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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Czech Republic / Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic_/_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Central America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-El_Salvador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El_Salvador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>El Salvador</span> </div> </a> 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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_Ocean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Ocean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Indian Ocean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Ocean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pacific_Ocean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacific_Ocean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Pacific Ocean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacific_Ocean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" 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cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Earthquake swarm</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdbebenschwarm" title="Erdbebenschwarm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erdbebenschwarm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BC%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Σμήνος σεισμών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σμήνος σεισμών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjambre_s%C3%ADsmico" title="Enjambre sísmico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enjambre sísmico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%87_%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%87" title="خوشه زمین‌لرزه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خوشه زمین‌لرزه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaim_de_s%C3%A9ismes" title="Essaim de séismes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Essaim de séismes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%B0%EB%B0%9C%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84" title="군발지진 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="군발지진" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciame_sismico" title="Sciame sismico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sciame sismico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E7%99%BA%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="群発地震 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="群発地震" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerdbevenswarm" title="Eerdbevenswarm – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Eerdbevenswarm" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7" title="ฝูงแผ่นดินไหว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฝูงแผ่นดินไหว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85" title="زلزلہ سوارم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زلزلہ سوارم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%A5t_h%C3%A0ng_lo%E1%BA%A1t" 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href="/wiki/File:%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%9F%B3%E5%B7%9D%E7%BE%A4%E9%9C%87%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%9F%B3%E5%B7%9D%E7%BE%A4%E9%9C%87%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE.png/300px-%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%9F%B3%E5%B7%9D%E7%BE%A4%E9%9C%87%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%9F%B3%E5%B7%9D%E7%BE%A4%E9%9C%87%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE.png/450px-%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%9F%B3%E5%B7%9D%E7%BE%A4%E9%9C%87%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%9F%B3%E5%B7%9D%E7%BE%A4%E9%9C%87%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE.png/600px-%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%9F%B3%E5%B7%9D%E7%BE%A4%E9%9C%87%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE.png 2x" data-file-width="1277" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Noto_earthquake_swarm" class="mw-redirect" title="Noto earthquake swarm">Noto earthquake swarm</a> (2020–2024)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HistoCrise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/HistoCrise.jpg/300px-HistoCrise.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/HistoCrise.jpg/450px-HistoCrise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/HistoCrise.jpg/600px-HistoCrise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2339" data-file-height="1653" /></a><figcaption>Chronology of the 2003–2004 Ubaye earthquake swarm <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Complete caption</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> Each red bar shows the number of earthquakes daily detected (left-handside scale). More than 16,000 earthquakes were detected within 2 years. White circles show the magnitude of ~1,400 earthquakes which could be located (right-handside magnitude scale). Sismalp (the local monitoring network) was not able to locate all events below magnitude 1, which explains why very-small-magnitude events are seemingly lacking. (According to the <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg%E2%80%93Richter_law" title="Gutenberg–Richter law">Gutenberg–Richter law</a>, <i>M</i>0 events are approximately 10 times more numerous than <i>M</i>1 events.)