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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformation_and_the_Early_Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Reformation and the Early Modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformation_and_the_Early_Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1814–1918:_independence_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1814–1918:_independence_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 1814–1918: independence movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1814–1918:_independence_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1918–1944:_independence_and_the_Kingdom_of_Iceland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1918–1944:_independence_and_the_Kingdom_of_Iceland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 1918–1944: independence and the Kingdom of Iceland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1918–1944:_independence_and_the_Kingdom_of_Iceland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1944–present:_Republic_of_Iceland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1944–present:_Republic_of_Iceland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 1944–present: Republic of Iceland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1944–present:_Republic_of_Iceland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_boom_and_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_boom_and_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Economic boom and crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_boom_and_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_2012" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_2012"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Since 2012 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_2012-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Wildlife </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Plants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women's_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Women's rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_contraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_contraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Economic contraction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_contraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Road </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Public transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Air travel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 Sea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Education and science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urbanisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urbanisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Urbanisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urbanisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Iceland</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 275 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-275" aria-hidden="true" > 275 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Ислэнд – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Ислэнд" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Исландие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Исландие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysland" title="Ysland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ysland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="አይስላንድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አይስላንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="आइसलैंड – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="आइसलैंड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Исландиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Исландиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="آيسلندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آيسلندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="आइसलैंड – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="आइसलैंड" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%C3%A1ndia" title="Ilándia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ilándia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Исландия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandiya" title="Islandiya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Islandiya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slandiya" title="İslandiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İslandiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ایسلند – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایسلند" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisland" title="Aisland – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Aisland" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="আইসল্যান্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইসল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng-t%C3%B3" title="Peng-tó – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Peng-tó" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Исландия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Ісландыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ісландыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Ісьляндыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ісьляндыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="आइसलैंड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आइसलैंड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandya" title="Islandya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Islandya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aislan" title="Aislan – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Aislan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Исландия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨཡིསུ་ལེན་ཌ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨཡིསུ་ལེན་ཌ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Исланд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Исланд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A0ndia" title="Islàndia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Islàndia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Исланди – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Исланди" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandya" title="Islandya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Islandya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yisirandi" title="Yisirandi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Yisirandi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwlad_yr_I%C3%A2" title="Gwlad yr Iâ – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwlad yr Iâ" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="إسلاندا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إسلاندا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A1nda" title="Islánda – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Islánda" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%8D%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="އައިސްލަންޑަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އައިސްލަންޑަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_K%C3%A9yah" title="Tin Kéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tin Kéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandska" title="Islandska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Islandska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="आइसल्याण्ड – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="आइसल्याण्ड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%8C%E0%BC%8B" title="ཨའིསི་ལེནཌ་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཨའིསི་ལེནཌ་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ισλανδία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισλανδία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Исландия Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Исландия Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islando" title="Islando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Islando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ایسلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایسلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dsland" title="Ísland – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ísland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islande" title="Islande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Islande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysl%C3%A2n" title="Yslân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Yslân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islannda" title="Islannda – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Islannda" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islande" title="Islande – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Islande" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_%C3%8Doslainn" title="An Íoslainn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Íoslainn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Eeslynn" title="Yn Eeslynn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Eeslynn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slandiya" title="İslandiya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="İslandiya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innis_T%C3%ACle" title="Innis Tìle – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Innis Tìle" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Исланди – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Исланди" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1" title="આઈસલેંડ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આઈસલેંડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1" title="आइसलँड – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="आइसलँड" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AAn-t%C3%B3" title="Pên-tó – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pên-tó" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%AC%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C" title="아이슬란드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아이슬란드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayislan" title="Ayislan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ayislan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C4%80ina_Hau" title="ʻĀina Hau – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻĀina Hau" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Իսլանդիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսլանդիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="आइसलैण्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आइसलैण्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandska" title="Islandska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Islandska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islando" title="Islando – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Islando" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="আইসল্যান্ড – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="আইসল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Исланди – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Исланди" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayisilend" title="Ayisilend – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ayisilend" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Ayisilandi" title="I-Ayisilandi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="I-Ayisilandi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dsland" title="Ísland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ísland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="איסלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איסלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88slan" title="Èslan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Èslan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isiland%C9%A9" title="Isilandɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Isilandɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%90%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಐಸ್‍ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಐಸ್‍ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandya" title="Islandya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Islandya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Исландия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ისლანდია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ისლანდია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island%C3%ABj%C3%B4" title="Islandëjô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Islandëjô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Исландия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isilande" title="Isilande – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Isilande" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isilandi" title="Isilandi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Isilandi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Исландия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islande" title="Islande – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Islande" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islann" title="Islann – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Islann" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islann" title="Islann – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Islann" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eslenda" title="Îslenda – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îslenda" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Исландия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87" title="ປະເທດອິດສະລັງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດອິດສະລັງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAslandeja" title="Īslandeja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Īslandeja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islande" title="Islande – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Islande" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Исландия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandija" title="Islandija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Islandija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iesland" title="Iesland – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Iesland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandi" title="Islandi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Islandi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandii" title="Islandii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Islandii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/island" title="island – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="island" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isilandi" title="Isilandi – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Isilandi" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izland" title="Izland – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Izland" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="आइसलैंड – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="आइसलैंड" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Исланд – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Исланд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandy" title="Islandy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Islandy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഐസ്‌ലാന്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐസ്‌ലാന്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%BClanda" title="Iżlanda – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Iżlanda" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiorangi" title="Tiorangi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tiorangi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1" title="आइसलँड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आइसलँड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ისლანდია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ისლანდია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="ايسلاندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايسلاندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ایسلند – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایسلند" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯑꯥꯢꯁ꯭ꯂꯦꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯥꯢꯁ꯭ꯂꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%ADng-d%C5%8D%CC%A4" title="Bĭng-dō̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bĭng-dō̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisl%C3%A1ndia" title="Eislándia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eislándia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Исландмастор – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Исландмастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Исланд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Исланд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အိုက်စလန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိုက်စလန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisiladi" title="Aisiladi – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Aisiladi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJsland" title="IJsland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IJsland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieslaand" title="Ieslaand – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ieslaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="आइसल्यान्ड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आइसल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="アイスランド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイスランド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Исланди – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Исланди" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islun" title="Islun – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Islun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islaunde" title="Islaunde – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Islaunde" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islande" title="Islande – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Islande" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A0ndia" title="Islàndia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Islàndia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Исландий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Исландий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1" title="ଆଇସଲ୍ୟାଣ୍ଡ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଇସଲ୍ୟାଣ୍ଡ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aayislaandi" title="Aayislaandi – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Aayislaandi" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandiya" title="Islandiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Islandiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1" title="ਆਈਸਲੈਂਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਈਸਲੈਂਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="आइसलैंड – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="आइसलैंड" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B3_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="آئس لینڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آئس لینڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89" title="آيسلينډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آيسلينډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aislan" title="Aislan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aislan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Исланд – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Исланд" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="ប្រទេសអ៊ីស្លង់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប្រទេសអ៊ីស្លង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islinde" title="Islinde – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Islinde" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aislan" title="Aislan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Aislan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iesland" title="Iesland – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Iesland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ισλανδία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ισλανδία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A2ndia" title="Islândia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Islândia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandiya" title="Islandiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Islandiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slandiya" title="İslandiya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İslandiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanriya" title="Islanriya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Islanriya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Ісланд – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ісланд" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Исландия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Исландия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiselani" title="Aiselani – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Aiselani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="आइसलैंड – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="आइसलैंड" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A2nde" title="Islânde – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Islânde" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0" title="ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B3_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="آئس لینڈ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="آئس لینڈ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieslound" title="Ieslound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ieslound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="අයිස්ලන්තය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අයිස්ලන්තය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B3_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A" title="آئس لينڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آئس لينڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echweni" title="Echweni – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Echweni" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandija" title="Islandija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Islandija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A" title="Исландъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Исландъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandyjo" title="Islandyjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Islandyjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayslaan" title="Ayslaan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ayslaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ئایسلەند – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئایسلەند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islenikondre" title="Islenikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Islenikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Исланд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Исланд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandia" title="Islandia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Islandia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanti" title="Islanti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Islanti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="ஐசுலாந்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐசுலாந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayslanda" title="Ayslanda – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ayslanda" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanne" title="Islanne – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Islanne" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Исландия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%81%A2%E1%82%86%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9C%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းဢၢႆးသလႅၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢၢႆးသလႅၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%90%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="ఐస్‌లాండ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఐస్‌లాండ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izl%C3%A1ndia" title="Izlándia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Izlándia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเทศไอซ์แลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศไอซ์แลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Исландия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAisilani" title="ʻAisilani – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻAisilani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A7%E1%8F%81%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B8%E1%8E%AF" title="ᏧᏁᏍᏓᎸᎯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏧᏁᏍᏓᎸᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zlanda" title="İzlanda – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İzlanda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandi%C3%BDa" title="Islandiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Islandiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Исландия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Исландия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Исландия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ісландія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ісландія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B3_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="آئس لینڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آئس لینڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ئىسلاندىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىسلاندىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghdauj" title="Binghdauj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Binghdauj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda" title="Islanda – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Islanda" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandii" title="Islandii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Islandii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lislade%C3%A4n" title="Lisladeän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lisladeän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island" title="Island – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Island" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izlande" title="Izlande – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Izlande" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B3%B6" title="冰島 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="冰島" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysland" title="Ysland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Ysland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandya" title="Islandya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Islandya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islaand" title="Islaand – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Islaand" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B" title="冰岛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="冰岛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Iceland" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="איסלאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איסלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dsl%C3%A1nd%C3%AC" title="Íslándì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Íslándì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B3%B6" title="冰島 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="冰島" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slanda" title="İslanda – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İslanda" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iesland" title="Iesland – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Iesland" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Islandėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Islandėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B" title="冰岛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="冰岛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisilan" title="Aisilan – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Aisilan" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88slan" title="Èslan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Èslan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandij%C9%99" title="Islandijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Islandijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q189#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Iceland" rel="discussion" 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.ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Iceland</div><div class="ib-country-names">Ísland (<a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iceland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Iceland"><img alt="Flag of Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/125px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/188px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/250px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Iceland" title="Flag of Iceland">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Iceland"><img alt="Coat of arms of Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="870" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland" title="Coat of arms of Iceland"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/Lofs%C3%B6ngur" title="Lofsöngur">Lofsöngur</a> "Hymn"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="100" data-mwtitle="Lofsöngur.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/Lofs%C3%B6ngur.ogg/Lofs%C3%B6ngur.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Lofs%C3%B6ngur.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALofs%C3%B6ngur.ogg&lang=bbc-latn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bbc-Latn" label="Batak Toba ‪(bbc-latn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALofs%C3%B6ngur.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALofs%C3%B6ngur.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALofs%C3%B6ngur.ogg&lang=fo&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fo" label="føroyskt ‪(fo)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALofs%C3%B6ngur.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALofs%C3%B6ngur.ogg&lang=is&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="is" label="íslenska ‪(is)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALofs%C3%B6ngur.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALofs%C3%B6ngur.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALofs%C3%B6ngur.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALofs%C3%B6ngur.ogg&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALofs%C3%B6ngur.