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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بوابة:إلكترونيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوابة:إلكترونيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Elektronika" title="Portal:Elektronika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Portal:Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Electr%C3%B2nica" title="Portal:Electrònica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Portal:Electrònica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Elektrotechnik" title="Portal:Elektrotechnik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Portal:Elektrotechnik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87:%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="درگاه:الکترونیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درگاه:الکترونیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portail:%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9_et_%C3%A9lectronique" title="Portail:Électricité et électronique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Portail:Électricité et électronique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0:%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="प्रवेशद्वार:इलेक्ट्रॉनिक्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रवेशद्वार:इलेक्ट्रॉनिक्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Elektronika" title="Portal:Elektronika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Portal:Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portale:Elettrotecnica" 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.portal-column-right-extra-narrow{float:inherit;width:inherit}}</style> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikipedia portal for content related to Electronics</div> <div style="font-size:85%;"><span class="anchor" id="portals-browsebar"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist noprint" style="text-align: center"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal topics</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Human_activities" 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#B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D882;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="The_Electronics_Portal" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><big>The Electronics Portal</big></h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FCFFF4;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg/260px-Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg/390px-Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg/520px-Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Modern <a href="/wiki/Surface-mount_technology" title="Surface-mount technology">surface-mount</a> electronic components on a printed circuit board, with a large integrated circuit at the top</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a></b> is a scientific and engineering discipline that studies and applies the principles of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> to design, create, and operate devices that manipulate <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">electrically charged particles</a>. It is a subfield of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a> which uses <a href="/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)" title="Passivity (engineering)">active devices</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">diodes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a> to control and amplify the flow of <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> and to convert it from one form to another, such as from <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> (AC) to <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> (DC) or from <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog</a> signals to <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal" title="Digital signal">digital</a> signals. </p><p>Electronic devices have hugely influenced the development of many aspects of modern society, such as <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a>, entertainment, education, health care, industry, and security. The main driving force behind the advancement of electronics is the <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry" title="Semiconductor industry">semiconductor industry</a>, which in response to global demand continually produces ever-more sophisticated electronic devices and circuits. The <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> industry is one of the largest and most profitable sectors in the global economy, with annual revenues exceeding $481 billion in 2018. The electronics industry also encompasses other sectors that rely on electronic devices and systems, such as e-commerce, which generated over $29 trillion in online sales in 2017. (<b><a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Full article...</a></b>) </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div style="text-align:center; margin:0.25em auto 0.75em"><span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Electronics&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><b>Refresh with new selections below (purge)</b></span></a></span></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996214246">.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container{clear:both;width:100%;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{float:left;width:50%;min-width:360px;padding:0 0.5em;box-sizing:border-box;flex:1;display:flex;flex-direction:column}@media screen and (max-width:393px){.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{min-width:0}}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column:first-child{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column:last-child{padding-right:0}@media screen and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{padding:0;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column>div{flex:1 0 auto}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column>div.flex-columns-noflex{flex:0}</style><div class="flex-columns-container"><div class="flex-columns-column"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D882;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Good_articles_-_load_new_batch" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_support_vote.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/38px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> Good articles - 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NCOs are often used in conjunction with a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) at the output to create a direct digital synthesizer (DDS). Numerically controlled oscillators offer several advantages over other types of oscillators in terms of agility, accuracy, stability and reliability. NCOs are used in many communications systems including digital up/down converters used in 3G wireless and software radio systems, digital phase-locked loops, radar systems, drivers for optical or acoustic transmissions, and multilevel FSK/PSK modulators/demodulators. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 1 A numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) is a digital signal generator which creates a synchronous (i.e., clocked), discrete-time, discrete-valued representation of a waveform, usually sinusoidal. NCOs are often used in conjunction with a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) at the output to create a direct digital synthesizer (DDS). Numerically controlled oscillators offer several advantages over other types of oscillators in terms of agility, accuracy, stability and reliability. NCOs are used in many communications systems including digital up/down converters used in 3G wireless and software radio systems, digital phase-locked loops, radar systems, drivers for optical or acoustic transmissions, and multilevel FSK/PSK modulators/demodulators. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 1</span></span><div style="text-align:left;">A <b><a href="/wiki/Numerically_controlled_oscillator" title="Numerically controlled oscillator">numerically controlled oscillator</a></b> (<b>NCO</b>) is a digital <a href="/wiki/Signal_generator" title="Signal generator">signal generator</a> which creates a <a href="/wiki/Synchronous_circuit" title="Synchronous circuit">synchronous</a> (i.e., clocked), discrete-time, discrete-valued representation of a <a href="/wiki/Waveform" title="Waveform">waveform</a>, usually <a href="/wiki/Sinusoidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinusoidal">sinusoidal</a>. NCOs are often used in conjunction with a <a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">digital-to-analog converter</a> (DAC) at the output to create a <a href="/wiki/Direct_digital_synthesizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct digital synthesizer">direct digital synthesizer</a> (DDS).<br /><br />Numerically controlled oscillators offer several advantages over other types of oscillators in terms of agility, accuracy, stability and reliability. NCOs are used in many communications systems including digital up/down converters used in 3G wireless and software radio systems, digital <a href="/wiki/Phase-locked_loop" title="Phase-locked loop">phase-locked loops</a>, radar systems, drivers for optical or acoustic transmissions, and multilevel <a href="/wiki/Frequency-shift_keying" title="Frequency-shift keying">FSK</a>/<a href="/wiki/Phase-shift_keying" title="Phase-shift keying">PSK</a> modulators/demodulators. (<b><a href="/wiki/Numerically-controlled_oscillator" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerically-controlled oscillator">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 2 iPhone 6 in Space Gray The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus are smartphones that were developed and marketed by Apple Inc. They are the eighth generation of the iPhone, succeeding the iPhone 5, iPhone 5c and iPhone 5s, and were announced on September 9, 2014, and released on September 19, 2014. The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus jointly were themselves replaced as the flagship devices of the iPhone series by the iPhone 6s and iPhone 6s Plus on September 9, 2015. The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus include larger 4.7-inch and 5.5-inch displays, a faster processor, upgraded cameras, improved LTE and Wi-Fi connectivity and support for a near-field communications-based mobile payments offering. The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus received positive reviews, with critics regarding their redesign, specifications, camera, and battery life as being improvements over previous iPhone models. However, aspects of the design of iPhone 6 were also criticized, including plastic strips on the rear of the device for its antenna that disrupted the otherwise metal exterior, and the screen resolution of the standard-sized iPhone 6 being lower than other devices in its class. The iPhone 6 sold extremely well, making it the best-selling iPhone model and the most successful smartphone to date. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 2 iPhone 6 in Space Gray The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus are smartphones that were developed and marketed by Apple Inc. They are the eighth generation of the iPhone, succeeding the iPhone 5, iPhone 5c and iPhone 5s, and were announced on September 9, 2014, and released on September 19, 2014. The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus jointly were themselves replaced as the flagship devices of the iPhone series by the iPhone 6s and iPhone 6s Plus on September 9, 2015. The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus include larger 4.7-inch and 5.5-inch displays, a faster processor, upgraded cameras, improved LTE and Wi-Fi connectivity and support for a near-field communications-based mobile payments offering. The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus received positive reviews, with critics regarding their redesign, specifications, camera, and battery life as being improvements over previous iPhone models. However, aspects of the design of iPhone 6 were also criticized, including plastic strips on the rear of the device for its antenna that disrupted the otherwise metal exterior, and the screen resolution of the standard-sized iPhone 6 being lower than other devices in its class. The iPhone 6 sold extremely well, making it the best-selling iPhone model and the most successful smartphone to date. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 2</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:IPhone_6_Space_Gray.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/IPhone_6_Space_Gray.svg/220px-IPhone_6_Space_Gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="443" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/IPhone_6_Space_Gray.svg/330px-IPhone_6_Space_Gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/IPhone_6_Space_Gray.svg/440px-IPhone_6_Space_Gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">iPhone 6 in Space Gray</div></div></div></div><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/IPhone_6" title="IPhone 6">iPhone 6</a></b> and <b>iPhone 6 Plus</b> are <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> that were developed and marketed by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> They are the <a href="/wiki/List_of_iPhone_models" title="List of iPhone models">eighth</a> generation of the <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>, succeeding the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_5" title="IPhone 5">iPhone 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPhone_5c" title="IPhone 5c">iPhone 5c</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPhone_5s" title="IPhone 5s">iPhone 5s</a>, and were announced on September 9, 2014, and released on September 19, 2014. The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus jointly were themselves replaced as the flagship devices of the iPhone series by the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_6s" title="IPhone 6s">iPhone 6s</a> and iPhone 6s Plus on September 9, 2015. The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus include larger 4.7-inch and 5.5-inch displays, a faster processor, upgraded cameras, improved <a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> connectivity and support for a <a href="/wiki/Near-field_communication" title="Near-field communication">near-field communications</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Mobile_payments" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile payments">mobile payments</a> offering.<br /><br />The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus received positive reviews, with critics regarding their redesign, specifications, camera, and battery life as being improvements over previous iPhone models. However, aspects of the design of iPhone 6 were also criticized, including plastic strips on the rear of the device for its antenna that disrupted the otherwise metal exterior, and the screen resolution of the standard-sized iPhone 6 being lower than other devices in its class. The iPhone 6 <a href="/wiki/IPhone_6#Sales" title="IPhone 6">sold extremely well</a>, making it the best-selling <a href="/wiki/IPhone_models" class="mw-redirect" title="IPhone models">iPhone model</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_mobile_phones" title="List of best-selling mobile phones">most successful smartphone to date</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/IPhone_6" title="IPhone 6">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 3 Sinclair Scientific calculator photographed c. 1974 The Sinclair Scientific was a 12-function, pocket-sized scientific calculator introduced in 1974, dramatically undercutting in price other calculators available at the time. The Sinclair Scientific Programmable, released a year later, was advertised as the first budget programmable calculator. Significant modifications to the algorithms used meant that a chipset intended for a four-function calculator was able to process scientific functions, but at the cost of reduced speed and accuracy. Compared to contemporary scientific calculators, some functions were slow to execute, and others had limited accuracy or gave the wrong answer, but the cost of the Sinclair was a fraction of the cost of competing calculators. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 3 Sinclair Scientific calculator photographed c. 1974 The Sinclair Scientific was a 12-function, pocket-sized scientific calculator introduced in 1974, dramatically undercutting in price other calculators available at the time. The Sinclair Scientific Programmable, released a year later, was advertised as the first budget programmable calculator. Significant modifications to the algorithms used meant that a chipset intended for a four-function calculator was able to process scientific functions, but at the cost of reduced speed and accuracy. Compared to contemporary scientific calculators, some functions were slow to execute, and others had limited accuracy or gave the wrong answer, but the cost of the Sinclair was a fraction of the cost of competing calculators. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 3</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinclair_Scientific.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Sinclair_Scientific.jpg/220px-Sinclair_Scientific.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="437" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Sinclair_Scientific.jpg/330px-Sinclair_Scientific.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Sinclair_Scientific.jpg/440px-Sinclair_Scientific.jpg 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="1657" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Sinclair Scientific calculator photographed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1974</span></div></div></div></div><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Scientific" title="Sinclair Scientific">Sinclair Scientific</a></b> was a 12-function, pocket-sized <a href="/wiki/Scientific_calculator" title="Scientific calculator">scientific calculator</a> introduced in 1974, dramatically undercutting in price other calculators available at the time. The <b>Sinclair Scientific Programmable</b>, released a year later, was advertised as the first budget programmable calculator.<br /><br />Significant modifications to the <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> used meant that a <a href="/wiki/Chipset" title="Chipset">chipset</a> intended for a four-function calculator was able to process <a href="/wiki/Scientific_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific function">scientific functions</a>, but at the cost of reduced speed and accuracy. Compared to contemporary scientific calculators, some functions were slow to execute, and others had limited accuracy or gave the wrong answer, but the cost of the Sinclair was a fraction of the cost of competing calculators. (<b><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Scientific" title="Sinclair Scientific">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 4 The ZenFone 6 is a 2019 Android-based smartphone that was manufactured, released, and marketed by Asus. It is the only release in Asus' sixth-generation ZenFone lineup and directly succeeds the ZenFone 5Z. Asus chairman Jonney Shih unveiled the ZenFone 6 on 16 May 2019 in Valencia, Spain, and it was released in Spain the following day. The ZenFone 6 has a larger 6.4-inch (160 mm) display, a faster processor, and upgraded cameras than the ZenFone 5Z. The ZenFone 6's flip-up camera module doubles as a front-facing camera. It is the first mobile device Asus released after restructuring its smartphone division in late 2018. The ZenFone 6 was released in the Indian market as the "Asus 6Z". (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 4 The ZenFone 6 is a 2019 Android-based smartphone that was manufactured, released, and marketed by Asus. It is the only release in Asus' sixth-generation ZenFone lineup and directly succeeds the ZenFone 5Z. Asus chairman Jonney Shih unveiled the ZenFone 6 on 16 May 2019 in Valencia, Spain, and it was released in Spain the following day. The ZenFone 6 has a larger 6.4-inch (160 mm) display, a faster processor, and upgraded cameras than the ZenFone 5Z. The ZenFone 6's flip-up camera module doubles as a front-facing camera. It is the first mobile device Asus released after restructuring its smartphone division in late 2018. The ZenFone 6 was released in the Indian market as the "Asus 6Z". (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 4</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zenfone_6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Zenfone_6.svg/220px-Zenfone_6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Zenfone_6.svg/330px-Zenfone_6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Zenfone_6.svg/440px-Zenfone_6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="146" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Asus_ZenFone_6" title="Asus ZenFone 6">ZenFone 6</a></b> is a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> that was manufactured, released, and marketed by <a href="/wiki/Asus" title="Asus">Asus</a>. It is the only release in Asus' sixth-generation <a href="/wiki/ZenFone" class="mw-redirect" title="ZenFone">ZenFone</a> lineup and directly succeeds the <a href="/wiki/ZenFone_5Z" class="mw-redirect" title="ZenFone 5Z">ZenFone 5Z</a>. Asus chairman Jonney Shih unveiled the ZenFone 6 on 16 May 2019 in <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, Spain, and it was released in Spain the following day.<br /><br />The ZenFone 6 has a larger 6.4-inch (160 mm) display, a faster processor, and upgraded cameras than the ZenFone 5Z. The ZenFone 6's <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Flip-up_camera" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">flip-up camera</a> module doubles as a front-facing camera. It is the first mobile device Asus released after restructuring its smartphone division in late 2018. The ZenFone 6 was released in the Indian market as the "Asus 6Z". (<b><a href="/wiki/Asus_ZenFone_6" title="Asus ZenFone 6">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 5 Late model (c.1998) LS3/5A from Spendor, one of the BBC licensees The LS3/5A (each element pronounced separately, without the stroke) is a small studio monitor loudspeaker originated by the BBC for use by outside broadcast vans to ensure quality of their broadcasts. The speaker concept set out transparent and natural sound as the goal, and the achievement of the result is widely acknowledged. The BBC granted licences to a small number of British firms, who first manufactured the product in 1975. The product underwent a change in 1987 due to consistency issues in manufacturing, and again in around 2003 when original parts from KEF ran out. Upwards of 60,000 pairs of the speaker have been sold. Reviewers have recognised its enormous importance as a bookshelf design. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 5 Late model (c.1998) LS3/5A from Spendor, one of the BBC licensees The LS3/5A (each element pronounced separately, without the stroke) is a small studio monitor loudspeaker originated by the BBC for use by outside broadcast vans to ensure quality of their broadcasts. The speaker concept set out transparent and natural sound as the goal, and the achievement of the result is widely acknowledged. The BBC granted licences to a small number of British firms, who first manufactured the product in 1975. The product underwent a change in 1987 due to consistency issues in manufacturing, and again in around 2003 when original parts from KEF ran out. Upwards of 60,000 pairs of the speaker have been sold. Reviewers have recognised its enormous importance as a bookshelf design. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 5</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ls3-5a_by_Spendor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ls3-5a_by_Spendor.jpg/220px-Ls3-5a_by_Spendor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ls3-5a_by_Spendor.jpg/330px-Ls3-5a_by_Spendor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ls3-5a_by_Spendor.jpg/440px-Ls3-5a_by_Spendor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>Late model (c.1998) LS3/5A from <a href="/wiki/Spendor" title="Spendor">Spendor</a>, one of the BBC licensees</figcaption></figure><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/LS3/5A" title="LS3/5A">LS3/5A</a></b> (each element pronounced separately, without the stroke) is a small <a href="/wiki/Studio_monitor" title="Studio monitor">studio monitor</a> loudspeaker originated by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> for use by outside broadcast vans to ensure quality of their broadcasts. The speaker concept set out transparent and natural sound as the goal, and the achievement of the result is widely acknowledged.