<sup id="cite_ref-Jenatton_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenatton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Earthquakes" title="Category:Earthquakes">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquakes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/80px-Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/120px-Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/160px-Earthquake_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="410" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_earthquake" title="Types of earthquake">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainshock" title="Mainshock">Mainshock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshock" title="Foreshock">Foreshock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftershock" title="Aftershock">Aftershock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_thrust_earthquake" title="Blind thrust earthquake">Blind thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublet_earthquake" title="Doublet earthquake">Doublet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplate_earthquake" title="Interplate earthquake">Interplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraplate_earthquake" title="Intraplate earthquake">Intraplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megathrust_earthquake" title="Megathrust earthquake">Megathrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remotely_triggered_earthquakes" title="Remotely triggered earthquakes">Remotely triggered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_earthquake" title="Slow earthquake">Slow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_earthquake" title="Submarine earthquake">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supershear_earthquake" title="Supershear earthquake">Supershear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsunami_earthquake" title="Tsunami earthquake">Tsunami</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Earthquake swarm</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Causes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">Fault movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_tectonic_earthquake" title="Volcano tectonic earthquake">Volcanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induced_seismicity" title="Induced seismicity">Induced seismicity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Characteristics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epicenter" title="Epicenter">Epicenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicentral_distance" title="Epicentral distance">Epicentral distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocenter" title="Hypocenter">Hypocenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_zone" title="Shadow zone">Shadow zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_wave" title="Seismic wave">Seismic waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_wave" title="P wave">P wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_wave" title="S wave">S wave</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Measurement</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">Seismometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales" title="Seismic magnitude scales">Seismic magnitude scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_intensity_scales" title="Seismic intensity scales">Seismic intensity scales</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_prediction" title="Earthquake prediction">Prediction</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Committee_for_Earthquake_Prediction" title="Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction">Coordinating Committee for<br />Earthquake Prediction</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_forecasting" title="Earthquake forecasting">Forecasting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shear_wave_splitting" title="Shear wave splitting">Shear wave splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93Williamson_equation" title="Adams–Williamson equation">Adams–Williamson equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flinn%E2%80%93Engdahl_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Flinn–Engdahl regions">Flinn–Engdahl regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismite" title="Seismite">Seismite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">Seismology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth Sciences Portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Earthquakes" title="Category:Earthquakes">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_geology_articles" title="Index of geology articles">Related topics</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Earthquakes" title="Template:Earthquakes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Earthquakes" title="Template talk:Earthquakes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earthquakes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earthquakes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">seismology</a>, an <b>earthquake swarm</b> is a sequence of seismic events occurring in a local area within a relatively short period. The time span used to define a swarm varies, but may be days, months, or years. Such an energy release is different from the situation when a major <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> (main shock) is followed by a series of <a href="/wiki/Aftershock" title="Aftershock">aftershocks</a>: in earthquake swarms, no single earthquake in the sequence is obviously the main shock. In particular, a cluster of aftershocks occurring after a mainshock <i>is not</i> a swarm.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_generalities">History and generalities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earthquake_swarm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and generalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ore_Mountains" title="Ore Mountains">Ore Mountains</a> (Erzgebirge), which form the border between the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vogtland" title="Vogtland">Vogtland</a> region, have been known since the 16th century as being prone to frequent earthquake swarms, which typically last a few weeks to a few months. In 1899, Austrian geologist Josef Knett, while studying a swarm of about a hundred events felt in western Bohemia/Vogtland between January and February 1824, coined the noun <i>Schwarmbeben</i>, i.e. "swarm [earth]quake".