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Iceland_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Iceland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Iceland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Iceland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Iceland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Iceland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Iceland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Europe-Iceland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Europe-Iceland.svg/250px-Europe-Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Europe-Iceland.svg/375px-Europe-Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Europe-Iceland.svg/500px-Europe-Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a>Show map of Europe</div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location of Iceland (dark green)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iceland&params=64_08_N_21_56_W_type:city">64°08′N 21°56′W / 64.133°N 21.933°W / 64.133; -21.933</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-citizenship-2">[1]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>86% <a href="/wiki/Icelanders" title="Icelanders">Icelandic</a></li><li>6% <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Iceland" title="Poles in Iceland">Polish</a></li><li>1% <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanian</a></li><li>7% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2022)<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>72.4% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li>60.9% <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Iceland" title="Church of Iceland">Church of Iceland</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>)<a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a></li> <li>11.5% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space;">25.2% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Iceland" title="Irreligion in Iceland">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space;">1.5% <a href="/wiki/%C3%81satr%C3%BAarf%C3%A9lagi%C3%B0" title="Ásatrúarfélagið">Ásatrúarfélagið</a></li><li style="white-space;">0.9% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icelanders" title="Icelanders">Icelander</a></li><li>Icelandic</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iceland" title="Politics of Iceland">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iceland" title="President of Iceland">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Halla_T%C3%B3masd%C3%B3ttir" title="Halla Tómasdóttir">Halla Tómasdóttir</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iceland" title="Prime Minister of Iceland">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bjarni_Benediktsson_(born_1970)" title="Bjarni Benediktsson (born 1970)">Bjarni Benediktsson</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Iceland" title="List of speakers of the Parliament of Iceland">Speaker of the Althing</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Birgir_%C3%81rmannsson" title="Birgir Ármannsson">Birgir Ármannsson</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Althing</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">Settlement</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9th century</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Commonwealth" title="Icelandic Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">930–1262</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Old_Covenant_(Iceland)" title="Old Covenant (Iceland)">Union</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Norway</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1262–1397</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1397–1523</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1523–1814</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Ceded</a> to <a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">Denmark</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 January 1814</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iceland" title="Constitution of Iceland">Constitution</a> and limited <a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">home rule</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 January 1874</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Extended home rule </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 February 1904</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Sovereignty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Icelandic_Act_of_Union" title="Danish–Icelandic Act of Union">personal union</a> with Denmark </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 December 1918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1944_Icelandic_constitutional_referendum" title="1944 Icelandic constitutional referendum">Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 June 1944; 80 years ago (17 June 1944)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iceland" title="Geography of Iceland">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">103,125<a href="#cite_note-ruv20150226-6">[4]</a> km2 (39,817 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">106th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2.07 (as of 2015)<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iceland" title="Demographics of Iceland">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">399,189<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">171st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3.87/km2 (10.0/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">242nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $27.078 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IS-9">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">152nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $69,833<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IS-9">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">15th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $30.570 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IS-9">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">109th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $78,836<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IS-9">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">8th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2018)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 23.2<a href="#cite_note-eurogini-10">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.959<a href="#cite_note-HDI-11">[9]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">3rd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_kr%C3%B3na" title="Icelandic króna">Icelandic króna</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISK</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[c]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>/<a href="/wiki/Western_European_Time" title="Western European Time">WET</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd.mm.yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Iceland" title="Telephone numbers in Iceland">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Iceland" title="Telephone numbers in Iceland">+354</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IS" title="ISO 3166-2:IS">IS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.is" title=".is">.is</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Iceland (<a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>: Ísland, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈistlant]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9f\/Is-%C3%8Dsland.ogg\/Is-%C3%8Dsland.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-\u00cdsland.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/Is-%C3%8Dsland.ogg/Is-%C3%8Dsland.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Is-%C3%8Dsland.ogg" title="File:Is-Ísland.ogg">ⓘ</a>)<a href="#cite_note-official-15">[d]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a> <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island country</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">North Atlantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Oceans</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Mid-Atlantic Ridge</a> between <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. It is culturally and politically linked with Europe and is the region's westernmost and most <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">sparsely populated country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Statice-16">[12]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>, which is home to about 36% of the country's roughly 380,000 residents (excluding nearby towns/suburbs which are separate municipalities). The official language of the country is <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>. Iceland is on a <a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">rift</a> between <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">tectonic plates</a>, and its geologic activity includes <a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">geysers</a> and frequent <a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">volcanic eruptions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[14]</a> The interior consists of a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_plateau" title="Volcanic plateau">volcanic plateau</a> with sand and <a href="/wiki/Lava_field" title="Lava field">lava fields</a>, mountains and <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>, and many <a href="/wiki/Glacial_stream" title="Glacial stream">glacial rivers</a> flow to the sea through the <a href="/wiki/Upland_and_lowland" title="Upland and lowland">lowlands</a>. Iceland is warmed by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a> and has a <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climate</a>, despite a latitude just south of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>. Its latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly, and most of its <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iceland" title="List of islands of Iceland">islands</a> have a <a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">polar climate</a>. According to the ancient manuscript <a href="/wiki/Landn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3k" title="Landnámabók">Landnámabók</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">settlement of Iceland</a> began in 874 AD, when the <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> chieftain <a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr Arnarson</a> became the island's first permanent settler.<a href="#cite_note-tomasson-19">[15]</a> In the following centuries, <a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegians</a>, and to a lesser extent other <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavians</a>, immigrated to Iceland, bringing with them <a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">thralls</a> (i.e., slaves or serfs) of <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> origin. The island was governed as an <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Commonwealth" title="Icelandic Commonwealth">independent commonwealth</a> under the native parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Althing</a>, one of the world's oldest functioning legislative assemblies. After a <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Sturlungs" title="Age of the Sturlungs">period of civil strife</a>, Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century. In 1397, Iceland followed Norway's integration into the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a> along with the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, coming under de facto <a href="/wiki/Danes" title="Danes">Danish</a> rule upon its dissolution in 1523. The Danish kingdom introduced <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> by force in 1550,<a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Treaty of Kiel</a> formally ceded Iceland to Denmark in 1814. <a href="/wiki/Influence_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Influence of the French Revolution">Influenced</a> by ideals of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, Iceland's <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_independence_movement" title="Icelandic independence movement">struggle for independence</a> took form and culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Icelandic_Act_of_Union" title="Danish–Icelandic Act of Union">Danish–Icelandic Act of Union</a> in 1918, with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Kingdom of Iceland</a>, sharing through a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> the incumbent <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">monarch of Denmark</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Denmark">occupation of Denmark</a> in World War II, Iceland voted overwhelmingly to <a href="/wiki/1944_Icelandic_constitutional_referendum" title="1944 Icelandic constitutional referendum">become a republic</a> in 1944, ending the remaining formal ties to Denmark. Although the Althing was suspended from 1799 to 1845, Iceland nevertheless has a claim to sustaining one of the world's longest-running parliaments. Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on <a href="/wiki/Artisanal_fishing" title="Artisanal fishing">subsistence fishing</a> and agriculture. Industrialization of the fisheries and <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> aid after World War II brought prosperity, and Iceland became one of the world's wealthiest and most developed nations. In 1994 it became a part of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a>, further diversifying its <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iceland" title="Economy of Iceland">economy</a> into sectors such as finance, biotechnology, and <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Iceland">manufacturing</a>. Iceland has a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> with relatively low <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iceland" title="Taxation in Iceland">taxes</a>, compared to other <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries,<a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Trade_union#Prevalence_worldwide" title="Trade union">highest trade union membership in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ILO_Density-22">[18]</a> It maintains a <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic social welfare system</a> that provides <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iceland" title="International rankings of Iceland">Iceland ranks highly in international comparisons</a> of national performance, such as quality of life, education, protection of civil liberties, government transparency, and economic freedom. It has the smallest population of any <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_NATO" title="Member states of NATO">NATO member</a> and is the only one with <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_without_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries without armed forces">no standing army</a>, possessing only a lightly armed <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Coast_Guard" title="Icelandic Coast Guard">coast guard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Iceland" title="Names of Iceland">Names of Iceland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg/220px-Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg/330px-Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg/440px-Norsemen_Landing_in_Iceland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2768" data-file-height="1887" /></a><figcaption>Norsemen landing in Iceland – a 19th-century depiction by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wergeland" title="Oscar Wergeland">Oscar Wergeland</a></figcaption></figure>The <a href="/wiki/Sagas_of_Icelanders" title="Sagas of Icelanders">Sagas of Icelanders</a> say that a Norwegian named <a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a> (or Naddador) was the first <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norseman</a> to reach Iceland; in the ninth century, he named it Snæland or "Snowland" because it was snowing. Following Naddodd, the Swede <a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar Svavarsson</a> arrived, and so the island was then called Garðarshólmur, which means "Garðar's Isle".<a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> Then came a Viking named <a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%B3ki_Vilger%C3%B0arson" class="mw-redirect" title="Flóki Vilgerðarson">Flóki Vilgerðarson</a>; his daughter drowned en route, then his livestock starved to death. The sagas say that the rather despondent Flóki climbed a mountain and saw a fjord (<a href="/wiki/Arnarfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur" title="Arnarfjörður">Arnarfjörður</a>) full of icebergs, which led him to give the island its new and present name.<a href="#cite_note-Evans-26">[22]</a> The notion that Iceland's Viking settlers chose that name to discourage the settlement of their verdant isle is most likely a myth.<a href="#cite_note-Evans-26">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">History of Iceland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Icelandic_history" title="Timeline of Icelandic history">Timeline of Icelandic history</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="874–1262:_settlement_and_Commonwealth">874–1262: settlement and Commonwealth</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">Settlement of Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Commonwealth" title="Icelandic Commonwealth">Icelandic Commonwealth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation of Iceland">Christianisation of Iceland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ingolf_by_Raadsig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Ingolf_by_Raadsig.jpg/220px-Ingolf_by_Raadsig.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Ingolf_by_Raadsig.jpg/330px-Ingolf_by_Raadsig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Ingolf_by_Raadsig.jpg/440px-Ingolf_by_Raadsig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="1244" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr Arnarson</a> (modern Icelandic: Ingólfur Arnarson), the first permanent Scandinavian settler</figcaption></figure> According to both <a href="/wiki/Landn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3k" title="Landnámabók">Landnámabók</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dslendingab%C3%B3k" title="Íslendingabók">Íslendingabók</a>, monks known as the <a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">Papar</a> lived in Iceland before Scandinavian settlers arrived, possibly members of a <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">Hiberno-Scottish mission</a>. An archaeological excavation has revealed the ruins of a cabin in <a href="/wiki/Hafnir" title="Hafnir">Hafnir</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsula_(Iceland)" title="Southern Peninsula (Iceland)">Reykjanes peninsula</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dating">Carbon dating</a> indicates that it was abandoned sometime between 770 and 880.<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a> In 2016, archaeologists uncovered a <a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">longhouse</a> in <a href="/wiki/St%C3%B6%C3%B0varfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur" title="Stöðvarfjörður">Stöðvarfjörður</a> that may date to as early as 800.<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> Swedish Viking explorer <a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar Svavarsson</a> was the first to circumnavigate Iceland in 870 and establish that it was an island.<a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a> He stayed during the winter and built a house in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BAsav%C3%ADk" title="Húsavík">Húsavík</a>. Garðar departed the following summer, but one of his men, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1ttfari" title="Náttfari">Náttfari</a>, decided to stay behind with two slaves. Náttfari settled in what is now known as Náttfaravík, and he and his slaves became the first permanent residents of Iceland to be documented.<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a> The Norwegian-Norse chieftain <a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr Arnarson</a> built his homestead in present-day <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a> in 874. Ingólfr was followed by many other emigrant settlers, largely Scandinavians and their <a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">thralls</a>, many of whom were <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a> By 930, most <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a> on the island had been claimed; the <a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Althing</a>, a legislative and judicial assembly was initiated to regulate the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Commonwealth" title="Icelandic Commonwealth">Icelandic Commonwealth</a>. The lack of arable land also served as an impetus to the <a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse colonization of Greenland">settlement of Greenland</a> starting in 986.<a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a> The period of these early settlements coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period" title="Medieval Warm Period">Medieval Warm Period</a>, when temperatures were similar to those of the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a> At this time about 25% of Iceland was covered with forest, compared to 1% in the present day.<a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a> Christianity was adopted <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation of Iceland">by consensus</a> around 999–1000, although <a href="/wiki/Norse_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse paganism">Norse paganism</a> persisted among segments of the population for some years afterward.<a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iceland_as_a_possession">Iceland as a possession</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Middle_Ages">The Middle Ages</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Sturlungs" title="Age of the Sturlungs">Age of the Sturlungs</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Commonwealth" title="Icelandic Commonwealth">Icelandic Commonwealth</a> lasted until the 13th century when the political system devised by the original settlers proved unable to cope with the increasing power of Icelandic chieftains.<a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a> The internal struggles and civil strife of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Sturlungs" title="Age of the Sturlungs">Age of the Sturlungs</a> led to the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Covenant_(Iceland)" title="Old Covenant (Iceland)">Old Covenant</a> in 1262, which ended the Commonwealth and brought Iceland under the Norwegian crown. Possession of Iceland passed from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a> in 1415, when the kingdoms of Norway, Denmark, and Sweden were united. After the break-up of the union in 1523, it remained a Norwegian dependency, as a part of <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>. Infertile soil, volcanic eruptions, deforestation, and an unforgiving climate made for harsh life in a society where subsistence depended almost entirely on agriculture. The <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> swept Iceland twice, first in 1402–1404 and again in 1494–1495.<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> The former outbreak killed 50% to 60% of the population, and the latter 30% to 50%.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reformation_and_the_Early_Modern_period">Reformation and the Early Modern period</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Reformation" title="Icelandic Reformation">Icelandic Reformation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_trade_monopoly_in_Iceland" title="Danish trade monopoly in Iceland">Danish trade monopoly in Iceland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0uhar%C3%B0indin" class="mw-redirect" title="Móðuharðindin">Móðuharðindin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolungarvik_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bolungarvik_02.jpg/220px-Bolungarvik_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bolungarvik_02.jpg/330px-Bolungarvik_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bolungarvik_02.jpg/440px-Bolungarvik_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Ósvör, a replica of an old fishing outpost outside <a href="/wiki/Bolungarv%C3%ADk" title="Bolungarvík">Bolungarvík</a></figcaption></figure> Around the middle of the 16th century, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Christian_III_of_Denmark" title="Christian III of Denmark">Christian III of Denmark</a> began to impose <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> on all his subjects. <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_Arason" title="Jón Arason">Jón Arason</a>, the last Catholic bishop of <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B3lar" title="Hólar">Hólar</a>, was beheaded in 1550 along with two of his sons. The country subsequently became officially Lutheran, and Lutheranism has since remained the dominant religion. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerardi_Mercatoris_Atlas,_sive,_Cosmographicae_Meditationes_de_Fabrica_Mundi_et_Fabricati_Figura_(24696368309).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gerardi_Mercatoris_Atlas%2C_sive%2C_Cosmographicae_Meditationes_de_Fabrica_Mundi_et_Fabricati_Figura_%2824696368309%29.jpg/220px-Gerardi_Mercatoris_Atlas%2C_sive%2C_Cosmographicae_Meditationes_de_Fabrica_Mundi_et_Fabricati_Figura_%2824696368309%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gerardi_Mercatoris_Atlas%2C_sive%2C_Cosmographicae_Meditationes_de_Fabrica_Mundi_et_Fabricati_Figura_%2824696368309%29.jpg/330px-Gerardi_Mercatoris_Atlas%2C_sive%2C_Cosmographicae_Meditationes_de_Fabrica_Mundi_et_Fabricati_Figura_%2824696368309%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gerardi_Mercatoris_Atlas%2C_sive%2C_Cosmographicae_Meditationes_de_Fabrica_Mundi_et_Fabricati_Figura_%2824696368309%29.jpg/440px-Gerardi_Mercatoris_Atlas%2C_sive%2C_Cosmographicae_Meditationes_de_Fabrica_Mundi_et_Fabricati_Figura_%2824696368309%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4323" data-file-height="2986" /></a><figcaption>A map of Iceland published in the early 17th century by <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator">Gerardus Mercator</a></figcaption></figure> In the 17th and 18th centuries, Denmark imposed <a href="/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Icelandic_Trade_Monopoly" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish–Icelandic Trade Monopoly">harsh trade restrictions</a> on Iceland. Natural disasters, including volcanic eruptions and disease, contributed to a decreasing population. In the summer of 1627, <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary Pirates">Barbary Pirates</a> committed the events known locally as the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a>, in which hundreds of residents were taken into slavery in North Africa and dozens killed; this was the only invasion in Icelandic history to have casualties.<a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1707%E2%80%9308_Iceland_smallpox_epidemic" title="1707–08 Iceland smallpox epidemic">1707–08 Iceland smallpox epidemic</a> is estimated to have killed a quarter to a third of the population.<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> In 1783 the <a href="/wiki/Laki" title="Laki">Laki</a> volcano erupted, with devastating effects.<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> In the years following the eruption, known as the <a href="/wiki/Mist_Hardships" class="mw-redirect" title="Mist Hardships">Mist Hardships</a> (<a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>: Móðuharðindin), over half of all livestock in the country died. Around a quarter of the population starved to death in the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1814–1918:_independence_movement">1814–1918: independence movement</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_independence_movement" title="Icelandic independence movement">Icelandic independence movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lnir_(journal)" title="Fjölnir (journal)">Fjölnir (journal)</a></div> In 1814, following the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, Denmark-Norway was broken up into two separate kingdoms via the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Treaty of Kiel</a>, but Iceland remained a Danish dependency. Throughout the 19th century, the country's climate continued to grow colder, resulting in mass emigration to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, particularly to the region of <a href="/wiki/Gimli,_Manitoba" title="Gimli, Manitoba">Gimli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> in Canada, which was sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/New_Iceland" title="New Iceland">New Iceland</a>. About 15,000 people emigrated, out of a total population of 70,000.<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> A national consciousness arose in the first half of the 19th century, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> ideas from mainland Europe. An Icelandic independence movement took shape in the 1850s under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_Sigur%C3%B0sson" title="Jón Sigurðsson">Jón Sigurðsson</a>, based on the burgeoning Icelandic nationalism inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lnismenn" class="mw-redirect" title="Fjölnismenn">Fjölnismenn</a> and other Danish-educated Icelandic intellectuals. In 1874, Denmark granted Iceland a constitution and limited home rule. This was expanded in 1904, and <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Hafstein" title="Hannes Hafstein">Hannes Hafstein</a> served as the first <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Iceland" title="Minister for Iceland">Minister for Iceland</a> in the Danish cabinet. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1918–1944:_independence_and_the_Kingdom_of_Iceland">1918–1944: independence and the Kingdom of Iceland</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Kingdom of Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Iceland" title="Invasion of Iceland">Invasion of Iceland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iceland_in_World_War_II" title="Iceland in World War II">Iceland in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Berwick_(65).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/HMS_Berwick_%2865%29.jpg/220px-HMS_Berwick_%2865%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/HMS_Berwick_%2865%29.jpg/330px-HMS_Berwick_%2865%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/HMS_Berwick_%2865%29.jpg/440px-HMS_Berwick_%2865%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMS_Berwick_(65)" title="HMS Berwick (65)">HMS Berwick</a> led the British <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Iceland" title="Invasion of Iceland">invasion of Iceland</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Icelandic_Act_of_Union" title="Danish–Icelandic Act of Union">Danish–Icelandic Act of Union</a>, an agreement with Denmark signed on 1 December 1918 and valid for 25 years, recognised Iceland as a fully sovereign and independent state in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with Denmark. The Government of Iceland established an embassy in Copenhagen and requested that Denmark carry out on its behalf certain defence and foreign affairs matters, subject to consultation with the Althing. Danish embassies around the world displayed two coats of arms and two flags: those of the Kingdom of Denmark and those of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Kingdom of Iceland</a>. Iceland's legal position became comparable to those of countries belonging to the Commonwealth of Nations, such as Canada, whose sovereign is King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>. During World War II, Iceland joined Denmark in asserting neutrality. After the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Denmark">German occupation of Denmark</a> on 9 April 1940, the Althing replaced the King with a regent and declared that the Icelandic government would take control of its own defence and foreign affairs.<a href="#cite_note-:0-47">[43]</a> A month later, British armed forces conducted <a href="/wiki/Operation_Fork" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Fork">Operation Fork</a>, the invasion and occupation of the country, violating Icelandic <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality (international relations)">neutrality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> In 1941, the Government of Iceland, friendly to Britain, invited the then-neutral United States to take over its defence so that Britain could use its troops elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-:0-47">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1944–present:_Republic_of_Iceland">1944–present: Republic of Iceland</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_constitutional_referendum,_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic constitutional referendum, 1944">Icelandic constitutional referendum, 1944</a>; <a href="/wiki/Iceland_in_the_Cold_War" title="Iceland in the Cold War">Iceland in the Cold War</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Cod_Wars" title="Cod Wars">Cod Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scylla-Odinn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Scylla-Odinn.jpg/220px-Scylla-Odinn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Scylla-Odinn.jpg/330px-Scylla-Odinn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Scylla-Odinn.jpg/440px-Scylla-Odinn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>British warship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Scylla" title="HMS Scylla">HMS Scylla</a> (right) collides with Icelandic coast guard vessel <a href="/wiki/ICGV_%C3%93%C3%B0inn" title="ICGV Óðinn">ICGV Óðinn</a> in the Atlantic Ocean during the <a href="/wiki/Cod_Wars" title="Cod Wars">Third Cod War</a>.</figcaption></figure> On 31 December 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Icelandic_Act_of_Union" title="Danish–Icelandic Act of Union">Danish–Icelandic Act of Union</a> expired after 25 years. Beginning on 20 May 1944, Icelanders voted in a four-day plebiscite on whether to terminate the personal union with Denmark, abolish the monarchy, and establish a republic. The vote was 97% to end the union, and 95% in favour of the new republican constitution.