.aulast=Seifer&rft.aufirst=Marc+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh2DTNDFcC14C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeifer1998" class="citation book cs1">Seifer, Marc J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DzMR8x_rbPgC">Wizard: The Life And Times Of Nikola Tesla</a>. Citadel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-3556-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-3556-2"><bdi>978-0-8065-3556-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240323125351/https://books.google.ro/books?id=DzMR8x_rbPgC&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wizard%3A+The+Life+And+Times+Of+Nikola+Tesla&rft.pub=Citadel&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8065-3556-2&rft.aulast=Seifer&rft.aufirst=Marc+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDzMR8x_rbPgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Riper2011" class="citation book cs1">Van Riper, A. Bowdoin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ABtJPIcVtBoC">A Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists and Inventors in American Film and TV since 1930</a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8128-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8128-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-8128-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+Scientists+and+Inventors+in+American+Film+and+TV+since+1930&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-8128-0&rft.aulast=Van+Riper&rft.aufirst=A.+Bowdoin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DABtJPIcVtBoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWohinz2019" class="citation book cs1">Wohinz, Josef W. (2019). "Nikola Tesla: Milestones in his life". In Schichler, Uwe; Wohinz, Josef W. (eds.). Nikola Tesla and the Graz Tech. Vol. 7 EN. Graz University of Technology/Library and Archive. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3217%2F978-3-85125-687-1">10.3217/978-3-85125-687-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-85125-688-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-85125-688-8"><bdi>978-3-85125-688-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nikola+Tesla%3A+Milestones+in+his+life&rft.btitle=Nikola+Tesla+and+the+Graz+Tech&rft.pub=Graz+University+of+Technology%2FLibrary+and+Archive&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3217%2F978-3-85125-687-1&rft.isbn=978-3-85125-688-8&rft.aulast=Wohinz&rft.aufirst=Josef+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Nikola Tesla <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Nikola+Tesla">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Nikola+Tesla&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Nikola Tesla <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Nikola+Tesla">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Nikola+Tesla&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> Books <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Tesla, Nikola, <a href="/wiki/My_Inventions" class="mw-redirect" title="My Inventions">My Inventions</a>, Parts I through V published in the Electrical Experimenter monthly magazine from February through June 1919. Part VI published October 1919. Reprint edition with introductory notes by Ben Johnson, New York: Barnes and Noble, 1982; also online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96jul/teslaauto01.html">Lucid Cafe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202014045/http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96jul/teslaauto01.html">Archived</a> 2 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tfcbooks.com/special/mi_link.htm">et cetera</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160126224720/http://www.tfcbooks.com/special/mi_link.htm">Archived</a> 26 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> as <a href="/wiki/My_Inventions:_The_Autobiography_of_Nikola_Tesla" title="My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla">My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla</a>, 1919. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-910077-00-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-910077-00-2">978-0-910077-00-2</a></li> <li>Carlson, W. Bernard (2013). Tesla, Inventor of the Electrical Age. Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6910-5776-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6910-5776-7">978-0-6910-5776-7</a></li> <li>Glenn, Jim (1994). The Complete Patents of Nikola Tesla. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56619-266-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56619-266-8">978-1-56619-266-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lomas" title="Robert Lomas">Lomas, Robert</a> (1999). <a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Invented_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Man Who Invented the Twentieth Century">The Man Who Invented the Twentieth Century</a>: Nikola Tesla, forgotten genius of electricity. London: Headline. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7472-7588-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7472-7588-6">978-0-7472-7588-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Commerford_Martin" title="Thomas Commerford Martin">Martin, Thomas C. (editor)</a> (1894, 1996 reprint, copyright expired), <a href="/wiki/The_Inventions,_Researches,_and_Writings_of_Nikola_Tesla" title="The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla">The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla</a>, includes some lectures, Montana: Kessinger. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56459-711-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56459-711-3">978-1-56459-711-3</a></li> <li>McNichol, Tom (2006). AC/DC The Savage Tale of the First Standards War, Jossey-Bass. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7879-8267-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7879-8267-6">978-0-7879-8267-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeat2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._David_Peat" title="F. David Peat">Peat, F. David</a> (2002). <a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Nikola_Tesla" title="In Search of Nikola Tesla">In Search of Nikola Tesla</a> (Revised ed.). Bath: Ashgrove. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85398-117-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85398-117-3"><bdi>978-1-85398-117-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Nikola+Tesla&rft.place=Bath&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Ashgrove&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85398-117-3&rft.aulast=Peat&rft.aufirst=F.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Trinkaus, George (2002). Tesla: The Lost Inventions, High Voltage Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9709618-2-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9709618-2-2">978-0-9709618-2-2</a></li> <li>Valone, Thomas (2002). Harnessing the Wheelwork of Nature: Tesla's Science of Energy. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931882-04-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931882-04-0">978-1-931882-04-0</a></li></ul> </div> Publications <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_New_System_of_Alternating_Current_Motors_and_Transformers" class="extiw" title="s:A New System of Alternating Current Motors and Transformers">A New System of Alternating Current Motors and Transformers</a>, American Institute of Electrical Engineers, May 1888.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090130031901/http://tfcbooks.com/tesla/contents.htm">Selected Tesla Writings</a>, Scientific papers and articles written by Tesla and others, spanning the years 1888–1940.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fmanu%2Fmanu0024%2F&tif=00119.TIF&cite=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fmoa-cgi%3Fnotisid%3DABS1821-0024-287">Light Without Heat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316114143/http://collections.library.cornell.edu/moa_new/browse.html?frames=1&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fmanu%2Fmanu0024%2F&tif=00119.TIF&cite=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fmoa-cgi%3Fnotisid%3DABS1821-0024-287">Archived</a> 16 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Manufacturer and Builder, January 1892, Vol. 24</li> <li>Biography: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fcent%2Fcent0047%2F&tif=00592.TIF&cite=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fmoa-cgi%3Fnotisid%3DABP2287-0047-151">Nikola Tesla</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060509050052/http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fcent%2Fcent0047%2F&tif=00592.TIF&cite=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fmoa-cgi%3Fnotisid%3DABP2287-0047-151">Archived</a> 9 May 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Century Magazine, November 1893, Vol. 47</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fcent%2Fcent0049%2F&tif=00924.TIF&cite=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fmoa-cgi%3Fnotisid%3DABP2287-0049-178">Tesla's Oscillator and Other Inventions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060509050030/http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fcent%2Fcent0049%2F&tif=00924.TIF&cite=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fmoa-cgi%3Fnotisid%3DABP2287-0049-178">Archived</a> 9 May 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Century Magazine, November 1894, Vol. 49</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fcent%2Fcent0055%2F&tif=00879.TIF&cite=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fmoa-cgi%3Fnotisid%3DABP2287-0055-194">The New Telegraphy. Recent Experiments in Telegraphy with Sparks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316114143/http://collections.library.cornell.edu/moa_new/browse.html?frames=1&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fcent%2Fcent0055%2F&tif=00879.TIF&cite=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fmoa-cgi%3Fnotisid%3DABP2287-0055-194">Archived</a> 16 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Century Magazine, November 1897, Vol. 55</li></ul> </div> Journals <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavićević2014" class="citation journal cs1">Pavićević, Aleksandra (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=0350-08611402125P">"From lighting to dust death, funeral and post mortem destiny of Nikola Tesla"</a>. Glasnik Etnografskog instituta SANU. 62 (2): 125–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2298%2FGEI1402125P">10.2298/GEI1402125P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107%2Frcub_dais_8218">21.15107/rcub_dais_8218</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0350-0861">0350-0861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glasnik+Etnografskog+instituta+SANU&rft.atitle=From+lighting+to+dust+death%2C+funeral+and+post+mortem+destiny+of+Nikola+Tesla&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=125-139&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F21.15107%2Frcub_dais_8218&rft.issn=0350-0861&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2298%2FGEI1402125P&rft.aulast=Pavi%C4%87evi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Aleksandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doiserbia.nb.rs%2Fft.aspx%3Fid%3D0350-08611402125P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikola+Tesla" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Carlson, W. Bernard, "Inventor of dreams". <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>, March 2005 Vol. 292 Issue 3 p. 78(7).</li> <li>Jatras, Stella L., "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+genius+of+Nikola+Tesla-a0107043721">The genius of Nikola Tesla</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111230152239/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+genius+of+Nikola+Tesla-a0107043721">Archived</a> 30 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a>, 28 July 2003 Vol. 19 Issue 15 p. 9(1)</li> <li>Lawren, B., "Rediscovering Tesla". <a href="/wiki/Omni_(magazine)" title="Omni (magazine)">Omni</a>, March 1988, Vol. 10 Issue 6.</li> <li>Rybak, James P., "Nikola Tesla: Scientific Savant". <a href="/wiki/Popular_Electronics" title="Popular Electronics">Popular Electronics</a>, 1042170X, November 1999, Vol. 16, Issue 11.</li> <li>Thibault, Ghislain, "The Automatization of Nikola Tesla: Thinking Invention in the Late Nineteenth Century". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/519919">Configurations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180328103312/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/519919">Archived</a> 28 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Volume 21, Number 1, Winter 2013, pp. 27–52.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Commerford_Martin" title="Thomas Commerford Martin">Martin, Thomas Commerford</a>, "The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla", New York: The Electrical Engineer, 1894 (3rd Ed.); reprinted by Barnes & Noble, 1995</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_K._Rajvanshi" title="Anil K. Rajvanshi">Anil K. Rajvanshi</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109004451/http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/Volumes/12/03/0004-0012.pdf">"Nikola Tesla – The Creator of Electric Age"</a>, Resonance, March 2007.</li> <li>Roguin, Ariel, "Historical Note: Nikola Tesla: The man behind the magnetic field unit". J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:369–374. 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</li> <li>Sellon, J. L., "The impact of Nikola Tesla on the cement industry". Behrent Eng. Co., Wheat Ridge, Colorado. Cement Industry Technical Conference. 1997. XXXIX Conference Record., 1997 IEEE/PC. Page(s) 125–133.</li> <li>Valentinuzzi, M.E., "Nikola Tesla: why was he so much resisted and forgotten?" Inst. de Bioingenieria, Univ. Nacional de Tucuman; Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, IEEE. July/August 1998, 17:4, pp. 74–75.</li> <li>Secor, H. Winfield, "Tesla's views on Electricity and the War", Electrical Experimenter, Volume 5, Number 4 August 1917.