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "swarm" comes from the fact that <a href="/wiki/Hypocentre" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypocentre">hypocentres</a> give the impression of agglutinating like a <a href="/wiki/Swarming_(honey_bee)" title="Swarming (honey bee)">bee swarm</a> when plotted onto a map, a cross-section or a 3D model.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One of the best-documented swarms occurred near <a href="/wiki/Matsushiro,_Nagano" title="Matsushiro, Nagano">Matsushiro</a>, a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Nagano_(city)" title="Nagano (city)">Nagano</a>, to the north-west of <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Matsushiro_earthquake_swarm" title="Matsushiro earthquake swarm">Matsushiro swarm</a> lasted from 1965 to 1967 and generated about 1 million earthquakes. This swarm had the peculiarity of being sited just under a seismological observatory installed in 1947 in a decommissioned military tunnel. It began in August 1965 with three earthquakes too weak to be felt, but three months later, a hundred earthquakes could be felt daily. On 17 April 1966, the observatory counted 6,780 earthquakes, with 585 of them having a magnitude great enough to be felt, which means that an earthquake could be felt, on average, every two and a half minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phenomenon was clearly identified as linked to a <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> uplift, perhaps initiated by the <a href="/wiki/1964_Niigata_earthquake" title="1964 Niigata earthquake">1964 Niigata earthquake</a>, which occurred the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earthquake swarms are common in <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanic regions</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central Italy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Afar_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Afar triangle">Afar depression</a> or <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, where they occur before and during eruptions, but they are also observed in zones of <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> volcanism or of <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_circulation" title="Hydrothermal circulation">hydrothermal circulation</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Vogtland" title="Vogtland">Vogtland</a>/western <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vosges" title="Vosges">Vosges</a> massif, and less frequently far from <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">tectonic plate</a> boundaries in locations such as <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. In all cases, high-pressure fluid migration in the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> seems to be the trigger mechanism and the driving process that govern the evolution of the swarm in space and time.<sup id="cite_ref-Thouvenot_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thouvenot-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hochstaufen" title="Hochstaufen">Hochstaufen</a> earthquake swarm in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, with 2-km-deep <a href="/wiki/Focus_(earthquake)" class="mw-redirect" title="Focus (earthquake)">foci</a>, is one of the rare examples where an indisputable relationship between seismic activity and <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> could be established.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earthquake swarms raise public-safety issues: first, because the end of seismic activity cannot be predicted; second, because it is uncertain whether another earthquake with a <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_(earthquake)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnitude (earthquake)">magnitude</a> larger than those of previous shocks in the sequence will occur (the <a href="/wiki/2009_L%27Aquila_earthquake" title="2009 L'Aquila earthquake">2009 L'Aquila earthquake</a> in Italy illustrates this, with an <a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Moment magnitude"><i>M</i><sub>W</sub></a> 6.3 shock following a swarm activity with magnitudes between 1 and 3). Even though swarms usually generate moderate shocks, the persistence of felt earthquakes can be disruptive and cause distress to the population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earthquake_swarm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following examples were chosen for peculiarities of certain swarms (for instance: large number of events, complex interaction with larger shocks, long period of time, ultra-shallow focal depth), or because of their geographical region, some swarms occurring in otherwise aseismic regions. It is not intended to be a list of all the swarms happening worldwide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earthquake_swarm&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earthquake_swarm&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Since 11 November 2018, an earthquake swarm has been observed in the region of <a href="/wiki/Dahanu" title="Dahanu">Dahanu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, an otherwise aseismic area. Ten to twenty quakes are felt daily, with magnitudes usually smaller than 3.5 (maximum magnitude 4.1 in February 2019). Even with this low-level of magnitude, two shocks proved destructive and even lethal, probably because their foci were very shallow.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bamhori village in Seoni district is also experiencing regular earthquakes since February 2000.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earthquake_swarm&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>An earthquake swarm occurred from early April 2017 to mid August 2017 in the province of <a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a>. Four shocks in the 5.5–6.3 magnitude range (<a href="/wiki/2017_Batangas_earthquakes" title="2017 Batangas earthquakes">2017 Batangas earthquakes</a>) caused damage in southern <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>; they occurred at the beginning of the swarm: <a href="/wiki/Surface_wave_magnitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface wave magnitude"><i>M</i><sub>s</sub></a>5.5 (4 April), <i>M</i><sub>s</sub>5.6 and <i>M</i><sub>s</sub>6.0 (8 April), and <i>M</i><sub>s</sub>6.3 (11 April).