<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> Iceland formally became a republic on 17 June 1944, with <a href="/wiki/Sveinn_Bj%C3%B6rnsson" title="Sveinn Björnsson">Sveinn Björnsson</a> as its first president. In 1946, the US Defence Force Allied left Iceland. The nation formally became a member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> on 30 March 1949, amid <a href="/wiki/1949_anti-NATO_riot_in_Iceland" title="1949 anti-NATO riot in Iceland">domestic controversy and riots</a>. On 5 May 1951, a defence agreement was signed with the United States. American troops returned to Iceland as the <a href="/wiki/Iceland_Defence_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Iceland Defence Force">Iceland Defence Force</a> and remained throughout the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. The US withdrew the last of its forces on 30 September 2006. Iceland prospered during the Second World War. The immediate post-war period was followed by substantial <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>, driven by the industrialisation of the fishing industry and the US <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> programme, through which Icelanders received the most aid per capita of any European country (at US$209, with the war-ravaged Netherlands a distant second at US$109).<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vigd%C3%ADs_Finnbogad%C3%B3ttir" title="Vigdís Finnbogadóttir">Vigdís Finnbogadóttir</a> assumed Iceland's presidency on 1 August 1980, making her the first elected female head of state in the world.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> The 1970s were marked by the <a href="/wiki/Cod_Wars" title="Cod Wars">Cod Wars</a>—several disputes with the United Kingdom over Iceland's extension of its fishing limits to 200 nmi (370 km) offshore. Iceland hosted a <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">summit in Reykjavík in 1986</a> between United States President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and Soviet Premier <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, during which they took significant steps towards <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">nuclear disarmament</a>. A few years later, Iceland became the first country to recognise the independence of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> as they <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">broke away</a> from the USSR. Throughout the 1990s, the country expanded its international role and developed a foreign policy orientated towards humanitarian and peacekeeping causes. To that end, Iceland provided aid and expertise to various NATO-led interventions in <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> Iceland joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> in 1994, after which the economy was greatly diversified and liberalised. International economic relations increased further after 2001 when Iceland's newly deregulated banks began to raise great amounts of <a href="/wiki/External_debt" title="External debt">external debt</a>, contributing to a 32 percent increase in Iceland's <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">gross national income</a> between 2002 and 2007.<a href="#cite_note-jackson-54">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_boom_and_crisis">Economic boom and crisis</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932011_Icelandic_financial_crisis" title="2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis">2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis</a> and <a href="/wiki/2009_Icelandic_financial_crisis_protests" title="2009 Icelandic financial crisis protests">2009 Icelandic financial crisis protests</a></div> In 2003–2007, following the privatisation of the banking sector under the government of <a href="/wiki/Dav%C3%AD%C3%B0_Oddsson" title="Davíð Oddsson">Davíð Oddsson</a>, Iceland moved towards having an economy based on international investment banking and financial services.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-56">[52]</a> It was quickly becoming one of the most prosperous countries in the world, but was hit hard by a <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932011_Icelandic_financial_crisis" title="2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis">major financial crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-56">[52]</a> The crisis resulted in the greatest migration from Iceland since 1887, with a net emigration of 5,000 people in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-nordregio.se-57">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Since_2012">Since 2012</h4></div> Iceland's economy stabilised under the government of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3hanna_Sigur%C3%B0ard%C3%B3ttir" title="Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir">Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir</a> and grew by 1.6% in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> The centre-right <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(Iceland)" title="Independence Party (Iceland)">Independence Party</a> was returned to power in coalition with the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Iceland)" title="Progressive Party (Iceland)">Progressive Party</a> in the 2013 election.<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> In the following years, Iceland saw a surge in tourism as the country became a popular holiday destination. In 2016, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Sigmundur_Dav%C3%AD%C3%B0_Gunnlaugsson" title="Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson">Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson</a> resigned after being implicated in the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers" title="Panama Papers">Panama Papers</a> scandal.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> Early elections in 2016 resulted in a right-wing coalition government of the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(Iceland)" title="Independence Party (Iceland)">Independence Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(Iceland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Party (Iceland)">Reform Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bright_Future_(Iceland)" title="Bright Future (Iceland)">Bright Future</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> This government fell when Bright Future quit the coalition due to a scandal involving then-Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Bjarni_Benediktsson_(born_1970)" title="Bjarni Benediktsson (born 1970)">Bjarni Benediktsson</a>'s father's letter of support for a convicted child sex offender.<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/2017_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="2017 Icelandic parliamentary election">Snap elections in October 2017</a> brought to power a new coalition consisting of the Independence Party, the Progressive Party, and the <a href="/wiki/Left-Green_Movement" title="Left-Green Movement">Left-Green Movement</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/Katr%C3%ADn_Jakobsd%C3%B3ttir" title="Katrín Jakobsdóttir">Katrín Jakobsdóttir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> After the 2021 parliamentary <a href="/wiki/2021_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="2021 Icelandic parliamentary election">election</a>, the new government was, just like the previous government, a tri-party coalition of the Independence Party, the Progressive Party, and the Left-Green Movement, headed by Prime Minister Katrín Jakobsdóttir.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> In April 2024, Bjarni Benediktsson of the Independence party succeeded Katrín Jakobsdóttir as prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iceland" title="Geography of Iceland">Geography of Iceland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Iceland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Map_of_Iceland.svg/330px-Map_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Map_of_Iceland.svg/495px-Map_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Map_of_Iceland.svg/660px-Map_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1834" data-file-height="1489" /></a><figcaption>General topographic map</figcaption></figure> Iceland is at the juncture of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. The main island is entirely south of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>, which passes through the small Icelandic island of <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmsey" title="Grímsey">Grímsey</a> off the main island's northern coast. The country lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/63rd_parallel_north" title="63rd parallel north">63</a> and <a href="/wiki/68th_parallel_north" title="68th parallel north">68°N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/25th_meridian_west" title="25th meridian west">25</a> and <a href="/wiki/13th_meridian_west" title="13th meridian west">13°W</a>. Iceland is closer to <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a> than to mainland North America, although it is closest to <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> (290 kilometres; 155 nautical miles), an island of North America. Iceland is generally included in Europe for geographical, historical, political, cultural, linguistic and practical reasons.<a href="#cite_note-Ingebritsen2000-66">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-LehtiSmith2003-67">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miles2005-68">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dhondt2011-69">[65]</a> Geologically, the island includes parts of both continental plates. The closest bodies of land in Europe are the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> (420 km; 225 nmi); <a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a> Island (570 km; 310 nmi); <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a>, both about 740 km (400 nmi); and the Scottish mainland and <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, both about 750 km (405 nmi). The nearest part of Continental Europe is mainland Norway, about 970 km (525 nmi) away, while mainland North America is 2,070 km (1,120 nmi) away, at the northern tip of <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Icelandic_landscapes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Icelandic_landscapes.jpg/220px-Icelandic_landscapes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Icelandic_landscapes.jpg/330px-Icelandic_landscapes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Icelandic_landscapes.jpg/440px-Icelandic_landscapes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8192" data-file-height="5568" /></a><figcaption>Three typical Icelandic landscapes</figcaption></figure> Iceland is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">world's 18th-largest island</a>, and Europe's second-largest island after Great Britain and before Ireland. The main island covers 101,826 km2 (39,315 sq mi), but the entire country is 103,000 km2 (40,000 sq mi) in size, of which 62.7% is <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>. Iceland contains about 30 minor islands, including the lightly populated Grímsey and the <a href="/wiki/Vestmannaeyjar" title="Vestmannaeyjar">Vestmannaeyjar</a> archipelago. Lakes and glaciers cover 14.3% of its surface; only 23% is vegetated.<a href="#cite_note-NLS-70">[66]</a> The largest lakes are <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B3risvatn" title="Þórisvatn">Þórisvatn</a> reservoir: 83–88 km2 (32–34 sq mi) and <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eingvallavatn" title="Þingvallavatn">Þingvallavatn</a>: 82 km2 (32 sq mi); other important lakes include <a href="/wiki/Lagarflj%C3%B3t" title="Lagarfljót">Lagarfljót</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BDvatn" title="Mývatn">Mývatn</a>. <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6kuls%C3%A1rl%C3%B3n" title="Jökulsárlón">Jökulsárlón</a> is the deepest lake, at 248 m (814 ft).<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> Geologically, Iceland is part of the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Mid-Atlantic Ridge</a>, a ridge along which the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a> spreads and forms new crust. This part of the mid-ocean ridge is located above a mantle plume, causing Iceland to be <a href="/wiki/Subaerial" title="Subaerial">subaerial</a> (above the surface of the sea). The ridge marks the boundary between the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Plate">North American Plates</a>, and Iceland was created by <a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">rifting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(geology)" title="Accretion (geology)">accretion</a> through volcanism along the ridge.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjords</a> punctuate Iceland's 4,970-km-long (3,088-mi) coastline, which is also where most settlements are situated. The island's interior, the <a href="/wiki/Highlands_of_Iceland" title="Highlands of Iceland">Highlands of Iceland</a>, is a cold and uninhabitable combination of sand, mountains, and <a href="/wiki/Lava_field" title="Lava field">lava fields</a>. The major towns are the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>, along with its outlying towns of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B3pavogur" title="Kópavogur">Kópavogur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hafnarfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur" title="Hafnarfjörður">Hafnarfjörður</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ab%C3%A6r" title="Garðabær">Garðabær</a>, nearby <a href="/wiki/Reykjanesb%C3%A6r" title="Reykjanesbær">Reykjanesbær</a> where the international airport is located, and the town of <a href="/wiki/Akureyri" title="Akureyri">Akureyri</a> in northern Iceland. The island of Grímsey on the Arctic Circle contains the northernmost habitation of Iceland, whereas <a href="/wiki/Kolbeinsey" title="Kolbeinsey">Kolbeinsey</a> contains the northernmost point of Iceland.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Govt-73">[69]</a> Iceland has <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Iceland" title="List of national parks of Iceland">three national parks</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vatnaj%C3%B6kull_National_Park" title="Vatnajökull National Park">Vatnajökull National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6fellsj%C3%B6kull" title="Snæfellsjökull">Snæfellsjökull National Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eingvellir" title="Þingvellir">Þingvellir National Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> The country is considered a "strong performer" in environmental protection, having been ranked 13th in <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>'s Environmental Performance Index of 2012.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Iceland" title="Geology of Iceland">Geology of Iceland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iceland_hotspot" title="Iceland hotspot">Iceland hotspot</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erupting_geysir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Erupting_geysir.jpg/220px-Erupting_geysir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Erupting_geysir.jpg/330px-Erupting_geysir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Erupting_geysir.jpg/440px-Erupting_geysir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>The erupting <a href="/wiki/Geysir" title="Geysir">Geysir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haukadalur" title="Haukadalur">Haukadalur</a> valley, the oldest known <a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">geyser</a> in the world</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iceland_-_2017-02-22_-_Gullfoss_-_3677.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Iceland_-_2017-02-22_-_Gullfoss_-_3677.jpg/220px-Iceland_-_2017-02-22_-_Gullfoss_-_3677.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Iceland_-_2017-02-22_-_Gullfoss_-_3677.jpg/330px-Iceland_-_2017-02-22_-_Gullfoss_-_3677.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Iceland_-_2017-02-22_-_Gullfoss_-_3677.jpg/440px-Iceland_-_2017-02-22_-_Gullfoss_-_3677.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2916" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gullfoss" title="Gullfoss">Gullfoss</a>, an iconic waterfall of Iceland</figcaption></figure> A geologically young land at 16 to 18 million years old, Iceland is the surface expression of the <a href="/wiki/Iceland_Plateau" title="Iceland Plateau">Iceland Plateau</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Large_igneous_province" title="Large igneous province">large igneous province</a> forming as a result of volcanism from the <a href="/wiki/Iceland_hotspot" title="Iceland hotspot">Iceland hotspot</a> and along the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Mid-Atlantic Ridge</a>, the latter of which runs right through it.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> This means that the island is highly geologically active with many volcanoes including <a href="/wiki/Hekla" title="Hekla">Hekla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eldgj%C3%A1" title="Eldgjá">Eldgjá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Her%C3%B0ubrei%C3%B0" title="Herðubreið">Herðubreið</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eldfell" title="Eldfell">Eldfell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a> The volcanic eruption of <a href="/wiki/Laki" title="Laki">Laki</a> in 1783–1784 caused a famine that killed nearly a quarter of the island's population.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> In addition, the eruption caused dust clouds and haze to appear over most of Europe and parts of Asia and Africa for several months afterwards, and affected climates in other areas.<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> Iceland has many <a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">geysers</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Geysir" title="Geysir">Geysir</a>, from which the English word is derived, and the famous <a href="/wiki/Strokkur" title="Strokkur">Strokkur</a>, which erupts every 8–10 minutes. After a phase of inactivity, Geysir started erupting again after a <a href="/wiki/2000_Iceland_earthquakes" title="2000 Iceland earthquakes">series of earthquakes in 2000</a>. Geysir has since grown quieter and does not erupt often.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> With the widespread availability of <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal power</a> and the harnessing of many rivers and waterfalls for <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a>, most residents have access to inexpensive hot water, heating, and electricity. The island is composed primarily of <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>, a low-<a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> lava associated with <a href="/wiki/Effusive_eruption" title="Effusive eruption">effusive volcanism</a> as has occurred also in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>. Iceland, however, has a variety of volcanic types (composite and fissure), many producing more evolved lavas such as <a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">rhyolite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">andesite</a>. Iceland has hundreds of volcanoes with about 30 active volcanic systems.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Surtsey" title="Surtsey">Surtsey</a>, one of the youngest islands in the world, is part of Iceland. Named after <a href="/wiki/Surtr" title="Surtr">Surtr</a>, it rose above the ocean in a series of volcanic eruptions between 8 November 1963 and 5 June 1968.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Govt-73">[69]</a> Only scientists researching the growth of new life are allowed to visit the island.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> The country has around 30 <a href="/wiki/Volcanism_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanism in Iceland">active volcanic</a> systems. Within each are volcano-tectonic fissure systems and many, but not all of them, also have at least one <a href="/wiki/Central_volcano" title="Central volcano">central volcano</a> (mostly in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcano</a>, sometimes of a <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">shield volcano</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Magma_chamber" title="Magma chamber">magma chamber</a> underneath). Several classifications of the systems exist, for example there is one of 30 systems,<a href="#cite_note-Andrews2008-84">[80]</a>: 10  and one of 34 systems, with the later currently being used in Iceland itself.<a href="#cite_note-EIV-85">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Iceland" title="Climate of Iceland">Climate of Iceland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tornadoes_in_Iceland" title="Tornadoes in Iceland">Tornadoes in Iceland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iceland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Iceland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/220px-Iceland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Iceland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-Iceland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Iceland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/440px-Iceland_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> types of Iceland</figcaption></figure> The climate of Iceland's coast is <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic</a>. The warm <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Current" title="North Atlantic Current">North Atlantic Current</a> ensures generally higher annual temperatures than in most places of similar latitude in the world. Regions in the world with similar climates include the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Peninsula" title="Alaska Peninsula">Alaska Peninsula</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a>, although these regions are closer to the equator. Despite its proximity to the Arctic, the island's coasts remain ice-free through the winter. Ice incursions are rare, with the last having occurred on the north coast in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> The climate varies between different parts of the island. Generally speaking, the south coast is warmer, wetter, and windier than the north. The Central Highlands are the coldest part of the country. Low-lying inland areas in the north are the aridest. Snowfall in winter is more common in the north than in the south. The highest air temperature recorded was 30.5 °C (86.9 °F) on 22 June 1939 at Teigarhorn on the southeastern coast. The lowest was −38 °C (−36.4 °F) on 22 January 1918 at Grímsstaðir and Möðrudalur in the northeastern hinterland. The temperature records for Reykjavík are 26.2 °C (79.2 °F) on 30 July 2008, and −24.5 °C (−12.1 °F) on 21 January 1918.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iceland" title="Wildlife of Iceland">Wildlife of Iceland</a></div> The entire country is in a single <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iceland_boreal_birch_forests_and_alpine_tundra" title="Iceland boreal birch forests and alpine tundra">Iceland boreal birch forests and alpine tundra</a>. Some areas are covered by <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plants">Plants</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Phytogeographically" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytogeographically">Phytogeographically</a>, Iceland belongs to the Arctic province of the <a href="/wiki/Circumboreal_Region" title="Circumboreal Region">Circumboreal Region</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_Kingdom" title="Boreal Kingdom">Boreal Kingdom</a>. Plantlife consists mainly of grassland, which is regularly grazed by livestock. The most common tree native to Iceland is the northern birch (<a href="/wiki/Betula_pubescens" title="Betula pubescens">Betula pubescens</a>), which formerly formed forests over much of Iceland, along with aspens (<a href="/wiki/Populus_tremula" title="Populus tremula">Populus tremula</a>), rowans (<a href="/wiki/Sorbus_aucuparia" title="Sorbus aucuparia">Sorbus aucuparia</a>), common junipers (<a href="/wiki/Juniperus_communis" title="Juniperus communis">Juniperus communis</a>), and other smaller trees, mainly willows. When the island was first settled, it was extensively forested, with around 30% of the land covered in trees. In the late 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Ari_the_Wise" class="mw-redirect" title="Ari the Wise">Ari the Wise</a> described it in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dslendingab%C3%B3k" title="Íslendingabók">Íslendingabók</a> as "forested from mountain to sea shore".<a href="#cite_note-Dirt-87">[83]</a> Permanent human settlement greatly disturbed the isolated ecosystem of thin, volcanic soils and limited <a href="/wiki/Species_richness" title="Species richness">species diversity</a>. The forests were heavily exploited over the centuries for firewood and timber.<a href="#cite_note-wildlife-88">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a>, climatic deterioration during the <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a>, and overgrazing by sheep imported by settlers caused a loss of critical topsoil due to <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>. Today, many farms have been abandoned. Three-quarters of Iceland's 100,000 square kilometres (39,000 sq mi) is affected by soil erosion; 18,000 km2 (6,900 sq mi) is affected to a degree serious enough to make the land useless.<a href="#cite_note-Dirt-87">[83]</a> Only a few small birch stands now exist in isolated reserves. The Icelandic Forest Service and other forestry groups promote large-scale reforestation in the country. Due to the reforestation efforts, the forest cover of Iceland increased six-fold since the 1990s. This helps to offset carbon emissions, prevent sand storms and increase the productivity of farms.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> The planting of new forests has increased the number of trees, but the result does not compare to the original forests. Some of the planted forests include <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced species</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wildlife-88">[84]</a> The tallest tree in Iceland is a <a href="/wiki/Sitka_spruce" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitka spruce">sitka spruce</a> planted in 1949 in <a href="/wiki/Kirkjub%C3%A6jarklaustur" title="Kirkjubæjarklaustur">Kirkjubæjarklaustur</a>; it was measured at 25.2 m (83 ft) in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> Algae such as <a href="/wiki/Chondrus_crispus" title="Chondrus crispus">Chondrus crispus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phyllphora_truncata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phyllphora truncata (page does not exist)">Phyllphora truncata</a> and Phyllophora crispa and others have been recorded from Iceland.<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Animals">Animals</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alopex_lagopus_IMG_9019.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Alopex_lagopus_IMG_9019.JPG/220px-Alopex_lagopus_IMG_9019.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Alopex_lagopus_IMG_9019.JPG/330px-Alopex_lagopus_IMG_9019.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Alopex_lagopus_IMG_9019.JPG/440px-Alopex_lagopus_IMG_9019.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5015" data-file-height="3343" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox</a> is the only indigenous land mammal in Iceland and was the only land mammal before the arrival of humans.</figcaption></figure> The only native land mammal when humans arrived was the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox</a>,<a href="#cite_note-wildlife-88">[84]</a> which came to the island at the end of the ice age, walking over the frozen sea. On rare occasions, bats have been carried to the island with the winds, but they are not able to breed there. No native or free-living reptiles or amphibians are on the island.<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a> The animals of Iceland include the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_sheep" title="Icelandic sheep">Icelandic sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cattle" title="Icelandic cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_chicken" title="Icelandic chicken">chickens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_goat" title="Icelandic goat">goats</a>, the sturdy <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_horse" title="Icelandic horse">Icelandic horse</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Sheepdog" title="Icelandic Sheepdog">Icelandic Sheepdog</a>, all descendants of animals imported by Europeans. Wild mammals include the Arctic fox, <a href="/wiki/Mink" title="Mink">mink</a>, mice, rats, rabbits, and <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Polar_bears" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar bears">Polar bears</a> occasionally visit the island, travelling from <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> on icebergs, but no Icelandic populations exist.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> In June 2008, two polar bears arrived in the same month.<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine mammals">Marine mammals</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Grey_seal" title="Grey seal">grey seal</a> (Halichoerus grypus) and <a href="/wiki/Harbour_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour seal">harbour seal</a> (Phoca vitulina). Many species of fish live in the ocean waters surrounding Iceland, and the <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">fishing industry</a> is a major part of Iceland's economy, accounting for roughly half of the country's total exports. Birds, especially seabirds, are an important part of Iceland's animal life. <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_puffin" title="Atlantic puffin">Atlantic puffins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skua" title="Skua">skuas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Black-legged_kittiwake" title="Black-legged kittiwake">black-legged kittiwakes</a> nest on its sea cliffs.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Commercial_whaling" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial whaling">Commercial whaling</a> is practised intermittently<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> along with scientific whale hunts.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> Whale watching has become an important part of Iceland's economy since 1997.<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> Around 1,300 species of insects are known in Iceland. This is low compared with other countries (over one million species have been described worldwide). Iceland is essentially free of <a href="/wiki/Mosquitoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosquitoes">mosquitoes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iceland" title="Politics of Iceland">Politics of Iceland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Politics_Of_Iceland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Politics_Of_Iceland.svg/450px-Politics_Of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Politics_Of_Iceland.svg/675px-Politics_Of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Politics_Of_Iceland.svg/900px-Politics_Of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>The political system of Iceland</figcaption></figure> Iceland is a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>, whereby the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iceland" title="President of Iceland">president</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Iceland">prime minister of Iceland</a> serves as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>. Members of the <a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Icelandic parliament</a> are voted in by <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency">constituency</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/2021_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="2021 Icelandic parliamentary election">2021 parliamentary elections</a>, the biggest parties are the centre-right <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(Iceland)" title="Independence Party (Iceland)">Independence Party</a> (Sjálfstæðisflokkurinn), the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Iceland)" title="Progressive Party (Iceland)">Progressive Party</a> (Framsóknarflokkurinn) and the <a href="/wiki/Left-Green_Movement" title="Left-Green Movement">Left-Green Movement</a> (Vinstrihreyfingin – grænt framboð). These three parties form the ruling coalition in the cabinet led by leftist <a href="/wiki/Katr%C3%ADn_Jakobsd%C3%B3ttir" title="Katrín Jakobsdóttir">Katrín Jakobsdóttir</a>. Other political parties with seats in the <a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Althing</a> (Parliament) are the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Alliance" title="Social Democratic Alliance">Social Democratic Alliance</a> (Samfylkingin), the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Iceland,_2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Party (Iceland, 2016)">People's Party</a> (Flokkur fólksins), Iceland's <a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_(Iceland)" title="Pirate Party (Iceland)">Pirates</a> (Píratar), the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(Iceland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Party (Iceland)">Reform Party</a> (Viðreisn) and the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Iceland)" title="Centre Party (Iceland)">Centre Party</a> (Miðflokkurinn). In 2016, Iceland was ranked second in the strength of its democratic institutions<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> and 13th in government transparency.