<br /><br />The BBC granted licences to a small number of British firms, who first manufactured the product in 1975. The product underwent a change in 1987 due to consistency issues in manufacturing, and again in around 2003 when original parts from <a href="/wiki/KEF_(manufacturer)" class="mw-redirect" title="KEF (manufacturer)">KEF</a> ran out. Upwards of 60,000 pairs of the speaker have been sold. Reviewers have recognised its enormous importance as a bookshelf design. (<b><a href="/wiki/LS3/5A" title="LS3/5A">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 6 Galaxy S III in white The Samsung Galaxy S III (unofficially known as the Samsung Galaxy S3) is an Android smartphone developed and marketed by Samsung Electronics. Launched in 2012, it had sold more than 80 million units overall, making it the most sold phone in the S series. It is the third smartphone in the Samsung Galaxy S series. It is distinguished from its predecessor by its larger and higher-resolution screen, higher storage options, a larger battery, and a video camera with stereo audio recording for a spatial effect on headphones and external speakers. While the picture and video resolutions of the camera stayed the same, its launching speed and shutter lag improved. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 6 Galaxy S III in white The Samsung Galaxy S III (unofficially known as the Samsung Galaxy S3) is an Android smartphone developed and marketed by Samsung Electronics. Launched in 2012, it had sold more than 80 million units overall, making it the most sold phone in the S series. It is the third smartphone in the Samsung Galaxy S series. It is distinguished from its predecessor by its larger and higher-resolution screen, higher storage options, a larger battery, and a video camera with stereo audio recording for a spatial effect on headphones and external speakers. While the picture and video resolutions of the camera stayed the same, its launching speed and shutter lag improved. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 6</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsung_Galaxy_S_III.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Samsung_Galaxy_S_III.png/220px-Samsung_Galaxy_S_III.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Samsung_Galaxy_S_III.png/330px-Samsung_Galaxy_S_III.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Samsung_Galaxy_S_III.png/440px-Samsung_Galaxy_S_III.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="1502" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Galaxy S III in white</div></div></div></div><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S_III" title="Samsung Galaxy S III">Samsung Galaxy S III</a></b> (unofficially known as the <b>Samsung Galaxy S3</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> developed and marketed by <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung Electronics</a>. Launched in 2012, it had sold more than 80 million units overall, making it the most sold phone in the S series. It is the third smartphone in the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S_series" title="Samsung Galaxy S series">Samsung Galaxy S series</a>.<br /><br />It is distinguished from its predecessor by its larger and higher-resolution screen, higher storage options, a larger battery, and a video camera with stereo audio recording for a spatial effect on headphones and external speakers. While the picture and video resolutions of the camera stayed the same, its launching speed and shutter lag improved. (<b><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S_III" title="Samsung Galaxy S III">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 7 Male HDMI "type A" connector High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) is a proprietary audio/video interface for transmitting uncompressed video data and compressed or uncompressed digital audio data from a source device, such as a display controller, to a computer monitor, video projector, digital television, or digital audio device. HDMI is a digital replacement for analog video standards. HDMI implements the ANSI/CTA-861 standard, which defines video formats and waveforms, transport of compressed and uncompressed LPCM audio, auxiliary data, and implementations of the VESA EDID. CEA-861 signals carried by HDMI are electrically compatible with the CEA-861 signals used by the Digital Visual Interface (DVI). No signal conversion is necessary, nor is there a loss of video quality when a DVI-to-HDMI adapter is used. The Consumer Electronics Control (CEC) capability allows HDMI devices to control each other when necessary and allows the user to operate multiple devices with one handheld remote control device. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 7 Male HDMI "type A" connector High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) is a proprietary audio/video interface for transmitting uncompressed video data and compressed or uncompressed digital audio data from a source device, such as a display controller, to a computer monitor, video projector, digital television, or digital audio device. HDMI is a digital replacement for analog video standards. HDMI implements the ANSI/CTA-861 standard, which defines video formats and waveforms, transport of compressed and uncompressed LPCM audio, auxiliary data, and implementations of the VESA EDID. CEA-861 signals carried by HDMI are electrically compatible with the CEA-861 signals used by the Digital Visual Interface (DVI). No signal conversion is necessary, nor is there a loss of video quality when a DVI-to-HDMI adapter is used. The Consumer Electronics Control (CEC) capability allows HDMI devices to control each other when necessary and allows the user to operate multiple devices with one handheld remote control device. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 7</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:HDMI_connector-male_2_sharp_PNr%C2%B00059.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/HDMI_connector-male_2_sharp_PNr%C2%B00059.jpg/220px-HDMI_connector-male_2_sharp_PNr%C2%B00059.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/HDMI_connector-male_2_sharp_PNr%C2%B00059.jpg/330px-HDMI_connector-male_2_sharp_PNr%C2%B00059.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/HDMI_connector-male_2_sharp_PNr%C2%B00059.jpg/440px-HDMI_connector-male_2_sharp_PNr%C2%B00059.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1608" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Male HDMI "type A" connector</div></div></div></div><br /><b>High-Definition Multimedia Interface</b> (<b><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a></b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_hardware" title="Proprietary hardware">proprietary</a> <a href="/wiki/Audio/video_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio/video interface">audio/video interface</a> for transmitting <a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">uncompressed video</a> data and compressed or uncompressed <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> data from a source device, such as a <a href="/wiki/Display_controller" class="mw-redirect" title="Display controller">display controller</a>, to a <a href="/wiki/Visual_display_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual display unit">computer monitor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_projector" title="Video projector">video projector</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> device. HDMI is a digital replacement for <a href="/wiki/Analog_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog video">analog video</a> standards.<br /><br />HDMI implements the <a href="/wiki/CEA-861" class="mw-redirect" title="CEA-861">ANSI/CTA-861</a> standard, which defines video formats and waveforms, transport of compressed and uncompressed <a href="/wiki/Linear_pulse-code_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear pulse-code modulation">LPCM</a> audio, auxiliary data, and implementations of the <a href="/wiki/Extended_display_identification_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended display identification data">VESA EDID</a>. CEA-861 signals carried by HDMI are electrically compatible with the CEA-861 signals used by the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">Digital Visual Interface</a> (DVI). No signal conversion is necessary, nor is there a loss of video quality when a DVI-to-HDMI adapter is used. The <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Control" title="Consumer Electronics Control">Consumer Electronics Control</a> (CEC) capability allows HDMI devices to control each other when necessary and allows the user to operate multiple devices with one handheld <a href="/wiki/Remote_control" title="Remote control">remote control</a> device. (<b><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 8 A time-domain reflectometer; an instrument used to locate the position of faults on lines from the time taken for a reflected wave to return from the discontinuity. A signal travelling along an electrical transmission line will be partly, or wholly, reflected back in the opposite direction when the travelling signal encounters a discontinuity in the characteristic impedance of the line, or if the far end of the line is not terminated in its characteristic impedance. This can happen, for instance, if two lengths of dissimilar transmission lines are joined. This article is about signal reflections on electrically conducting lines. Such lines are loosely referred to as copper lines, and indeed, in telecommunications are generally made from copper, but other metals are used, notably aluminium in power lines. Although this article is limited to describing reflections on conducting lines, this is essentially the same phenomenon as optical reflections in fibre-optic lines and microwave reflections in waveguides. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 8 A time-domain reflectometer; an instrument used to locate the position of faults on lines from the time taken for a reflected wave to return from the discontinuity. A signal travelling along an electrical transmission line will be partly, or wholly, reflected back in the opposite direction when the travelling signal encounters a discontinuity in the characteristic impedance of the line, or if the far end of the line is not terminated in its characteristic impedance. This can happen, for instance, if two lengths of dissimilar transmission lines are joined. This article is about signal reflections on electrically conducting lines. Such lines are loosely referred to as copper lines, and indeed, in telecommunications are generally made from copper, but other metals are used, notably aluminium in power lines. Although this article is limited to describing reflections on conducting lines, this is essentially the same phenomenon as optical reflections in fibre-optic lines and microwave reflections in waveguides. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 8</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Megger_Time-Domain_Reflectometer_MTDR1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Megger_Time-Domain_Reflectometer_MTDR1.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Time-domain_reflectometer" title="Time-domain reflectometer">time-domain reflectometer</a>; an instrument used to locate the position of faults on lines from the time taken for a reflected wave to return from the discontinuity.</figcaption></figure><br />A signal travelling along an electrical <a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">transmission line</a> will be partly, or wholly, <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">reflected</a> back in the opposite direction when the travelling signal encounters a <a href="/wiki/Discontinuity_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Discontinuity (mathematics)">discontinuity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Characteristic_impedance" title="Characteristic impedance">characteristic impedance</a> of the line, or if the far end of the line is not <a href="/wiki/Electrical_termination" title="Electrical termination">terminated</a> in its characteristic impedance. This can happen, for instance, if two lengths of dissimilar transmission lines are joined.