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin of the 3 first major quakes seems established since they had practically the same epicentre; they occurred within the crust (7–28-km depth range). However, the strongest and latest quake does not seem related to the swarm: its epicentre is 50 km away, and its <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus_(tectonics)" title="Depth of focus (tectonics)">focal depth</a> is moreover very different (177 km, according to <a href="/wiki/Phivolcs" class="mw-redirect" title="Phivolcs">Phivolcs</a>, the local seismic monitoring agency, a value which classifies this quake as an "intermediate-depth event"). This example shows how complex can be the interaction between a swarm and an independent earthquake, even though this last one is very likely to have been triggered by the swarm activity.</li> <li>October 15, 2020, an earthquake swarm occurred on the island of <a href="/wiki/Panay" title="Panay">Panay</a> ranging from magnitudes 2.5-4.5. Most of these quakes felt in Iloilo City.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A previous swarm also hit Panay on November 5, 2018 (Including <a href="/wiki/Antique_(province)" title="Antique (province)">Antique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iloilo" title="Iloilo">Iloilo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guimaras" title="Guimaras">Guimaras</a>) ranging from magnitudes 4.0-4.8. The first earthquake (magnitude 4.7) at 7:45 A.M, occurred at <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_Antique" class="mw-redirect" title="San Jose, Antique">San Jose, Antique</a>. Just a few minutes after, the second quake (magnitude 4.0) occurred at <a href="/wiki/Sibunag,_Guimaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibunag, Guimaras">Sibunag, Guimaras</a>. At 10:54 A.M, The third quake (magnitude 4.8) occurred at <a href="/wiki/Guimbal,_Iloilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Guimbal, Iloilo">Guimbal, Iloilo</a>. Intensity 4 was felt in <a href="/wiki/Iloilo_City" title="Iloilo City">Iloilo City</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/2019_Cotabato_earthquakes" title="2019 Cotabato earthquakes">series of earthquakes that hit Mindanao</a> in 2019 were classified as an earthquake swarm.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />On October 16, a magnitude 6.3 (<a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Mwp" title="Seismic magnitude scales">M<sub>wp</sub></a>) Struck Tulunan cotabato (Epicenter of earthquake). <a href="/wiki/PHIVOLCS_Earthquake_Intensity_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale">Intensity VII</a> was felt in <a href="/wiki/Tulunan" title="Tulunan">Tulunan</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%27lang" title="M'lang">M'lang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makilala" title="Makilala">Makilala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kidapawan" title="Kidapawan">Kidapawan</a> City, <a href="/wiki/Cotabato" title="Cotabato">Cotabato</a>. Intensity VI was felt in <a href="/wiki/Digos" title="Digos">Digos</a> City, <a href="/wiki/Davao_del_Sur" title="Davao del Sur">Davao del Sur</a>; <a href="/wiki/Santo_Ni%C3%B1o,_South_Cotabato" title="Santo Niño, South Cotabato">Santo Niño, South Cotabato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tacurong" title="Tacurong">Tacurong</a> City, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Kudarat" title="Sultan Kudarat">Sultan Kudarat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 29, a magnitude 6.6 (<a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales" title="Seismic magnitude scales">M<sub>ww</sub></a>) struck Tulunan again. At least ten deaths were reported and four hundred individuals were injured.<sup id="cite_ref-NDRRMC_SitRep_08_M6.6_M6.5_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDRRMC_SitRep_08_M6.6_M6.5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intensity VII was recorded in Tulunan and Makilala; Kidapawan City; Digos City, <a href="/wiki/Bansalan" title="Bansalan">Bansalan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magsaysay,_Davao_del_Sur" title="Magsaysay, Davao del Sur">Magsaysay, Davao del Sur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malungon,_Sarangani" class="mw-redirect" title="Malungon, Sarangani">Malungon, Sarangani</a>. Intensity VI was recorded in <a href="/wiki/Koronadal" title="Koronadal">Koronadal</a> City and <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just 2 days after on October 31, an earthquake struck Tulunan again (Magnitude 6.5<a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales" title="Seismic magnitude scales">M<sub>ww</sub></a>) The death toll of two quakes was raised into 24 and 563 were injured.<sup id="cite_ref-SitRep_30_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SitRep_30-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eva's Hotel in Kidapawan City collapsed during the quake<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On October 14-18 2021 an earthquake swarm occurred on <a href="/wiki/Camarines_Sur" title="Camarines Sur">Camarines Sur</a> ranging from magnitudes 1.7-4.3 with the depth of 1–40 km. Some of these events were felt on <a href="/wiki/Camarines_Norte" title="Camarines Norte">Camarines Norte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albay" title="Albay">Albay</a>. PHIVOLCS recorded at least 27 earthquakes (10 were felt) in Camarines Sur.