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> The country has a high level of civic participation, with 81.4% voter turnout during the most recent elections,<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> compared to an OECD average of 72%. Iceland scored second in Europe for their trust in legal institutions (police, parliament and judiciary) at a mean of 73% trust as of 2018.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> Many political parties remain opposed to EU membership, primarily due to Icelanders' concern about losing control over their natural resources (particularly fisheries).<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_rights">Women's rights</h3></div> Women in Iceland first gained the right to vote in 1915 (with restrictions) and increased voting rights in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> Iceland was the first country in the world to have a political party formed and led entirely by women.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> Known as the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_List" title="Women's List">Women's List</a> (Kvennalistinn), it was founded in 1983 to advance the political, economic, and social needs of women. It left a lasting influence on Iceland's politics: every major party has a 40% quota for women. In the 2021 elections, 48% of members of parliament are female compared to the global average of 16% in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vigd%C3%ADs_Finnbogad%C3%B3ttir" title="Vigdís Finnbogadóttir">Vigdís Finnbogadóttir</a> was the world's first democratically elected female head of state. In 2009, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3hanna_Sigur%C3%B0ard%C3%B3ttir" title="Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir">Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir</a> became the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_first_LGBT_holders_of_political_offices" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the first LGBT holders of political offices">first openly LGBT</a> <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Iceland">Government of Iceland</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:461px;max-width:461px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Al%C3%BEingish%C3%BAsi%C3%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Alþingishúsið" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Al%C3%BEingish%C3%BAsi%C3%B0.jpg/200px-Al%C3%BEingish%C3%BAsi%C3%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Al%C3%BEingish%C3%BAsi%C3%B0.jpg/300px-Al%C3%BEingish%C3%BAsi%C3%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Al%C3%BEingish%C3%BAsi%C3%B0.jpg/400px-Al%C3%BEingish%C3%BAsi%C3%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2883" data-file-height="2618" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Al%C3%BEingish%C3%BAsi%C3%B0" title="Alþingishúsið">Alþingishúsið</a> houses the <a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Althing</a> (Parliament of Iceland) in <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:255px;max-width:255px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Stj%C3%B3rnarr%C3%A1%C3%B0sh%C3%BAsi%C3%B0_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stjórnarráðshúsið" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Stj%C3%B3rnarr%C3%A1%C3%B0sh%C3%BAsi%C3%B0_2023.jpg/253px-Stj%C3%B3rnarr%C3%A1%C3%B0sh%C3%BAsi%C3%B0_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="253" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Stj%C3%B3rnarr%C3%A1%C3%B0sh%C3%BAsi%C3%B0_2023.jpg/380px-Stj%C3%B3rnarr%C3%A1%C3%B0sh%C3%BAsi%C3%B0_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Stj%C3%B3rnarr%C3%A1%C3%B0sh%C3%BAsi%C3%B0_2023.jpg/506px-Stj%C3%B3rnarr%C3%A1%C3%B0sh%C3%BAsi%C3%B0_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2755" data-file-height="1982" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Stjórnarráðshúsið houses the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Iceland" title="Cabinet of Iceland">Cabinet of Iceland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iceland" title="Prime Minister of Iceland">Prime Minister's Office</a> in Reykjavík.</div></div></div></div></div> Iceland is a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a>. The modern parliament, Alþingi (English: <a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Althing</a>), was founded in 1845 as an advisory body to the Danish monarch. It was widely seen as a re-establishment of the assembly founded in 930 in the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Commonwealth" title="Icelandic Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a> period and temporarily suspended from 1799 to 1845. Consequently, "it is arguably the world's oldest <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary democracy</a>."<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> It has 63 members, elected for a maximum period of four years.<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> The head of government is the prime minister who, together with the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Iceland" title="Cabinet of Iceland">cabinet</a>, is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> government. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iceland" title="President of Iceland">president of Iceland</a>, in contrast, is a largely ceremonial head of state and serves as a diplomat, but may veto laws voted by the parliament and put them to a national referendum.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> They are elected by popular vote for a term of four years with no term limit. The current president is <a href="/wiki/Halla_T%C3%B3masd%C3%B3ttir" title="Halla Tómasdóttir">Halla Tómasdóttir</a>, having been in office since 1 August 2024. The elections for the president, the Althing, and local municipal councils are all held separately every four years.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> The cabinet in the country's government is typically appointed by the president after a general election to the Althing. However, the appointment is usually negotiated by the leaders of the political parties, who decide amongst themselves which parties can form the cabinet and how to distribute its seats, as long as it has majority support in the Althing. If the party leaders are unable to come to an agreement within a reasonable period of time, the president will personally appoint the cabinet. This has not happened since the republic was founded in 1944, although in 1942 the regent, <a href="/wiki/Sveinn_Bj%C3%B6rnsson" title="Sveinn Björnsson">Sveinn Björnsson</a>, appointed a non-parliamentary government. Sveinn held the practical position of a president at the time, and later became the country's first official president in 1944. The governments of Iceland have always been coalition governments, with two or more parties involved, as no single political party has ever received a majority of seats in the Althing throughout the republican period. There is no legal consensus on the extent of the political power possessed by the office of the president; several provisions of the constitution appear to give the president some important powers, but other provisions and traditions suggest differently.<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> In 1980, Icelanders elected <a href="/wiki/Vigd%C3%ADs_Finnbogad%C3%B3ttir" title="Vigdís Finnbogadóttir">Vigdís Finnbogadóttir</a> as president, the world's first directly elected female head of state. She retired from office in 1996. In 2009, Iceland became the first country with an openly gay head of government when <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3hanna_Sigur%C3%B0ard%C3%B3ttir" title="Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir">Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir</a> became prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Iceland" title="Administrative divisions of Iceland">Administrative divisions of Iceland</a></div> Iceland is divided into regions, constituencies, and municipalities. The eight regions are primarily used for statistical purposes. District court jurisdictions also use an older version of this division.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Govt-73">[69]</a> Until 2003, the constituencies for the parliamentary elections were the same as the regions, but by an amendment to the constitution, they were changed to the current six constituencies: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_Iceland" title="Constituencies of Iceland">Reykjavík North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_Iceland" title="Constituencies of Iceland">Reykjavík South</a> (city regions);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_Iceland" title="Constituencies of Iceland">Southwest</a> (four <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">non-contiguous</a> suburban areas around Reykjavík);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_Iceland" title="Constituencies of Iceland">Northwest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_Iceland" title="Constituencies of Iceland">Northeast</a> (northern half of Iceland, split); and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_Iceland" title="Constituencies of Iceland">South</a> (southern half of Iceland, excluding Reykjavík and suburbs).</li></ul> The redistricting change was made to balance the weight of different districts of the country since previously a vote cast in the sparsely populated areas around the country would count much more than a vote cast in the Reykjavík city area. The imbalance between districts has been reduced by the new system but still exists.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Govt-73">[69]</a> Sixty-nine municipalities in Iceland govern local matters like schools, transport, and zoning.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> These are the actual <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">second-level subdivisions</a> of Iceland, as the constituencies have no relevance except in elections and for statistical purposes. Reykjavík is by far the most populous municipality, about four times more populous than <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B3pavogur" title="Kópavogur">Kópavogur</a>, the second one.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Govt-73">[69]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 171.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 169.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Iceland_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Regions of Iceland"><img alt="Regions of Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Iceland_adm_location_map.svg/254px-Iceland_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Iceland_adm_location_map.svg/381px-Iceland_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Iceland_adm_location_map.svg/508px-Iceland_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="841" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Iceland" title="Regions of Iceland">Regions of Iceland</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 169.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 167.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral_districts_of_Iceland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Constituencies of Iceland"><img alt="Constituencies of Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Electoral_districts_of_Iceland.svg/251px-Electoral_districts_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Electoral_districts_of_Iceland.svg/377px-Electoral_districts_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Electoral_districts_of_Iceland.svg/502px-Electoral_districts_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7837" data-file-height="5618" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_Iceland" title="Constituencies of Iceland">Constituencies of Iceland</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 173.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 171.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_level_municipalities_of_Iceland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Municipalities of Iceland"><img alt="Municipalities of Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lower_level_municipalities_of_Iceland.svg/257px-Lower_level_municipalities_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="172" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lower_level_municipalities_of_Iceland.svg/385px-Lower_level_municipalities_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lower_level_municipalities_of_Iceland.svg/514px-Lower_level_municipalities_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="359" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Iceland" title="Municipalities of Iceland">Municipalities of Iceland</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iceland" title="Foreign relations of Iceland">Foreign relations of Iceland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Iceland_to_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Accession of Iceland to the European Union">Accession of Iceland to the European Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_and_the_Nordic_leaders_at_White_House_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Barack_Obama_and_the_Nordic_leaders_at_White_House_01.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_and_the_Nordic_leaders_at_White_House_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Barack_Obama_and_the_Nordic_leaders_at_White_House_01.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_and_the_Nordic_leaders_at_White_House_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Barack_Obama_and_the_Nordic_leaders_at_White_House_01.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_and_the_Nordic_leaders_at_White_House_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1866" /></a><figcaption>Nordic prime ministers and the president of Finland visiting the White House in 2016, with Iceland's <a href="/wiki/Sigur%C3%B0ur_Ingi_J%C3%B3hannsson" title="Sigurður Ingi Jóhannsson">Sigurður</a> second from the left</figcaption></figure> Iceland, which is a member of the <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, maintains diplomatic and commercial relations with practically all nations, but its ties with the Nordic countries, Germany, the United States, Canada, and the other NATO nations are particularly close. Historically, due to cultural, economic, and linguistic similarities, Iceland is a <a href="/wiki/Nordic_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic country">Nordic country</a>, and it participates in intergovernmental cooperation through the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a>. Iceland is a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> (EEA), which allows the country access to the single market of the European Union (EU). It was not a member of the EU, but in July 2009, the Icelandic parliament, the Althing, voted in favour of the application for EU membership<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> and officially applied on 17 July 2009.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> However, in 2013, opinion polls showed that many Icelanders were now against joining the EU; following the <a href="/wiki/2013_Icelandic_parliamentary_election" title="2013 Icelandic parliamentary election">2013 Icelandic parliamentary election</a> the two parties that formed the island's new government—the centrist Progressive Party and the right-wing Independence Party—announced they would hold a referendum on EU membership.<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> In 2015, Minister for Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Bragi_Sveinsson" title="Gunnar Bragi Sveinsson">Gunnar Bragi Sveinsson</a> informed the EU that Iceland would no longer pursue membership, but the application was not formally withdrawn and there have been subsequent calls for a referendum on the issue.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Iceland">Military of Iceland</a></div> Iceland has no <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a> but has the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Coast_Guard" title="Icelandic Coast Guard">Icelandic Coast Guard</a> which also maintains the <a href="/wiki/Iceland_Air_Defence_System" title="Iceland Air Defence System">Iceland Air Defence System</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Iceland_Crisis_Response_Unit" title="Iceland Crisis Response Unit">Iceland Crisis Response Unit</a> to support peacekeeping missions and perform paramilitary functions. The <a href="/wiki/Iceland_Defense_Force" title="Iceland Defense Force">Iceland Defense Force</a> (IDF) was a <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> <a href="/wiki/Command_(military_formation)" title="Command (military formation)">command</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> from 1951 to 2006. The IDF, created at the request of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, came into existence when the United States signed an agreement to provide for the defence of Iceland. The IDF also consisted of civilian Icelanders and military members of other NATO nations. The IDF was downsized after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> maintained four to six <a href="/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft" title="Interceptor aircraft">interceptor aircraft</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Keflavik" title="Naval Air Station Keflavik">Naval Air Station Keflavik</a> until they were withdrawn on 30 September 2006. Since May 2008, NATO nations have periodically deployed fighters to patrol Icelandic airspace under the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Air_Policing" title="Icelandic Air Policing">Icelandic Air Policing</a> mission.<a href="#cite_note-French_Air_Force_in_Iceland-125">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-NATO_ACO-126">[122]</a> Iceland supported the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> despite much domestic controversy, deploying a Coast Guard <a href="/wiki/Explosive_Ordnance_Disposal" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive Ordnance Disposal">EOD</a> team to Iraq,<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> which was replaced later by members of the <a href="/wiki/Iceland_Crisis_Response_Unit" title="Iceland Crisis Response Unit">Iceland Crisis Response Unit</a>. Iceland has also participated in the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">conflict in Afghanistan</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1999_NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> Despite the ongoing financial crisis the first <a href="/wiki/ICGV_%C3%9E%C3%B3r_(2009)" title="ICGV Þór (2009)">new patrol ship</a> in decades was launched on 29 April 2009.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> Iceland was the neutral host of the historic 1986 <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reagan–Gorbachev summit</a> in Reykjavík, which set the stage for the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Iceland's principal historical international disputes involved disagreements over <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zones</a>. Conflict with the United Kingdom led to a series of so-called <a href="/wiki/Cod_Wars" title="Cod Wars">Cod Wars</a>, which included confrontations between the Icelandic Coast Guard and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> over British fishermen: in 1952–1956 due to the extension of Iceland's fishing zone from 3 to 4 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nmi</a> (5.6 to 7.4 km; 3.5 to 4.6 mi), in 1958–1961 following a further extension to 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi), in 1972–1973 with another extension to 50 nmi (92.6 km; 57.5 mi), and in 1975–1976 after another extension to 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi).<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> According to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>, Iceland is the most peaceful country in the world, due to its lack of armed forces, low crime rate and high level of socio-political stability.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> Iceland is listed in <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a> as the "country ranked most at peace" and the "lowest military spending per capita".<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iceland" title="Economy of Iceland">Economy of Iceland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%83,_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%83%2C_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F.jpg/220px-%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%83%2C_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%83%2C_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F.jpg/330px-%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%83%2C_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%83%2C_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F.jpg/440px-%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%83%2C_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2938" data-file-height="3918" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Akureyri" title="Akureyri">Akureyri</a> is the largest town in Iceland outside the <a href="/wiki/Capital_Region_(Iceland)" title="Capital Region (Iceland)">Capital Region</a>. Most rural towns are based on the fishing industry, which provides 40% of Iceland's exports.</figcaption></figure> In 2022, Iceland was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">eighth-most productive country in the world per capita</a> (US$78,837), and the thirteenth-most productive by <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">GDP</a> at <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> ($69,833).<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> About 85 percent of the total <a href="/wiki/Primary_energy" title="Primary energy">primary energy</a> supply in Iceland is derived from domestically produced renewable energy sources.<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> Use of abundant <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal power</a> has made Iceland the world's largest electricity producer per capita.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> Historically, Iceland's economy depended heavily on fishing, which still provides ~20% of export earnings and employed 7% of the workforce.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Govt-73">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-137">[133]</a> The economy is now more dependent on tourism, but important sectors continue to be: fish and fish products, aluminium, and <a href="/wiki/Ferrosilicon" title="Ferrosilicon">ferrosilicon</a>. Iceland's economic dependence on fishing is diminishing, from an export share of 90% in the 1960s to 20% in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-137">[133]</a> Until the 20th century, Iceland was a fairly poor country. <a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Iceland" title="Whaling in Iceland">Whaling in Iceland</a> was historically significant. It is now one of the most developed countries in the world. Strong economic growth led Iceland to be ranked <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">third</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> report for 2021/2022.<a href="#cite_note-HDI-11">[9]</a> According to the Economist Intelligence Index of 2011, Iceland had the second-highest quality of life in the world.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> Based on the <a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a>, Iceland also has one of the lowest rates of income inequality in the world,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-140">[136]</a> and when <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_inequality-adjusted_HDI" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI">adjusted for inequality</a>, its HDI ranking is sixth.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> Iceland's unemployment rate has declined consistently since the crisis, with 4.8% of the labour force being unemployed as of June 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iceland&action=edit">[update]</a>, compared to 6% in 2011 and 8.1% in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Govt-73">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> The national currency of Iceland is the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_kr%C3%B3na" title="Icelandic króna">Icelandic króna</a> (ISK). Iceland is the only country in the world to have a population under two million yet still have a floating exchange rate and an independent monetary policy.<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> A poll released on 5 March 2010 by Capacent <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> showed that 31% of respondents were in favour of adopting the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> and 69% opposed.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> Another Capacent Gallup poll conducted in February 2012 found that 67.4% of Icelanders would reject EU membership in a referendum.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> Iceland's economy has been diversifying into manufacturing and service industries in the last decade, including software production, <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>, and finance; industry accounts for around a quarter of economic activity, while services comprise close to 70%.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> The tourism sector is expanding, especially in <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> and whale-watching. On average, Iceland receives around 1.1 million visitors annually, which is more than three times the native population.<a href="#cite_note-Iceland_–_OECD_Better_Life_Index-148">[144]</a> 1.7 million people visited Iceland in 2016, 3 times more than the number that came in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> Iceland's agriculture industry, accounting for 5.4% of GDP,<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Govt-73">[69]</a> consists mainly of <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, green vegetables (in <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouses</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutton">mutton</a>, and dairy products.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Govt-73">[69]</a> The financial centre is <a href="/wiki/Borgart%C3%BAn" title="Borgartún">Borgartún</a> in Reykjavík, which hosts a large number of companies and three investment banks. Iceland's <a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">stock market</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iceland_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Iceland Stock Exchange">Iceland Stock Exchange</a> (ISE), was established in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> Iceland is ranked 27th in the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom" title="Index of Economic Freedom">Index of Economic Freedom</a>, lower than in prior years but still among the freest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> As of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iceland&action=edit">[update]</a>, it ranks 29th in the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>'s Global Competitive Index, one place lower than in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a>, Iceland is the 22nd most innovative country in the world in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> Unlike most Western European countries, Iceland has a <a href="/wiki/Flat_tax" title="Flat tax">flat tax</a> system: the main personal income tax rate is a flat 22.75% and combined with municipal taxes, the total tax rate equals no more than 35.7%, not including the many available deductions.<a href="#cite_note-economicfreedom2008-154">[150]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Corporate_tax" title="Corporate tax">corporate tax</a> rate is a flat 18%, one of the lowest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-economicfreedom2008-154">[150]</a> There is also a <a href="/wiki/Value_added_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Value added tax">value added tax</a>, whereas a net <a href="/wiki/Wealth_tax" title="Wealth tax">wealth tax</a> was eliminated in 2006. Employment regulations are relatively flexible and the labour market is one of the freest in the world. Property rights are strong and Iceland is one of the few countries where they are applied to <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">fishery management</a>.<a href="#cite_note-economicfreedom2008-154">[150]</a> Like other <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare states</a>, taxpayers pay various subsidies to each other, but with spending being less than in most European countries. Despite low tax rates, agricultural assistance is the highest among OECD countries and a potential impediment to structural change. Also, health care and education spending have relatively poor returns by OECD measures, though improvements have been made in both areas. The OECD Economic Survey of Iceland 2008 highlighted Iceland's challenges in currency and macroeconomic policy.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> There was a <a href="/wiki/Currency_crisis" title="Currency crisis">currency crisis</a> that started in the spring of 2008, and on 6 October trading in Iceland's banks was suspended as the government battled to save the economy.<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> An assessment by the OECD 2011<a href="#cite_note-oecd2011-157">[153]</a> determined that Iceland has made progress in many areas, particularly in creating a sustainable fiscal policy and restoring the health of the financial sector; however, challenges remain in making the fishing industry more efficient and sustainable, as well as in improving monetary policy to address inflation.<a href="#cite_note-oecd2011-157">[153]</a> Iceland's public debt has decreased since the economic crisis, and as of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iceland&action=edit">[update]</a> is the 31st-highest in the world by proportion of national GDP.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_contraction">Economic contraction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932011_Icelandic_financial_crisis" title="2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis">2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:W16_Protesters_2659.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/W16_Protesters_2659.JPG/220px-W16_Protesters_2659.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/W16_Protesters_2659.JPG/330px-W16_Protesters_2659.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/W16_Protesters_2659.JPG/440px-W16_Protesters_2659.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2075" data-file-height="1390" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2009_Icelandic_financial_crisis_protests" title="2009 Icelandic financial crisis protests">2009 Icelandic financial crisis protests</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iceland_bonds.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Iceland_bonds.webp/340px-Iceland_bonds.webp.png" decoding="async" width="340" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Iceland_bonds.webp/510px-Iceland_bonds.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Iceland_bonds.webp/680px-Iceland_bonds.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="5297" data-file-height="1855" /></a><figcaption>Iceland bonds had an <a href="/wiki/Inverted_yield_curve" title="Inverted yield curve">Inverted yield curve</a> in 2008 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  10 year bonds</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  5 year bonds</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  2 year bonds</div> </figcaption></figure> Iceland was hit especially hard by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> that began in December 2007 because of the failure of its banking system and a subsequent economic crisis. Before the crash of the country's three largest banks, <a href="/wiki/Glitnir_(bank)" title="Glitnir (bank)">Glitnir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landsbanki" title="Landsbanki">Landsbanki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaupthing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaupthing">Kaupthing</a>, their combined debt exceeded approximately six times the nation's gross domestic product of €14 billion ($19 billion).<a href="#cite_note-bbc.1-159">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> In October 2008, the Icelandic parliament passed emergency legislation to minimise the impact of the financial crisis. The Financial Supervisory Authority of Iceland used permission granted by the emergency legislation to take over the domestic operations of the three largest banks.