<br /><br />This article is about <a href="/wiki/Signal_reflection" title="Signal reflection">signal reflections</a> on <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conduction">electrically conducting</a> lines. Such lines are loosely referred to as <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> lines, and indeed, in telecommunications are generally made from copper, but other metals are used, notably <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> in power lines. Although this article is limited to describing reflections on conducting lines, this is essentially the same phenomenon as optical reflections in <a href="/wiki/Fibre-optic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre-optic">fibre-optic</a> lines and <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> reflections in <a href="/wiki/Waveguide" title="Waveguide">waveguides</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Reflections_of_signals_on_conducting_lines" title="Reflections of signals on conducting lines">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 9 A Leslie speaker in a clear plastic cabinet The Leslie speaker is a combined amplifier and loudspeaker that projects the signal from an electric or electronic instrument and modifies the sound by rotating a baffle chamber ("drum") in front of the loudspeakers. A similar effect is provided by a rotating system of horns in front of the treble driver. It is most commonly associated with the Hammond organ, though it was later used for the electric guitar and other instruments. A typical Leslie speaker contains an amplifier, a treble horn and a bass speaker—though specific components depend upon the model. A musician controls the Leslie speaker by either an external switch or pedal that alternates between a slow and fast speed setting, known as "chorale" and "tremolo". The speaker is named after its inventor, Donald Leslie, who began working in the late 1930s to get a speaker for a Hammond organ that better emulated a pipe or theatre organ, and discovered that baffles rotating along the axis of the speaker cone gave the best sound effect. Hammond was not interested in marketing or selling the speakers, so Leslie sold them himself as an add-on, targeting other organs as well as Hammond. Leslie made the first speaker in 1941. The sound of the organ being played through his speaker received national radio exposure across the US, and it became a commercial and critical success. It soon became an essential tool for most jazz organists. In 1965, Leslie sold his business to CBS who, in 1980, sold it to Hammond. Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation subsequently acquired the Hammond and Leslie brands. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 9 A Leslie speaker in a clear plastic cabinet The Leslie speaker is a combined amplifier and loudspeaker that projects the signal from an electric or electronic instrument and modifies the sound by rotating a baffle chamber ("drum") in front of the loudspeakers. A similar effect is provided by a rotating system of horns in front of the treble driver. It is most commonly associated with the Hammond organ, though it was later used for the electric guitar and other instruments. A typical Leslie speaker contains an amplifier, a treble horn and a bass speaker—though specific components depend upon the model. A musician controls the Leslie speaker by either an external switch or pedal that alternates between a slow and fast speed setting, known as "chorale" and "tremolo". The speaker is named after its inventor, Donald Leslie, who began working in the late 1930s to get a speaker for a Hammond organ that better emulated a pipe or theatre organ, and discovered that baffles rotating along the axis of the speaker cone gave the best sound effect. Hammond was not interested in marketing or selling the speakers, so Leslie sold them himself as an add-on, targeting other organs as well as Hammond. Leslie made the first speaker in 1941. The sound of the organ being played through his speaker received national radio exposure across the US, and it became a commercial and critical success. It soon became an essential tool for most jazz organists. In 1965, Leslie sold his business to CBS who, in 1980, sold it to Hammond. Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation subsequently acquired the Hammond and Leslie brands. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 9</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leslie_Speaker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Leslie_Speaker.jpg/250px-Leslie_Speaker.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Leslie_Speaker.jpg/375px-Leslie_Speaker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Leslie_Speaker.jpg/500px-Leslie_Speaker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2607" /></a><figcaption>A Leslie speaker in a clear plastic cabinet</figcaption></figure><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie speaker</a></b> is a combined <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeaker</a> that projects the signal from an electric or electronic instrument and modifies the sound by rotating a baffle chamber ("drum") in front of the loudspeakers. A similar effect is provided by a rotating system of horns in front of the treble driver. It is most commonly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a>, though it was later used for the <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a> and other instruments. A typical Leslie speaker contains an amplifier, a treble horn and a bass speaker—though specific components depend upon the model. A musician controls the Leslie speaker by either an external switch or pedal that alternates between a slow and fast speed setting, known as "<a href="/wiki/Chorus_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorus effect">chorale</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">tremolo</a>".<br /><br />The speaker is named after its inventor, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Leslie" title="Donald Leslie">Donald Leslie</a>, who began working in the late 1930s to get a speaker for a Hammond organ that better emulated a <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Theatre_organ" title="Theatre organ">theatre organ</a>, and discovered that baffles rotating along the axis of the speaker cone gave the best sound effect. Hammond was not interested in marketing or selling the speakers, so Leslie sold them himself as an add-on, targeting other organs as well as Hammond. Leslie made the first speaker in 1941. The sound of the organ being played through his speaker received national radio exposure across the US, and it became a commercial and critical success. It soon became an essential tool for most jazz organists. In 1965, Leslie sold his business to <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> who, in 1980, sold it to Hammond. <a href="/wiki/Suzuki_Musical_Instrument_Corporation" title="Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation">Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation</a> subsequently acquired the Hammond and Leslie brands. (<b><a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 10 The Yamaha NS-10 studio monitor, identifiable by its horizontal lettering and distinctive white cone. The Yamaha NS-10 is a loudspeaker that became a standard nearfield studio monitor in the music industry among rock and pop recording engineers. Launched in 1978, the NS-10 started life as a bookshelf speaker destined for the domestic environment. It was poorly received but eventually became a valuable tool with which to mix rock recordings. The speaker has a characteristic white-coloured mid–bass drive unit. Technically, it is known as a speaker that easily reveals poor quality in recordings. Recording engineers sought to dull its treble response by hanging tissue paper in front of it, resulting in what became known as the "tissue paper effect" – a type of comb filtering. The NS-10 has been used to monitor a large number of successful recordings by numerous artists, leading Gizmodo to refer to it as "the most important loudspeaker you never heard of". (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 10 The Yamaha NS-10 studio monitor, identifiable by its horizontal lettering and distinctive white cone. The Yamaha NS-10 is a loudspeaker that became a standard nearfield studio monitor in the music industry among rock and pop recording engineers. Launched in 1978, the NS-10 started life as a bookshelf speaker destined for the domestic environment. It was poorly received but eventually became a valuable tool with which to mix rock recordings. The speaker has a characteristic white-coloured mid–bass drive unit. Technically, it is known as a speaker that easily reveals poor quality in recordings. Recording engineers sought to dull its treble response by hanging tissue paper in front of it, resulting in what became known as the "tissue paper effect" – a type of comb filtering. The NS-10 has been used to monitor a large number of successful recordings by numerous artists, leading Gizmodo to refer to it as "the most important loudspeaker you never heard of". (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 10</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NS10_horizontal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/NS10_horizontal.jpg/220px-NS10_horizontal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/NS10_horizontal.jpg/330px-NS10_horizontal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/NS10_horizontal.jpg/440px-NS10_horizontal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The Yamaha NS-10 studio monitor, identifiable by its horizontal lettering and distinctive white cone.</figcaption></figure><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Yamaha_NS-10" title="Yamaha NS-10">Yamaha NS-10</a></b> is a loudspeaker that became a standard nearfield <a href="/wiki/Studio_monitor" title="Studio monitor">studio monitor</a> in the music industry among rock and pop recording engineers. Launched in 1978, the NS-10 started life as a bookshelf speaker destined for the domestic environment. It was poorly received but eventually became a valuable tool with which to mix rock recordings. The speaker has a characteristic white-coloured mid–bass drive unit.<br /><br />Technically, it is known as a speaker that easily reveals poor quality in recordings. Recording engineers sought to dull its treble response by hanging tissue paper in front of it, resulting in what became known as the "tissue paper effect" – a type of comb filtering. The NS-10 has been used to monitor a large number of successful recordings by numerous artists, leading <a href="/wiki/Gizmodo" title="Gizmodo">Gizmodo</a> to refer to it as "the most important loudspeaker you never heard of". (<b><a href="/wiki/Yamaha_NS-10" title="Yamaha NS-10">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 11 Rowhammer (also written as row hammer or RowHammer) is a computer security exploit that takes advantage of an unintended and undesirable side effect in dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) in which memory cells interact electrically between themselves by leaking their charges, possibly changing the contents of nearby memory rows that were not addressed in the original memory access. This circumvention of the isolation between DRAM memory cells results from the high cell density in modern DRAM, and can be triggered by specially crafted memory access patterns that rapidly activate the same memory rows numerous times. The Rowhammer effect has been used in some privilege escalation computer security exploits, and network-based attacks are also theoretically possible. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 11 Rowhammer (also written as row hammer or RowHammer) is a computer security exploit that takes advantage of an unintended and undesirable side effect in dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) in which memory cells interact electrically between themselves by leaking their charges, possibly changing the contents of nearby memory rows that were not addressed in the original memory access. This circumvention of the isolation between DRAM memory cells results from the high cell density in modern DRAM, and can be triggered by specially crafted memory access patterns that rapidly activate the same memory rows numerous times. The Rowhammer effect has been used in some privilege escalation computer security exploits, and network-based attacks are also theoretically possible. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 11</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><b>Rowhammer</b> (also written as <b><a href="/wiki/Row_hammer" title="Row hammer">row hammer</a></b> or <b>RowHammer</b>) is a computer security exploit that takes advantage of an unintended and undesirable side effect in <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory">dynamic random-access memory</a> (DRAM) in which <a href="/wiki/Memory_cell_(computing)" title="Memory cell (computing)">memory cells</a> interact electrically between themselves by leaking their charges, possibly changing the contents of nearby <a href="/wiki/Memory_row" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory row">memory rows</a> that were not <a href="/wiki/Memory_address" title="Memory address">addressed</a> in the original memory access. This circumvention of the isolation between DRAM memory cells results from the high cell density in modern DRAM, and can be triggered by specially crafted <a href="/wiki/Memory_access_pattern" title="Memory access pattern">memory access patterns</a> that rapidly activate the same memory rows numerous times.<br /><br />The Rowhammer effect has been used in some <a href="/wiki/Privilege_escalation" title="Privilege escalation">privilege escalation</a> computer security <a href="/wiki/Exploit_(computer_security)" title="Exploit (computer security)">exploits</a>, and network-based attacks are also theoretically possible. (<b><a href="/wiki/Row_hammer" title="Row hammer">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 12 Analogue filters are a basic building block of signal processing much used in electronics. Amongst their many applications are the separation of an audio signal before application to bass, mid-range, and tweeter loudspeakers; the combining and later separation of multiple telephone conversations onto a single channel; the selection of a chosen radio station in a radio receiver and rejection of others. Passive linear electronic analogue filters are those filters which can be described with linear differential equations (linear); they are composed of capacitors, inductors and, sometimes, resistors (passive) and are designed to operate on continuously varying analogue signals. There are many linear filters which are not analogue in implementation (digital filter), and there are many electronic filters which may not have a passive topology – both of which may have the same transfer function of the filters described in this article. Analogue filters are most often used in wave filtering applications, that is, where it is required to pass particular frequency components and to reject others from analogue (continuous-time) signals. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 12 Analogue filters are a basic building block of signal processing much used in electronics. Amongst their many applications are the separation of an audio signal before application to bass, mid-range, and tweeter loudspeakers; the combining and later separation of multiple telephone conversations onto a single channel; the selection of a chosen radio station in a radio receiver and rejection of others. Passive linear electronic analogue filters are those filters which can be described with linear differential equations (linear); they are composed of capacitors, inductors and, sometimes, resistors (passive) and are designed to operate on continuously varying analogue signals. There are many linear filters which are not analogue in implementation (digital filter), and there are many electronic filters which may not have a passive topology – both of which may have the same transfer function of the filters described in this article. Analogue filters are most often used in wave filtering applications, that is, where it is required to pass particular frequency components and to reject others from analogue (continuous-time) signals. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 12</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><b>Analogue <a href="/wiki/Filter_(signal_processing)" title="Filter (signal processing)">filters</a></b> are a basic building block of <a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">signal processing</a> much used in <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>. Amongst their many applications are the separation of an audio signal before application to <a href="/wiki/Bass_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass (music)">bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid-range_speaker" title="Mid-range speaker">mid-range</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tweeter" title="Tweeter">tweeter</a> <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeakers</a>; the combining and later separation of multiple telephone conversations onto a single channel; the selection of a chosen <a href="/wiki/Radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio station">radio station</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">radio receiver</a> and rejection of others.<br /><br />Passive linear electronic analogue filters are those filters which can be described with <a href="/wiki/Linear_differential_equation" title="Linear differential equation">linear differential equations</a> (linear); they are composed of <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">inductors</a> and, sometimes, <a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">resistors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Passive_component" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive component">passive</a>) and are designed to operate on continuously varying <a href="/wiki/Analogue_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Analogue signal">analogue signals</a>. There are many <a href="/wiki/Linear_filter" title="Linear filter">linear filters</a> which are not analogue in implementation (<a href="/wiki/Digital_filter" title="Digital filter">digital filter</a>), and there are many <a href="/wiki/Electronic_filter" title="Electronic filter">electronic filters</a> which may not have a passive topology – both of which may have the same <a href="/wiki/Transfer_function" title="Transfer function">transfer function</a> of the filters described in this article. Analogue filters are most often used in wave filtering applications, that is, where it is required to pass particular frequency components and to reject others from analogue (<a href="/wiki/Continuous_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous signal">continuous-time</a>) signals. (<b><a href="/wiki/Analogue_filter" title="Analogue filter">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 13 Air stripline is a form of electrical planar transmission line whereby a conductor in the form of a thin metal strip is suspended between two ground planes. The idea is to make the dielectric essentially air. Mechanical support of the line may be a thin substrate, periodical insulated supports, or the device connectors and other electrical items. Air stripline is most commonly used at microwave frequencies, especially in the C band. Its advantage over standard stripline and other planar technologies is that its air dielectric avoids dielectric loss. Many useful circuits can be constructed with air stripline and it is also easier to achieve strong coupling between components in this technology than with other planar formats. It was invented by Robert M. Barrett in the 1950s. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 13 Air stripline is a form of electrical planar transmission line whereby a conductor in the form of a thin metal strip is suspended between two ground planes. The idea is to make the dielectric essentially air. Mechanical support of the line may be a thin substrate, periodical insulated supports, or the device connectors and other electrical items. Air stripline is most commonly used at microwave frequencies, especially in the C band. Its advantage over standard stripline and other planar technologies is that its air dielectric avoids dielectric loss. Many useful circuits can be constructed with air stripline and it is also easier to achieve strong coupling between components in this technology than with other planar formats. It was invented by Robert M. Barrett in the 1950s. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 13</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Air_stripline" title="Air stripline">Air stripline</a></b> is a form of electrical <a href="/wiki/Planar_transmission_line" title="Planar transmission line">planar transmission line</a> whereby a conductor in the form of a thin metal strip is suspended between two <a href="/wiki/Ground_plane" title="Ground plane">ground planes</a>. The idea is to make the <a href="/wiki/Dielectric" title="Dielectric">dielectric</a> essentially air. Mechanical support of the line may be a thin substrate, periodical insulated supports, or the device connectors and other electrical items.<br /><br />Air stripline is most commonly used at <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> frequencies, especially in the <a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C band</a>. Its advantage over standard <a href="/wiki/Stripline" title="Stripline">stripline</a> and other planar technologies is that its air dielectric avoids <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_loss" title="Dielectric loss">dielectric loss</a>. Many useful circuits can be constructed with air stripline and it is also easier to achieve strong coupling between components in this technology than with other planar formats. It was invented by Robert M. Barrett in the 1950s. (<b><a href="/wiki/Air_stripline" title="Air stripline">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 14 The Nakamichi Dragon is an audio cassette deck that was introduced by Nakamichi in 1982 and marketed until 1994. The Dragon was the first Nakamichi model with bidirectional replay capability and the world's first production tape recorder with an automatic azimuth correction system; this feature, which was invented by Philips engineers and improved by Niro Nakamichi, continuously adjusts the azimuth of the replay head to minimize apparent head skew and correctly reproduce the treble signal present on the tape. The system allows the correct reproduction of mechanically skewed cassettes and recordings made on misaligned decks. Apart from the Dragon, similar systems have only been used in the Nakamichi TD-1200 car cassette player and the Marantz SD-930 cassette deck. At the time of its introduction, the Dragon had the lowest-ever wow and flutter and the highest-ever dynamic range, losing marginally to the former Nakamichi flagship the 1000ZXL in frequency response. Competing models by Sony, Studer, Tandberg and TEAC that were introduced later in the 1980s sometimes surpassed the Dragon in mechanical quality and feature set but none could deliver the same mix of sound quality, flexibility and technological advancement. The Dragon, despite inherent issues with long-term reliability, remained the highest point of compact cassette technology. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 14 The Nakamichi Dragon is an audio cassette deck that was introduced by Nakamichi in 1982 and marketed until 1994. The Dragon was the first Nakamichi model with bidirectional replay capability and the world's first production tape recorder with an automatic azimuth correction system; this feature, which was invented by Philips engineers and improved by Niro Nakamichi, continuously adjusts the azimuth of the replay head to minimize apparent head skew and correctly reproduce the treble signal present on the tape. The system allows the correct reproduction of mechanically skewed cassettes and recordings made on misaligned decks. Apart from the Dragon, similar systems have only been used in the Nakamichi TD-1200 car cassette player and the Marantz SD-930 cassette deck. At the time of its introduction, the Dragon had the lowest-ever wow and flutter and the highest-ever dynamic range, losing marginally to the former Nakamichi flagship the 1000ZXL in frequency response. Competing models by Sony, Studer, Tandberg and TEAC that were introduced later in the 1980s sometimes surpassed the Dragon in mechanical quality and feature set but none could deliver the same mix of sound quality, flexibility and technological advancement. The Dragon, despite inherent issues with long-term reliability, remained the highest point of compact cassette technology. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 14</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nakamichi_Dragon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nakamichi_Dragon.jpg/300px-Nakamichi_Dragon.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nakamichi_Dragon.jpg/450px-Nakamichi_Dragon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nakamichi_Dragon.jpg/600px-Nakamichi_Dragon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1601" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Nakamichi_Dragon" title="Nakamichi Dragon">Nakamichi Dragon</a></b> is an audio <a href="/wiki/Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">cassette deck</a> that was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Nakamichi" title="Nakamichi">Nakamichi</a> in 1982 and marketed until 1994. The Dragon was the first Nakamichi model with bidirectional replay capability and the world's first production tape recorder with an automatic <a href="/wiki/Azimuth" title="Azimuth">azimuth</a> correction system; this feature, which was invented by <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> engineers and improved by Niro Nakamichi, continuously adjusts the azimuth of the <a href="/wiki/Tape_head" title="Tape head">replay head</a> to minimize apparent head skew and correctly reproduce the <a href="/wiki/Treble_(sound)" title="Treble (sound)">treble</a> signal present on the tape. The system allows the correct reproduction of mechanically skewed cassettes and recordings made on misaligned decks. Apart from the Dragon, similar systems have only been used in the Nakamichi TD-1200 car cassette player and the <a href="/wiki/Marantz" title="Marantz">Marantz</a> SD-930 cassette deck.<br /><br />At the time of its introduction, the Dragon had the lowest-ever <a href="/wiki/Wow_and_flutter_measurement" title="Wow and flutter measurement">wow and flutter</a> and the highest-ever <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a>, losing marginally to the former Nakamichi flagship the 1000ZXL in <a href="/wiki/Frequency_response" title="Frequency response">frequency response</a>. Competing models by <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Studer" title="Studer">Studer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tandberg" title="Tandberg">Tandberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/TEAC_Corporation" title="TEAC Corporation">TEAC</a> that were introduced later in the 1980s sometimes surpassed the Dragon in mechanical quality and feature set but none could deliver the same mix of sound quality, flexibility and technological advancement. The Dragon, despite inherent issues with long-term reliability, remained the highest point of <a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">compact cassette</a> technology. (<b><a href="/wiki/Nakamichi_Dragon" title="Nakamichi Dragon">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 15 eft (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 15 eft (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 15</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_view_of_Nexus_7_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Front_view_of_Nexus_7_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="276" height="439" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="439" /></a></span>eft (<b><a href="/wiki/Nexus_7_(2012)" title="Nexus 7 (2012)">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> </ul></div> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics/Good_articles" title="Portal:Electronics/Good articles">More good articles</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D882;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Selected_image" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected image</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FCFFF4;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div class="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sch%C3%A9ma_de_principe_du_synchrotron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sch%C3%A9ma_de_principe_du_synchrotron.jpg/300px-Sch%C3%A9ma_de_principe_du_synchrotron.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sch%C3%A9ma_de_principe_du_synchrotron.jpg/450px-Sch%C3%A9ma_de_principe_du_synchrotron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sch%C3%A9ma_de_principe_du_synchrotron.jpg/600px-Sch%C3%A9ma_de_principe_du_synchrotron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1749" /></a></span><br /> <small>Credit: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:David.Monniaux" class="extiw" title="commons:User:David.Monniaux">commons:User:David.Monniaux</a></small><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Soleil_(synchrotron)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soleil (synchrotron)">Synchrotron Soleil</a></b>: general diagram. </div> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Electronics/Selected picture">More selected images</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D882;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Selected_biography" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected biography</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FCFFF4;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jj-thomson2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Jj-thomson2.jpg/75px-Jj-thomson2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Jj-thomson2.jpg/113px-Jj-thomson2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Jj-thomson2.jpg/150px-Jj-thomson2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">Sir Joseph John Thomson</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">OM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> (18 December 1856 – 30 August 1940) often known as <b>J. J. Thomson</b>, was an <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>. Thomson is credited for the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Isotopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopes">isotopes</a>, and the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass spectrometer">mass spectrometer</a>. Thomson conducted a series of experiments with <a href="/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathode ray tubes">cathode ray tubes</a> which led him to the discovery of electrons and subatomic particles. </p> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics/Selected_biography" title="Portal:Electronics/Selected biography">More selected biographies</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D882;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" 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10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_Amplification_by_Stimulated_Emission_of_Radiation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Light_Amplification_by_Stimulated_Emission_of_Radiation.jpg/100px-Light_Amplification_by_Stimulated_Emission_of_Radiation.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Light_Amplification_by_Stimulated_Emission_of_Radiation.jpg/150px-Light_Amplification_by_Stimulated_Emission_of_Radiation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Light_Amplification_by_Stimulated_Emission_of_Radiation.jpg/200px-Light_Amplification_by_Stimulated_Emission_of_Radiation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b><a href="/wiki/LASER" class="mw-redirect" title="LASER">LASER</a></b> (acronym for <b>L</b>ight <b>A</b>mplification by <b>S</b>timulated <b>E</b>mission of <b>R</b>adiation) is an optical source that emits <a href="/wiki/Photons" class="mw-redirect" title="Photons">photons</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Coherence_(physics)" title="Coherence (physics)">coherent</a> beam. The term has since entered the English language as a standard word, laser, losing the capitalization in the process. The <a href="/wiki/Back-formation" title="Back-formation">back-formed</a> verb <i><b>lase</b></i> means "to produce laser light" or "to apply laser light to". </p><p>Laser light is typically near-<a href="/wiki/Monochromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic">monochromatic</a>, i.e., consisting of a single <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> or <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a>, and emitted in a narrow beam. This contrasts with common <a href="/wiki/Light_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Light source">light sources</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">incandescent light bulb</a>, which emit <a href="/wiki/Coherence_(physics)" title="Coherence (physics)">incoherent</a> photons in almost all directions, usually over a wide <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">spectrum</a> of wavelengths. Laser action is explained by the theories of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a>. Many materials have been found to have the required characteristics to form the <a href="/wiki/Laser_gain_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser gain medium">laser gain medium</a> needed to power a laser, and these have led to the invention of many <a href="/wiki/List_of_laser_types" title="List of laser types">types of lasers</a> with different characteristics suitable for different applications. </p> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics/Selected_article" title="Portal:Electronics/Selected article">More selected articles</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D882;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Did_you_know_(auto-generated)_-_load_new_batch" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span id="Did_you_know_.28auto-generated.29_-_load_new_batch"></span>Did you know <small>(auto-generated)</small> - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Electronics&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>load new batch</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FCFFF4;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg/47px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg/71px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg/94px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>... that <i><b><a href="/wiki/Last_Call_BBS" title="Last Call BBS">Last Call BBS</a></b></i> contains a <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">chip-manufacturing</a> game, a <a href="/wiki/Model_building" title="Model building">model-building</a> simulator, a game of <a href="/wiki/Patience_(game)" title="Patience (game)">solitaire</a>, and more?</li> <li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Electronic_Engineers" title="Industrial Electronic Engineers">Industrial Electronic Engineers</a></b><span class="nowrap">'</span> <a href="/wiki/Nimo_tube" title="Nimo tube">nimo tube</a> contained ten electron guns firing through a number-shaped stencil?</li> <li>... that the <b><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Arrays_9002" title="Electronic Arrays 9002">Electronic Arrays 9002</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> was developed to get the company out of the <a href="/wiki/Calculator" title="Calculator">calculator</a> business, but instead led to their disappearance?</li> <li>... that in 2019, Chinese electronics company <a href="/wiki/Xiaomi" title="Xiaomi">Xiaomi</a> posted a video of their third-quarterly financial report featuring a parody of the <a href="/wiki/Anime_song" title="Anime song">anime song</a> "<b><a href="/wiki/Renai_Circulation" title="Renai Circulation">Renai Circulation</a></b>"?</li> <li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Reimer" title="Helmut Reimer">Helmut Reimer</a></b>, who was professor of <a href="/wiki/Microelectronics" title="Microelectronics">microelectronics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Ilmenau" title="Technische Universität Ilmenau">Technische Universität Ilmenau</a> from 1971, began in 1992 to make <a href="/wiki/TeleTrusT" title="TeleTrusT">TeleTrusT</a> a competence centre for applied <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biometrics" title="Biometrics">biometrics</a>?</li> <li>... that telegraph operator <b><a href="/wiki/Emma_Hunter_(telegrapher)" title="Emma Hunter (telegrapher)">Emma Hunter</a></b> may have been the world's first <a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">electronic commuter</a>?