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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بوابة:إلكترونيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوابة:إلكترونيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Elektronika" title="Portal:Elektronika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Portal:Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Electr%C3%B2nica" title="Portal:Electrònica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Portal:Electrònica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Elektrotechnik" title="Portal:Elektrotechnik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Portal:Elektrotechnik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87:%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="درگاه:الکترونیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درگاه:الکترونیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portail:%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9_et_%C3%A9lectronique" title="Portail:Électricité et électronique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Portail:Électricité et électronique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0:%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="प्रवेशद्वार:इलेक्ट्रॉनिक्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रवेशद्वार:इलेक्ट्रॉनिक्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Elektronika" title="Portal:Elektronika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Portal:Elektronika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portale:Elettrotecnica" 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(<a href="/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/All_portals" title="Special:RandomInCategory/All portals">Random portal</a>)<br /> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Human_activities" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Activities</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Culture_and_the_arts" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Geography_and_places" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Geography</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Health_and_fitness" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Health</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#History_and_events" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">History</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Mathematics_and_logic" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Mathematics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Natural_and_physical_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Nature</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#People_and_self" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">People</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Philosophy_and_thinking" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Philosophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Religion_and_belief_systems" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Religion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Society_and_social_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Society</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Technology_and_applied_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Technology</a></dd></dl> </div> <hr /></div> <table width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="8" style="background:#ADDFAD; border-style:solid; border-width:2px; border-color:#228B22"> <tbody><tr> <td width="55%" style="vertical-align:top;padding: 0; margin:0;"> <div style="width:99%"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D882;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="The_Electronics_Portal" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><big>The Electronics Portal</big></h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FCFFF4;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg/330px-Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg/500px-Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg/960px-Arduino_ftdi_chip-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Modern <a href="/wiki/Surface-mount_technology" title="Surface-mount technology">surface-mount</a> electronic components on a printed circuit board, with a large integrated circuit at the top</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a></b> is a scientific and engineering discipline that studies and applies the principles of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> to design, create, and operate devices that manipulate <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">electrically charged particles</a>. It is a subfield of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a> which uses <a href="/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)" title="Passivity (engineering)">active devices</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">diodes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a> to control and amplify the flow of <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> and to convert it from one form to another, such as from <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> (AC) to <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> (DC) or from <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog</a> signals to <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal" title="Digital signal">digital</a> signals. </p><p>Electronic devices have hugely influenced the development of many aspects of modern society, such as <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a>, entertainment, education, health care, industry, and security. The main driving force behind the advancement of electronics is the <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry" title="Semiconductor industry">semiconductor industry</a>, which in response to global demand continually produces ever-more sophisticated electronic devices and circuits. The <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> industry is one of the largest and most profitable sectors in the global economy, with annual revenues exceeding $481 billion in 2018. The electronics industry also encompasses other sectors that rely on electronic devices and systems, such as e-commerce, which generated over $29 trillion in online sales in 2017. 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From left to right: input, coupled, isolated (terminated with a load), and transmitted port. Power dividers (also power splitters and, when used in reverse, power combiners) and directional couplers are passive devices used mostly in the field of radio technology. They couple a defined amount of the electromagnetic power in a transmission line to a port enabling the signal to be used in another circuit. An essential feature of directional couplers is that they only couple power flowing in one direction. Power entering the output port is coupled to the isolated port but not to the coupled port. A directional coupler designed to split power equally between two ports is called a hybrid coupler. Directional couplers are most frequently constructed from two coupled transmission lines set close enough together such that energy passing through one is coupled to the other. This technique is favoured at the microwave frequencies where transmission line designs are commonly used to implement many circuit elements. However, lumped component devices are also possible at lower frequencies, such as the audio frequencies encountered in telephony. Also at microwave frequencies, particularly the higher bands, waveguide designs can be used. Many of these waveguide couplers correspond to one of the conducting transmission line designs, but there are also types that are unique to waveguide. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 1 A 10 dB 1.7–2.2 GHz directional coupler. From left to right: input, coupled, isolated (terminated with a load), and transmitted port. Power dividers (also power splitters and, when used in reverse, power combiners) and directional couplers are passive devices used mostly in the field of radio technology. They couple a defined amount of the electromagnetic power in a transmission line to a port enabling the signal to be used in another circuit. An essential feature of directional couplers is that they only couple power flowing in one direction. Power entering the output port is coupled to the isolated port but not to the coupled port. A directional coupler designed to split power equally between two ports is called a hybrid coupler. Directional couplers are most frequently constructed from two coupled transmission lines set close enough together such that energy passing through one is coupled to the other. This technique is favoured at the microwave frequencies where transmission line designs are commonly used to implement many circuit elements. However, lumped component devices are also possible at lower frequencies, such as the audio frequencies encountered in telephony. Also at microwave frequencies, particularly the higher bands, waveguide designs can be used. Many of these waveguide couplers correspond to one of the conducting transmission line designs, but there are also types that are unique to waveguide. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 1</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microlab_10dB_dir_coupler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Microlab_10dB_dir_coupler.jpg/250px-Microlab_10dB_dir_coupler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Microlab_10dB_dir_coupler.jpg/330px-Microlab_10dB_dir_coupler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Microlab_10dB_dir_coupler.jpg/500px-Microlab_10dB_dir_coupler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>A 10 <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">dB</a> 1.7–2.2 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">GHz</a> directional coupler. From left to right: input, coupled, isolated (terminated with a load), and transmitted port.</figcaption></figure><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Power_dividers_and_directional_couplers" title="Power dividers and directional couplers">Power dividers</a></b> (also <b>power splitters</b> and, when used in reverse, <b>power combiners</b>) and <b>directional couplers</b> are <a href="/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)" title="Passivity (engineering)">passive devices</a> used mostly in the field of radio technology. They couple a defined amount of the electromagnetic power in a <a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">transmission line</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Port_(circuit_theory)" title="Port (circuit theory)">port</a> enabling the signal to be used in another circuit. An essential feature of directional couplers is that they only couple power flowing in one direction. Power entering the output port is coupled to the isolated port but not to the coupled port. A directional coupler designed to split power equally between two ports is called a <b>hybrid coupler</b>.<br /><br />Directional couplers are most frequently constructed from two coupled transmission lines set close enough together such that energy passing through one is coupled to the other. This technique is favoured at the <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> frequencies where transmission line designs are commonly used to implement many circuit elements. However, <a href="/wiki/Lumped-element_model" title="Lumped-element model">lumped component</a> devices are also possible at lower frequencies, such as the audio frequencies encountered in <a href="/wiki/Telephony" title="Telephony">telephony</a>. Also at microwave frequencies, particularly the higher bands, <a href="/wiki/Waveguide" title="Waveguide">waveguide</a> designs can be used. Many of these waveguide couplers correspond to one of the conducting transmission line designs, but there are also types that are unique to waveguide. (<b><a href="/wiki/Power_dividers_and_directional_couplers" title="Power dividers and directional couplers">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 2 A Leslie speaker in a clear plastic cabinet The Leslie speaker is a combined amplifier and loudspeaker that projects the signal from an electric or electronic instrument and modifies the sound by rotating a baffle chamber ("drum") in front of the loudspeakers. A similar effect is provided by a rotating system of horns in front of the treble driver. It is most commonly associated with the Hammond organ, though it was later used for the electric guitar and other instruments. A typical Leslie speaker contains an amplifier, a treble horn and a bass speaker—though specific components depend upon the model. A musician controls the Leslie speaker by either an external switch or pedal that alternates between a slow and fast speed setting, known as "chorale" and "tremolo". The speaker is named after its inventor, Donald Leslie, who began working in the late 1930s to get a speaker for a Hammond organ that better emulated a pipe or theatre organ, and discovered that baffles rotating along the axis of the speaker cone gave the best sound effect. Hammond was not interested in marketing or selling the speakers, so Leslie sold them himself as an add-on, targeting other organs as well as Hammond. Leslie made the first speaker in 1941. The sound of the organ being played through his speaker received national radio exposure across the US, and it became a commercial and critical success. It soon became an essential tool for most jazz organists. In 1965, Leslie sold his business to CBS who, in 1980, sold it to Hammond. Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation subsequently acquired the Hammond and Leslie brands. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 2 A Leslie speaker in a clear plastic cabinet The Leslie speaker is a combined amplifier and loudspeaker that projects the signal from an electric or electronic instrument and modifies the sound by rotating a baffle chamber ("drum") in front of the loudspeakers. A similar effect is provided by a rotating system of horns in front of the treble driver. It is most commonly associated with the Hammond organ, though it was later used for the electric guitar and other instruments. A typical Leslie speaker contains an amplifier, a treble horn and a bass speaker—though specific components depend upon the model. A musician controls the Leslie speaker by either an external switch or pedal that alternates between a slow and fast speed setting, known as "chorale" and "tremolo". The speaker is named after its inventor, Donald Leslie, who began working in the late 1930s to get a speaker for a Hammond organ that better emulated a pipe or theatre organ, and discovered that baffles rotating along the axis of the speaker cone gave the best sound effect. Hammond was not interested in marketing or selling the speakers, so Leslie sold them himself as an add-on, targeting other organs as well as Hammond. Leslie made the first speaker in 1941. The sound of the organ being played through his speaker received national radio exposure across the US, and it became a commercial and critical success. It soon became an essential tool for most jazz organists. In 1965, Leslie sold his business to CBS who, in 1980, sold it to Hammond. Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation subsequently acquired the Hammond and Leslie brands. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 2</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leslie_Speaker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Leslie_Speaker.jpg/250px-Leslie_Speaker.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Leslie_Speaker.jpg/500px-Leslie_Speaker.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2607" /></a><figcaption>A Leslie speaker in a clear plastic cabinet</figcaption></figure><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie speaker</a></b> is a combined <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeaker</a> that projects the signal from an electric or electronic instrument and modifies the sound by rotating a baffle chamber ("drum") in front of the loudspeakers. A similar effect is provided by a rotating system of horns in front of the treble driver. It is most commonly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a>, though it was later used for the <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a> and other instruments. A typical Leslie speaker contains an amplifier, a treble horn and a bass speaker—though specific components depend upon the model. A musician controls the Leslie speaker by either an external switch or pedal that alternates between a slow and fast speed setting, known as "<a href="/wiki/Chorus_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorus effect">chorale</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">tremolo</a>".<br /><br />The speaker is named after its inventor, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Leslie" title="Donald Leslie">Donald Leslie</a>, who began working in the late 1930s to get a speaker for a Hammond organ that better emulated a <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Theatre_organ" title="Theatre organ">theatre organ</a>, and discovered that baffles rotating along the axis of the speaker cone gave the best sound effect. Hammond was not interested in marketing or selling the speakers, so Leslie sold them himself as an add-on, targeting other organs as well as Hammond. Leslie made the first speaker in 1941. The sound of the organ being played through his speaker received national radio exposure across the US, and it became a commercial and critical success. It soon became an essential tool for most jazz organists. In 1965, Leslie sold his business to <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> who, in 1980, sold it to Hammond. <a href="/wiki/Suzuki_Musical_Instrument_Corporation" title="Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation">Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation</a> subsequently acquired the Hammond and Leslie brands. (<b><a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 3 Male HDMI "type A" connector High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) is a proprietary audio/video interface for transmitting uncompressed video data and compressed or uncompressed digital audio data from a source device, such as a display controller, to a computer monitor, video projector, digital television, or digital audio device. HDMI is a digital replacement for analog video standards. HDMI implements the ANSI/CTA-861 standard, which defines video formats and waveforms, transport of compressed and uncompressed LPCM audio, auxiliary data, and implementations of the VESA EDID. CEA-861 signals carried by HDMI are electrically compatible with the CEA-861 signals used by the Digital Visual Interface (DVI). No signal conversion is necessary, nor is there a loss of video quality when a DVI-to-HDMI adapter is used. The Consumer Electronics Control (CEC) capability allows HDMI devices to control each other when necessary and allows the user to operate multiple devices with one handheld remote control device. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 3 Male HDMI "type A" connector High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) is a proprietary audio/video interface for transmitting uncompressed video data and compressed or uncompressed digital audio data from a source device, such as a display controller, to a computer monitor, video projector, digital television, or digital audio device. HDMI is a digital replacement for analog video standards. HDMI implements the ANSI/CTA-861 standard, which defines video formats and waveforms, transport of compressed and uncompressed LPCM audio, auxiliary data, and implementations of the VESA EDID. CEA-861 signals carried by HDMI are electrically compatible with the CEA-861 signals used by the Digital Visual Interface (DVI). No signal conversion is necessary, nor is there a loss of video quality when a DVI-to-HDMI adapter is used. The Consumer Electronics Control (CEC) capability allows HDMI devices to control each other when necessary and allows the user to operate multiple devices with one handheld remote control device. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 3</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:310px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:HDMI_connector-male_2_sharp_PNr%C2%B00059.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/HDMI_connector-male_2_sharp_PNr%C2%B00059.jpg/250px-HDMI_connector-male_2_sharp_PNr%C2%B00059.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/HDMI_connector-male_2_sharp_PNr%C2%B00059.jpg/330px-HDMI_connector-male_2_sharp_PNr%C2%B00059.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/HDMI_connector-male_2_sharp_PNr%C2%B00059.jpg/500px-HDMI_connector-male_2_sharp_PNr%C2%B00059.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1608" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Male HDMI "type A" connector</div></div></div></div><br /><b>High-Definition Multimedia Interface</b> (<b><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a></b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_hardware" title="Proprietary hardware">proprietary</a> <a href="/wiki/Audio/video_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio/video interface">audio/video interface</a> for transmitting <a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">uncompressed video</a> data and compressed or uncompressed <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> data from a source device, such as a <a href="/wiki/Display_controller" class="mw-redirect" title="Display controller">display controller</a>, to a <a href="/wiki/Visual_display_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual display unit">computer monitor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_projector" title="Video projector">video projector</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> device. HDMI is a digital replacement for <a href="/wiki/Analog_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog video">analog video</a> standards.<br /><br />HDMI implements the <a href="/wiki/CEA-861" class="mw-redirect" title="CEA-861">ANSI/CTA-861</a> standard, which defines video formats and waveforms, transport of compressed and uncompressed <a href="/wiki/Linear_pulse-code_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear pulse-code modulation">LPCM</a> audio, auxiliary data, and implementations of the <a href="/wiki/Extended_display_identification_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended display identification data">VESA EDID</a>. CEA-861 signals carried by HDMI are electrically compatible with the CEA-861 signals used by the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">Digital Visual Interface</a> (DVI). No signal conversion is necessary, nor is there a loss of video quality when a DVI-to-HDMI adapter is used. The <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Control" title="Consumer Electronics Control">Consumer Electronics Control</a> (CEC) capability allows HDMI devices to control each other when necessary and allows the user to operate multiple devices with one handheld <a href="/wiki/Remote_control" title="Remote control">remote control</a> device. (<b><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 4 Late version Quad "ESL-57" loudspeaker with black grilles and rosewood end caps The Quad Electrostatic Loudspeaker (ESL) is the world's first production full-range electrostatic loudspeaker, launched in 1957 by Quad Electroacoustics, then known as the Acoustical Manufacturing Co. Ltd. The speaker is shaped somewhat like a home electric radiator curved slightly on the vertical axis. They are widely admired for their clarity and precision, but known to be difficult speakers to run and maintain. The original ESL, in production between 1957 and 1985, has been hailed in Sound & Vision as one of the most important speakers of the 20th century. It was succeeded in 1981 by the ESL-63, which remained in production until 1999. As of 2013, Quad maintains four electrostatic speakers in its range. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 4 Late version Quad "ESL-57" loudspeaker with black grilles and rosewood end caps The Quad Electrostatic Loudspeaker (ESL) is the world's first production full-range electrostatic loudspeaker, launched in 1957 by Quad Electroacoustics, then known as the Acoustical Manufacturing Co. Ltd. The speaker is shaped somewhat like a home electric radiator curved slightly on the vertical axis. They are widely admired for their clarity and precision, but known to be difficult speakers to run and maintain. The original ESL, in production between 1957 and 1985, has been hailed in Sound & Vision as one of the most important speakers of the 20th century. It was succeeded in 1981 by the ESL-63, which remained in production until 1999. As of 2013, Quad maintains four electrostatic speakers in its range. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 4</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quad_ESL-57_luidspreker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Quad_ESL-57_luidspreker.jpg/220px-Quad_ESL-57_luidspreker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Quad_ESL-57_luidspreker.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="253" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Late version Quad "ESL-57" loudspeaker with black grilles and rosewood end caps</figcaption></figure><br /><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Quad_Electrostatic_Loudspeaker" title="Quad Electrostatic Loudspeaker">Quad Electrostatic Loudspeaker</a></b> (ESL) is the world's first production full-range <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_loudspeaker" title="Electrostatic loudspeaker">electrostatic loudspeaker</a>, launched in 1957 by <a href="/wiki/Quad_Electroacoustics" title="Quad Electroacoustics">Quad Electroacoustics</a>, then known as the Acoustical Manufacturing Co. Ltd. The speaker is shaped somewhat like a home electric <a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">radiator</a> curved slightly on the vertical axis. They are widely admired for their clarity and precision, but known to be difficult speakers to run and maintain.