<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> Icelandic officials, including central bank governor <a href="/wiki/Dav%C3%AD%C3%B0_Oddsson" title="Davíð Oddsson">Davíð Oddsson</a>, stated that the state did not intend to take over any of the banks' foreign debts or assets. Instead, new banks were established to take on the domestic operations of the banks, and the old banks were to be run into bankruptcy. On 28 October 2008, the Icelandic government raised interest rates to 18% (as of August 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iceland&action=edit">[update]</a>, it was 3.5%), a move forced in part by the terms of acquiring a loan from <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF). After the rate hike, trading on the Icelandic króna finally resumed on the open market, with a valuation at around 250 ISK per euro, less than one-third the value of the 1:70 exchange rate during most of 2008, and a significant drop from the 1:150 exchange ratio of the week before. On 20 November 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> agreed to lend Iceland $2.5 billion.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> On 26 January 2009, the coalition government collapsed due to public dissent over the handling of the financial crisis. A new left-wing government was formed a week later and immediately set about removing Central Bank governor Davíð Oddsson and his aides from the bank through changes in the law. Davíð was removed on 26 February 2009 in the wake of protests outside the Central Bank.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> Thousands of Icelanders left the country after the collapse, many of those moving to Norway. In 2005, 293 people moved from Iceland to Norway; in 2009, the figure was 1,625.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> In April 2010, the Icelandic Parliament's Special Investigation Commission published the findings of its investigation,<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> revealing the extent of control fraud in this crisis.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> By June 2012, Landsbanki managed to repay about half of the <a href="/wiki/Icesave_dispute" title="Icesave dispute">Icesave</a> debt.<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a> in 2014, Iceland was on the trajectory of 2% unemployment as a result of crisis-management decisions made back in 2008, including allowing the banks to fail.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iceland" title="Transport in Iceland">Transport in Iceland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Road">Road</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Route1(iceland).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Route1%28iceland%29.png/220px-Route1%28iceland%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Route1%28iceland%29.png/330px-Route1%28iceland%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Route1%28iceland%29.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Route_1_(Iceland)" title="Route 1 (Iceland)">The Ring Road of Iceland</a> and some towns it passes through: 1. <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>, 2. <a href="/wiki/Borgarnes" title="Borgarnes">Borgarnes</a>, 3. <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B6ndu%C3%B3s" title="Blönduós">Blönduós</a>, 4. <a href="/wiki/Akureyri" title="Akureyri">Akureyri</a>, 5. <a href="/wiki/Egilssta%C3%B0ir" title="Egilsstaðir">Egilsstaðir</a>, 6. <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6fn" title="Höfn">Höfn</a>, 7. <a href="/wiki/Selfoss_(town)" title="Selfoss (town)">Selfoss</a></figcaption></figure> Iceland has a high level of car ownership per capita, with a car for every 1.5 inhabitants; it is the main form of transport.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> Iceland has 13,034 km (8,099 mi) of administered roads, of which 4,617 km (2,869 mi) are paved and 8,338 km (5,181 mi) are not. The road speed limits are 30 and 50 km/h (19 and 31 mph) in towns, 80 km/h (50 mph) on gravel country roads and 90 km/h (56 mph) on hard-surfaced roads. A great number of interior roads remain unpaved, mostly little-used rural roads.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/Route_1_(Iceland)" title="Route 1 (Iceland)">Route 1</a>, or the Ring Road (<a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>: Þjóðvegur 1 or Hringvegur), completed in 1974, is the main road that runs around Iceland and connects most inhabited parts of the island. The interior of the island is mostly uninhabitable. The road is paved and is 1,332 km (828 mi) long with one lane in each direction, except between and within larger towns and cities where it has more lanes.<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> On Route 1 there are some 30 single lane bridges, particularly prevalent in the southeast.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_transport">Public transport</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Str%C3%A6t%C3%B3_AI_H01_(27837800934).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Str%C3%A6t%C3%B3_AI_H01_%2827837800934%29.jpg/170px-Str%C3%A6t%C3%B3_AI_H01_%2827837800934%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Str%C3%A6t%C3%B3_AI_H01_%2827837800934%29.jpg/255px-Str%C3%A6t%C3%B3_AI_H01_%2827837800934%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Str%C3%A6t%C3%B3_AI_H01_%2827837800934%29.jpg/340px-Str%C3%A6t%C3%B3_AI_H01_%2827837800934%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption>Long-distance bus operated by the public bus company <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%A6t%C3%B3_bs" title="Strætó bs">Strætó bs</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">City buses</a> in <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Capital_Region_(Iceland)" title="Capital Region (Iceland)">Capital Region</a>) are operated by <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%A6t%C3%B3_bs" title="Strætó bs">Strætó bs</a>. Long-distance public bus services throughout the country are also provided by <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%A6t%C3%B3_bs" title="Strætó bs">Strætó bs</a>. Smaller towns such as <a href="/wiki/Akureyri" title="Akureyri">Akureyri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reykjanesb%C3%A6r" title="Reykjanesbær">Reykjanesbær</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selfoss_(town)" title="Selfoss (town)">Selfoss</a> also provide local bus services.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> Public and private bus services are available to and from Keflavik International Airport.<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> No passenger railways have ever operated in Iceland. Previously, temporary freight <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Iceland" title="Rail transport in Iceland">railways have operated in Iceland</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_travel">Air travel</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Keflav%C3%ADk_International_Airport" title="Keflavík International Airport">Keflavík International Airport</a> (KEF)<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> is the largest airport and the main aviation hub for international passenger transport.<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> KEF is in the southwest of the country, 49 km (30 mi)<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> from the Reykjavík city centre. <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Airport" title="Reykjavík Airport">Reykjavík Airport</a> (RKV)<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> is the second-largest airport, located just 1.5 km from the capital centre. Reykjavík Airport serves daily regular domestic flights within Iceland, general aviation, private aviation and <a href="/wiki/Medical_evacuation" title="Medical evacuation">medivac</a> traffic.<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Akureyri_Airport" title="Akureyri Airport">Akureyri Airport</a> (AEY)<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egilssta%C3%B0ir_Airport" title="Egilsstaðir Airport">Egilsstaðir Airport</a> (EGS)<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a> are two other airports with domestic service and limited international service. Akureyri Airport opened an expanded international terminal in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> There are a total of 103 registered airports and airfields in Iceland; most of them are unpaved and located in rural areas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sea">Sea</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norr%C3%B6na_in_Seydisfj%C3%B6rdur-pjt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Norr%C3%B6na_in_Seydisfj%C3%B6rdur-pjt.jpg/170px-Norr%C3%B6na_in_Seydisfj%C3%B6rdur-pjt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Norr%C3%B6na_in_Seydisfj%C3%B6rdur-pjt.jpg/255px-Norr%C3%B6na_in_Seydisfj%C3%B6rdur-pjt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Norr%C3%B6na_in_Seydisfj%C3%B6rdur-pjt.jpg/340px-Norr%C3%B6na_in_Seydisfj%C3%B6rdur-pjt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6192" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption>Norröna ferry in Seyðisfjorður, bound to the Faroe Islands and Denmark</figcaption></figure> Several ferry services provide regular access to various island communities or shorten travel distances. The <a href="/wiki/Smyril_Line" title="Smyril Line">Smyril Line</a> operates the ship <a href="/wiki/MS_Norr%C3%B6na" title="MS Norröna">Norröna</a> providing an international ferry service from <a href="/wiki/Sey%C3%B0isfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur" title="Seyðisfjörður">Seyðisfjörður</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a> Several companies provide maritime transport services to Iceland, including <a href="/wiki/Eimskip" title="Eimskip">Eimskip</a> and Samskip. Iceland's largest ports are managed by Faxaflóahafnir.<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iceland" title="Energy in Iceland">Energy in Iceland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg/220px-NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg/330px-NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg/440px-NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nesjavellir_Geothermal_Power_Station" title="Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station">Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station</a> services the <a href="/wiki/Capital_Region_(Iceland)" title="Capital Region (Iceland)">Capital Region</a>'s hot water and electricity needs. Virtually all of Iceland's electricity comes from renewable resources.<a href="#cite_note-energy-185">[181]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iceland_electricity_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Iceland_electricity_production.svg/220px-Iceland_electricity_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Iceland_electricity_production.svg/330px-Iceland_electricity_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Iceland_electricity_production.svg/440px-Iceland_electricity_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Iceland electricity production by source</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable sources</a>—<a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>—provide effectively all of Iceland's electricity<a href="#cite_note-energy-185">[181]</a> and around 85% of the nation's total primary energy consumption,<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> with most of the remainder consisting of imported oil products used in transportation and in the fishing fleet.<a href="#cite_note-statice1-187">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> Iceland's largest geothermal power plants are <a href="/wiki/Hellishei%C3%B0i_Power_Station" title="Hellisheiði Power Station">Hellisheiði</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nesjavellir_Geothermal_Power_Station" title="Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station">Nesjavellir</a>,<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> while <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1rahnj%C3%BAkar_Hydropower_Plant" title="Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Plant">Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Plant</a> is the country's largest hydroelectric power station.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> When the Kárahnjúkavirkjun started operating, Iceland became the world's largest electricity producer per capita.<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery electric vehicles</a> constituted 50.1% of new registrations and around 18% of the country's vehicle fleet was electrified in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> Iceland is one of the few countries that have filling stations dispensing hydrogen fuel for cars powered by <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> Despite this, Icelanders emitted 16.9 tonnes of CO2 per capita in 2016, the highest among EFTA and EU members, mainly resulting from transport and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_smelting" title="Aluminium smelting">aluminium smelting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a> Nevertheless, in 2010, Iceland was reported by Guinness World Records as "the Greenest Country", reaching the highest score by the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Sustainability_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Sustainability Index">Environmental Sustainability Index</a>, which measures a country's water use, biodiversity and adoption of clean energies, with a score of 93.5/100.<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> On 22 January 2009, Iceland announced its first round of <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">offshore</a> licences for companies wanting to conduct <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">hydrocarbon exploration</a> and production in a region northeast of Iceland, known as the <a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen_Microcontinent#Economic_resources" title="Jan Mayen Microcontinent">Dreki area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> Three exploration licences were awarded but all were subsequently relinquished.<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> Iceland's official governmental goal is to cut <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> emissions by 40% by the year 2030 and reach <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon neutrality</a> by the year 2040.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> As a result of its commitment to renewable energy, the 2016 Global Green Economy Index ranked Iceland among the top 10 greenest economies in the world.<a href="#cite_note-ggei-201">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_science">Education and science</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iceland" title="Education in Iceland">Education in Iceland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iceland" title="Science and technology in Iceland">Science and technology in Iceland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menntask%C3%B3linn_%C3%AD_Reykjav%C3%ADk_(main_building,_2004).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Menntask%C3%B3linn_%C3%AD_Reykjav%C3%ADk_%28main_building%2C_2004%29.jpg/220px-Menntask%C3%B3linn_%C3%AD_Reykjav%C3%ADk_%28main_building%2C_2004%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Menntask%C3%B3linn_%C3%AD_Reykjav%C3%ADk_%28main_building%2C_2004%29.jpg/330px-Menntask%C3%B3linn_%C3%AD_Reykjav%C3%ADk_%28main_building%2C_2004%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Menntask%C3%B3linn_%C3%AD_Reykjav%C3%ADk_%28main_building%2C_2004%29.jpg/440px-Menntask%C3%B3linn_%C3%AD_Reykjav%C3%ADk_%28main_building%2C_2004%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Reykjavík Junior College (<a href="/wiki/Menntask%C3%B3linn_%C3%AD_Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík">Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík</a>), located in downtown Reykjavík, is the oldest <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasium</a> in Iceland.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Science_and_Culture_(Iceland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (Iceland)">Ministry of Education, Science and Culture</a> is responsible for the policies and methods that schools must use, and they issue the National Curriculum Guidelines. However, playschools, primary schools, and lower secondary schools are funded and administered by the municipalities. The government does allow citizens to <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">home educate</a> their children, however, under a very strict set of demands.<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> Students must adhere closely to the government-mandated curriculum, and the parent teaching must acquire a government approved teaching certificate. Nursery school, or leikskóli, is non-compulsory education for children younger than six years and is the first step in the education system. The current legislation concerning playschools was passed in 1994. They are also responsible for ensuring that the curriculum is suitable to make the transition into compulsory education as easy as possible.<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> Compulsory education, or grunnskóli, comprises primary and lower secondary education, which often is conducted at the same institution. Education is mandatory by law for children aged from 6 to 16 years. The school year lasts nine months, beginning between 21 August and 1 September, and ending between 31 May and 10 June. The minimum number of school days was once 170, but after a new teachers' wage contract, it increased to 180. Lessons take place five days a week. All public schools have mandatory education in Christianity, although an exemption may be considered by the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Education,_Science_and_Culture_(Iceland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Education, Science and Culture (Iceland)">Minister of Education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jonathan_Fox-206">[202]</a> Upper secondary education, or framhaldsskóli, follows lower secondary education. These schools are also known as <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasia</a> in English. Though not compulsory, everyone who has had a compulsory education has the right to upper secondary education. This stage of education is governed by the Upper Secondary School Act of 1996. All schools in Iceland are mixed-sex schools. The largest seat of higher education is the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iceland" title="University of Iceland">University of Iceland</a>, which has its main campus in central Reykjavík. Other schools offering university-level instruction include <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_University" title="Reykjavík University">Reykjavík University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Akureyri" title="University of Akureyri">University of Akureyri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_University_of_Iceland" title="Agricultural University of Iceland">Agricultural University of Iceland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bifr%C3%B6st_University" title="Bifröst University">Bifröst University</a>. An OECD assessment found that 64% of Icelanders aged 25–64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, which is lower than the OECD average of 73%. Among 25- to 34-year-olds, only 69% have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, significantly lower than the OECD average of 80%.<a href="#cite_note-Iceland_–_OECD_Better_Life_Index-148">[144]</a> Nevertheless, Iceland's education system is considered excellent: the <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a> ranks it as the 16th best performing, above the OECD average.<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> Students were particularly proficient in reading and mathematics. According to a 2013 <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> report by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, Iceland spends around 3.11% of its GDP on scientific research and development (R&D), over 1 percentage point higher than the EU average of 2.03%, and has set a target of 4% to reach by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> Iceland was ranked 17th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2021, up from 20th in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a> A 2010 <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> report found that out of 72 countries that spend the most on R&D (US$100 million or more), Iceland ranked ninth by proportion of GDP, tied with Taiwan, Switzerland, and Germany and ahead of France, the United Kingdom and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For statistics on demographics, see <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iceland" title="Demographics of Iceland">Demographics of Iceland</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Icelanders" title="Icelanders">Icelanders</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reykjav%C3%ADk_s%C3%A9%C3%B0_%C3%BAr_Hallgr%C3%ADmskirkju_6.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Reykjav%C3%ADk_s%C3%A9%C3%B0_%C3%BAr_Hallgr%C3%ADmskirkju_6.JPG/220px-Reykjav%C3%ADk_s%C3%A9%C3%B0_%C3%BAr_Hallgr%C3%ADmskirkju_6.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Reykjav%C3%ADk_s%C3%A9%C3%B0_%C3%BAr_Hallgr%C3%ADmskirkju_6.JPG/330px-Reykjav%C3%ADk_s%C3%A9%C3%B0_%C3%BAr_Hallgr%C3%ADmskirkju_6.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Reykjav%C3%ADk_s%C3%A9%C3%B0_%C3%BAr_Hallgr%C3%ADmskirkju_6.JPG/440px-Reykjav%C3%ADk_s%C3%A9%C3%B0_%C3%BAr_Hallgr%C3%ADmskirkju_6.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>, Iceland's largest metropolitan area and the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Capital_Region_(Iceland)" title="Capital Region (Iceland)">Capital Region</a> which, with a population of 233,034, makes for 64% of Iceland's population (numbers from 2020)</figcaption></figure> The original population of Iceland was of <a href="/wiki/Northmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Northmen">Norse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> origin. This is evident from literary evidence dating from the settlement period as well as from later scientific studies such as <a href="/wiki/Blood_type" title="Blood type">blood type</a> and genetic analyses. One such genetic study indicated that the majority of the male settlers were of Nordic origin while the majority of the women were of Gaelic origin, meaning many settlers of Iceland were Norsemen who brought Gaelic slaves with them.<a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a> Iceland has extensive genealogical records dating back to the late 17th century and fragmentary records extending back to the <a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">Age of Settlement</a>. The biopharmaceutical company <a href="/wiki/DeCODE_genetics" title="DeCODE genetics">deCODE genetics</a> has funded the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a> database that is intended to cover all of Iceland's known inhabitants. It views the database, called <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dslendingab%C3%B3k_(genealogical_database)" title="Íslendingabók (genealogical database)">Íslendingabók</a>, as a valuable tool for conducting research on genetic diseases, given the relative isolation of Iceland's population. The population of the island is believed to have varied from 40,000 to 60,000 in the period ranging from initial settlement until the mid-19th century. During that time, cold winters, ash fall from volcanic eruptions, and <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plagues</a> adversely affected the population several times.<a href="#cite_note-tomasson-19">[15]</a> There were 37 <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> years in Iceland between 1500 and 1804.<a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a> The first census was carried out in 1703 and revealed that the population was then 50,358. After the destructive volcanic eruptions of the <a href="/wiki/Laki" title="Laki">Laki volcano</a> during 1783–1784, the population reached a low of about 40,000.<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> Improving living conditions have triggered a rapid increase in population since the mid-19th century—from about 60,000 in 1850 to 320,000 in 2008. Iceland has a relatively young population for a developed country, with one out of five people being 14 years old or younger. With a fertility rate of 2.1, Iceland is one of only a few European countries with a birth rate <a href="/wiki/Replacement_fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Replacement fertility rate">sufficient for long-term population growth</a> (see table below).<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a> In December 2007, 33,678 people (13.5% of the total population) living in Iceland had been born abroad, including children of Icelandic parents living abroad. Around 19,000 people (6% of the population) held foreign citizenship. <a href="/wiki/Polish_diaspora" title="Polish diaspora">Polish</a> people make up the largest minority group by a considerable margin and still form the bulk of the foreign workforce.<a href="#cite_note-citizenship-2">[1]</a> About 8,000 Poles now live in Iceland, 1,500 of them in <a href="/wiki/Fjar%C3%B0abygg%C3%B0" title="Fjarðabyggð">Fjarðabyggð</a> where they make up 75% of the workforce who are constructing the Fjarðarál aluminium plant.<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> Large-scale construction projects in the east of Iceland (see <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1rahnj%C3%BAkar_Hydropower_Plant" title="Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Plant">Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Plant</a>) have also brought in many people whose stay is expected to be temporary. Many Polish immigrants were also considering leaving in 2008 as a result of the <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932011_Icelandic_financial_crisis" title="2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis">Icelandic financial crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a> The southwest corner of Iceland is by far the most densely populated region. It is also the location of the capital Reykjavík, the northernmost national capital in the world. More than 70 percent of Iceland's population lives in the southwest corner (<a href="/wiki/Capital_Region_(Iceland)" title="Capital Region (Iceland)">Greater Reykjavík</a> and the nearby <a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsula_(Iceland)" title="Southern Peninsula (Iceland)">Southern Peninsula</a>), which covers less than two percent of Iceland's land area. The largest town outside Greater Reykjavík is <a href="/wiki/Reykjanesb%C3%A6r" title="Reykjanesbær">Reykjanesbær</a>, which is located on the Southern Peninsula, less than 50 km (31 mi) from the capital. The largest town outside the southwest corner is <a href="/wiki/Akureyri" title="Akureyri">Akureyri</a> in northern Iceland. Some 500 Icelanders under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a> settled <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> in the late tenth century.<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a> The total population reached a high point of perhaps 5,000, and developed independent institutions before disappearing by 1500.<a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a> People from Greenland attempted to set up a settlement at <a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a> in North America, but abandoned it in the face of hostility from the Indigenous residents.<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a> Emigration of Icelanders to the United States and Canada began in the 1870s. As of 2006<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iceland&action=edit">[update]</a>, Canada had over 88,000 people of <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic Canadian">Icelandic</a> descent,<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a> while there are more than 40,000 Americans of <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic American">Icelandic</a> descent, according to the 2000 US census.<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanisation">Urbanisation</h3></div> Iceland's 10 most populous urban areas: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Iceland <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statice.is">statice.is</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Localities_of_Iceland" title="Localities of Iceland">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Iceland">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Iceland" title="Regions of Iceland">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Localities_of_Iceland" title="Localities of Iceland"> Pop.</a> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Reykjavik,_Iceland,_OCT_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reykjavík"><img alt="Reykjavík" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Reykjavik%2C_Iceland%2C_OCT_2009.jpg/120px-Reykjavik%2C_Iceland%2C_OCT_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Reykjavik%2C_Iceland%2C_OCT_2009.jpg/180px-Reykjavik%2C_Iceland%2C_OCT_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Reykjavik%2C_Iceland%2C_OCT_2009.jpg/240px-Reykjavik%2C_Iceland%2C_OCT_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3793" data-file-height="2261" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a> <a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B3pavogur_Sm%C3%A1rinn.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kópavogur"><img alt="Kópavogur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/K%C3%B3pavogur_Sm%C3%A1rinn.JPG/120px-K%C3%B3pavogur_Sm%C3%A1rinn.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/K%C3%B3pavogur_Sm%C3%A1rinn.JPG/180px-K%C3%B3pavogur_Sm%C3%A1rinn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/K%C3%B3pavogur_Sm%C3%A1rinn.JPG/240px-K%C3%B3pavogur_Sm%C3%A1rinn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="719" /></a> <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B3pavogur" title="Kópavogur">Kópavogur</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Capital_Region_(Iceland)" title="Capital Region (Iceland)">Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">128,793 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Hafnarfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0urHarbourView.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hafnarfjörður"><img alt="Hafnarfjörður" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Hafnarfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0urHarbourView.JPG/120px-Hafnarfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0urHarbourView.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Hafnarfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0urHarbourView.JPG/180px-Hafnarfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0urHarbourView.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Hafnarfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0urHarbourView.JPG/240px-Hafnarfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0urHarbourView.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2565" data-file-height="1500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hafnarfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur" title="Hafnarfjörður">Hafnarfjörður</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ytri-Njar%C3%B0v%C3%ADk,_Reykjanesbaer,_Iceland.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reykjanesbær"><img alt="Reykjanesbær" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ytri-Njar%C3%B0v%C3%ADk%2C_Reykjanesbaer%2C_Iceland.jpg/120px-Ytri-Njar%C3%B0v%C3%ADk%2C_Reykjanesbaer%2C_Iceland.