</li> <li>Florey, Glen, "Tesla and the Military". Engineering 24, 5 December 2000.</li> <li>Corum, K. L., J. F. Corum, Nikola Tesla, Lightning Observations, and Stationary Waves. 1994.</li> <li>Corum, K. L., J. F. Corum, and A. H. Aidinejad, Atmospheric Fields, Tesla's Receivers and Regenerative Detectors. 1994.</li> <li>Meyl, Konstantin, H. Weidner, E. Zentgraf, T. Senkel, T. Junker, and P. Winkels, Experiments to proof the evidence of scalar waves Tests with a Tesla reproduction. Institut für Gravitationsforschung (IGF), Am Heerbach 5, D-63857 Waldaschaff.</li> <li>Anderson, L. I., "John Stone Stone on Nikola Tesla's Priority in Radio and Continuous Wave Radiofrequency Apparatus". <a href="/wiki/The_AWA_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The AWA Review">The AWA Review</a>, Vol. 1, 1986, pp. 18–41.</li> <li>Anderson, L. I., "Priority in Invention of Radio, Tesla v. Marconi". Antique Wireless Association monograph, March 1980.</li> <li>Marincic, A., and D. Budimir, "Tesla's contribution to radiowave propagation". Dept. of Electron. Eng., Belgrade Univ. (5th International Conference on Telecommunications in Modern Satellite, Cable and Broadcasting Service, 2001. TELSIKS 2001. pp. 327–331 vol.1)</li></ul> </div> Video <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0273375/">Nikola Tesla</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417094842/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0273375/">Archived</a> 17 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – 1977 ten-episode TV series featuring <a href="/wiki/Rade_Serbedzija" class="mw-redirect" title="Rade Serbedzija">Rade Šerbedžija</a> as Tesla.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0079985/">Tajna Nikole Tesle (The Secret of Nikola Tesla)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180805211353/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0079985/">Archived</a> 5 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>' – 1980 Documentary directed by <a href="/wiki/Krsto_Papi%C4%87" title="Krsto Papić">Krsto Papić</a>, featuring <a href="/wiki/Petar_Bo%C5%BEovi%C4%87" title="Petar Božović">Petar Božović</a> as Tesla and <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> as <a href="/wiki/J.P._Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="J.P. Morgan">J.P. Morgan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/tesla/">Tesla: Master of Lightning</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170919070828/https://www.pbs.org/tesla/">Archived</a> 19 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – 2003 Documentary by Robert Uth, featuring <a href="/wiki/Stacy_Keach" title="Stacy Keach">Stacy Keach</a> as the voice of Tesla.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_(2016_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesla (2016 film)">Tesla</a> – a 2016 documentary film by <a href="/wiki/David_Grubin" title="David Grubin">David Grubin</a> presented on the <a href="/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a> series.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_(2020_film)" title="Tesla (2020 film)">Tesla</a> – a 2020 biographical film by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Almereyda" title="Michael Almereyda">Michael Almereyda</a> presented at the <a href="/wiki/2020_Sundance_Film_Festival#Premieres" title="2020 Sundance Film Festival">2020 Sundance Film Festival</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?178806-1/empires-light-edison-tesla-westinghouse">Booknotes interview with Jill Jonnes on Empires of Light, 26 October 2003</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nikola_Tesla" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Nikola Tesla">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer">These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 19 June 2021 (2021-06-19), and do not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720205507/http://www.tesla-museum.org/meni_en.htm">Nikola Tesla Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teslamemorialsociety.org/">Tesla memorial society by his grand-nephew William H. Terbo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006164211/http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=nikola%20tesla">Tesla – References in European newspapers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151023061338/http://teslaresearch.com/">Online archive of many of Tesla's writings, articles and published papers</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFBI" class="citation journal cs1">FBI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lostartsmedia.com/images/teslafbifile.pdf">"Nikola Tesla"</a> (PDF). Main Investigative File. 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nikola_Tesla" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nikola_Tesla" title="Template:Nikola Tesla"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nikola_Tesla" title="Template talk:Nikola Tesla"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nikola_Tesla" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nikola Tesla"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nikola_Tesla" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nikola Tesla</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Career and inventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nikola_Tesla_patents" title="List of Nikola Tesla patents">Patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_lamp" title="Plasma lamp">Plasma lamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_globe" title="Plasma globe">plasma globe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphase_system" title="Polyphase system">Polyphase system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_motor" title="Induction motor">Alternating-current commutatorless induction motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Experimental_Station" title="Tesla Experimental Station">Tesla Experimental Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleforce" title="Teleforce">Teleforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegeodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegeodynamics">Telegeodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_coil" title="Tesla coil">Tesla coil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Tesla_coil" title="History of the Tesla coil">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_power_transfer#Tesla" title="Wireless power transfer">Wireless power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonant_inductive_coupling#History" title="Resonant inductive coupling">Resonant inductive coupling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_control" title="Radio control">Radio control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_turbine" title="Tesla turbine">Tesla turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla%27s_oscillator" title="Tesla's oscillator">Tesla's oscillator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_valve" title="Tesla valve">Tesla valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power" title="Three-phase electric power">Three-phase electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardenclyffe_Tower" title="Wardenclyffe Tower">Wardenclyffe Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Electric_Light_and_Manufacturing" title="Tesla Electric Light and Manufacturing">Tesla Electric Light and Manufacturing</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla-bulb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Tesla-bulb.jpg/110px-Tesla-bulb.