<br /><br />The original ESL, in production between 1957 and 1985, has been hailed in <i><a href="/wiki/Sound_%26_Vision_(magazine)" title="Sound & Vision (magazine)">Sound & Vision</a></i> as one of the most important speakers of the 20th century. It was succeeded in 1981 by the ESL-63, which remained in production until 1999. As of 2013, Quad maintains four electrostatic speakers in its range. (<b><a href="/wiki/Quad_Electrostatic_Loudspeaker" title="Quad Electrostatic Loudspeaker">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 5 The JBL Paragon, measuring almost 9 feet (2.7 m) from left to right The JBL D44000 Paragon is a one-piece stereo loudspeaker created by JBL that was introduced in 1957 and discontinued in 1983; its production run was the longest of any JBL speaker. At its launch, the Paragon was the most expensive domestic loudspeaker on the market. Designed by Arnold Wolf from a concept elaborated by Richard Ranger, it is almost 9 feet (2.7 m) long and requires over a hundred-man hours of hand-finishing by a team of dedicated craftsmen. Resembling less a conventional loudspeaker than an elegant sideboard, it is a landmark product for the company that was sought after by the well-heeled and by celebrities. With an estimated total production of about 1,000 units, it is highly sought after by collectors to this day. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 5 The JBL Paragon, measuring almost 9 feet (2.7 m) from left to right The JBL D44000 Paragon is a one-piece stereo loudspeaker created by JBL that was introduced in 1957 and discontinued in 1983; its production run was the longest of any JBL speaker. At its launch, the Paragon was the most expensive domestic loudspeaker on the market. Designed by Arnold Wolf from a concept elaborated by Richard Ranger, it is almost 9 feet (2.7 m) long and requires over a hundred-man hours of hand-finishing by a team of dedicated craftsmen. Resembling less a conventional loudspeaker than an elegant sideboard, it is a landmark product for the company that was sought after by the well-heeled and by celebrities. With an estimated total production of about 1,000 units, it is highly sought after by collectors to this day. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 5</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JBL_Paragon_(edited_and_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/JBL_Paragon_%28edited_and_cropped%29.jpg/450px-JBL_Paragon_%28edited_and_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/JBL_Paragon_%28edited_and_cropped%29.jpg/675px-JBL_Paragon_%28edited_and_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/JBL_Paragon_%28edited_and_cropped%29.jpg/900px-JBL_Paragon_%28edited_and_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3250" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption>The JBL Paragon, measuring almost 9 feet (2.7 m) from left to right</figcaption></figure><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/JBL_Paragon" title="JBL Paragon">JBL D44000 Paragon</a></b> is a one-piece stereo loudspeaker created by <a href="/wiki/JBL_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="JBL (company)">JBL</a> that was introduced in 1957 and discontinued in 1983; its production run was the longest of any JBL speaker. At its launch, the Paragon was the most expensive domestic loudspeaker on the market.<br /><br />Designed by <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Wolf" title="Arnold Wolf">Arnold Wolf</a> from a concept elaborated by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ranger" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Ranger">Richard Ranger</a>, it is almost 9 feet (2.7 m) long and requires over a hundred-man hours of hand-finishing by a team of dedicated craftsmen. Resembling less a conventional loudspeaker than an elegant sideboard, it is a landmark product for the company that was sought after by the well-heeled and by celebrities. With an estimated total production of about 1,000 units, it is highly sought after by collectors to this day. (<b><a href="/wiki/JBL_Paragon" title="JBL Paragon">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 6 Gold iPhone 5s The iPhone 5s is a smartphone that was developed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the seventh generation of the iPhone, succeeding the iPhone 5, and unveiled in September 2013, alongside the iPhone 5c. The iPhone 5s maintained almost the same external design as well as the same 4-inch screen as its predecessor, the iPhone 5. Although the 5s received a new white/gold color scheme in addition to white/silver and space gray/black. The 5s features upgrades mostly in the form of internal hardware; it introduced the Apple A7 64-bit dual-core system-on-chip, the first 64-bit processor to be used on a smartphone, accompanied by the M7 "motion co-processor". A redesigned home button with Touch ID, a fingerprint recognition system which can be used to unlock the phone and authenticate App Store and iTunes Store purchases, was also introduced. The camera was also updated with a larger aperture and a dual-LED flash optimized for different color temperatures. EarPods, which were introduced the year prior and had been shipping with the iPhone 5, were included in the box. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 6 Gold iPhone 5s The iPhone 5s is a smartphone that was developed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the seventh generation of the iPhone, succeeding the iPhone 5, and unveiled in September 2013, alongside the iPhone 5c. The iPhone 5s maintained almost the same external design as well as the same 4-inch screen as its predecessor, the iPhone 5. Although the 5s received a new white/gold color scheme in addition to white/silver and space gray/black. The 5s features upgrades mostly in the form of internal hardware; it introduced the Apple A7 64-bit dual-core system-on-chip, the first 64-bit processor to be used on a smartphone, accompanied by the M7 "motion co-processor". A redesigned home button with Touch ID, a fingerprint recognition system which can be used to unlock the phone and authenticate App Store and iTunes Store purchases, was also introduced. The camera was also updated with a larger aperture and a dual-LED flash optimized for different color temperatures. EarPods, which were introduced the year prior and had been shipping with the iPhone 5, were included in the box. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 6</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:310px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:IPhone_5s_golden.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/IPhone_5s_golden.svg/250px-IPhone_5s_golden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="462" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/IPhone_5s_golden.svg/330px-IPhone_5s_golden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/IPhone_5s_golden.svg/500px-IPhone_5s_golden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="1688" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Gold iPhone 5s</div></div></div></div><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/IPhone_5s" title="IPhone 5s">iPhone 5s</a></b> is a <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> that was developed and marketed by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_iPhone_models" title="List of iPhone models">seventh</a> generation of the <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>, succeeding the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_5" title="IPhone 5">iPhone 5</a>, and unveiled in September 2013, alongside the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_5c" title="IPhone 5c">iPhone 5c</a>.<br /><br />The iPhone 5s maintained almost the same external design as well as the same 4-inch screen as its predecessor, the iPhone 5. Although the 5s received a new white/gold color scheme in addition to white/silver and space gray/black. The 5s features upgrades mostly in the form of internal hardware; it introduced the <a href="/wiki/Apple_A7" title="Apple A7">Apple A7</a> <a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a> dual-core system-on-chip, the first 64-bit processor to be used on a smartphone, accompanied by the <a href="/wiki/Apple_M7" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple M7">M7</a> "motion co-processor". A redesigned home button with <a href="/wiki/Touch_ID" title="Touch ID">Touch ID</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fingerprint_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingerprint recognition">fingerprint recognition</a> system which can be used to unlock the phone and authenticate <a href="/wiki/App_Store_(iOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="App Store (iOS)">App Store</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a> purchases, was also introduced. The camera was also updated with a larger <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> and a dual-LED flash optimized for different <a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">color temperatures</a>. <a href="/wiki/EarPods" class="mw-redirect" title="EarPods">EarPods</a>, which were introduced the year prior and had been shipping with the iPhone 5, were included in the box. (<b><a href="/wiki/IPhone_5S" class="mw-redirect" title="IPhone 5S">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 7 The Revox B215 is a cassette deck manufactured by Studer from 1985 until around 1990. A professional version with different control layout and audio path electronics was manufactured concurrently as the Studer A721. A later improved version was marketed as the Revox B215S. Because it was expensive compared to other consumer models and had exceptionally good mechanical performance and durability, the B215 was used primarily by professional customers—radio stations, recording studios and real-time cassette duplicators. The B215 used a proven, reliable four-motor tape transport derived from the earlier B710 model. The B215 differed from the B710 and competing decks of the period in having an unusual, computer-like control panel and elaborate automation performed by three Philips microcontrollers. The deck was equipped with automatic tape calibration, microcontroller-assisted setting of recording levels, and non-volatile memory. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 7 The Revox B215 is a cassette deck manufactured by Studer from 1985 until around 1990. A professional version with different control layout and audio path electronics was manufactured concurrently as the Studer A721. A later improved version was marketed as the Revox B215S. Because it was expensive compared to other consumer models and had exceptionally good mechanical performance and durability, the B215 was used primarily by professional customers—radio stations, recording studios and real-time cassette duplicators. The B215 used a proven, reliable four-motor tape transport derived from the earlier B710 model. The B215 differed from the B710 and competing decks of the period in having an unusual, computer-like control panel and elaborate automation performed by three Philips microcontrollers. The deck was equipped with automatic tape calibration, microcontroller-assisted setting of recording levels, and non-volatile memory. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 7</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Revox_B215_cassette_deck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Revox_B215_cassette_deck.jpg/300px-Revox_B215_cassette_deck.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Revox_B215_cassette_deck.jpg/450px-Revox_B215_cassette_deck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Revox_B215_cassette_deck.jpg/600px-Revox_B215_cassette_deck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Revox_B215" title="Revox B215">Revox B215</a></b> is a <a href="/wiki/Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">cassette deck</a> manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Studer" title="Studer">Studer</a> from 1985 until around 1990. A professional version with different control layout and audio path electronics was manufactured concurrently as the <b>Studer A721</b>. A later improved version was marketed as the <b>Revox B215S</b>. Because it was expensive compared to other consumer models and had exceptionally good mechanical performance and durability, the B215 was used primarily by professional customers—radio stations, recording studios and real-time cassette duplicators.<br /><br />The B215 used a proven, reliable four-motor <a href="/wiki/Tape_transport" title="Tape transport">tape transport</a> derived from the earlier B710 model. The B215 differed from the B710 and competing decks of the period in having an unusual, computer-like control panel and elaborate automation performed by three <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontrollers</a>. The deck was equipped with automatic tape calibration, microcontroller-assisted setting of recording levels, and <a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">non-volatile memory</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Revox_B215" title="Revox B215">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 8 The Electro-Dynamic Light Company of New York was a lighting and electrical distribution company organized in 1878. The company held the patents for the first practical incandescent electric lamp and electrical distribution system of incandescent electric lighting. They also held a patent for an electric meter to measure the amount of electricity used. The inventions were those of Albon Man and William E. Sawyer. They gave the patent rights to the company, which they had formed with a group of businessmen. It was the first company in the world formally established to provided electric lighting and was the first company organized specifically to manufacture and sell incandescent electric light bulbs. Man, an attorney from New York City, supplied money for experimentation to Sawyer, an electrical engineer. This partnership developed into the Electro-Dynamic Light Company that brought in other investors that became partners. Sawyer devised a unique electrical distribution system where electrical power could be obtained anywhere in the city from an electrical generator with the turn of a switch to light up electric lamps to produce glowing light like a gas lamp. It was unique in that it produced this power without consumers having to maintain local galvanic batteries and at a fraction of the cost of producing the same lighting as from gas lamps. Other features of the system were that safety devices were built in to prevent the early destroying of the other electric lamps in the circuit should there be a power surge due to a lamp burning up early and leaving the distribution circuit. The patents for the Man and Sawyer system were in place before any other electrical companies had similar systems. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 8 The Electro-Dynamic Light Company of New York was a lighting and electrical distribution company organized in 1878. The company held the patents for the first practical incandescent electric lamp and electrical distribution system of incandescent electric lighting. They also held a patent for an electric meter to measure the amount of electricity used. The inventions were those of Albon Man and William E. Sawyer. They gave the patent rights to the company, which they had formed with a group of businessmen. It was the first company in the world formally established to provided electric lighting and was the first company organized specifically to manufacture and sell incandescent electric light bulbs. Man, an attorney from New York City, supplied money for experimentation to Sawyer, an electrical engineer. This partnership developed into the Electro-Dynamic Light Company that brought in other investors that became partners. Sawyer devised a unique electrical distribution system where electrical power could be obtained anywhere in the city from an electrical generator with the turn of a switch to light up electric lamps to produce glowing light like a gas lamp. It was unique in that it produced this power without consumers having to maintain local galvanic batteries and at a fraction of the cost of producing the same lighting as from gas lamps. Other features of the system were that safety devices were built in to prevent the early destroying of the other electric lamps in the circuit should there be a power surge due to a lamp burning up early and leaving the distribution circuit. The patents for the Man and Sawyer system were in place before any other electrical companies had similar systems. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 8</span></span><div style="text-align:left;">The <b><a href="/wiki/Electro-Dynamic_Light_Company" title="Electro-Dynamic Light Company">Electro-Dynamic Light Company</a></b> of New York was a lighting and electrical distribution company organized in 1878. The company held the patents for the first practical incandescent electric lamp and electrical distribution system of incandescent electric lighting. They also held a patent for an electric meter to measure the amount of electricity used. The inventions were those of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albon_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albon Man (page does not exist)">Albon Man</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_E._Sawyer" title="William E. Sawyer">William E. Sawyer</a>. They gave the patent rights to the company, which they had formed with a group of businessmen. It was the first company in the world formally established to provided electric lighting and was the first company organized specifically to manufacture and sell <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">incandescent electric light bulbs</a>. <br /><br />Man, an attorney from New York City, supplied money for experimentation to Sawyer, an electrical engineer. This partnership developed into the Electro-Dynamic Light Company that brought in other investors that became partners. Sawyer devised a unique electrical distribution system where electrical power could be obtained anywhere in the city from an electrical generator with the turn of a switch to light up electric lamps to produce glowing light like a gas lamp. It was unique in that it produced this power without consumers having to maintain local galvanic batteries and at a fraction of the cost of producing the same lighting as from gas lamps. Other features of the system were that safety devices were built in to prevent the early destroying of the other electric lamps in the circuit should there be a power surge due to a lamp burning up early and leaving the distribution circuit. The patents for the Man and Sawyer system were in place before any other electrical companies had similar systems. (<b><a href="/wiki/Electro-Dynamic_Light_Company" title="Electro-Dynamic Light Company">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 9 Mechanical–electrical analogies are the representation of mechanical systems as electrical networks. At first, such analogies were used in reverse to help explain electrical phenomena in familiar mechanical terms. James Clerk Maxwell introduced analogies of this sort in the 19th century. However, as electrical network analysis matured it was found that certain mechanical problems could more easily be solved through an electrical analogy. Theoretical developments in the electrical domain that were particularly useful were the representation of an electrical network as an abstract topological diagram (the circuit diagram) using the lumped element model and the ability of network analysis to synthesise a network to meet a prescribed frequency function. This approach is especially useful in the design of mechanical filters—these use mechanical devices to implement an electrical function. However, the technique can be used to solve purely mechanical problems, and can also be extended into other, unrelated, energy domains. Nowadays, analysis by analogy is a standard design tool wherever more than one energy domain is involved. It has the major advantage that the entire system can be represented in a unified, coherent way. Electrical analogies are particularly used by transducer designers, by their nature they cross energy domains, and in control systems, whose sensors and actuators will typically be domain-crossing transducers. A given system being represented by an electrical analogy may conceivably have no electrical parts at all. For this reason domain-neutral terminology is preferred when developing network diagrams for control systems. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 9 Mechanical–electrical analogies are the representation of mechanical systems as electrical networks. At first, such analogies were used in reverse to help explain electrical phenomena in familiar mechanical terms. James Clerk Maxwell introduced analogies of this sort in the 19th century. However, as electrical network analysis matured it was found that certain mechanical problems could more easily be solved through an electrical analogy. Theoretical developments in the electrical domain that were particularly useful were the representation of an electrical network as an abstract topological diagram (the circuit diagram) using the lumped element model and the ability of network analysis to synthesise a network to meet a prescribed frequency function. This approach is especially useful in the design of mechanical filters—these use mechanical devices to implement an electrical function. However, the technique can be used to solve purely mechanical problems, and can also be extended into other, unrelated, energy domains. Nowadays, analysis by analogy is a standard design tool wherever more than one energy domain is involved. It has the major advantage that the entire system can be represented in a unified, coherent way. Electrical analogies are particularly used by transducer designers, by their nature they cross energy domains, and in control systems, whose sensors and actuators will typically be domain-crossing transducers. A given system being represented by an electrical analogy may conceivably have no electrical parts at all. For this reason domain-neutral terminology is preferred when developing network diagrams for control systems. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 9</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Mechanical%E2%80%93electrical_analogies" title="Mechanical–electrical analogies">Mechanical–electrical analogies</a></b> are the representation of <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical system">mechanical systems</a> as <a href="/wiki/Electrical_network" title="Electrical network">electrical networks</a>. At first, such analogies were used in reverse to help explain <a href="/wiki/Electrical_phenomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical phenomena">electrical phenomena</a> in familiar mechanical terms. <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> introduced analogies of this sort in the 19th century. However, as <a href="/wiki/Network_analysis_(electrical_circuits)" title="Network analysis (electrical circuits)">electrical network analysis</a> matured it was found that certain mechanical problems could more easily be solved through an electrical <a href="/wiki/Analogy" title="Analogy">analogy</a>. Theoretical developments in the electrical domain that were particularly useful were the representation of an electrical network as an abstract topological diagram (the <a href="/wiki/Circuit_diagram" title="Circuit diagram">circuit diagram</a>) using the <a href="/wiki/Lumped_element_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumped element model">lumped element model</a> and the ability of network analysis to <a href="/wiki/Network_synthesis_filters" title="Network synthesis filters">synthesise a network</a> to meet a prescribed <a href="/wiki/Frequency_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency function">frequency function</a>.<br /><br />This approach is especially useful in the design of <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_filter" title="Mechanical filter">mechanical filters</a>—these use mechanical devices to implement an electrical function. However, the technique can be used to solve purely mechanical problems, and can also be extended into other, unrelated, energy domains. Nowadays, analysis by analogy is a standard design tool wherever more than one energy domain is involved. It has the major advantage that the entire system can be represented in a unified, coherent way. Electrical analogies are particularly used by <a href="/wiki/Transducer" title="Transducer">transducer</a> designers, by their nature they cross energy domains, and in <a href="/wiki/Control_system" title="Control system">control systems</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator">actuators</a> will typically be domain-crossing transducers. A given system being represented by an electrical analogy may conceivably have no electrical parts at all. For this reason domain-neutral terminology is preferred when developing network diagrams for control systems. (<b><a href="/wiki/Mechanical%E2%80%93electrical_analogies" title="Mechanical–electrical analogies">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 10 Rowhammer (also written as row hammer or RowHammer) is a computer security exploit that takes advantage of an unintended and undesirable side effect in dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) in which memory cells interact electrically between themselves by leaking their charges, possibly changing the contents of nearby memory rows that were not addressed in the original memory access. This circumvention of the isolation between DRAM memory cells results from the high cell density in modern DRAM, and can be triggered by specially crafted memory access patterns that rapidly activate the same memory rows numerous times. The Rowhammer effect has been used in some privilege escalation computer security exploits, and network-based attacks are also theoretically possible. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 10 Rowhammer (also written as row hammer or RowHammer) is a computer security exploit that takes advantage of an unintended and undesirable side effect in dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) in which memory cells interact electrically between themselves by leaking their charges, possibly changing the contents of nearby memory rows that were not addressed in the original memory access. This circumvention of the isolation between DRAM memory cells results from the high cell density in modern DRAM, and can be triggered by specially crafted memory access patterns that rapidly activate the same memory rows numerous times. The Rowhammer effect has been used in some privilege escalation computer security exploits, and network-based attacks are also theoretically possible. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 10</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><b>Rowhammer</b> (also written as <b><a href="/wiki/Row_hammer" title="Row hammer">row hammer</a></b> or <b>RowHammer</b>) is a computer security exploit that takes advantage of an unintended and undesirable side effect in <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory">dynamic random-access memory</a> (DRAM) in which <a href="/wiki/Memory_cell_(computing)" title="Memory cell (computing)">memory cells</a> interact electrically between themselves by leaking their charges, possibly changing the contents of nearby <a href="/wiki/Memory_row" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory row">memory rows</a> that were not <a href="/wiki/Memory_address" title="Memory address">addressed</a> in the original memory access. This circumvention of the isolation between DRAM memory cells results from the high cell density in modern DRAM, and can be triggered by specially crafted <a href="/wiki/Memory_access_pattern" title="Memory access pattern">memory access patterns</a> that rapidly activate the same memory rows numerous times.