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ytri-Njar%C3%B0v%C3%ADk%2C_Reykjanesbaer%2C_Iceland.jpg/180px-Ytri-Njar%C3%B0v%C3%ADk%2C_Reykjanesbaer%2C_Iceland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ytri-Njar%C3%B0v%C3%ADk%2C_Reykjanesbaer%2C_Iceland.jpg/240px-Ytri-Njar%C3%B0v%C3%ADk%2C_Reykjanesbaer%2C_Iceland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Reykjanesb%C3%A6r" title="Reykjanesbær">Reykjanesbær</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B3pavogur" title="Kópavogur">Kópavogur</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Capital_Region_(Iceland)" title="Capital Region (Iceland)">Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">36,975 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnarfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur" title="Hafnarfjörður">Hafnarfjörður</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Capital_Region_(Iceland)" title="Capital Region (Iceland)">Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">29,799 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Reykjanesb%C3%A6r" title="Reykjanesbær">Reykjanesbær</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsula_(Iceland)" title="Southern Peninsula (Iceland)">Southern Peninsula</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">18,920 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Akureyri" title="Akureyri">Akureyri</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Region_(Iceland)" title="Northeastern Region (Iceland)">Northeastern Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">18,925 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ab%C3%A6r" title="Garðabær">Garðabær</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Capital_Region_(Iceland)" title="Capital Region (Iceland)">Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">16,299 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mosfellsb%C3%A6r" title="Mosfellsbær">Mosfellsbær</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Capital_Region_(Iceland)" title="Capital Region (Iceland)">Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,463 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rborg" title="Árborg">Árborg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Region_(Iceland)" title="Southern Region (Iceland)">Southern Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,485 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Akranes" title="Akranes">Akranes</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Region_(Iceland)" title="Western Region (Iceland)">Western Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,411 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fjar%C3%B0abygg%C3%B0" title="Fjarðabyggð">Fjarðabyggð</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Region_(Iceland)" title="Eastern Region (Iceland)">Eastern Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,070 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iceland" title="Languages of Iceland">Languages of Iceland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic language</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic name</a></div> Iceland's official written and spoken language is <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>, a <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic language</a> descended from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>. In grammar and vocabulary, it has changed less from Old Norse than the other Nordic languages; Icelandic has preserved more verb and noun <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a>, and has to a considerable extent developed new vocabulary based on native roots rather than borrowings from other languages. The puristic tendency in the development of Icelandic vocabulary is to a large degree a result of conscious language planning, in addition to centuries of isolation. Icelandic is the only living language to retain the use of the <a href="/wiki/Runic" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic">runic</a> letter <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">Þ</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>. The closest living relative of the Icelandic language is <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a>. <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Sign_Language" title="Icelandic Sign Language">Icelandic Sign Language</a> was officially recognised as a minority language in 2011. In education, its use for Iceland's deaf community is <a href="/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_sign_languages" title="Legal recognition of sign languages">regulated</a> by the National Curriculum Guide. English and Danish are compulsory subjects in the school curriculum. English is widely understood and spoken, while basic to moderate knowledge of Danish is common mainly among the older generations.<a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> is mostly spoken by the local Polish community (the largest minority of Iceland), and Danish is mostly spoken in a way largely comprehensible to Swedes and Norwegians—it is often referred to as skandinavíska (i.e. Scandinavian) in Iceland.<a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a> Rather than using <a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">family names</a>, as is the usual custom in most Western nations, most Icelanders carry <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Matronymic" title="Matronymic">matronymic</a> surnames, patronyms being far more commonly practised. Patronymic last names are based on the first name of the father, while matronymic names are based on the first name of the mother. These follow the person's given name, e.g. Elísabet Jónsdóttir ("Elísabet, Jón's daughter" (Jón being the father)) or Ólafur Katrínarson ("Ólafur, Katrín's son" (Katrín being the mother)).<a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a> Consequently, Icelanders refer to one another by their given name, and the Icelandic telephone directory lists people alphabetically by the first name rather than by surname.<a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a> All new names must be approved by the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Naming_Committee" title="Icelandic Naming Committee">Icelandic Naming Committee</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iceland" title="Healthcare in Iceland">Healthcare in Iceland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_Iceland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Life_expectancy_in_Iceland.svg/220px-Life_expectancy_in_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Life_expectancy_in_Iceland.svg/330px-Life_expectancy_in_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Life_expectancy_in_Iceland.svg/440px-Life_expectancy_in_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Life expectancy in Iceland, 1838 to 2021</figcaption></figure> Iceland has a <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> system that is administered by its Ministry of Welfare (<a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>: Velferðarráðuneytið)<a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a> and paid for mostly by taxes (85%) and to a lesser extent by service fees (15%). Unlike most countries, there are no private hospitals, and private insurance is practically nonexistent.<a href="#cite_note-j1-232">[228]</a> A considerable portion of the government budget is assigned to health care,<a href="#cite_note-j1-232">[228]</a> and Iceland ranks 11th in health care expenditures as a percentage of GDP<a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> and 14th in spending per capita.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-234">[230]</a> Overall, the country's health care system is one of the best performing in the world, ranked 15th by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a> According to an OECD report, Iceland devotes far more resources to healthcare than most industrialised nations. As of 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iceland&action=edit">[update]</a>, Iceland had 3.7 doctors per 1,000 people (compared with an average of 3.1 in OECD countries) and 15.3 nurses per 1,000 people (compared with an OECD average of 8.4).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-234">[230]</a> Icelanders are among the world's healthiest people, with 81% reporting they are in good health, according to an OECD survey.<a href="#cite_note-Iceland_–_OECD_Better_Life_Index-148">[144]</a> Although it is a growing problem, <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> is not as prevalent as in other <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-234">[230]</a> Iceland has many campaigns for health and wellbeing, including the famous television show <a href="/wiki/LazyTown" title="LazyTown">Lazytown</a>, starring and created by former gymnastics champion <a href="/wiki/Magn%C3%BAs_Scheving" title="Magnús Scheving">Magnus Scheving</a>. <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a> is one of the lowest in the world,<a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a> and the proportion of the population that smokes is lower than the OECD average.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-234">[230]</a> Almost all women choose to terminate pregnancies of children with <a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a> in Iceland.<a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a> The average <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> is 81.8 (compared to an OECD average of 79.5), the fourth-highest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a> Iceland has a very low level of pollution, thanks to an overwhelming reliance on cleaner geothermal energy, a low population density, and a high level of environmental consciousness among <a href="/wiki/Citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizens">citizens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> According to an OECD assessment, the amount of toxic materials in the atmosphere is far lower than in any other industrialised country measured.<a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a> In 2019, the age-adjusted <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> rate in Iceland was 11.2 cases per 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-241">[237]</a> In 2022 the country's consumption of antidepressants was the highest in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-:3-242">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Religion in Iceland</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="font-size: 95%"> <caption>Affiliation by religious movement (1 January 2018)<a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Affiliation </th> <th colspan="2">% of population </th></tr> <tr> <td>Christianity </td> <td align="right">78.78 </td> <td align="left">78.78<div style="width:157.56px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#2243B6"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Iceland" title="Church of Iceland">Church of Iceland</a> </td> <td align="right">67.22 </td> <td align="left">67.22<div style="width:134.44px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#4997D0"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;">Other <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran churches</a> </td> <td align="right">5.70 </td> <td align="left">5.7<div style="width:11.4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#4997D0"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Iceland" title="Catholic Church in Iceland">Roman Catholic Church</a> </td> <td align="right">3.85 </td> <td align="left">3.85<div style="width:7.7px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#4997D0"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> </td> <td align="right">0.29 </td> <td align="left">0.29<div style="width:0.58px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#4997D0"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;">Other <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a> </td> <td align="right">1.72 </td> <td align="left">1.72<div style="width:3.44px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#4997D0"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other religion or association </td> <td align="right">14.52 </td> <td align="left">14.52<div style="width:29.04px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#006B3C"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic Heathenism</a> </td> <td align="right">1.19 </td> <td align="left">1.19<div style="width:2.38px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#87A96B"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Ethical_Humanist_Association" title="Icelandic Ethical Humanist Association">Humanist association</a> </td> <td align="right">0.67 </td> <td align="left">0.67<div style="width:1.34px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#87A96B"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Zuism" title="Zuism">Zuism</a> </td> <td align="right">0.55 </td> <td align="left">0.55<div style="width:1.1px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#87A96B"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> </td> <td align="right">0.42 </td> <td align="left">0.42<div style="width:0.84px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#87A96B"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> </td> <td align="right">0.30 </td> <td align="left">0.3<div style="width:0.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#87A96B"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> </td> <td align="right">0.10 </td> <td align="left">0.1<div style="width:0.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#87A96B"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;">Other and not specified </td> <td align="right">11.29 </td> <td align="left">11.29<div style="width:22.58px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#87A96B"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unaffiliated </td> <td align="right">6.69 </td> <td align="left">6.69<div style="width:13.38px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#A57164"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sta%C3%B0arbakkakirkja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sta%C3%B0arbakkakirkja.jpg/220px-Sta%C3%B0arbakkakirkja.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sta%C3%B0arbakkakirkja.jpg/330px-Sta%C3%B0arbakkakirkja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sta%C3%B0arbakkakirkja.jpg/440px-Sta%C3%B0arbakkakirkja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="1336" /></a><figcaption>A church in the northwest of Iceland</figcaption></figure> Icelanders have freedom of religion guaranteed under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iceland" title="Constitution of Iceland">Constitution</a>, although the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Iceland" title="Church of Iceland">Church of Iceland</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> body, is the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state church</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The Evangelical Lutheran Church shall be the State Church in Iceland and, as such, it shall be supported and protected by the State.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Article 62, Section IV of <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iceland" title="Constitution of Iceland">Constitution of Iceland</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Approximately 80 percent of Icelanders legally affiliate with a religious denomination, a process that happens automatically at birth and from which they can choose to opt out. They also pay a church tax (sóknargjald), which the government directs to help support their registered religion, or, in the case of no religion, the University of Iceland.<a href="#cite_note-:1-245">[241]</a> The Registers Iceland keeps account of the religious affiliation of every Icelandic citizen. In 2017, Icelanders were divided into religious groups as follows: <ul><li>67.22% members of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Iceland" title="Church of Iceland">Church of Iceland</a>;</li> <li>11.56% members of other <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Iceland">Christian</a> denomination;</li> <li>11.29% other religions and not specified;</li> <li>6.69% unaffiliated;</li> <li>1.19% members of <a href="/wiki/Heathenism_(new_religious_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heathenism (new religious movement)">Germanic Heathen</a> groups (99% of them belonging to <a href="/wiki/%C3%81satr%C3%BAarf%C3%A9lagi%C3%B0" title="Ásatrúarfélagið">Ásatrúarfélagið</a>);</li> <li>0.67% members of the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Ethical_Humanist_Association" title="Icelandic Ethical Humanist Association">Icelandic Ethical Humanist Association</a>;</li> <li>0.55% members of <a href="/wiki/Zuism" title="Zuism">Zuist</a> groups.</li></ul> On March 8, 2021, Iceland formally recognised Judaism as a religion for the first time. Iceland's Jews will have the choice to register as such and direct their taxes to their own religion. Among other benefits, the recognition will also allow Jewish marriage, baby-naming and funeral ceremonies to be civilly recognised.<a href="#cite_note-:1-245">[241]</a> Iceland is a very <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> country; as with other Nordic nations, <a href="/wiki/Church_attendance" title="Church attendance">church attendance</a> is relatively low.<a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a> The above statistics represent administrative membership of religious organisations, which does not necessarily reflect the belief demographics of the population. According to a study published in 2001, 23% of the inhabitants were either <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">agnostic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a> A Gallup poll conducted in 2012 found that 57% of Icelanders considered themselves "religious", 31% considered themselves "non-religious", while 10% defined themselves as "convinced atheists", placing Iceland among the ten countries with the highest proportions of atheists in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Religion-and-Atheism-249">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iceland" title="Culture of Iceland">Culture of Iceland</a></div> Icelandic culture has its roots in <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">North Germanic</a> traditions. <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_literature" title="Icelandic literature">Icelandic literature</a> is popular, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Sagas_of_Icelanders" title="Sagas of Icelanders">sagas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edda" title="Edda">eddas</a> that were written during the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High</a> and <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>. Centuries of isolation have helped to insulate the country's Nordic culture from external influence; a prominent example is the preservation of the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic language</a>, which remains the closest to Old Norse of all modern Nordic languages.<a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a> The country has a strong tradition of upholding <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iceland" title="Human rights in Iceland">human rights</a> such as freedom of expression, freedom of religion and freedom of assembly with legislation for marginalized groups, such as women, immigrants, and the LGBTQ+ community.<a href="#cite_note-c356-251">[247]</a> In contrast to other Nordic countries, Icelanders place relatively great importance on independence and self-sufficiency; in a public opinion analysis conducted by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, over 85% of Icelanders believe independence is "very important", compared to 47% of Norwegians, 49% of Danes, and an average of 53% for the EU25.<a href="#cite_note-europeancommission-252">[248]</a> Icelanders also have a very strong work ethic, working some of the longest hours of any industrialised nation.<a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a> According to a poll conducted by the OECD, 66% of Icelanders were satisfied with their lives, while 70% believed that their lives will be satisfying in the future. Similarly, 83% reported having more positive experiences in an average day than negative ones, compared to an OECD average of 72%, which makes Iceland one of the <a href="/wiki/Happiest_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Happiest country">happiest countries</a> in the OECD.<a href="#cite_note-Iceland_–_OECD_Better_Life_Index-148">[144]</a> A more recent 2012 survey found that around three-quarters of respondents stated they were satisfied with their lives, compared to a global average of about 53%.<a href="#cite_note-254">[250]</a> In 2022, 2023, and 2024 consecutively, Iceland ranked third in the <a href="/wiki/World_Happiness_Report" title="World Happiness Report">World Happiness Report</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-242">[238]</a> Icelanders are known for their strong sense of community and lack of <a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">social isolation</a>: An OECD survey found that 98% believe they know someone they could rely on in a time of need, higher than in any other industrialised country. Similarly, only 6% reported "rarely" or "never" socialising with others.<a href="#cite_note-Iceland_–_OECD_Better_Life_Index-148">[144]</a> This high level of social cohesion is attributed to the small size and homogeneity of the population, as well as to a long history of harsh survival in an isolated environment, which reinforced the importance of unity and cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a> <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a> is highly valued among the people of Iceland, with income inequality being among the lowest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-140">[136]</a> The constitution explicitly prohibits the enactment of noble privileges, titles, and ranks.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated60-256">[252]</a> Everyone is addressed by their first name. As in other Nordic countries, equality between the sexes is very high; Iceland is consistently ranked among the top three countries in the world for women to live in.<a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_literature" title="Icelandic literature">Icelandic literature</a></div>In 2011, Reykjavík was designated a UNESCO City of Literature.<a href="#cite_note-auto-260">[256]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%B6%C3%B0ruvallab%C3%B3k_f13r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/M%C3%B6%C3%B0ruvallab%C3%B3k_f13r.jpg/220px-M%C3%B6%C3%B0ruvallab%C3%B3k_f13r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/M%C3%B6%C3%B0ruvallab%C3%B3k_f13r.jpg/330px-M%C3%B6%C3%B0ruvallab%C3%B3k_f13r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/M%C3%B6%C3%B0ruvallab%C3%B3k_f13r.jpg/440px-M%C3%B6%C3%B0ruvallab%C3%B3k_f13r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>A page of <a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%A1ls_saga" title="Njáls saga">Njáls saga</a> from <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6%C3%B0ruvallab%C3%B3k" title="Möðruvallabók">Möðruvallabók</a>. The sagas are a significant part of the Icelandic heritage.</figcaption></figure> Iceland's best-known classical works of literature are the <a href="/wiki/Icelanders%27_sagas" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelanders' sagas">Icelanders' sagas</a>, prose epics set in Iceland's age of settlement. The most famous of these include <a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%A1ls_saga" title="Njáls saga">Njáls saga</a>, about an epic blood feud, and <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A6nlendinga_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Grænlendinga saga">Grænlendinga saga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saga_of_Erik_the_Red" title="Saga of Erik the Red">Eiríks saga</a>, describing the discovery and settlement of Greenland and Vinland (modern <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a>). <a href="/wiki/Egils_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Egils saga">Egils saga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laxd%C3%A6la_saga" title="Laxdæla saga">Laxdæla saga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grettis_saga" title="Grettis saga">Grettis saga</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%ADsla_saga" title="Gísla saga">Gísla saga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gunnlaugs_saga_ormstungu" title="Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu">Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu</a> are also notable and popular Icelanders' sagas. A translation of the Bible was published in the 16th century. Important compositions from the 15th to the 19th century include sacred verse, most famously the <a href="/wiki/Passion_Hymns" title="Passion Hymns">Passion Hymns</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hallgr%C3%ADmur_P%C3%A9tursson" title="Hallgrímur Pétursson">Hallgrímur Pétursson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADmur" title="Rímur">rímur</a>, rhyming epic poems. Originating in the 14th century, rímur were popular into the 19th century, when the development of new literary forms was provoked by the influential <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">National-Romantic</a> writer <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3nas_Hallgr%C3%ADmsson" title="Jónas Hallgrímsson">Jónas Hallgrímsson</a>. In recent times, Iceland has produced many great writers, the best-known of whom is arguably <a href="/wiki/Halld%C3%B3r_Laxness" title="Halldór Laxness">Halldór Laxness</a>, who received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 1955 (the only Icelander to win a Nobel Prize thus far). <a href="/wiki/Steinn_Steinarr" title="Steinn Steinarr">Steinn Steinarr</a> was an influential modernist poet during the early 20th century who remains popular. Icelanders are avid consumers of literature, with the highest number of bookstores per capita in the world. For its size, Iceland imports and translates more international literature than any other nation.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated60-256">[252]</a> Iceland also has the highest per capita publication of books and magazines,<a href="#cite_note-261">[257]</a> and around 10% of the population will publish a book in their lifetimes.<a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Most books in Iceland are sold between late September to early November, a period known as the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Christmas_book_flood" title="Icelandic Christmas book flood">Christmas Book Flood</a> (Jólabókaflóð).<a href="#cite_note-auto-260">[256]</a> The Flood begins with the Iceland Publisher's Association distributing Bókatíðindi, a catalogue of all new publications, free to each Icelandic home.<a href="#cite_note-auto-260">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_art" title="Icelandic art">Icelandic art</a></div> The distinctive rendition of the Icelandic landscape by its painters can be linked to nationalism and the movement for <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland#Home_rule_and_sovereignty" title="History of Iceland">home rule and independence</a>, which was very active in the mid-19th century. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thorarinn_thingvellir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Thorarinn_thingvellir.jpg/220px-Thorarinn_thingvellir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Thorarinn_thingvellir.jpg/330px-Thorarinn_thingvellir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Thorarinn_thingvellir.jpg/440px-Thorarinn_thingvellir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3252" data-file-height="2228" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eingvellir" title="Þingvellir">Þingvellir</a> by <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B3rarinn_B._%C3%9Eorl%C3%A1ksson" title="Þórarinn B. Þorláksson">Þórarinn B. Þorláksson</a></figcaption></figure> Contemporary Icelandic painting is typically traced to the work of <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B3rarinn_%C3%9Eorl%C3%A1ksson" class="mw-redirect" title="Þórarinn Þorláksson">Þórarinn Þorláksson</a>, who, following formal training in art in the 1890s in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, returned to Iceland to paint and exhibit works from 1900 to his death in 1924, almost exclusively portraying the Icelandic landscape. Several other Icelandic men and women artists studied at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts">Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts</a> at that time, including <a href="/wiki/%C3%81sgr%C3%ADmur_J%C3%B3nsson" title="Ásgrímur Jónsson">Ásgrímur Jónsson</a>, who together with Þórarinn created a distinctive portrayal of Iceland's landscape in a romantic naturalistic style. Other landscape artists quickly followed in the footsteps of Þórarinn and Ásgrímur. These included <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3hannes_Sveinsson_Kjarval" title="Jóhannes Sveinsson Kjarval">Jóhannes Kjarval</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAl%C3%ADana_Sveinsd%C3%B3ttir" title="Júlíana Sveinsdóttir">Júlíana Sveinsdóttir</a>. Kjarval in particular is noted for the distinct techniques in the application of paint that he developed in a concerted effort to render the characteristic <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">volcanic rock</a> that dominates the Icelandic environment. <a href="/wiki/Einar_H%C3%A1konarson" title="Einar Hákonarson">Einar Hákonarson</a> is an expressionistic and figurative painter who by some is considered to have brought the figure back into Icelandic painting. In the 1980s, many Icelandic artists worked with the subject of the new painting in their work. In recent years the artistic practice has multiplied, and the Icelandic art scene has become a setting for many large-scale projects and exhibitions. The artist-run gallery space Kling og Bang, members of which later ran the studio complex and exhibition venue Klink og Bank, has been a significant part of the trend of self-organised spaces, exhibitions, and projects.<a href="#cite_note-263">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Living_Art_Museum" title="The Living Art Museum">The Living Art Museum</a>, Reykjavík Municipal Art Museum, <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Reykjavík Art Museum">Reykjavík Art Museum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Iceland" title="National Gallery of Iceland">National Gallery of Iceland</a> are the larger, more established institutions, curating shows and festivals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iceland" title="Music of Iceland">Music of Iceland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Hurricane_Festival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Hurricane_Festival.jpg/220px-Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Hurricane_Festival.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Hurricane_Festival.jpg/330px-Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Hurricane_Festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Hurricane_Festival.jpg/440px-Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Hurricane_Festival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk" title="Björk">Björk</a>, the best-known Icelandic musician</figcaption></figure> Much Icelandic music is related to <a href="/wiki/Nordic_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic music">Nordic music</a>, and includes <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a> traditions. Notable Icelandic music acts include medieval music group <a href="/wiki/Voces_Thules" title="Voces Thules">Voces Thules</a>, alternative and indie rock acts such as <a href="/wiki/The_Sugarcubes" title="The Sugarcubes">The Sugarcubes</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3ley" title="Sóley">Sóley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Of_Monsters_and_Men" title="Of Monsters and Men">Of Monsters and Men</a>, jazz fusion band <a href="/wiki/Mezzoforte_(band)" title="Mezzoforte (band)">Mezzoforte</a>, pop singers such as <a href="/wiki/Hafd%C3%ADs_Huld" title="Hafdís Huld">Hafdís Huld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emil%C3%ADana_Torrini" title="Emilíana Torrini">Emilíana Torrini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk" title="Björk">Björk</a>, solo ballad singers like <a href="/wiki/Bubbi_Morthens" title="Bubbi Morthens">Bubbi Morthens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">post-rock</a> bands such as <a href="/wiki/Amiina" title="Amiina">Amiina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigur_R%C3%B3s" title="Sigur Rós">Sigur Rós</a>. <a href="/wiki/Independent_music" title="Independent music">Independent music</a> is strong in Iceland, with bands such as <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAm" title="Múm">múm</a> and solo artists such as <a href="/wiki/Da%C3%B0i_Freyr" title="Daði Freyr">Daði Freyr</a>. Traditional Icelandic music is strongly religious. Hymns, both religious and secular, are a particularly well-developed form of music, due to the scarcity of musical instruments throughout much of Iceland's history. Hallgrímur Pétursson wrote many Protestant hymns in the 17th century. Icelandic music was modernised in the 19th century when Magnús Stephensen brought pipe organs, which were followed by <a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">harmoniums</a>. Other vital traditions of Icelandic music are epic alliterative and rhyming ballads called rímur. Rímur are epic tales, usually <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a>, which can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skaldic</a> poetry, using complex metaphors and elaborate rhyme schemes.<a href="#cite_note-264">[260]</a> The best-known rímur poet of the 19th century was <a href="/wiki/Sigur%C3%B0ur_Brei%C3%B0fj%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Sigurður Breiðfjörð">Sigurður Breiðfjörð</a> (1798–1846). A modern revitalisation of the tradition began in 1929 with the formation of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kv%C3%A6%C3%B0amannaf%C3%A9lagi%C3%B0_I%C3%B0unn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvæðamannafélagið Iðunn (page does not exist)">Kvæðamannafélagið Iðunn</a> [<a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kv%C3%A6%C3%B0amannaf%C3%A9lagi%C3%B0_I%C3%B0unn" class="extiw" title="is:Kvæðamannafélagið Iðunn">is</a>].