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Tesla-bulb.jpg/165px-Tesla-bulb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Tesla-bulb.jpg/220px-Tesla-bulb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Inventions,_Researches,_and_Writings_of_Nikola_Tesla" title="The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla">The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs_Notes,_1899%E2%80%931900" title="Colorado Springs Notes, 1899–1900">Colorado Springs Notes, 1899–1900</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fragments_of_Olympian_Gossip" title="Fragments of Olympian Gossip">Fragments of Olympian Gossip</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Inventions:_The_Autobiography_of_Nikola_Tesla" title="My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla">My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_currents" title="War of the currents">War of the currents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation">Westinghouse Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wireless_System" title="World Wireless System">World Wireless System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla_in_popular_culture" title="Nikola Tesla in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla_Museum" title="Nikola Tesla Museum">Nikola Tesla Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla_Memorial_Center" title="Nikola Tesla Memorial Center">Nikola Tesla Memorial Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Science_Center_at_Wardenclyffe" title="Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe">Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Nikola_Tesla_Award" title="IEEE Nikola Tesla Award">IEEE Nikola Tesla Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla_Satellite_Award" title="Nikola Tesla Satellite Award">Tesla Satellite Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Nikola_Tesla_Airport" title="Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport">Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyndham_New_Yorker_Hotel" title="Wyndham New Yorker Hotel">New Yorker Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_of_Nikola_Tesla" title="The Secret of Nikola Tesla">The Secret of Nikola Tesla</a> (1980 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_%E2%80%93_Lightning_in_His_Hand" title="Tesla – Lightning in His Hand">Tesla – Lightning in His Hand</a> (2003 opera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prestige_(film)" title="The Prestige (film)">The Prestige</a> (2006 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_to_the_People" title="Tower to the People">Tower to the People</a> (2015 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_(2016_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesla (2016 film)">Tesla</a> (2016 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tesla_World_Light" title="The Tesla World Light">The Tesla World Light</a> (2017 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Current_War" title="The Current War">The Current War</a> (2019 film)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla%27s_Night_of_Terror" title="Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror">Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror</a>" (2020 TV episode)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_(2020_film)" title="Tesla (2020 film)">Tesla</a> (2020 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla:_Man_Out_of_Time" title="Tesla: Man Out of Time">Tesla: Man Out of Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizard:_The_Life_and_Times_of_Nikola_Tesla" title="Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla">Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Invented_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Man Who Invented the Twentieth Century">The Man Who Invented the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maid_of_the_Mist" title="Maid of the Mist">Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">SI derived unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_(crater)" title="Tesla (crater)">Lunar crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2244_Tesla" title="2244 Tesla">Asteroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a> and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="IEEE_Edison_Medal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IEEE_Edison_Medal_Laureates_1909%E2%80%931925" title="Template:IEEE Edison Medal Laureates 1909–1925"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IEEE_Edison_Medal_Laureates_1909%E2%80%931925" title="Template talk:IEEE Edison Medal Laureates 1909–1925"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE_Edison_Medal_Laureates_1909%E2%80%931925" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE Edison Medal Laureates 1909–1925"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IEEE_Edison_Medal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Edison_Medal" title="IEEE Edison Medal">IEEE Edison Medal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1909–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Sprague" title="Frank J. Sprague">Frank J. Sprague</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Stanley, Jr.">William Stanley, Jr.</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Brush" title="Charles F. Brush">Charles F. Brush</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> (1914)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nikola Tesla</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Carty" title="John J. Carty">John J. Carty</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_G._Lamme" title="Benjamin G. Lamme">Benjamin G. Lamme</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Le_Roy_Emmet" title="William Le Roy Emmet">William Le Roy Emmet</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_Pupin" title="Mihajlo Pupin">Mihajlo Pupin</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cummings_C._Chesney" title="Cummings C. Chesney">Cummings C. Chesney</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert A. Millikan</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Lieb" title="John W. Lieb">John W. Lieb</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_White_Howell" title="John White Howell">John W. Howell</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_J._Ryan" title="Harris J. Ryan">Harris J. Ryan</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="Template:Scientists whose names are used as units"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="Template talk:Scientists