<br /><br />The Rowhammer effect has been used in some <a href="/wiki/Privilege_escalation" title="Privilege escalation">privilege escalation</a> computer security <a href="/wiki/Exploit_(computer_security)" title="Exploit (computer security)">exploits</a>, and network-based attacks are also theoretically possible. (<b><a href="/wiki/Row_hammer" title="Row hammer">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 11 NAD 3020 integrated amplifier The NAD 3020 is a stereo integrated amplifier by NAD Electronics, considered to be one of the most important components in the history of high fidelity audio. Launched in 1978, this highly affordable product delivered a good quality sound, which acquired a reputation as an audiophile amplifier of exceptional value. By 1998, the NAD 3020 had become the most well known and best-selling audio amplifier in history. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 11 NAD 3020 integrated amplifier The NAD 3020 is a stereo integrated amplifier by NAD Electronics, considered to be one of the most important components in the history of high fidelity audio. Launched in 1978, this highly affordable product delivered a good quality sound, which acquired a reputation as an audiophile amplifier of exceptional value. By 1998, the NAD 3020 had become the most well known and best-selling audio amplifier in history. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 11</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAD3020_amplifier.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/NAD3020_amplifier.JPG/330px-NAD3020_amplifier.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/NAD3020_amplifier.JPG/500px-NAD3020_amplifier.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/NAD3020_amplifier.JPG/960px-NAD3020_amplifier.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption>NAD 3020 integrated amplifier</figcaption></figure><br /><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/NAD_3020" title="NAD 3020">NAD 3020</a></b> is a stereo <a href="/wiki/Integrated_amplifier" title="Integrated amplifier">integrated amplifier</a> by <a href="/wiki/NAD_Electronics" title="NAD Electronics">NAD Electronics</a>, considered to be one of the most important components in the history of <a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">high fidelity audio</a>. Launched in 1978, this highly affordable product delivered a good quality sound, which acquired a reputation as an <a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">audiophile</a> amplifier of exceptional value. By 1998, the NAD 3020 had become the most well known and best-selling audio amplifier in history. (<b><a href="/wiki/NAD_3020" title="NAD 3020">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 12 The first-generation iPad (/ˈaɪpæd/; EYE-pad) (retrospectively referred to unofficially as the iPad 1 or original iPad) is a tablet computer designed and marketed by Apple Inc. as the first device in the iPad lineup of tablet computers. It features an Apple A4 SoC, a 9.7 in (250 mm) touchscreen display, and, on certain variants, the capability of accessing cellular networks. Using the iOS operating system, the iPad can play music, send and receive emails and browse the web. Other functions, which include the ability to play games and access references, GPS navigation software and social network services, can be enabled by downloading apps. The device was announced and unveiled on January 27, 2010, by Steve Jobs, Apple's CEO, at an Apple press event. On April 3, 2010, the Wi-Fi variant of the device was released in the United States, followed by the release of the "Wi-Fi + 3G" variant on April 30. On May 28, 2010, it was released in Australia, Canada, France, Japan, Italy, Germany, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 12 The first-generation iPad (/ˈaɪpæd/; EYE-pad) (retrospectively referred to unofficially as the iPad 1 or original iPad) is a tablet computer designed and marketed by Apple Inc. as the first device in the iPad lineup of tablet computers. It features an Apple A4 SoC, a 9.7 in (250 mm) touchscreen display, and, on certain variants, the capability of accessing cellular networks. Using the iOS operating system, the iPad can play music, send and receive emails and browse the web. Other functions, which include the ability to play games and access references, GPS navigation software and social network services, can be enabled by downloading apps. The device was announced and unveiled on January 27, 2010, by Steve Jobs, Apple's CEO, at an Apple press event. On April 3, 2010, the Wi-Fi variant of the device was released in the United States, followed by the release of the "Wi-Fi + 3G" variant on April 30. On May 28, 2010, it was released in Australia, Canada, France, Japan, Italy, Germany, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 12</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IPad-WiFi-1stGen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/IPad-WiFi-1stGen.jpg/220px-IPad-WiFi-1stGen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/IPad-WiFi-1stGen.jpg/330px-IPad-WiFi-1stGen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/IPad-WiFi-1stGen.jpg/440px-IPad-WiFi-1stGen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2060" data-file-height="2520" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/IPad_(1st_generation)" title="IPad (1st generation)">first-generation iPad</a></b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">EYE</span>-pad</i></a>) (retrospectively referred to unofficially as the <b>iPad 1</b> or <b>original iPad</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computer</a> designed and marketed by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> as the first device in the <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a> lineup of tablet computers. It features an <a href="/wiki/Apple_A4" title="Apple A4">Apple A4</a> <a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">SoC</a>, a 9.7 in (250 mm) touchscreen display, and, on certain variants, the capability of accessing cellular networks. Using the <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> operating system, the iPad can <a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">play music</a>, send and receive emails and <a href="/wiki/Web_navigation" title="Web navigation">browse the web</a>. Other functions, which include the ability to play <a href="/wiki/Mobile_game" title="Mobile game">games</a> and access <a href="/wiki/Reference_work" title="Reference work">references</a>, <a href="/wiki/GPS_navigation_software" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS navigation software">GPS navigation</a> software and <a href="/wiki/Social_network_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Social network service">social network services</a>, can be enabled by downloading <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">apps</a>.<br /><br />The device was announced and unveiled on January 27, 2010, by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a>, Apple's CEO, at an Apple press event. On April 3, 2010, the Wi-Fi variant of the device was released in the United States, followed by the release of the "<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> + <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a>" variant on April 30. On May 28, 2010, it was released in Australia, Canada, France, Japan, Italy, Germany, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. (<b><a href="/wiki/IPad_(1st_generation)" title="IPad (1st generation)">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 13 Staggered tuning is a technique used in the design of multi-stage tuned amplifiers whereby each stage is tuned to a slightly different frequency. In comparison to synchronous tuning (where each stage is tuned identically) it produces a wider bandwidth at the expense of reduced gain. It also produces a sharper transition from the passband to the stopband. Both staggered tuning and synchronous tuning circuits are easier to tune and manufacture than many other filter types. The function of stagger-tuned circuits can be expressed as a rational function and hence they can be designed to any of the major filter responses such as Butterworth and Chebyshev. The poles of the circuit are easy to manipulate to achieve the desired response because of the amplifier buffering between stages. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 13 Staggered tuning is a technique used in the design of multi-stage tuned amplifiers whereby each stage is tuned to a slightly different frequency. In comparison to synchronous tuning (where each stage is tuned identically) it produces a wider bandwidth at the expense of reduced gain. It also produces a sharper transition from the passband to the stopband. Both staggered tuning and synchronous tuning circuits are easier to tune and manufacture than many other filter types. The function of stagger-tuned circuits can be expressed as a rational function and hence they can be designed to any of the major filter responses such as Butterworth and Chebyshev. The poles of the circuit are easy to manipulate to achieve the desired response because of the amplifier buffering between stages. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 13</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Staggered_tuning" title="Staggered tuning">Staggered tuning</a></b> is a technique used in the design of multi-stage <a href="/wiki/Tuned_amplifier" title="Tuned amplifier">tuned amplifiers</a> whereby each stage is tuned to a slightly different frequency. In comparison to <b>synchronous tuning</b> (where each stage is tuned identically) it produces a wider <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> at the expense of reduced <a href="/wiki/Gain_(electronics)" title="Gain (electronics)">gain</a>. It also produces a sharper <a href="/wiki/Transition_band" title="Transition band">transition</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Passband" title="Passband">passband</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Stopband" title="Stopband">stopband</a>. Both staggered tuning and synchronous tuning circuits are easier to tune and manufacture than many other filter types.<br /><br />The function of stagger-tuned circuits can be expressed as a <a href="/wiki/Rational_function" title="Rational function">rational function</a> and hence they can be designed to any of the major filter responses such as <a href="/wiki/Butterworth_filter" title="Butterworth filter">Butterworth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chebyshev_filter" title="Chebyshev filter">Chebyshev</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pole_(complex_analysis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pole (complex analysis)">poles</a> of the circuit are easy to manipulate to achieve the desired response because of the amplifier buffering between stages. (<b><a href="/wiki/Staggered_tuning" title="Staggered tuning">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 14 Sinclair Scientific calculator photographed c. 1974 The Sinclair Scientific was a 12-function, pocket-sized scientific calculator introduced in 1974, dramatically undercutting in price other calculators available at the time. The Sinclair Scientific Programmable, released a year later, was advertised as the first budget programmable calculator. Significant modifications to the algorithms used meant that a chipset intended for a four-function calculator was able to process scientific functions, but at the cost of reduced speed and accuracy. Compared to contemporary scientific calculators, some functions were slow to execute, and others had limited accuracy or gave the wrong answer, but the cost of the Sinclair was a fraction of the cost of competing calculators. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 14 Sinclair Scientific calculator photographed c. 1974 The Sinclair Scientific was a 12-function, pocket-sized scientific calculator introduced in 1974, dramatically undercutting in price other calculators available at the time. The Sinclair Scientific Programmable, released a year later, was advertised as the first budget programmable calculator. Significant modifications to the algorithms used meant that a chipset intended for a four-function calculator was able to process scientific functions, but at the cost of reduced speed and accuracy. Compared to contemporary scientific calculators, some functions were slow to execute, and others had limited accuracy or gave the wrong answer, but the cost of the Sinclair was a fraction of the cost of competing calculators. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 14</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:310px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinclair_Scientific.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Sinclair_Scientific.jpg/250px-Sinclair_Scientific.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="437" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Sinclair_Scientific.jpg/330px-Sinclair_Scientific.