<a href="#cite_note-265">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[262]</a> Among Iceland's best-known classical composers are <a href="/wiki/Dan%C3%ADel_Bjarnason" title="Daníel Bjarnason">Daníel Bjarnason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anna_S._%C3%9Eorvaldsd%C3%B3ttir" title="Anna S. Þorvaldsdóttir">Anna S. Þorvaldsdóttir</a>, who in 2012 received the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council_Music_Prize" title="Nordic Council Music Prize">Nordic Council Music Prize</a> and in 2015 was chosen as the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic" title="New York Philharmonic">New York Philharmonic</a>'s Kravis Emerging Composer, an honour that includes a $50,000 cash prize and a commission to write a composition for the orchestra; she is the second recipient.<a href="#cite_note-267">[263]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a> of Iceland is <a href="/wiki/Lofs%C3%B6ngur" title="Lofsöngur">Lofsöngur</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%ADas_Jochumsson" title="Matthías Jochumsson">Matthías Jochumsson</a>, with music by <a href="/wiki/Sveinbj%C3%B6rn_Sveinbj%C3%B6rnsson" title="Sveinbjörn Sveinbjörnsson">Sveinbjörn Sveinbjörnsson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iceland" title="Mass media in Iceland">Mass media in Iceland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iceland" title="Cinema of Iceland">Cinema of Iceland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltasar_Kormakur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Baltasar_Kormakur.jpg/220px-Baltasar_Kormakur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Baltasar_Kormakur.jpg/330px-Baltasar_Kormakur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Baltasar_Kormakur.jpg/440px-Baltasar_Kormakur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Icelandic director <a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Korm%C3%A1kur" title="Baltasar Kormákur">Baltasar Kormákur</a>, best known for the films <a href="/wiki/101_Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="101 Reykjavík">101 Reykjavík</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jar_City_(film)" title="Jar City (film)">Jar City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contraband_(2012_film)" title="Contraband (2012 film)">Contraband</a>, and television series <a href="/wiki/Trapped_(Icelandic_TV_series)" title="Trapped (Icelandic TV series)">Trapped</a></figcaption></figure> Iceland's largest television stations are the state-run <a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B3nvarpi%C3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjónvarpið">Sjónvarpið</a> and the privately owned <a href="/wiki/St%C3%B6%C3%B0_2" title="Stöð 2">Stöð 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skj%C3%A1rEinn" class="mw-redirect" title="SkjárEinn">SkjárEinn</a>. Smaller stations exist, many of them local. Radio is broadcast throughout the country, including in some parts of the interior. The main radio stations are <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1s_1" title="Rás 1">Rás 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1s_2" title="Rás 2">Rás 2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=X-i%C3%B0_977&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X-ið 977 (page does not exist)">X-ið 977</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bylgjan" title="Bylgjan">Bylgjan</a> and <a href="/wiki/FM_957_(Icelandic_Radio_Station)" class="mw-redirect" title="FM 957 (Icelandic Radio Station)">FM957</a>. The daily newspapers are <a href="/wiki/Morgunbla%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Morgunblaðið">Morgunblaðið</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9ttabla%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Fréttablaðið">Fréttablaðið</a>. The most popular websites are the news sites <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADsir" title="Vísir">Vísir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mbl.is" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbl.is">Mbl.is</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[265]</a> Iceland is home to <a href="/wiki/LazyTown" title="LazyTown">LazyTown</a> (Icelandic: Latibær), a children's educational musical comedy programme created by <a href="/wiki/Magn%C3%BAs_Scheving" title="Magnús Scheving">Magnús Scheving</a>. It has become a very popular programme for children and adults and is shown in over 100 countries, including the Americas, the UK and Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-270">[266]</a> The LazyTown studios are located in <a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ab%C3%A6r" title="Garðabær">Garðabær</a>. The 2015 television crime series <a href="/wiki/Trapped_(Icelandic_TV_series)" title="Trapped (Icelandic TV series)">Trapped</a> aired in the UK on BBC4 in February and March 2016, to critical acclaim and according to the Guardian "the unlikeliest TV hit of the year".<a href="#cite_note-guardian-271">[267]</a> In 1992, the Icelandic film industry achieved its greatest recognition hitherto, when <a href="/wiki/Fri%C3%B0rik_%C3%9E%C3%B3r_Fri%C3%B0riksson" title="Friðrik Þór Friðriksson">Friðrik Þór Friðriksson</a> was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film</a> for his <a href="/wiki/Children_of_Nature" title="Children of Nature">Children of Nature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[268]</a> It features the story of an old man who is unable to continue running his farm. After being unwelcomed in his daughter's and father-in-law's house in town, he is put in a home for the elderly. There, he meets an old girlfriend of his youth, and they both begin a journey through the wilds of Iceland to die together. This is the only Icelandic movie to have ever been nominated for an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oscars1992-273">[269]</a> Singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk" title="Björk">Björk</a> received international acclaim for her starring role in the Danish musical drama <a href="/wiki/Dancer_in_the_Dark" title="Dancer in the Dark">Dancer in the Dark</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Lars_von_Trier" title="Lars von Trier">Lars von Trier</a>, in which she plays Selma Ježková, a factory worker who struggles to pay for her son's eye operation. The film premiered at the <a href="/wiki/2000_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="2000 Cannes Film Festival">2000 Cannes Film Festival</a>, where she won the Best Actress Award. The movie also led Björk to nominations for <a href="/wiki/Best_Original_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Best Original Song">Best Original Song</a> at the <a href="/wiki/73rd_Academy_Awards" title="73rd Academy Awards">73rd Academy Awards</a>, with the song <a href="/wiki/I%27ve_Seen_It_All" title="I've Seen It All">I've Seen It All</a> and for a <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Motion_Picture_-_Drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama">Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[270]</a> Guðrún S. Gísladóttir, who is Icelandic, played one of the major roles in Russian filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Andrei Tarkovsky</a>'s film <a href="/wiki/The_Sacrifice_(1986_film)" title="The Sacrifice (1986 film)">The Sacrifice</a> (1986). <a href="/wiki/Anita_Briem" title="Anita Briem">Anita Briem</a>, known for her performance in <a href="/wiki/Showtime_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Showtime (TV channel)">Showtime</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Tudors" title="The Tudors">The Tudors</a>, is also Icelandic. Briem starred in the film <a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_Center_of_the_Earth_(2008_Hollywood_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008 Hollywood film)">Journey to the Center of the Earth</a> (2008), which shot scenes in Iceland. The <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a> movie <a href="/wiki/Die_Another_Day" title="Die Another Day">Die Another Day</a> (2002) is set for a large part in Iceland. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a>'s film <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_(film)" title="Interstellar (film)">Interstellar</a> (2014) was also filmed in Iceland for some of its scenes, as was <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(2012_film)" title="Prometheus (2012 film)">Prometheus</a> (2012).<a href="#cite_note-275">[271]</a> On 17 June 2010, the parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Modern_Media_Initiative" title="Icelandic Modern Media Initiative">Icelandic Modern Media Initiative</a>, proposing greater protection of free speech rights and the identity of journalists and whistle-blowers—the strongest journalist protection law in the world.<a href="#cite_note-276">[272]</a> According to a 2011 report by <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, Iceland is one of the highest-ranked countries in press freedom.<a href="#cite_note-277">[273]</a> <a href="/wiki/CCP_Games" title="CCP Games">CCP Games</a>, developers of the critically acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Eve_Online" title="Eve Online">EVE Online</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dust_514" title="Dust 514">Dust 514</a>, are headquartered in Reykjavík. CCP Games hosts the third-most populated <a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_game" title="Massively multiplayer online game">MMO</a> in the world, which also has the largest total game area for an online game, according to Guinness World Records.<a href="#cite_note-278">[274]</a> Iceland has a highly developed <a href="/wiki/Cyberculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberculture">internet culture</a>, with around 95% of the population having internet access, the highest proportion in the world.<a href="#cite_note-279">[275]</a> Iceland ranked 12th in the World Economic Forum's 2009–2010 <a href="/wiki/Network_Readiness_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Readiness Index">Network Readiness Index</a>, which measures a country's ability to competitively exploit communications technology.<a href="#cite_note-280">[276]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">United Nations International Telecommunication Union</a> ranks the country third in its development of information and communications technology, having moved up four places between 2008 and 2010.<a href="#cite_note-281">[277]</a> In February 2013 the country (ministry of the interior) was researching possible methods to protect children in regards to Internet pornography, claiming that pornography online is a threat to children as it supports child slavery and abuse. Strong voices within the community expressed concerns with this, stating that it is impossible to block access to pornography without compromising freedom of speech.<a href="#cite_note-282">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cuisine" title="Icelandic cuisine">Icelandic cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorramatur" title="Þorramatur">Þorramatur</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thorramatur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Thorramatur.jpg/220px-Thorramatur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Thorramatur.jpg/330px-Thorramatur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Thorramatur.jpg/440px-Thorramatur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A typical <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorramatur" title="Þorramatur">Þorramatur</a> assortment</figcaption></figure> Much of Iceland's cuisine is based on fish, <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">lamb</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a>, with little to no use of herbs or spices. Due to the island's climate, fruits and vegetables are not generally a component of traditional dishes, although the use of greenhouses has made them more common in contemporary food. <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorramatur" title="Þorramatur">Þorramatur</a> is a selection of traditional cuisine consisting of many dishes and is usually consumed around the month of <a href="/wiki/Month#Germanic_calendar" title="Month">Þorri</a>, which begins on the first Friday after 19 January. Traditional dishes also include <a href="/wiki/Skyr" title="Skyr">skyr</a> (a yogurt-like cheese), <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1karl" title="Hákarl">hákarl</a> (cured shark), cured ram, singed sheep heads, and <a href="/wiki/Black_pudding" title="Black pudding">black pudding</a>, Flatkaka (flatbread), dried fish and dark rye bread traditionally baked in the ground in geothermal areas.<a href="#cite_note-Icelandic_delicacies-285">[281]</a> <a href="/wiki/Puffin" title="Puffin">Puffin</a> is considered a local delicacy that is often prepared through broiling. Breakfast usually consists of pancakes, cereal, fruit, and coffee, while lunch may take the form of a <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">smörgåsbord</a>. The main meal of the day for most Icelanders is dinner, which usually involves fish or lamb as the main course. Seafood is central to most Icelandic cooking, particularly <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a> but also <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a>. It is often prepared in a wide variety of ways, either smoked, pickled, boiled, or dried. Lamb is by far the most common meat, and it tends to be either smoke-cured (known as <a href="/wiki/Hangikj%C3%B6t" title="Hangikjöt">hangikjöt</a>) or salt-preserved (saltkjöt). Many older dishes make use of every part of the sheep, such as <a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1tur" title="Slátur">slátur</a>, which consists of <a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">offal</a> (internal organs and entrails) minced together with blood and served in sheep stomach. Additionally, boiled or mashed potatoes, pickled cabbage, green beans, and rye bread are prevalent side dishes.<a href="#cite_note-286">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[283]</a> Coffee is a popular beverage in Iceland, with the country being third placed by per capita consumption worldwide in 2016,<a href="#cite_note-288">[284]</a> and is drunk at breakfast, after meals, and with a light snack in mid-afternoon. <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> is also widely consumed, to the extent that the country is said to have one of the highest per capita consumption rates in the world.<a href="#cite_note-289">[285]</a> Iceland's signature alcoholic beverage is <a href="/wiki/Brenniv%C3%ADn" title="Brennivín">brennivín</a> (literally "burnt [i.e., distilled] wine"), which is similar in flavouring to the <a href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">akvavit</a> variant of Scandinavian <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A4nnvin" title="Brännvin">brännvin</a>. It is a type of <a href="/wiki/Schnapps" title="Schnapps">schnapps</a> made from distilled potatoes and flavoured with either <a href="/wiki/Caraway" title="Caraway">caraway</a> seeds or <a href="/wiki/Angelica" title="Angelica">angelica</a>. Its potency has earned it the nickname svarti dauði ("Black Death"). Modern distilleries on Iceland produce <a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reyka" title="Reyka">Reyka</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">gin</a> (Ísafold), <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">moss</a> schnapps (Fjallagrasa), and a <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a>-flavoured schnapps and <a href="/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">liqueur</a> (Foss Distillery's Birkir and Björk). Martin Miller blends Icelandic water with its England-distilled gin on the island. Strong beer was <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_Iceland" title="Prohibition in Iceland">banned until 1989</a>, so bjórlíki, a mixture of legal, low-alcohol <a href="/wiki/Pilsner" title="Pilsner">pilsner</a> beer and vodka, became popular. Several strong beers are now made by Icelandic breweries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iceland" title="Sport in Iceland">Sport in Iceland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iceland%27s_Olympic_Handball_Team,_Beijing_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Iceland%27s_Olympic_Handball_Team%2C_Beijing_2008.jpg/220px-Iceland%27s_Olympic_Handball_Team%2C_Beijing_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Iceland%27s_Olympic_Handball_Team%2C_Beijing_2008.jpg/330px-Iceland%27s_Olympic_Handball_Team%2C_Beijing_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Iceland%27s_Olympic_Handball_Team%2C_Beijing_2008.jpg/440px-Iceland%27s_Olympic_Handball_Team%2C_Beijing_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2203" data-file-height="1261" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Iceland_men%27s_national_handball_team" title="Iceland men's national handball team">Iceland men's national handball team</a> (pictured) <a href="/wiki/Handball_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament" title="Handball at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament">won the silver medal</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Team_handball" class="mw-redirect" title="Team handball">Handball</a> is considered Iceland's national sport.<a href="#cite_note-handball-290">[286]</a></figcaption></figure> Sport is an important part of Icelandic culture, as the population is generally quite active.<a href="#cite_note-291">[287]</a> The main traditional sport in Iceland is <a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%ADma" title="Glíma">Glíma</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a> thought to have originated in medieval times. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FWC_2018_-_Group_D_-_ARG_v_ISL_-_Photo_195.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/FWC_2018_-_Group_D_-_ARG_v_ISL_-_Photo_195.jpg/220px-FWC_2018_-_Group_D_-_ARG_v_ISL_-_Photo_195.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/FWC_2018_-_Group_D_-_ARG_v_ISL_-_Photo_195.jpg/330px-FWC_2018_-_Group_D_-_ARG_v_ISL_-_Photo_195.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/FWC_2018_-_Group_D_-_ARG_v_ISL_-_Photo_195.jpg/440px-FWC_2018_-_Group_D_-_ARG_v_ISL_-_Photo_195.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Iceland fans at the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a> in Russia</figcaption></figure>Popular sports include <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">track and field</a>, <a href="/wiki/Team_handball" class="mw-redirect" title="Team handball">handball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>. Handball is often referred to as the national sport.<a href="#cite_note-handball-290">[286]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Iceland_national_football_team" title="Iceland national football team">Icelandic national football team</a> qualified for the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016" title="UEFA Euro 2016">2016</a> <a href="/wiki/UEFA_European_Championship" title="UEFA European Championship">UEFA European football championship</a> for the first time. They recorded a draw against later winners <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_national_football_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese national football team">Portugal</a> in the group stage, and defeated <a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">England</a> 2–1 in the round of 16, with goals from <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Sigur%C3%B0sson" title="Ragnar Sigurðsson">Ragnar Sigurðsson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kolbeinn_Sig%C3%BE%C3%B3rsson" title="Kolbeinn Sigþórsson">Kolbeinn Sigþórsson</a>. They then lost to hosts and later finalists <a href="/wiki/France_national_football_team" title="France national football team">France</a> in the quarter-finals.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_2017-08-03-292">[288]</a> Following up on this, Iceland made its debut at the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a>. For both the European and the world championships, Iceland is to date the smallest nation in terms of population to qualify. Iceland is also the smallest country to ever qualify for <a href="/wiki/Eurobasket" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurobasket">Eurobasket</a>, having done so in both 2015 and 2017. However, they have not managed to win a single game in the European Basketball final stages. Iceland has excellent conditions for <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">snowboarding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_climbing" title="Ice climbing">ice climbing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">rock climbing</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Mountain_climbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain climbing">mountain climbing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a> are preferred by the general public. Iceland is also a world-class destination for alpine ski touring and <a href="/wiki/Telemark_skiing" title="Telemark skiing">Telemark skiing</a>, with the Troll Peninsula in Northern Iceland being the main centre of activity. Although the country's environment is generally ill-suited for golf, there are nevertheless many golf courses throughout the island, and Iceland has a greater percentage of the population playing golf than Scotland with over 17,000 registered golfers out of a population of approximately 300,000.<a href="#cite_note-293">[289]</a> Iceland hosts an annual international golf tournament known as the Arctic Open played through the night during the summer solstice at <a href="/wiki/Akureyri_Golf_Club" title="Akureyri Golf Club">Akureyri Golf Club</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-w111-295">[291]</a> Iceland has also won the second most <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Strongest_Man" title="World's Strongest Man">World's Strongest Man</a> competitions of any country with nine titles, including four each by <a href="/wiki/Magn%C3%BAs_Ver_Magn%C3%BAsson" title="Magnús Ver Magnússon">Magnús Ver Magnússon</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_P%C3%A1ll_Sigmarsson" title="Jón Páll Sigmarsson">Jón Páll Sigmarsson</a>, and most recently by <a href="/wiki/Haf%C3%BE%C3%B3r_J%C3%BAl%C3%ADus_Bj%C3%B6rnsson" title="Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson">Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson</a> in 2018. Iceland is also one of the leading countries in <a href="/wiki/Ocean_rowing" title="Ocean rowing">ocean rowing</a>. Icelandic explorer and endurance athlete <a href="/wiki/Fiann_Paul" title="Fiann Paul">Fiann Paul</a> holds the highest number of performance-based <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a> within a single athletic discipline. As of 2020, he is the first and only person to achieve the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Explorers_Grand_Slam" title="Ocean Explorers Grand Slam">Ocean Explorers Grand Slam</a> (performing open-water crossings on each of the five oceans using human-powered vessels) and has claimed overall speed Guinness World Records for the fastest rowing of all four oceans (Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, and the Arctic) in a <a href="/wiki/Human-powered_watercraft" title="Human-powered watercraft">human-powered row boat</a>. He had achieved a total of 41, including 33 performance based Guinness World Records by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-296">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[296]</a> Swimming is popular in Iceland. Geothermally heated outdoor pools are widespread, and swimming courses are a mandatory part of the national curriculum.<a href="#cite_note-w111-295">[291]</a> <a href="/wiki/Horseback_riding" class="mw-redirect" title="Horseback riding">Horseback riding</a>, which was historically the most prevalent form of transportation on the island, remains a common pursuit for many Icelanders. The oldest sports association in Iceland is the Reykjavík Shooting Association, founded in 1867. Rifle shooting became very popular in the 19th century with the encouragement of politicians and nationalists who were pushing for Icelandic independence. To this day, it remains a significant pastime.<a href="#cite_note-301">[297]</a> Iceland has also produced many chess masters and hosted the historic <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1972" title="World Chess Championship 1972">World Chess Championship 1972</a> in Reykjavík during the height of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. As of 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iceland&action=edit">[update]</a>, there have been nine Icelandic chess grandmasters, a considerable number given the small size of the population.<a href="#cite_note-302">[298]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(card_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge (card game)">Bridge</a> is also popular, with Iceland participating in several international tournaments. Iceland won the world bridge championship (the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Bowl" title="Bermuda Bowl">Bermuda Bowl</a>) in Yokohama, Japan, in 1991 and took second place (with Sweden) in Hamilton, Bermuda, in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-303">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iceland" title="Portal:Iceland">Iceland portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Iceland-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Iceland-related articles">Index of Iceland-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Iceland" title="Outline of Iceland">Outline of Iceland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> By country of citizenship </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iceland" title="Constitution of Iceland">Constitution of Iceland</a> confirms the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Iceland" title="Church of Iceland">Church of Iceland</a> as the state church of Iceland.<a href="#cite_note-IcelandConstitution-4">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Iceland uses <a href="/wiki/UTC%C2%B100:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC±00:00">UTC with no offset</a> year round and has not observed <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">daylight saving time</a> since 1968.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> Since Iceland is much farther west than England, the Reykjavík <a href="/wiki/Local_mean_time" title="Local mean time">local mean time</a> (the time when the sun is the highest) is offset from the observed time by around 90 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-official-15"><a href="#cite_ref-official_15-0">^</a> Although "Republic of Iceland" is found in some documents, the name does not have official status. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htm#fn-is1">Interinstitutional Style Guide of the European Union, Annex A5</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-citizenship-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-citizenship_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-citizenship_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/sq/2d0c4509-de1f-4ad6-a3f5-72d5c2d77ee0">"Population by country of citizenship, sex and age (2021)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Iceland" title="Statistics Iceland">Statistics Iceland</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610032724/http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__3_bakgrunnur__Rikisfang/MAN04103.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?loadedQueryId=2d0c4509-de1f-4ad6-a3f5-72d5c2d77ee0&timeType=from&timeValue=2018">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+by+country+of+citizenship%2C+sex+and+age+%282021%29&rft.pub=Statistics+Iceland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpx.hagstofa.is%2Fpxen%2Fsq%2F2d0c4509-de1f-4ad6-a3f5-72d5c2d77ee0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__menning__5_trufelog__trufelog/MAN10001.px">"Populations by religious and life stance organizations 1998–2022"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173037/https://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__menning__5_trufelog__trufelog/MAN10001.px">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Populations+by+religious+and+life+stance+organizations+1998%E2%80%932022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpx.hagstofa.is%2Fpxen%2Fpxweb%2Fen%2FSamfelag%2FSamfelag__menning__5_trufelog__trufelog%2FMAN10001.px&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IcelandConstitution-4"><a href="#cite_ref-IcelandConstitution_4-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.government.is/Publications/Legislation/Lex/?newsid=89fc6038-fd28-11e7-9423-005056bc4d74">Constitution of the Republic of Iceland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180228194201/https://www.government.is/publications/legislation/lex/?newsid=89fc6038-fd28-11e7-9423-005056bc4d74">Archived</a> 28 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Article 62, Government of Iceland. </li> <li id="cite_note-ruv20150226-6"><a href="#cite_ref-ruv20150226_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315001109/http://www.ruv.is/frett/island-er-minna-en-talid-var">"Ísland er minna en talið var"</a> (in Icelandic). 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Retrieved 10 November 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=48331">Hvers vegna hefur Náttfara ekki verið hampað sem fyrsta landnámsmanninum?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141027173727/http://visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=48331">Archived</a> 27 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, University of Iceland: The Science Web, 7 July 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Historical Dictionary of the Vikings By Katherine Holman p252 scarecrow press 2003 discusses that both Scottish and Irish slaves were in Iceland </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Kudeba, N. (19 April 2014). Chapter 5 – Norse Explorers from Erik the Red to Leif Erikson – Canadian Explorers. 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(2003) The Vikings. Tempus. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0752426990" title="Special:BookSources/0752426990">0752426990</a>. pp. 188–191 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Strmiska2005" class="citation book cs1">Michael Strmiska (12 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qx7Tvd99xVAC&pg=PAPA138">Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-608-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-608-4"><bdi>978-1-85109-608-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610032721/https://books.google.com/books?id=qx7Tvd99xVAC&pg=PAPA138">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. 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Retrieved 21 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Allies+Study+Post-War+Security+Etc.&rft.pub=Universal+Newsreel&rft.date=1944&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgov.archives.arc.39024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visindavefur.hi.is/svar.asp?id=3411">"Hversu há var Marshallaðstoðin sem Ísland fékk eftir seinni heimsstyrjöld?"</a>. Vísindavefurinn (in Icelandic). 13 May 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525113749/http://visindavefur.hi.is/svar.asp?id=3411">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=V%C3%ADsindavefurinn&rft.atitle=Hversu+h%C3%A1+var+Marshalla%C3%B0sto%C3%B0in+sem+%C3%8Dsland+f%C3%A9kk+eftir+seinni+heimsstyrj%C3%B6ld%3F&rft.date=2003-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisindavefur.hi.is%2Fsvar.asp%3Fid%3D3411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüllerMyllyntaus2007" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Margrit; Myllyntaus, Timo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zdXTV8xO3xQC&pg=PA385">Pathbreakers: Small European Countries Responding to Globalisation and Deglobalisation</a>. Peter Lang. pp. 385–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-214-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-214-2"><bdi>978-3-03911-214-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610032723/https://books.google.com/books?id=zdXTV8xO3xQC&pg=PA385#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathbreakers%3A+Small+European+Countries+Responding+to+Globalisation+and+Deglobalisation&rft.pages=385-&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-03911-214-2&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Margrit&rft.au=Myllyntaus%2C+Timo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzdXTV8xO3xQC%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20200731-vigdis-finnbogadottir-the-world-s-first-elected-female-president">"Vigdis Finnbogadottir, the world's first elected female president"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Vigdis+Finnbogadottir%2C+the+world%27s+first+elected+female+president&rft.date=2020-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20200731-vigdis-finnbogadottir-the-world-s-first-elected-female-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#Wilcox">Wilcox and Latif</a>, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-jackson-54"><a href="#cite_ref-jackson_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2008" class="citation news cs1">Jackson, Robert (15 November 2008). 