whose names are used as units"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scientists whose names are used as units"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Scientists whose names are used as units</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SI base units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">André-Marie Ampère</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">ampere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SI derived units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">becquerel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Celsius" title="Anders Celsius">Anders Celsius</a> (degree <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulomb</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (<a href="/wiki/Farad" title="Farad">farad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Harold_Gray" title="Louis Harold Gray">Louis Harold Gray</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">gray</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Henry_(unit)" title="Henry (unit)">henry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joule</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">newton</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ohm" title="Georg Ohm">Georg Ohm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">ohm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">pascal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens" title="Werner von Siemens">Werner von Siemens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unit)" title="Siemens (unit)">siemens</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Maximilian_Sievert" title="Rolf Maximilian Sievert">Rolf Maximilian Sievert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">sievert</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nikola Tesla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">tesla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Weber_(unit)" title="Weber (unit)">weber</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-SI metric (<a href="/wiki/Centimetre%E2%80%93gram%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Centimetre–gram–second system of units">cgs</a>) units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Jonas_%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Anders Jonas Ångström">Anders Jonas Ångström</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom">angstrom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a> (<a href="/wiki/Debye" title="Debye">debye</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lor%C3%A1nd_E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s" title="Loránd Eötvös">Loránd Eötvös</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eotvos_(unit)" title="Eotvos (unit)">eotvos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gal_(unit)" title="Gal (unit)">gal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gauss_(unit)" title="Gauss (unit)">gauss</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gilbert_(physicist)" title="William Gilbert (physicist)">William Gilbert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gilbert_(unit)" title="Gilbert (unit)">gilbert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kayser" title="Heinrich Kayser">Heinrich Kayser</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kayser_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayser (unit)">kayser</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert" title="Johann Heinrich Lambert">Johann Heinrich Lambert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lambert_(unit)" title="Lambert (unit)">lambert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Langley" title="Samuel Langley">Samuel Langley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Langley_(unit)" title="Langley (unit)">langley</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maxwell_(unit)" title="Maxwell (unit)">maxwell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oersted" title="Oersted">oersted</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_L%C3%A9onard_Marie_Poiseuille" title="Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille">Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poise_(unit)" title="Poise (unit)">poise</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet">Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stokes_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stokes (unit)">stokes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rayl" title="Rayl">rayl</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">US customary</a> units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gabriel_Fahrenheit" title="Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit">Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit</a> (degree <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert" title="Johann Heinrich Lambert">Johann Heinrich Lambert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foot-lambert" title="Foot-lambert">foot-lambert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macquorn_Rankine" class="mw-redirect" title="Macquorn Rankine">William John Macquorn Rankine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rankine_scale" title="Rankine scale">degree Rankine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-systematic units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bel_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bel (unit)">bel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">curie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">curie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">dalton</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (<a href="/wiki/Faraday_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraday (unit)">faraday</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Mache" title="Heinrich Mache">Heinrich Mache</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mache_(unit)" title="Mache (unit)">Mache</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Napier" title="John Napier">John Napier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neper" title="Neper">neper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Antoine_Ferchault_de_R%C3%A9aumur" title="René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur">René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur</a> (<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9aumur_scale" title="Réaumur scale">degree Réaumur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roentgen_(unit)" title="Roentgen (unit)">roentgen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thomson_(unit)" title="Thomson (unit)">thomson</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli" title="Evangelista Torricelli">Evangelista Torricelli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Torr" title="Torr">torr</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="List of scientists whose names are used as units">List of scientists whose names are used as units</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants" title="List