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earthquake_swarm&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iceland">Iceland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earthquake_swarm&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Iceland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A swarm of intense earthquakes in the <a href="/wiki/Reykjanes_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Reykjanes peninsula">Reykjanes Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> began on 24 October 2023, due to a <a href="/wiki/Igneous_intrusion" title="Igneous intrusion">magmatic intrusion</a> underneath the area. The frequency and intensity of the earthquakes dramatically increased 10 November, with 20,000 tremors recorded by that time, the largest of which exceeded magnitude 5.2. An evacuation was ordered in the town of <a href="/wiki/Grindav%C3%ADk" title="Grindavík">Grindavík</a>, which is located near the area of the seismic activity. Large-scale subsidence in and around the town is reported to have caused significant damage.An earthquake swarm began on the evening of 24 October due to the magmatic intrusion, with the intensity of the earthquakes decreasing by 30 October. Approximately 8,000 earthquakes were detected; most of these tremors occurred at a depth of 2–4 km. The <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Meteorological_Office" title="Icelandic Meteorological Office">Icelandic Meteorological Office</a> (IMO) reported that the swarm was focused around <a href="/wiki/Svartsengi" class="mw-redirect" title="Svartsengi">Svartsengi</a>, north of Grindavík. About 700 earthquakes were recorded earlier in the month, the largest reaching magnitude 3.3.The largest of the earthquakes to date reached magnitude 5.1 on 10 November. By this time, over 22,000 earthquakes had been recorded since the beginning of the swarm in October. The IMO predicted that an eruption was likely, stating that "it will take several days (rather than hours) for magma to reach the surface." The greatest extent of the magma intrusion was inferred to be around the Sundhnúkur crater chain, approximately 3.5 km north of Grindavík. Instruments detected the presence of <a href="/wiki/Sulphur_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur dioxide">sulphur dioxide</a> in the atmosphere on 14 November, indicating that magma was now only a few hundred metres under the surface. Although the number of earthquakes decreased somewhat since 10 November, the IMO was still recording between 700 and 1,000 earthquakes daily by 14 November. Ground deformation sensors at Festarfjall <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈfɛstarˌfjatl̥]</a> and Svartsengi recorded that the ground had moved apart by 120 centimetres. Satellite measurements recorded the subsidence by about one metre of a swathe of land measuring approximately five kilometers long and two kilometers wide, running from the Sundhnúkur craters to the western side of Grindavík. The creation of this <a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">graben</a>-like formation has enabled scientists to estimate the volume of the magmatic intrusion as approximately 70 million cubic metres. It is estimated that the subsidence has been continuing at a rate of about four centimeters (1.6 inches) a day. A large crack opened up through the town, which old maps indicate is a reactivation of an existing fault. Scientists at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iceland" title="University of Iceland">University of Iceland</a> believe that the fault was created by the last Sundhnúkur eruption over 2,000 years ago. Sensors emplaced in a borehole in Svartsengi detected the presence of <a href="/wiki/Sulphur_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur dioxide">sulphur dioxide</a> on 16 November, a classic signature of magma close to the surface. This has led the IMO to conclude that the area around the volcanic edifice of Hagafell, approximately 2 km north of Grindavík, is at the highest level of risk. A rapid 30 mm uplift of the ground in the Svartsengi area was recorded from 18 to 21 November, likely indicating an upwelling of magma from a source five or more kilometers below the ground. An eruption was still regarded as likely as of 21 November.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Czech_Republic_/_Germany"><span id="Czech_Republic_.2F_Germany"></span>Czech Republic / Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earthquake_swarm&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Czech Republic / Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The western <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vogtland" title="Vogtland">Vogtland</a> region is the border area between the Czech Republic and Germany where earthquake swarms were first studied at the end of the 19th century. Swarm activity is recurrent there, sometimes with large maximum magnitudes, as for instance in 1908 (maximum magnitude 5.0), 1985–1986 (4.6), 2000 (3.2), or 2008 (3.8). This latter swarm occurred near <a href="/wiki/Nov%C3%BD_Kostel" title="Nový Kostel">Nový Kostel</a> in October 2008 and lasted only 4 weeks, but up to 25,000 events were detected by WEBNET, the local monitoring network. The swarm is located on a steeply-dipping fault plane where an overall upward migration of activity was observed (first events at the bottom and last events at the top of the activated fault patch).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earthquake_swarm&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte150728.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Carte150728.jpg/220px-Carte150728.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Carte150728.jpg/330px-Carte150728.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Carte150728.jpg/440px-Carte150728.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1548" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Ubaye earthquake swarms<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Complete caption</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> White: 2003–2004 swarm; pink: 2012–2015 swarm up to 2014-04-06; red: earthquakes as of 2014-04-07; pink and red lined up in white: epicentres of 2012-02-26 earthquake (<i>M</i>=4.3) and 2014-04-07 earthquake (<i>M</i>=4.8); brown: latest 20 earthquakes in July 2015, just before the map was drawn. Symbol size directly proportional to magnitude. Blue triangles show the 3 nearest seismic stations.