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Sinclair_Scientific.jpg/500px-Sinclair_Scientific.jpg 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="1657" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Sinclair Scientific calculator photographed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1974</span></div></div></div></div><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Scientific" title="Sinclair Scientific">Sinclair Scientific</a></b> was a 12-function, pocket-sized <a href="/wiki/Scientific_calculator" title="Scientific calculator">scientific calculator</a> introduced in 1974, dramatically undercutting in price other calculators available at the time. The <b>Sinclair Scientific Programmable</b>, released a year later, was advertised as the first budget programmable calculator.<br /><br />Significant modifications to the <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> used meant that a <a href="/wiki/Chipset" title="Chipset">chipset</a> intended for a four-function calculator was able to process <a href="/wiki/Scientific_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific function">scientific functions</a>, but at the cost of reduced speed and accuracy. Compared to contemporary scientific calculators, some functions were slow to execute, and others had limited accuracy or gave the wrong answer, but the cost of the Sinclair was a fraction of the cost of competing calculators. (<b><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Scientific" title="Sinclair Scientific">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 15 A double-tuned transformer from a radio receiver intermediate-frequency amplifier with its screening can removed A double-tuned amplifier is a tuned amplifier with transformer coupling between the amplifier stages in which the inductances of both the primary and secondary windings are tuned separately with a capacitor across each. The scheme results in a wider bandwidth and steeper skirts than a single tuned circuit would achieve. There is a critical value of transformer coupling coefficient at which the frequency response of the amplifier is maximally flat in the passband and the gain is maximum at the resonant frequency. Designs frequently use a coupling greater than this (over-coupling) in order to achieve an even wider bandwidth at the expense of a small loss of gain in the centre of the passband. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 15 A double-tuned transformer from a radio receiver intermediate-frequency amplifier with its screening can removed A double-tuned amplifier is a tuned amplifier with transformer coupling between the amplifier stages in which the inductances of both the primary and secondary windings are tuned separately with a capacitor across each. The scheme results in a wider bandwidth and steeper skirts than a single tuned circuit would achieve. There is a critical value of transformer coupling coefficient at which the frequency response of the amplifier is maximally flat in the passband and the gain is maximum at the resonant frequency. Designs frequently use a coupling greater than this (over-coupling) in order to achieve an even wider bandwidth at the expense of a small loss of gain in the centre of the passband. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 15</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IF_transformer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/IF_transformer.JPG/170px-IF_transformer.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/IF_transformer.JPG/255px-IF_transformer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/IF_transformer.JPG/340px-IF_transformer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="1437" /></a><figcaption>A double-tuned transformer from a radio receiver <a href="/wiki/Intermediate-frequency_amplifier" title="Intermediate-frequency amplifier">intermediate-frequency amplifier</a> with its screening can removed</figcaption></figure><br />A <b><a href="/wiki/Double-tuned_amplifier" title="Double-tuned amplifier">double-tuned amplifier</a></b> is a <a href="/wiki/Tuned_amplifier" title="Tuned amplifier">tuned amplifier</a> with <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformer</a> coupling between the amplifier stages in which the <a href="/wiki/Inductance" title="Inductance">inductances</a> of both the primary and secondary <a href="/wiki/Winding" class="mw-redirect" title="Winding">windings</a> are tuned separately with a <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitor</a> across each. The scheme results in a wider <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> and steeper <a href="/wiki/Skirt_(filtering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skirt (filtering)">skirts</a> than a single <a href="/wiki/Tuned_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuned circuit">tuned circuit</a> would achieve.<br /><br />There is a critical value of transformer <a href="/wiki/Coupling_coefficient_(inductors)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupling coefficient (inductors)">coupling coefficient</a> at which the <a href="/wiki/Frequency_response" title="Frequency response">frequency response</a> of the amplifier is <a href="/wiki/Maximally_flat" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximally flat">maximally flat</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Passband" title="Passband">passband</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gain_(electronics)" title="Gain (electronics)">gain</a> is maximum at the <a href="/wiki/Resonant_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Resonant frequency">resonant frequency</a>. Designs frequently use a coupling greater than this (over-coupling) in order to achieve an even wider bandwidth at the expense of a small loss of gain in the centre of the passband. (<b><a href="/wiki/Double-tuned_amplifier" title="Double-tuned amplifier">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> </ul></div> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics/Good_articles" title="Portal:Electronics/Good articles">More good articles</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D882;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Selected_image" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected image</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FCFFF4;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div class="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:80486dx2-large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/80486dx2-large.jpg/300px-80486dx2-large.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/80486dx2-large.jpg/450px-80486dx2-large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/80486dx2-large.jpg/600px-80486dx2-large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1341" data-file-height="1002" /></a></span><br /> <small>Credit: Matt Gibbs, <a href="/wiki/User:Matt_Britt" title="User:Matt Britt">User:Matt Britt</a></small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a> shot of an <a href="/wiki/Intel_80486DX2" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80486DX2">Intel 80486DX2</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a></b> die in its packaging. The actual size of the die in the center is 12×6.75 mm.</div> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Electronics/Selected picture">More selected images</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D882;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Selected_biography" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected biography</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FCFFF4;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:310px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:C.E._Shannon._Tekniska_museet_43069_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/C.E._Shannon._Tekniska_museet_43069_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-C.E._Shannon._Tekniska_museet_43069_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/C.E._Shannon._Tekniska_museet_43069_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-C.E._Shannon._Tekniska_museet_43069_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/C.E._Shannon._Tekniska_museet_43069_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-C.E._Shannon._Tekniska_museet_43069_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="1694" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Shannon <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1950s</span></div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Elwood Shannon</a></b> (April 30, 1916 – February 24, 2001) was an American <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptographer</a> and inventor known as the "father of <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a>" and as the "father of the <a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a>". Shannon was the first to describe the use of Boolean algebra that are essential to all digital electronic circuits, and was one of the founding fathers of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>. Shannon is credited with laying the foundations of the <a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a>. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, Shannon <a href="/wiki/Dual_degree" title="Dual degree">dual degreed</a>, graduating with a Bachelor of Science in both electrical engineering and mathematics in 1936. A 21-year-old <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a> student at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT) in electrical engineering, <a href="/wiki/A_Symbolic_Analysis_of_Relay_and_Switching_Circuits" title="A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits">his thesis</a> concerned <a href="/wiki/Switching_circuit_theory" title="Switching circuit theory">switching circuit theory</a>, demonstrating that electrical applications of <a href="/wiki/Boolean_algebra" title="Boolean algebra">Boolean algebra</a> could construct any logical numerical relationship, thereby establishing the theory behind <a href="/wiki/Digital_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital computer">digital computing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">digital circuits</a>. The thesis has been claimed to be the most important master's thesis of all time, having also been called the "birth certificate of the <a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">digital revolution</a>", and winning the <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Noble_Prize#Recipients" title="Alfred Noble Prize">1939 Alfred Noble Prize</a>. He then graduated with a PhD in mathematics from MIT in 1940, with his thesis focused on <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, with it deriving important results, but it went unpublished. (<b><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Full article...</a></b>) </p> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics/Selected_biography" title="Portal:Electronics/Selected biography">More selected biographies</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D882;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Related_portals" 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decoding="async" width="25" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/37px-Noun-technology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/49px-Noun-technology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="88" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="telephone icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/40px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/60px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telephones" title="Portal:Telephones">Telephones</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_television_set.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/40px-Blank_television_set.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/60px-Blank_television_set.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="92" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Television" title="Portal:Television">Television</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/36px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/48px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication</a></li></ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div><div class="flex-columns-column"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D882;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Selected_article" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected article</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FCFFF4;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waveguide-post-filter.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Waveguide-post-filter.JPG/220px-Waveguide-post-filter.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Waveguide-post-filter.JPG/330px-Waveguide-post-filter.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Waveguide-post-filter.JPG/440px-Waveguide-post-filter.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><b>Figure 1</b>. Waveguide post filter: a band-pass filter consisting of a length of WG15 (a standard waveguide size for <a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X band</a> use) divided into a row of five <a href="/wiki/Coupled_oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupled oscillation">coupled</a> <a href="/wiki/Microwave_cavity" title="Microwave cavity">resonant cavities</a> by fences of three posts each. The ends of the posts can be seen protruding through the wall of the guide.