of scientists whose names are used in physical constants">Scientists whose names are used in physical constants</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">People whose names are used in chemical element names</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_symbols_of_Serbia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_symbols_of_Serbia" title="Template:National symbols of Serbia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_symbols_of_Serbia" title="Template talk:National symbols of Serbia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_symbols_of_Serbia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National symbols of Serbia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_symbols_of_Serbia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Serbia" title="National symbols of Serbia">National symbols of Serbia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Serbia" title="Flag of Serbia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia" title="Coat of arms of Serbia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEe_pravde" title="Bože pravde">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Serbia" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Serbia">State decoration</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/150px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/225px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/300px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names and codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Serbs_and_Serbia" title="Names of the Serbs and Serbia">Names of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_codes_of_Serbia" title="Country codes of Serbia">Country codes of Serbia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural icons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_heraldry" title="Serbian heraldry">Heraldry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cross" title="Serbian cross">Serbian cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_eagle" title="Serbian eagle">Serbian eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Triballia" title="Coat of arms of Triballia">Triballian boar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_mottos" title="List of Serbian mottos">Mottos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Only_Unity_Saves_the_Serbs" title="Only Unity Saves the Serbs">Only Unity Saves the Serbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-finger_salute_(Serbian)" title="Three-finger salute (Serbian)">Three-fingers salute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Serbia" title="Mother Serbia">Mother Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_Serbia" title="Regalia of Serbia">Regalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_name" title="Serbian name">Serbian name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_traditional_clothing" title="Serbian traditional clothing">National costume</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ajka%C4%8Da" title="Šajkača">Šajkača</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opanak" title="Opanak">Opanak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajvar" title="Ajvar">Ajvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6rek" title="Börek">Burek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%86evapi" title="Ćevapi">Ćevapčići</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibanica" title="Gibanica">Gibanica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91eva_%C5%A1nicla" title="Karađorđeva šnicla">Karađorđeva šnicla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pljeskavica" title="Pljeskavica">Pljeskavica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasulj" title="Pasulj">Pasulj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarma_(food)" title="Sarma (food)">Sarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slatko" title="Slatko">Slatko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slivovitz" title="Slivovitz">Šljivovica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gusle" title="Gusle">Gusle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frula" title="Frula">Frula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamburica" title="Tamburica">Tamburica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_art" title="Serbian art">Serbian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Angel" title="White Angel">White Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Maiden" title="Kosovo Maiden">Kosovo Maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_of_the_Serbs_(painting)" title="Migration of the Serbs (painting)">Migration of the Serbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_epic_poetry" title="Serbian epic poetry">Serbian epic poetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UNESCO</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Serbia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Serbia">World Heritage Sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Studenica_Monastery" title="Studenica Monastery">Studenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stari_Ras" title="Stari Ras">Stari Ras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sopo%C4%87ani" title="Sopoćani">Sopoćani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamzigrad" title="Gamzigrad">Gamzigrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Monuments_in_Kosovo" title="Medieval Monuments in Kosovo">Medieval Monuments in Kosovo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visoki_De%C4%8Dani" title="Visoki Dečani">Visoki Dečani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87_(monastery)" title="Patriarchate of Peć (monastery)">Patriarchate of Peć</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Ljevi%C5%A1" title="Our Lady of Ljeviš">Our Lady of Ljeviš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gra%C4%8Danica_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Gračanica monastery">Gračanica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ste%C4%87ci" class="mw-redirect" title="Stećci">Stećci</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mramorje_(Peru%C4%87ac)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mramorje (Perućac)">Mramorje (Perućac)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mramorje_(Rasti%C5%A1te)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mramorje (Rastište) (page does not exist)">Mramorje (Rastište)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C4%8Dko_groblje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grčko groblje (page does not exist)"> Grčko groblje (Hrta)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slava_(tradition)" title="Slava (tradition)">Slava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolo_(dance)" title="Kolo (dance)">Kolo</a></li> <li>Singing to the accompaniment of the <a href="/wiki/Gusle" title="Gusle">gusle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlakusa_pottery" title="Zlakusa pottery">Zlakusa pottery</a></li> <li>Social practices and knowledge related to the preparation