<sup id="cite_ref-Thouvenot_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thouvenot-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Alpes-de-Haute-Provence" title="Alpes-de-Haute-Provence">Alpes-de-Haute-Provence</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ubaye_Valley" title="Ubaye Valley">Ubaye Valley</a> is the most active seismic zone in the <a href="/wiki/French_Alps" title="French Alps">French Alps</a>. Earthquakes can follow there the classical scheme "mainshock + aftershocks" (for instance the 1959 <i>M</i>5.5 earthquake, which caused heavy damage and two casualties). But seismic energy is principally released by swarms. This is particularly the case in the upper valley, between <a href="/wiki/Barcelonnette" title="Barcelonnette">Barcelonnette</a> and the French-Italian border. At the beginning of the 21st century, <a href="/wiki/La_Condamine-Ch%C3%A2telard" title="La Condamine-Châtelard">La Condamine-Châtelard</a> experienced an <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaims_de_s%C3%A9ismes_de_l%27Ubaye" class="extiw" title="fr:Essaims de séismes de l'Ubaye">exceptional swarm activity</a> in an area where usually only a few low-magnitude events occur every year. A first swarm developed in 2003–2004 when more than 16,000 events were detected by the local monitoring network, but with magnitudes keeping to low values (2.7). On a map, the 2003–2004 swarm is 8-km long. After a period of almost complete inactivity, it was followed by a second swarm (2012–2014), slightly offset by a few kilometres, and with a length of 11 km. This second swarm was initiated by an <i>M</i>4.3 earthquake in February 2012. Another <i>M</i>4.8 earthquake in April 2014 reactivated the swarm in 2014–2015. These two major shocks, which caused damage in the nearby localities, were of course followed by their own short sequence of aftershocks, but such a 4-year activity for moderate magnitude shocks clearly characterizes a swarm. Most <a href="/wiki/Hypocentre" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypocentre">foci</a> were located in the 4–11-km depth range, within the crystalline basement. <a href="/wiki/Focal_mechanism" title="Focal mechanism">Focal mechanisms</a> involve <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)#Dip-slip_faults" title="Fault (geology)">normal faulting</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)#Strike-slip_faults" title="Fault (geology)">strike-slip faulting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jenatton_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenatton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thouvenot_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thouvenot-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the lower <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône Valley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tricastin" title="Tricastin">Tricastin</a> has been known from the 18th century as the seat of earthquake swarms which sometimes caused damage, as in 1772–1773 and 1933–1936, and which were characterized by barrage-like detonations—at least so reported by the inhabitants. No seismic activity had been documented in the region since 1936, when a very weak swarm appeared for a few months in 2002–2003 (maximal magnitude 1.7).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Had their foci not been sited just under a hamlet in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Clansayes" title="Clansayes">Clansayes</a>, and very close to the surface (200 m deep), these shocks would have gone unnoticed. In such a scenario of "ultra-shallow" seismicity, even earthquakes of very low magnitude (1, or 0, or even negative magnitude) can be felt as explosions or water-hammer noises, more than as vibrations.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most foci were located in an <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Upper-Cretaceous</a> reef-<a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> slab which bursts out periodically in the course of centuries for still unknown reasons for a few months or a few years. A 200-m focal depth is believed to be a worldwide record value for tectonic events.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/French_Alps" title="French Alps">French Alps</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maurienne" title="Maurienne">Maurienne Valley</a> is from time to time prone to earthquake swarms. During the 19th century, a protracted swarm lasted 5 years and a half, from December 1838 to June 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some earthquakes of the sequence caused damage in the region close to <a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne</a>, but this long swarm with many felt events made things particularly difficult for the population. More recently, a swarm appeared in October 2015 near <a href="/wiki/Montgellafrey" title="Montgellafrey">Montgellafrey</a>, in the lower part of the valley.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its activity kept low until 17 October 2017, when more than 300 earthquakes occurred within a fortnight, with a maximal magnitude of 3.7 being reached twice in late October 2017. The seismic activity lasted another full year, thus yielding a duration of more than 3 years for the full swarm.