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b><a href="/wiki/Waveguide_filter" title="Waveguide filter">waveguide filter</a></b> is an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_filter" title="Electronic filter">electronic filter</a> constructed with <a href="/wiki/Waveguide_(electromagnetism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waveguide (electromagnetism)">waveguide</a> technology. Waveguides are hollow metal conduits inside which an <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic wave">electromagnetic wave</a> may be transmitted. Filters are devices used to allow signals at some frequencies to pass (the <a href="/wiki/Passband" title="Passband">passband</a>), while others are rejected (the <a href="/wiki/Stopband" title="Stopband">stopband</a>). Filters are a basic component of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">electronic engineering</a> designs and have numerous applications. These include <a href="/wiki/Selectivity_(radio)" title="Selectivity (radio)">selection</a> of <a href="/wiki/Signal_(electrical_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (electrical engineering)">signals</a> and limitation of <a href="/wiki/Noise_(electronics)" title="Noise (electronics)">noise</a>. Waveguide filters are most useful in the <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> band of frequencies, where they are a convenient size and have low <a href="/wiki/Insertion_loss" title="Insertion loss">loss</a>. Examples of <a href="/wiki/Microwave_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwave filter">microwave filter</a> use are found in <a href="/wiki/Satellite_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite communications">satellite communications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telephone_network" title="Telephone network">telephone networks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">television broadcasting</a>. </p><p>Waveguide filters were <a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">developed during World War II</a> to meet the needs of <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_countermeasure" title="Electronic countermeasure">electronic countermeasures</a>, but afterwards soon found civilian applications such as use in <a href="/wiki/Microwave_link" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwave link">microwave links</a>. Much of post-war development was concerned with reducing the bulk and weight of these filters, first by using new analysis techniques that led to elimination of unnecessary components, then by innovations such as dual-mode <a href="/wiki/Cavity_resonator" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavity resonator">cavities</a> and novel materials such as <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_resonator" title="Ceramic resonator">ceramic resonators</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Waveguide_filter" title="Waveguide filter">Full article...</a></b>) </p> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics/Selected_article" title="Portal:Electronics/Selected article">More selected articles</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D882;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Did_you_know_(auto-generated)_-_load_new_batch" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span id="Did_you_know_.28auto-generated.29_-_load_new_batch"></span>Did you know <small>(auto-generated)</small> - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Electronics&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>load new batch</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FCFFF4;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg/47px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg/71px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg/94px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>... that despite <a href="/wiki/Oneohtrix_Point_Never" title="Oneohtrix Point Never">Daniel Lopatin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic</a> album <i><b><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Person%27s_Eccojams_Vol._1" title="Chuck Person's Eccojams Vol. 1">Chuck Person's Eccojams Vol. 1</a></b></i> having a limited 2010 release on <a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassette tape">cassette tapes</a>, it became a foundational album for the <a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">vaporwave</a> genre?</li> <li>... that in 2019, Chinese electronics company <a href="/wiki/Xiaomi" title="Xiaomi">Xiaomi</a> posted a video of their third-quarterly financial report featuring a parody of the <a href="/wiki/Anime_song" title="Anime song">anime song</a> "<b><a href="/wiki/Renai_Circulation" title="Renai Circulation">Renai Circulation</a></b>"?</li> <li>... that the <b><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Arrays_9002" title="Electronic Arrays 9002">Electronic Arrays 9002</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> was developed to get the company out of the <a href="/wiki/Calculator" title="Calculator">calculator</a> business, but instead led to their disappearance?</li> <li>... that in Yugoslavia, <b><a href="/wiki/Rudi_%C4%8Cajavec_(company)" title="Rudi Čajavec (company)">Rudi Čajavec</a></b>, the electronics company that produced various components of the <a href="/wiki/M-84" title="M-84"><span class="nowrap">M-84</span></a> tank, also made guitar amplifiers?</li> <li>... that in 2017 the British travel magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust_(magazine)" title="Wanderlust (magazine)">Wanderlust</a></i> rated <b><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Azerbaijan" title="Visa policy of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan's electronic visa</a></b> as the easiest visa to obtain in the world?</li> <li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/Stern_Electronics,_Inc._v._Kaufman" title="Stern Electronics, Inc. v. Kaufman">a 1982 court case</a></b> established that video games may qualify for multiple types of U.S. copyright protection?</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D882;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Consumer_showcase" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Consumer showcase</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FCFFF4;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Routeur-wifi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Routeur-wifi.jpg/100px-Routeur-wifi.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Routeur-wifi.jpg/150px-Routeur-wifi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Routeur-wifi.jpg/200px-Routeur-wifi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a></b> is a brand originally licensed by the <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_Alliance" title="Wi-Fi Alliance">Wi-Fi Alliance</a> to describe the underlying technology of <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area networks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wireless_LAN" title="Wireless LAN">WLAN</a>) based on the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</a> specifications. It was developed to be used for mobile computing devices, such as laptops, in <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LANs</a>, but is now increasingly used for more services, including <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and <a href="/wiki/VoIP" class="mw-redirect" title="VoIP">VoIP</a> phone access, gaming, and basic connectivity of <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">consumer electronics</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Televisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Televisions">televisions</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVD_player" title="DVD player">DVD players</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a>. More standards are in development that will allow Wi-Fi to be used by cars in highways in support of an <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Transportation_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent Transportation System">Intelligent Transportation System</a> to increase safety, gather statistics, and enable mobile commerce (see <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11p" title="IEEE 802.11p">IEEE 802.11p</a>). </p> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics/Selected_product" title="Portal:Electronics/Selected product">More selected products</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D882;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Selected_design" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected design</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FCFFF4;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div class="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MPP_hardware.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/MPP_hardware.png/500px-MPP_hardware.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/MPP_hardware.png/960px-MPP_hardware.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1107" data-file-height="807" /></a></span><br /> <small>Credit: <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></small><br />System diagram of the <a href="/wiki/Goodyear_MPP" title="Goodyear MPP">Goodyear Aerospace Massively Parallel Processor</a>.</div> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics/Selected_design" title="Portal:Electronics/Selected design">More selected designs</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D882;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="WikiProjects" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">WikiProjects</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FCFFF4;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <table style="background: transparent; width: 100%; margin: 0;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="padding-right: 1em; text-align: left; width: 50%;"> <div style="font-size:91%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Technology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Science" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Physics" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Physics">Physics</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td style="padding-left: 1em; text-align: left; width: 50%;"> <div style="font-size:91%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Electronics" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Electronics">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Computing" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Computing">Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Energy" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Energy">Energy</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both; width:100%"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#000000;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#C1D882;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#000000;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Main_topics" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Main topics</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #B7BFA2;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FCFFF4;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="font-size: 90%; text-align:center;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a></b> - <b><a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">Consumer electronics</a></b> - <b><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Engineering</a></b> - <b><a href="/wiki/Electronics_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronics manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></b> - <b><a href="/wiki/Electronic_symbol" title="Electronic symbol">Symbols</a></b> - <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Units_of_measurement" title="Category:Units of measurement">Units</a></b> - <b><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Waste</a></b> </p> </div> <div style="font-size: 90%; text-align:left;"> <p><b>Theory:</b> <a href="/wiki/Amp%C3%A8re%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampère's law">Ampère's law</a> - <a href="/wiki/Coulomb%27s_law" title="Coulomb's law">Coulomb's law</a> - <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">Frequency</a> - <a href="/wiki/Hall_effect" title="Hall effect">Hall effect</a> - <a href="/wiki/Joule%27s_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Joule's laws">Joule's laws</a> - <a href="/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s_circuit_laws" title="Kirchhoff's circuit laws">Kirchhoff's laws</a> - <a href="/wiki/Millman%27s_Theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Millman's Theorem">Millman's Theorem</a> - <a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Moore's Law">Moore's Law</a> - <a href="/wiki/Norton%27s_theorem" title="Norton's theorem">Norton's theorem</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ohm%27s_law" title="Ohm's law">Ohm's law</a> - <a href="/wiki/Peukert%27s_law" title="Peukert's law">Peukert's law</a> - <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical resistance">Resistance</a> - <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9venin%27s_theorem" title="Thévenin's theorem">Thévenin's theorem</a>- <a href="/wiki/Superposition_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Superposition