and use of the traditional plum spirit of <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ljivovica" class="mw-redirect" title="Šljivovica">šljivovica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Programme" title="Memory of the World Programme">Memory of the World</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla_Museum" title="Nikola Tesla Museum">Nikola Tesla Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Gospel" title="Miroslav Gospel">Miroslav Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis#Austria-Hungary_declares_war_on_Serbia_(28_July)" title="July Crisis">Telegram of Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Serbia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme" title="Man and the Biosphere Programme">Man and the Biosphere Programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nature_park_Golija-Studenica" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature park Golija-Studenica">Nature park Golija-Studenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gornje_Podunavlje" title="Gornje Podunavlje">Gornje Podunavlje</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments and locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%8D_Fortress" title="Bač Fortress">Bač Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Fortress" title="Belgrade Fortress">Belgrade Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Sava" title="Church of Saint Sava">Church of Saint Sava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliblatska_Pe%C5%A1%C4%8Dara" title="Deliblatska Peščara">Deliblato Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90avolja_Varo%C5%A1" title="Đavolja Varoš">Đavolja Varoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90erdap_National_Park" title="Đerdap National Park">Đerdap National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fru%C5%A1ka_Gora" title="Fruška Gora">Fruška Gora National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazimestan" title="Gazimestan">Gazimestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golubac_Fortress" title="Golubac Fortress">Golubac Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justiniana_Prima" title="Justiniana Prima">Justiniana Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kru%C5%A1edol_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Krušedol monastery">Krušedol monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopaonik_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kopaonik National Park">Kopaonik National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepenski_Vir" title="Lepenski Vir">Lepenski Vir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magli%C4%8D" title="Maglič">Maglič Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasija_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Manasija monastery">Manasija monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile%C5%A1eva_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Mileševa monastery">Mileševa monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediana" title="Mediana">Mediana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Unknown_Hero" title="Monument to the Unknown Hero">Monument to the Unknown Hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_Fortress" title="Niš Fortress">Niš Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oplenac" title="Oplenac">Oplenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Pali%C4%87" title="Lake Palić">Palić Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovaradin_Fortress" title="Petrovaradin Fortress">Petrovaradin Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Fortress" title="Ram Fortress">Ram Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resava_Cave" title="Resava Cave">Resava Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirogojno" title="Sirogojno">Sirogojno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smederevo_Fortress" title="Smederevo Fortress">Smederevo Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharr_Mountains_National_Park_(Kosovo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharr Mountains National Park (Kosovo)">Šar Mountains National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Tara National Park">Tara National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Bridge" title="Trajan's Bridge">Trajan's Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viminacium" title="Viminacium">Viminacium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da-Belo_Brdo" title="Vinča-Belo Brdo">Vinča-Belo Brdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDi%C4%8Da" title="Žiča">Žiča monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbs" title="List of Serbs">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patron saints</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Sava" title="Saint Sava">Saint Sava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fathers of the Nation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91e" title="Karađorđe">Karađorđe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Obrenovi%C4%87_I_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Miloš Obrenović I of Serbia">Miloš Obrenović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depicted on <a href="/wiki/Serbian_dinar" title="Serbian dinar">Serbian dinar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vuk_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Vuk Karadžić">Vuk Karadžić</a> (Linguist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Petar II Njegoš</a> (Poet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Stevan Mokranjac</a> (Composer)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nikola Tesla</a> (Inventor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nade%C5%BEda_Petrovi%C4%87" title="Nadežda Petrović">Nadežda Petrović</a> (Painter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Cviji%C4%87" title="Jovan Cvijić">Jovan Cvijić</a> (Geographer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90or%C4%91e_Vajfert" title="Đorđe Vajfert">Đorđe Vajfert</a> (Industrialist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87" title="Milutin Milanković">Milutin Milanković</a> (Geophysicist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Jovanovi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Jovanović">Slobodan Jovanović</a> (Jurist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dositej_Obradovi%C4%87" title="Dositej Obradović">Dositej Obradović</a> (Intellectual)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87" title="Ivo Andrić">Ivo Andrić</a> (Poet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_Pupin" title="Mihajlo Pupin">Mihajlo Pupin</a> (Physicist)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Serbia" title="Fauna of Serbia">Fauna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora of Serbia">flora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolf">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">Plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Spruce" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Spruce">Serbian Spruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramonda_nathaliae" title="Ramonda nathaliae">Natalie's ramonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramonda_serbica" title="Ramonda serbica">Serbian ramonda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Serbia" title="Category:National symbols of Serbia">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9036#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9036#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9036#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121021829">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/70194046">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/28173/">FAST</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/483782/">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtX3Mhvmv8TBXMJdmPCwC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" 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href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:tesla.nikola">zbMATH</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500087411">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/7a69c37a-18ba-40dc-b808-da6c516346b3">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/990619">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikola_Tesla&oldid=1259521025">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikola_Tesla&oldid=1259521025</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nikola_Tesla" title="Category:Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1856_births" title="Category:1856 births">1856 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1943_deaths" title="Category:1943 deaths">1943 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_engineers" title="Category:19th-century American engineers">19th-century American engineers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Serbian_engineers" title="Category:19th-century Serbian engineers">19th-century Serbian engineers</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFCorumCorum\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoulon2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDommermuth-Costa1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFBI\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFroehlichKent1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilliams1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGitelman1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlenn1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldman1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonnes2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKent2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlooster2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaplante1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLtdInstitution1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNichol2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoran2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMrkich2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Neill1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Shei2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrton2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParanjape2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPavićević2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeat2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetešić1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPickover1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRatzlaff1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedoutéSteyaert2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenberg2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRybak1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSECOR1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeifer\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSeifer1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeifer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinger2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkrabec2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSobot2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwezey\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTesla\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFTesla1891\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTesla1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTesla1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTesla2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTesla2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTesla2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeslaMarinčić2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUth2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Riper2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWohinz2019\"] = 1,\n [\"Parents\"] = 1,\n [\"The_\u0026quot;Tesla_Polyphase_System\u0026quot;\"] = 1,\n [\"sarbo\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 6,\n [\"Circa\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 58,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 53,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 8,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Tesla, Nikola\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"Eugenics sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"Frac\"] = 3,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 7,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IEEE Edison Medal Laureates 1909–1925\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 15,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 8,\n [\"Inflation-fn\"] = 4,\n [\"Inflation/year\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox engineer\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang-sr-Cyrl\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"National symbols of Serbia\"] = 1,\n [\"Nikola Tesla\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 5,\n [\"Refend\"] = 5,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"SS\"] = 1,\n [\"Scientists whose names are used as SI units\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 165,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Telecommunications\"] = 1,\n [\"US patent\"] = 4,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 3,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 21,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","520","24.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","380","17.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","6.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","140","6.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","5.6"],["makeMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","80","3.7"],["(for generator)","80","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","60","2.8"],["[others]","480","22.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-646d5c5fc6-4bxxz","timestamp":"20241128100807","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Nikola 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