</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D882;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Consumer_showcase" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Consumer showcase</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FCFFF4;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Routeur-wifi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Routeur-wifi.jpg/100px-Routeur-wifi.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Routeur-wifi.jpg/150px-Routeur-wifi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Routeur-wifi.jpg/200px-Routeur-wifi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a></b> is a brand originally licensed by the <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_Alliance" title="Wi-Fi Alliance">Wi-Fi Alliance</a> to describe the underlying technology of <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area networks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wireless_LAN" title="Wireless LAN">WLAN</a>) based on the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</a> specifications. It was developed to be used for mobile computing devices, such as laptops, in <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LANs</a>, but is now increasingly used for more services, including <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and <a href="/wiki/VoIP" class="mw-redirect" title="VoIP">VoIP</a> phone access, gaming, and basic connectivity of <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">consumer electronics</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Televisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Televisions">televisions</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVD_player" title="DVD player">DVD players</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a>. More standards are in development that will allow Wi-Fi to be used by cars in highways in support of an <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Transportation_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent Transportation System">Intelligent Transportation System</a> to increase safety, gather statistics, and enable mobile commerce (see <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11p" title="IEEE 802.11p">IEEE 802.11p</a>). </p> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics/Selected_product" title="Portal:Electronics/Selected product">More selected products</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D882;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Selected_design" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected design</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FCFFF4;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div class="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_coil_3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tesla_coil_3.svg/350px-Tesla_coil_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tesla_coil_3.svg/525px-Tesla_coil_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tesla_coil_3.svg/700px-Tesla_coil_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="319" /></a></span><br /> <small>Credit: <a href="/wiki/User:K7jeb" title="User:K7jeb">User:K7jeb</a>, <a href="/wiki/User:Omegatron" title="User:Omegatron">User:Omegatron</a> (vectorization)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Coil" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesla Coil">Tesla Coil</a> schematic.</div> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics/Selected_design" title="Portal:Electronics/Selected design">More selected designs</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D882;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="WikiProjects" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">WikiProjects</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FCFFF4;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <table style="background: transparent; width: 100%; margin: 0;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="padding-right: 1em; text-align: left; width: 50%;"> <div style="font-size:91%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Technology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Science" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Physics" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Physics">Physics</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td style="padding-left: 1em; text-align: left; width: 50%;"> <div style="font-size:91%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Electronics" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Electronics">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Computing" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Computing">Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Energy" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Energy">Energy</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both; width:100%"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D882;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Main_topics" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Main topics</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FCFFF4;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="font-size: 90%; text-align:center;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a></b> - <b><a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">Consumer electronics</a></b> - <b><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Engineering</a></b> - <b><a href="/wiki/Electronics_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronics manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></b> - <b><a href="/wiki/Electronic_symbol" title="Electronic symbol">Symbols</a></b> - <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Units_of_measurement" title="Category:Units of measurement">Units</a></b> - <b><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Waste</a></b> </p> </div> <div style="font-size: 90%; text-align:left;"> <p><b>Theory:</b> <a href="/wiki/Amp%C3%A8re%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampère's law">Ampère's law</a> - <a href="/wiki/Coulomb%27s_law" title="Coulomb's law">Coulomb's law</a> - <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">Frequency</a> - <a href="/wiki/Hall_effect" title="Hall effect">Hall effect</a> - <a href="/wiki/Joule%27s_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Joule's laws">Joule's laws</a> - <a href="/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s_circuit_laws" title="Kirchhoff's circuit laws">Kirchhoff's laws</a> - <a href="/wiki/Millman%27s_Theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Millman's Theorem">Millman's Theorem</a> - <a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Moore's Law">Moore's Law</a> - <a href="/wiki/Norton%27s_theorem" title="Norton's theorem">Norton's theorem</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ohm%27s_law" title="Ohm's law">Ohm's law</a> - <a href="/wiki/Peukert%27s_law" title="Peukert's law">Peukert's law</a> - <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical resistance">Resistance</a> - <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9venin%27s_theorem" title="Thévenin's theorem">Thévenin's theorem</a>- <a href="/wiki/Superposition_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Superposition theorem">Superposition</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">Wavelength</a> </p> </div> <div style="font-size: 90%; text-align:left;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">Components</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">Antenna</a> - <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">Capacitor</a> - <a href="/wiki/Electrical_connector" title="Electrical connector">Connectors</a> - <a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">Diode</a> - <a href="/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)" title="Fuse (electrical)">Fuse</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ground_(electricity)" title="Ground (electricity)">Ground</a> - <a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">Inductor</a> - <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a> - <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal display">LCD</a> - <a href="/wiki/Cavity_magnetron" title="Cavity magnetron">Magnetron</a> - <a href="/wiki/Memristor" title="Memristor">Memristor</a> - <a href="/wiki/Phased_array" title="Phased array">Phased array</a> - <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a> - <a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">Resistor</a> - <a href="/wiki/Thermocouple" title="Thermocouple">Thermocouple</a> - <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a> - <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistor</a> - <a href="/wiki/Switch" title="Switch">Switch</a> - <a href="/wiki/Electrical_wiring" title="Electrical wiring">Wire</a> </p> </div> <div style="font-size: 90%; text-align:left;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Electrical_network" title="Electrical network">Circuits</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">AC</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bridge_circuit" title="Bridge circuit">Bridge</a> - <a href="/wiki/Circuit_design" title="Circuit design">Designs</a> - <a href="/wiki/Circuit_diagram" title="Circuit diagram">Diagrams</a> - <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a> - <a href="/wiki/Electrical_impedance" title="Electrical impedance">Impedance</a> - <a href="/wiki/External_electric_load" class="mw-redirect" title="External electric load">Load</a> - <a href="/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits" title="Series and parallel circuits">Series and parallel</a> - <a href="/wiki/Voltage_divider_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage divider rule">Voltage divider</a> - <a href="/wiki/Voltage_drop" title="Voltage drop">Voltage drop</a> </p> </div> <div style="font-size: 90%; text-align:left;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Fields</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Computer_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer system">Computer systems</a> - <a href="/wiki/Control_system" title="Control system">Control systems</a> - <a href="/wiki/Electromechanics" title="Electromechanics">Electromechanics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Microelectronics" title="Microelectronics">Microelectronics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Optoelectronics" title="Optoelectronics">Optoelectronics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Power_electronics" title="Power electronics">Power</a> - <a href="/wiki/Quantum_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum electronics">Quantum electronics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Radio_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio electronics">Radio</a> - <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">Robotics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductors</a> - <a href="/wiki/Spintronics" title="Spintronics">Spintronics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">Telecommunications</a> </p> </div> <div style="font-size: 90%; text-align:left;"> <p><b>Products:</b> <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Cameras</a> - <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">Computers</a> - <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">Fiber optics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Lasers</a> - <a href="/wiki/Lamp_(electrical_component)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamp (electrical component)">Lights</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phones</a> - <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a> - <a href="/wiki/Receiver_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Receiver (radio)">Radios</a> - <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">TVs</a> </p> </div> <div style="font-size: 90%; text-align:left;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Electronics_companies" title="Category:Electronics companies">Companies</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Micro Devices">AMD</a> - <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bose_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bose (company)">Bose</a> - <a href="/wiki/Canon_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (company)">Canon</a> - <a href="/wiki/Cray" title="Cray">Cray</a> - <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a> - <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a> - <a