theorem">Superposition</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">Wavelength</a> </p> </div> <div style="font-size: 90%; text-align:left;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">Components</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">Antenna</a> - <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">Capacitor</a> - <a href="/wiki/Electrical_connector" title="Electrical connector">Connectors</a> - <a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">Diode</a> - <a href="/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)" title="Fuse (electrical)">Fuse</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ground_(electricity)" title="Ground (electricity)">Ground</a> - <a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">Inductor</a> - <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a> - <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal display">LCD</a> - <a href="/wiki/Cavity_magnetron" title="Cavity magnetron">Magnetron</a> - <a href="/wiki/Memristor" title="Memristor">Memristor</a> - <a href="/wiki/Phased_array" title="Phased array">Phased array</a> - <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a> - <a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">Resistor</a> - <a href="/wiki/Thermocouple" title="Thermocouple">Thermocouple</a> - <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a> - <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistor</a> - <a href="/wiki/Switch" title="Switch">Switch</a> - <a href="/wiki/Electrical_wiring" title="Electrical wiring">Wire</a> </p> </div> <div style="font-size: 90%; text-align:left;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Electrical_network" title="Electrical network">Circuits</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">AC</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bridge_circuit" title="Bridge circuit">Bridge</a> - <a href="/wiki/Circuit_design" title="Circuit design">Designs</a> - <a href="/wiki/Circuit_diagram" title="Circuit diagram">Diagrams</a> - <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a> - <a href="/wiki/Electrical_impedance" title="Electrical impedance">Impedance</a> - <a href="/wiki/External_electric_load" class="mw-redirect" title="External electric load">Load</a> - <a href="/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits" title="Series and parallel circuits">Series and parallel</a> - <a href="/wiki/Voltage_divider_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage divider rule">Voltage divider</a> - <a href="/wiki/Voltage_drop" title="Voltage drop">Voltage drop</a> </p> </div> <div style="font-size: 90%; text-align:left;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Fields</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Computer_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer system">Computer systems</a> - <a href="/wiki/Control_system" title="Control system">Control systems</a> - <a href="/wiki/Electromechanics" title="Electromechanics">Electromechanics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Microelectronics" title="Microelectronics">Microelectronics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Optoelectronics" title="Optoelectronics">Optoelectronics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Power_electronics" title="Power electronics">Power</a> - <a href="/wiki/Quantum_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum electronics">Quantum electronics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Radio_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio electronics">Radio</a> - <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">Robotics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductors</a> - <a href="/wiki/Spintronics" title="Spintronics">Spintronics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">Telecommunications</a> </p> </div> <div style="font-size: 90%; text-align:left;"> <p><b>Products:</b> <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Cameras</a> - <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">Computers</a> - <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">Fiber optics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Lasers</a> - <a href="/wiki/Lamp_(electrical_component)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamp (electrical component)">Lights</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phones</a> - <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a> - <a href="/wiki/Receiver_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Receiver (radio)">Radios</a> - <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">TVs</a> </p> </div> <div style="font-size: 90%; text-align:left;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Electronics_companies" title="Category:Electronics companies">Companies</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Micro Devices">AMD</a> - <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bose_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bose (company)">Bose</a> - <a href="/wiki/Canon_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (company)">Canon</a> - <a href="/wiki/Cray" title="Cray">Cray</a> - <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a> - <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a> - <a href="/wiki/Garmin" title="Garmin">Garmin</a> - <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a> - <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> - <a href="/wiki/Intel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel Corporation">Intel</a> - <a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">JVC</a> - <a href="/wiki/Kyocera" title="Kyocera">Kyocera</a> - <a href="/wiki/LG_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="LG Group">LG</a> - <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> - <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a> - <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a> - <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> - <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Corporation" title="Pioneer Corporation">Pioneer</a> - <a href="/wiki/RadioShack" title="RadioShack">RadioShack</a> - <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a> - <a href="/wiki/Siemens_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens AG">Siemens</a> - <a href="/wiki/Sirius_Satellite_Radio" title="Sirius Satellite Radio">Sirius</a> - <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> - <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> - <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a> </p> </div> <div style="font-size: 90%; text-align:left;"> <p><b>People:</b> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">Ampère</a> - <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> - <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Bell</a> - <a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Coulomb</a> - <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Edison</a> - <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a> - <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Faraday</a> - <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Gauss</a> - <a href="/wiki/Hans_Geiger" title="Hans Geiger">Geiger</a> - <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hall" title="Edwin Hall">Hall</a> - <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Henry</a> - <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rudolf_Hertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Rudolf Hertz">Hertz</a> - <a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">Joule</a> - <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">Kirchhoff</a> - <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> - <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Moore</a> - <a href="/wiki/Georg_Ohm" title="Georg Ohm">Ohm</a> - <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Ørsted</a> - <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Werner_von_Siemens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernst Werner von Siemens">Siemens</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Tesla</a> - <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Volta</a> - <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">Watt</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Weber</a> </p> </div> <hr /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049300">.mw-parser-output .PlainNavboxes 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href="/wiki/Microelectronics" title="Microelectronics">Microelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optoelectronics" title="Optoelectronics">Optoelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_electronics" title="Power electronics">Power electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_electronics" title="Printed electronics">Printed electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schematic_capture" title="Schematic capture">Schematic capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_management_(electronics)" title="Thermal management (electronics)">Thermal management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advanced<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_2020%E2%80%93present" title="Timeline of computing 2020–present">2020s in computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomtronics" title="Atomtronics">Atomtronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioelectronics" title="Bioelectronics">Bioelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies#Electronics" title="List of emerging technologies">List of emerging electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failure_of_electronic_components" title="Failure of electronic components">Failure of electronic components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_electronics" title="Flexible electronics">Flexible electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-power_electronics" title="Low-power electronics">Low-power electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_electronics" title="Molecular electronics">Molecular electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoelectronics" title="Nanoelectronics">Nanoelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_electronics" title="Organic electronics">Organic electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photonics" title="Photonics">Photonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piezotronics" title="Piezotronics">Piezotronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum electronics">Quantum electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spintronics" title="Spintronics">Spintronics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electronic<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_dryer" title="Clothes dryer">Clothes dryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">Computer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">Notebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishwasher" title="Dishwasher">Dishwasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Freezer">Freezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Home robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_theater_PC" title="Home theater PC">Home theater PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_stove" title="Kitchen stove">Cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">Microwave oven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Networking hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">Portable media player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">Refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_vacuum_cleaner" title="Robotic vacuum cleaner">Robotic vacuum cleaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankless_water_heating" title="Tankless water heating">Water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Video game console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_equipment" title="Audio equipment">Audio equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_electronics" title="Automotive electronics">Automotive electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_system" title="Control system">Control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_acquisition" title="Data acquisition">Data acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">e-book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EHealth" title="EHealth">e-health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry" title="Electronics industry">Electronics industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">Home appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_automation" title="Home automation">Home automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">Home appliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">Consumer electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_appliance" title="Major appliance">Major appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_appliance" title="Small appliance">Small appliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_electronics" title="Marine electronics">Marine electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a> technology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> electronics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">Multimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_electronics" title="Nuclear electronics">Nuclear electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_navigation" 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