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_America">Central America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earthquake_swarm&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Central America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="El_Salvador">El Salvador</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earthquake_swarm&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: El Salvador"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In April 2017, the Salvadoran municipality of <a href="/wiki/Antiguo_Cuscatl%C3%A1n" title="Antiguo Cuscatlán">Antiguo Cuscatlán</a>, a suburb of <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a>, experienced a sequence of close to 500 earthquakes within 2 days, with magnitudes in the 1.5–5.1 range. There was one casualty and minor damage due to the strongest quake. Local experts did not identify any anomalous activity at nearby volcanoes.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earthquake_swarm&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earthquake_swarm&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Between February and November 2008, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> experienced a swarm of 1,000 low-magnitude quakes generally referred to as the <a href="/wiki/2008_Reno_earthquakes" title="2008 Reno earthquakes">2008 Reno earthquakes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The peak activity was in April 2008, when 3 quakes with magnitudes larger than 4 occurred within 2 days. The largest one registered a moment magnitude of 4.9 and caused damage in the immediate area around the epicenter.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_Caldera" title="Yellowstone Caldera">Yellowstone Caldera</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">supervolcano</a> in NW <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, has experienced several strong earthquake swarms since the end of the 20th century. In 1985, more than 3,000 earthquakes were observed over a period of several months. More than 70 smaller swarms have been detected since. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> states these swarms are likely caused by slips on pre-existing faults rather than by movements of magma or hydrothermal fluids. At the turn of the year 2008, more than 500 quakes were detected under the NW end of <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_Lake" title="Yellowstone Lake">Yellowstone Lake</a> over a seven-day span, with the largest registering a magnitude of 3.9. Another swarm started in January 2010, after the Haiti earthquake. With 1,620 small events in late January 2010, this swarm is the second-largest ever recorded in the Yellowstone Caldera. Interestingly, most of these swarms have "rapid-fire" characteristics: they seemingly appear out of nowhere and can churn out tens or hundreds of small to moderate quakes within a very short time frame. Such swarms usually occur within the caldera boundary, as was especially the case in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arkansas_swarm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Arkansas_swarm.png/220px-Arkansas_swarm.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Arkansas_swarm.png/330px-Arkansas_swarm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Arkansas_swarm.png/440px-Arkansas_swarm.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Guy-Greenbrier earthquake swarm: map of epicentres for the period 2010-08-06 to 2011-03-01.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Guy-Greenbrier_earthquake_swarm" class="mw-redirect" title="Guy-Greenbrier earthquake swarm">Guy-Greenbrier earthquake swarm</a> occurred in <a href="/wiki/Central_Arkansas" title="Central Arkansas">central Arkansas</a> beginning in August 2010. <a href="/wiki/Epicentre" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicentre">Epicentres</a> show a linear distribution, with a clear overall shift in activity towards the southwest with time, and a magnitude of 4.7 was computed for the largest event. Analysis of the swarm has suggested a link with deep waste <a href="/wiki/Injection_well" title="Injection well">disposal drilling</a>. It has led to a moratorium on such drilling.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 2 September 2017, an earthquake swarm appeared around <a href="/wiki/Soda_Springs,_Idaho" title="Soda Springs, Idaho">Soda Springs, Idaho</a>. Five quakes with magnitudes between 4.6 and 5.3 occurred within 9 days. Keeping the <a href="/wiki/2009_L%27Aquila_earthquake" title="2009 L'Aquila earthquake">2009 L'Aquila case</a> in mind, and because <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> had experienced an <i>M</i>6.9 earthquake in 1983, experts warned residents that a stronger quake could follow (an unlikely but still possible scenario for them).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>From early 2016 to late 2019, a swarm of earthquakes occurred near <a href="/wiki/Cahuilla,_California" title="Cahuilla, California">Cahuilla</a> in <a href="/wiki/Riverside_County,_California" title="Riverside County, California">Riverside County, California</a>. More than 22,000 individual seismic events were recorded—ranging in magnitude from 0.7 to 4.4 -- the strongest one occurred in August 2018, south of Lake Riverside, just off Cahuilla Road (<a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_371" title="California State Route 371">SR 371</a>). By using computer algorithms and machine learning, researchers were able to infer the following detailed picture of the Cahuilla fault zone responsible for the earthquake swarm. The fault zone is no more than 50 m (160 ft) wide, 4 km (2.5 mi) long, with the earliest seismic swarm events localized down near its base at 9 km (5.6 mi) below the surface and the latest events migrating upwards to 5 km (3.1 mi) below the surface and spreading throughout the fault zone's length. Containing complex subterranean horizontal channels and prominent bents in its depth profile, the fault zone sits on top of a deeper natural underground reservoir of fluid under pressure with a connector at 8 km (5.0 mi) below the surface that was initially sealed off from the fault zone. When that seal broke open in early 2016, fluids were injected up into the fault zone's base and diffused slowly through the complex channels up to 5 km (3.1 mi) below the surface, which triggered the prolonged earthquake swarm that lasted until late 2019. This analysis provides detailed evidence that fault zone valving is a mechanism for seismogenesis in swarms.