href="/wiki/Garmin" title="Garmin">Garmin</a> - <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a> - <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> - <a href="/wiki/Intel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel Corporation">Intel</a> - <a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">JVC</a> - <a href="/wiki/Kyocera" title="Kyocera">Kyocera</a> - <a href="/wiki/LG_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="LG Group">LG</a> - <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> - <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a> - <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a> - <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> - <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Corporation" title="Pioneer Corporation">Pioneer</a> - <a href="/wiki/RadioShack" title="RadioShack">RadioShack</a> - <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a> - <a href="/wiki/Siemens_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens AG">Siemens</a> - <a href="/wiki/Sirius_Satellite_Radio" title="Sirius Satellite Radio">Sirius</a> - <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> - <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> - <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a> </p> </div> <div style="font-size: 90%; text-align:left;"> <p><b>People:</b> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">Ampère</a> - <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> - <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Bell</a> - <a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Coulomb</a> - <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Edison</a> - <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a> - <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Faraday</a> - <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Gauss</a> - <a href="/wiki/Hans_Geiger" title="Hans Geiger">Geiger</a> - <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hall" title="Edwin Hall">Hall</a> - <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Henry</a> - <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rudolf_Hertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Rudolf Hertz">Hertz</a> - <a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">Joule</a> - <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">Kirchhoff</a> - <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> - <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Moore</a> - <a href="/wiki/Georg_Ohm" title="Georg Ohm">Ohm</a> - <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Ørsted</a> - <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Werner_von_Siemens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernst Werner von Siemens">Siemens</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Tesla</a> - <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Volta</a> - <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">Watt</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm 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aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_electronics" title="Category:Military electronics">Military electronics</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Molecular_electronics" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Molecular_electronics" title="Category:Molecular electronics">Molecular electronics</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Nanoelectronics" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nanoelectronics" title="Category:Nanoelectronics">Nanoelectronics</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Open_hardware_electronic_devices" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Open_hardware_electronic_devices" title="Category:Open hardware electronic devices">Open hardware electronic devices</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Optoelectronics" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Optoelectronics" title="Category:Optoelectronics">Optoelectronics</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Organic_electronics" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Organic_electronics" title="Category:Organic electronics">Organic electronics</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Power_electronics" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Power_electronics" title="Category:Power electronics">Power electronics</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Quantum_electronics" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Quantum_electronics" title="Category:Quantum electronics">Quantum electronics</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Radio_electronics" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Radio_electronics" title="Category:Radio electronics">Radio electronics</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Semiconductor_technology" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Semiconductor_technology" title="Category:Semiconductor technology">Semiconductor technology</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Signal_processing_filter" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Signal_processing_filter" title="Category:Signal processing filter">Signal processing filter</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Electronics_and_society" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Electronics_and_society" title="Category:Electronics and society">Electronics and society</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Spintronics" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Spintronics" title="Category:Spintronics">Spintronics</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Electronics_standards" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Electronics_standards" title="Category:Electronics standards">Electronics standards</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Telecommunications" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Television_technology" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Television_technology" title="Category:Television technology">Television technology</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Terahertz_technology" title="Category:Terahertz technology">Terahertz technology</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Electronic_test_equipment" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Electronic_test_equipment" title="Category:Electronic test equipment">Electronic test equipment</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Video_hardware" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Video_hardware" title="Category:Video hardware">Video hardware</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Works_about_electronics" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_about_electronics" title="Category:Works about electronics">Works about electronics</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Electronics_stubs" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Electronics_stubs" title="Category:Electronics stubs">Electronics stubs</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div></div></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D882;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Associated_Wikimedia" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Associated Wikimedia</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FCFFF4;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239335380">.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li span{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px 4px}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{text-align:center}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}}@media(min-width:360px){.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{width:33%;min-width:20em;white-space:nowrap;flex:1 0 25%}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{min-width:50px}}</style> <p>The following <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> sister projects provide more on this subject: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Electronics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/47px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/62px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Electronics" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Category:Electronics">Commons</a></span><br />Free media repository</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Electronics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/35px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/53px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/70px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Electronics" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Electronics">Wikibooks</a></span><br />Free textbooks and manuals</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Electronics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/47px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/71px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/94px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Electronics" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Special:Search/Electronics">Wikidata</a></span><br />Free knowledge base</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Electronics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/51px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="51" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/77px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/102px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Electronics" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Electronics">Wikinews</a></span><br />Free-content news</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Electronics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/53px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/70px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Electronics" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Electronics">Wikiquote</a></span><br />Collection of quotations</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Electronics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/35px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/53px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/70px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Electronics" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Electronics">Wikisource</a></span><br />Free-content library</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Electronics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="41" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/62px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/82px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Electronics" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Special:Search/Electronics">Wikiversity</a></span><br />Free learning tools</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Electronics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/53px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/70px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Electronics" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/Electronics">Wiktionary</a></span><br />Dictionary and thesaurus</div> </li> </ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239335380"> <div class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Discover Wikipedia using <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal" title="Wikipedia:Portal">portals</a></b></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/35px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/53px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/70px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">List of all portals</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/35px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/53px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/70px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:The_arts" title="Portal:The arts">The arts portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/35px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/53px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/70px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/35px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/53px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, 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