<sup id="cite_ref-ct_2020_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ct_2020-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ross_2020_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ross_2020-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atlantic_Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earthquake_swarm&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Atlantic Ocean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/El_Hierro" title="El Hierro">El Hierro</a>, the smallest and farthest south and west of the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, hundreds of small earthquakes were recorded from July 2011 until October 2011 during the <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_El_Hierro_eruption" title="2011–12 El Hierro eruption">2011–12 El Hierro eruption</a>. The accumulated energy released by the swarm increased dramatically on 28 September. The swarm was due to the movement of <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> beneath the island, and on 9 October a submarine <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic eruption">volcanic eruption</a> was detected.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_Ocean">Indian Ocean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earthquake_swarm&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Indian Ocean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>An earthquake swarm began east of <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> on 10 May 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strongest quake (<i>M</i>5.9), the largest-magnitude event ever recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Comoro_Islands" title="Comoro Islands">Comoro</a> zone, struck on 15 May 2018. The swarm includes thousands of quakes, many of them felt by Maorais residents. Temporarily-installed ocean-bottom <a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">seismometers</a> showed that the swarm active zone was sited 10 km east of Mayotte, deep into the oceanic <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> (in the 20–50-km depth range),<sup id="cite_ref-ipgp_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipgp-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a rather surprising result because the swarm was believed to be caused by the deflation of a <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> reservoir located 45 km east of Mayotte, at a depth of 28 km.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Accordingly, an oceanographic campaign discovered in May 2019 a new submarine volcano, 800-m high and located 50 km east of Mayotte.)<sup id="cite_ref-ipgp_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipgp-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The swarm had been tapering off between August and November 2018 when the <a href="/wiki/November_11_2018_seismic_event" class="mw-redirect" title="November 11 2018 seismic event">11-November-2018 event</a> occurred. This event had no detectable <a href="/wiki/P-wave" class="mw-redirect" title="P-wave">P</a> nor <a href="/wiki/S-wave" class="mw-redirect" title="S-wave">S</a> waves, but generated <a href="/wiki/Surface_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface waves">surface waves</a> which could be observed worldwide by seismological observatories. Its origin is thought to be east of Mayotte.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The swarm has continued to be active all through 2019.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pacific_Ocean">Pacific Ocean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earthquake_swarm&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pacific Ocean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In January and February 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Islands" title="Santa Cruz Islands">Santa Cruz Islands</a> experienced a large earthquake swarm with many magnitude 5 and 6 earthquakes: more than 40 quakes with magnitude 4.5 or larger took place during the previous 7 days, including 7 events with magnitude larger than 6. The swarm degenerated into the M8.0 <a href="/wiki/2013_Solomon_Islands_earthquake" title="2013 Solomon Islands earthquake">2013 Solomon Islands earthquake</a> (6 February 2013).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earthquake_swarm&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1951_East_Rift_Valley_earthquakes" title="1951 East Rift Valley earthquakes">1951 East Rift Valley earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%9319_Oklahoma_earthquake_swarms" class="mw-redirect" title="2009–19 Oklahoma earthquake swarms">2009–24 Oklahoma earthquake swarms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanco_Fracture_Zone" title="Blanco Fracture Zone">Blanco Fracture Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutenberg%E2%80%93Richter_law" title="Gutenberg–Richter law">Gutenberg–Richter law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy-Greenbrier_earthquake_swarm" class="mw-redirect" title="Guy-Greenbrier earthquake swarm">Guy-Greenbrier earthquake swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remotely_triggered_earthquakes" title="Remotely triggered earthquakes">Remotely triggered earthquakes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earthquake_swarm&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jenatton-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jenatton_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jenatton_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJenattonGuiguetThouvenotDaix2007" class="citation journal cs1">Jenatton, Liliane; Guiguet, Robert; Thouvenot, François; Daix, Nicolas (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00346285/document">"The 16,000-event 2003-2004 earthquake swarm in Ubaye (French Alps)"</a>. <i>J. Geophys. 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