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Hagstofa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141027183318/http://statice.is/?PageID=1267&src=https%3A%2F%2Frannsokn.hagstofa.is%2Fpxen%2FDialog%2Fvarval.asp%3Fma%3DTHJ01000%26ti%3DOverview+of+Gross+Domestic+Product+and+Gross+National+Product+1945-2013%26path%3D..%2FDatabase%2Fthjodhagsreikningar%2Flandsframleidsla%2F%26lang%3D1%26units%3DIndex%2Fpercent%2Fnumber">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2014. 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Retrieved 20 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=Wall+Street+on+the+Tundra&rft.date=2009-04&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fpolitics%2Ffeatures%2F2009%2F04%2Ficeland200904%3Fprintable%3Dtrue%26currentPage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nordregio.se-57"><a href="#cite_ref-nordregio.se_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315212525/http://www.nordregio.se/Global/JoN/JoN%202010/Jon%201%202010/JoN%201_2010.pdf">"Iceland lost almost 5000 people in 2009"</a> (PDF). Journal of Nordregio. 10 (1): 18. April 2010. 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Retrieved 30 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=How+Iceland%27s+government+was+brought+down+by+a+letter+from+PM%27s+father+demanding+paedophile%27s+pardon&rft.date=2017-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Ficeland-paedophile-brought-down-government-bright-future-coalition-hjalti-sigurjon-hauksson-benedikt-a7952721.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/30/world/europe/iceland-prime-minister-katrin-jakobsdottir.html">"An Environmentalist Is Iceland's New Prime Minister"</a>. The New York Times. November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220624192014/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/30/world/europe/iceland-prime-minister-katrin-jakobsdottir.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=An+Environmentalist+Is+Iceland%27s+New+Prime+Minister&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F11%2F30%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Ficeland-prime-minister-katrin-jakobsdottir.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2021/11/29/new_government_of_iceland_takes_office/">"New Government of Iceland Takes Office"</a>. Iceland Monitor. 29 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408182642/https://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2021/11/29/new_government_of_iceland_takes_office/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iceland+Monitor&rft.atitle=New+Government+of+Iceland+Takes+Office&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficelandmonitor.mbl.is%2Fnews%2Fpolitics_and_society%2F2021%2F11%2F29%2Fnew_government_of_iceland_takes_office%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryantcorrespondent2024" class="citation news cs1">Bryant, Miranda; correspondent, Miranda Bryant Nordic (10 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/10/iceland-conservative-foreign-minister-replaces-jakobsdottir-as-pm">"Iceland appoints Bjarni Benediktsson to replace Katrín Jakobsdóttir as PM"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610032722/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/10/iceland-conservative-foreign-minister-replaces-jakobsdottir-as-pm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Iceland+appoints+Bjarni+Benediktsson+to+replace+Katr%C3%ADn+Jakobsd%C3%B3ttir+as+PM&rft.date=2024-04-10&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rft.au=correspondent%2C+Miranda+Bryant+Nordic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fapr%2F10%2Ficeland-conservative-foreign-minister-replaces-jakobsdottir-as-pm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceland" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last2=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Ingebritsen2000-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Ingebritsen2000_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristine_Ingebritsen2000" class="citation book cs1">Christine Ingebritsen (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NU0pOfTUdvEC&pg=PAPA129">The Nordic States and European Unity</a>. Cornell University Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8659-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8659-3"><bdi>978-0-8014-8659-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610033223/https://books.google.com/books?id=NU0pOfTUdvEC&pg=PAPA129#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nordic+States+and+European+Unity&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8659-3&rft.au=Christine+Ingebritsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNU0pOfTUdvEC%26pg%3DPAPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LehtiSmith2003-67"><a href="#cite_ref-LehtiSmith2003_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPertti_JoenniemiMarko_Lehti2003" class="citation book cs1">Pertti Joenniemi; Marko Lehti (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wnO5AMBP01oC&pg=PAPA135">"On the Encounter Between the Nordic and the Northern: Torn Apart But Meeting Again?"</a>. In Marko Lehti, David James Smith (ed.). Post-Cold War Identity Politics: Northern and Baltic Experiences. Psychology Press. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5428-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5428-7"><bdi>978-0-7146-5428-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610033224/https://books.google.com/books?id=wnO5AMBP01oC&pg=PAPA135#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Encounter+Between+the+Nordic+and+the+Northern%3A+Torn+Apart+But+Meeting+Again%3F&rft.btitle=Post-Cold+War+Identity+Politics%3A+Northern+and+Baltic+Experiences&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5428-7&rft.au=Pertti+Joenniemi&rft.au=Marko+Lehti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwnO5AMBP01oC%26pg%3DPAPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miles2005-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Miles2005_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunnar_Helgi_Kristinsson2005" class="citation book cs1">Gunnar Helgi Kristinsson (28 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uHmJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA150">"Iceland and the European Union"</a>. In Lee Miles (ed.). The European Union and the Nordic Countries. Routledge. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-80405-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-80405-4"><bdi>978-1-134-80405-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610033227/https://books.google.com/books?id=uHmJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA150#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iceland+and+the+European+Union&rft.btitle=The+European+Union+and+the+Nordic+Countries&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005-06-28&rft.isbn=978-1-134-80405-4&rft.au=Gunnar+Helgi+Kristinsson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuHmJAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPAPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhondt2011-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Dhondt2011_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPieter_Dhondt2011" class="citation book cs1">Pieter Dhondt (25 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gwz-wPTpeiwC&pg=PAPA7">National, Nordic Or European?: Nineteenth-Century University Jubilees and Nordic Cooperation</a>. BRILL. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21694-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21694-5"><bdi>978-90-04-21694-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610033230/https://books.google.com/books?id=gwz-wPTpeiwC&pg=PAPA7#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National%2C+Nordic+Or+European%3F%3A+Nineteenth-Century+University+Jubilees+and+Nordic+Cooperation&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011-11-25&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21694-5&rft.au=Pieter+Dhondt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgwz-wPTpeiwC%26pg%3DPAPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NLS-70"><a href="#cite_ref-NLS_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100406053831/http://www.lmi.is/english/iceland-in-statistics/">"Iceland in statistics"</a>. Landmælingar Íslands [National Land Survey of Iceland]. 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Cambridge Studies in Social Theory, Religion and Politics. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-70758-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-70758-9"><bdi>978-0-521-70758-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610033732/https://books.google.com/books?id=rE0NcgxNaKEC&pg=PA118">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2021. <q>All public schools have mandatory education in Christianity. 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Retrieved 4 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Men%27s+Journal&rft.atitle=Freezing+Temps+and+Rotting+Hands%3A+Speaking+With+the+Men+of+the+Record-Breaking+Polar+Row+Expedition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mensjournal.com%2Fadventure%2Farticles%2Fspeaking-with-the-men-of-the-record-breaking-polar-row-expedition-w501659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAult" class="citation news cs1">Ault, Nicole. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/aug/8/polar-row-exploration-team-smashes-world-records-i/">"'Polar Row' exploration team smashes world records in icy north"</a>. The Washington Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171005055808/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/aug/8/polar-row-exploration-team-smashes-world-records-i/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=%27Polar+Row%27+exploration+team+smashes+world+records+in+icy+north&rft.aulast=Ault&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2Faug%2F8%2Fpolar-row-exploration-team-smashes-world-records-i%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607125319/https://guinnessworldrecords.com/search?term=%22Fiann%20Paul%22&page=1&type=all&max=20&partial=_Results&">"Search Results"</a>. Guinness World Records. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guinnessworldrecords.com/search?term=%22Fiann%20Paul%22&page=1&type=all&max=20&partial=_Results&">the original</a> on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guinness+World+Records&rft.atitle=Search+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguinnessworldrecords.com%2Fsearch%3Fterm%3D%2522Fiann%2520Paul%2522%26page%3D1%26type%3Dall%26max%3D20%26partial%3D_Results%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2019/12/impossible-row-team-achieve-first-ever-row-across-the-drake-passage-604720">"Impossible Row team achieve first ever row across the Drake Passage"</a>. Guinness World Records. 27 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220519214756/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2019/12/impossible-row-team-achieve-first-ever-row-across-the-drake-passage-604720">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guinness+World+Records&rft.atitle=Impossible+Row+team+achieve+first+ever+row+across+the+Drake+Passage&rft.date=2019-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F12%2Fimpossible-row-team-achieve-first-ever-row-across-the-drake-passage-604720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013013843/http://sr.is/Stofnun_og_saga_SR.htm">"Skotfélag Reykjavíkur"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sr.is/Stofnun_og_saga_SR.htm">the original</a> on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 2 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Skotf%C3%A9lag+Reykjav%C3%ADkur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsr.is%2FStofnun_og_saga_SR.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <a href="#Wilcox">Wilcox and Latif</a>, p. 112 </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolbeinn_Tumi_Daðason2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kolbeinn Tumi Daðason (24 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visir.is/g/2019190629385/bermudaskalarhetja-i-ellefu-manna-heidurshopi">"Bermúdaskálarhetja í ellefu manna heiðurshópi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADsir.is" title="Vísir.is">Vísir.is</a> (in Icelandic). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220329160506/https://www.visir.is/g/2019190629385/bermudaskalarhetja-i-ellefu-manna-heidurshopi">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=V%C3%ADsir.is&rft.atitle=Berm%C3%BAdask%C3%A1larhetja+%C3%AD+ellefu+manna+hei%C3%B0ursh%C3%B3pi&rft.date=2019-06-24&rft.au=Kolbeinn+Tumi+Da%C3%B0ason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visir.is%2Fg%2F2019190629385%2Fbermudaskalarhetja-i-ellefu-manna-heidurshopi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceland" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wilcox" class="citation book cs1">Wilcox, Jonathan; Latif, Zawiah Abdul (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=58ZHaTMk0j4C">Cultures of the World: Iceland</a>. Marshall Cavendish. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2074-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2074-3"><bdi>978-0-7614-2074-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultures+of+the+World%3A+Iceland&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-2074-3&rft.au=Wilcox%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Latif%2C+Zawiah+Abdul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D58ZHaTMk0j4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceland" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bjarnason, Egill.(2021) How Iceland Changed the World: The Big History of a Small Island. (Penguin. 2021.)</li> <li>Byock, Jesse (1990) Medieval Iceland Society, Sagas, and Power University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520069541" title="Special:BookSources/9780520069541">9780520069541</a>.</li> <li>Heiðarsson, Jakob Oskar (2015) 'Iceland – My Small Island'.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonsson2008" class="citation book cs1">Jonsson, Asgeir (2008). Why Iceland? How One of the World's Smallest Countries Became the Meltdown's Biggest Casualty. McGraw–Hill Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-163284-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-163284-3"><bdi>978-0-07-163284-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Iceland%3F+How+One+of+the+World%27s+Smallest+Countries+Became+the+Meltdown%27s+Biggest+Casualty&rft.pub=McGraw%E2%80%93Hill+Professional&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-07-163284-3&rft.aulast=Jonsson&rft.aufirst=Asgeir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIceland" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Jonsson, Ivar (2012) 'Explaining the Crisis of Iceland – A Realist Approach' in Journal of Critical Realism, 11,1.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Iceland at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iceland" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Iceland">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dsland" class="extiw" title="c:Ísland">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Iceland" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Iceland">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Iceland" class="extiw" title="q:Iceland">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iceland" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Iceland">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior:Europe/Iceland" class="extiw" title="b:Wikijunior:Europe/Iceland">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iceland" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Iceland">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Iceland" class="extiw" title="voy:Iceland">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iceland.is/">Gateway to Iceland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614235703/http://www.iceland.is/">Archived</a> 14 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.government.is/">Government Offices of Iceland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040211190819/http://www.government.is/constitution/">Archived</a> 11 February 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090208022139/http://www.iceland.org/">Icelandic Government Information Center & Icelandic Embassies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visiticeland.com/">Visit Iceland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081019214401/http://www.visiticeland.com/">Archived</a> 19 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – the official <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Tourist_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic Tourist Board">Icelandic Tourist Board</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iceland/">Iceland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523194636/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iceland/">Archived</a> 23 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Iceland">Iceland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150430003414/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/281235/Iceland">Archived</a> 30 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> entry at <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17383525">Iceland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721064615/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17383525">Archived</a> 21 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Iceland" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Iceland">Wikimedia Atlas of Iceland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/299133">Iceland</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100724104957/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/45881/incredible-iceland-fire-and-ice">Incredible Iceland: Fire and Ice</a> – slideshow by <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life magazine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rt_e1d7ZBAk">A Photographer's View of Iceland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205005526/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rt_e1d7ZBAk">Archived</a> 5 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Documentary produced by <a href="/wiki/Prairie_Public_Television" title="Prairie Public Television">Prairie Public Television</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1052">Arason Steingrimur Writings on Iceland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801192803/https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1052">Archived</a> 1 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iceland_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iceland_topics" title="Template:Iceland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iceland_topics" title="Template talk:Iceland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iceland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iceland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iceland_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iceland</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Iceland/Lists_of_pages/Articles" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Iceland/Lists of pages/Articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Iceland" title="Outline of Iceland">By topic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iceland" title="Economic history of Iceland">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iceland" title="Military history of Iceland">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic_nationality" title="History of Icelandic nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_Iceland" title="Prohibition in Iceland">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Iceland">Rulers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Icelandic_history" title="Timeline of Icelandic history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Commonwealth" title="Icelandic Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_in_Iceland" title="Nobility in Iceland">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Sturlungs" title="Age of the Sturlungs">Sturlung Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Reformation" title="Icelandic Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Icelandic_Trade_Monopoly" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish–Icelandic Trade Monopoly">Danish trade monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_independence_movement" title="Icelandic independence movement">Independence Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland_in_World_War_II" title="Iceland in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_invasion_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="British invasion of Iceland">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland_in_the_Cold_War" title="Iceland in the Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_Wars" title="Cod Wars">Cod Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932011_Icelandic_financial_crisis" title="2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis">2008–2011 financial crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arms_of_Iceland.svg/80px-Arms_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arms_of_Iceland.svg/120px-Arms_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arms_of_Iceland.svg/160px-Arms_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="390" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iceland" title="Geography of Iceland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Iceland" title="Climate of Iceland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iceland" title="List of earthquakes in Iceland">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Iceland" title="List of extreme points of Iceland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fjords_of_Iceland" title="List of fjords of Iceland">Fjords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_Iceland" title="List of forests in Iceland">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Iceland" title="Geology of Iceland">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Iceland" title="List of glaciers in Iceland">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlands_of_Iceland" title="Highlands of Iceland">Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iceland" title="List of islands of Iceland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Iceland" title="List of lakes of Iceland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Iceland" title="List of national parks of Iceland">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Iceland" title="List of rivers of Iceland">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Iceland" title="List of valleys of Iceland">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Iceland" title="Volcanism of Iceland">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of Iceland">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iceland" title="Wildlife of Iceland">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_Iceland" title="Constituencies of Iceland">Constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Iceland" title="Counties of Iceland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farthings_of_Iceland" title="Farthings of Iceland">Farthings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localities_of_Iceland" title="Localities of Iceland">Localities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Iceland" title="Municipalities of Iceland">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Iceland" title="Regions of Iceland">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iceland" title="Politics of Iceland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Iceland" title="Administrative divisions of Iceland">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Iceland" title="Cabinet of Iceland">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iceland" title="Constitution of Iceland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iceland" title="Elections in Iceland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iceland" title="Foreign relations of Iceland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iceland" title="Human rights in Iceland">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Iceland" title="Law of Iceland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Police" title="Icelandic Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iceland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Iceland">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iceland" title="List of political parties in Iceland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iceland" title="President of Iceland">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iceland" title="Prime Minister of Iceland">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Iceland" title="Supreme Court of Iceland">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iceland" title="Economy of Iceland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iceland" title="Agriculture in Iceland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Iceland" title="Banking in Iceland">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iceland" title="Telecommunications in Iceland">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_kr%C3%B3na" title="Icelandic króna">Króna (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iceland" title="Energy in Iceland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Iceland" title="Nasdaq Iceland">Nasdaq Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_outvasion" title="Icelandic outvasion">Outvasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iceland" title="Taxation in Iceland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iceland" title="Tourism in Iceland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iceland" title="Transport in Iceland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iceland" title="Category:Society of Iceland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Iceland" title="Abortion in Iceland">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iceland" title="Demographics of Iceland">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iceland" title="Education in Iceland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iceland" title="Healthcare in Iceland">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelanders" title="Icelanders">Icelanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic Language">Icelandic Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iceland" title="Languages of Iceland">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iceland" title="Women in Iceland">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iceland" title="Culture of Iceland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lofs%C3%B6ngur" title="Lofsöngur">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Iceland" title="Architecture of Iceland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_art" title="Icelandic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chess_in_Iceland" title="Category:Chess in Iceland">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iceland" title="Cinema of Iceland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland" title="Coat of arms of Iceland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cuisine" title="Icelandic cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Iceland" title="Flag of Iceland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_literature" title="Icelandic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iceland" title="Mass media in Iceland">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iceland" title="Music of Iceland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Iceland" title="Names of Iceland">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_national_costume" title="Icelandic national costume">National costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iceland" title="Public holidays in Iceland">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iceland" title="Sport in Iceland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Iceland" title="Television in Iceland">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Iceland" title="Outline of Iceland">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Iceland/Lists_of_pages/Articles" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Iceland/Lists of pages/Articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iceland" title="Category:Iceland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iceland" title="Portal:Iceland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nordic_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nordic_countries" title="Template:Nordic countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nordic_countries" title="Template talk:Nordic countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nordic_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nordic countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nordic_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iceland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries"><img alt="Map of the Nordic countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nordic_countries_orthographic.svg/120px-Nordic_countries_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nordic_countries_orthographic.svg/180px-Nordic_countries_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nordic_countries_orthographic.svg/240px-Nordic_countries_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/23px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/35px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/46px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="340" /> <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/41px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Special status</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">cultural area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sami_flag.svg/20px-Sami_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sami_flag.svg/31px-Sami_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sami_flag.svg/41px-Sami_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Nordic_countries" title="Climate of the Nordic countries">Climate of the Nordic countries</a></li> <li>Comparison of the Nordic countries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Cross_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic Cross flag">Nordic Cross flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Nordic_countries" title="Subdivisions of the Nordic countries">Subdivisions of the Nordic countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_the_Nordic_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in the Nordic countries">LGBT in the Nordic countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Nordic_countries" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Nordic countries">Nordic diplomatic missions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_identity_in_Estonia" title="Nordic identity in Estonia">Nordic identity in Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nordic_countries" title="Category:Nordic countries">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nordic_Council" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nordic_Council" title="Template:Nordic Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nordic_Council" title="Template talk:Nordic Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nordic_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nordic Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nordic_Council" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iceland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Nordic Council"><img alt="Flag of the Nordic Council" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/23px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/35px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/46px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="340" /> <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/41px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer / offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sami_flag.svg/20px-Sami_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sami_flag.svg/31px-Sami_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sami_flag.svg/41px-Sami_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nordic_identity_in_Estonia" title="Nordic identity in Estonia">identity</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_European_Free_Trade_Association_(EFTA)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Free_Trade_Association_(EFTA)" title="Template:European Free Trade Association (EFTA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Free_Trade_Association_(EFTA)" title="Template talk:European Free Trade Association (EFTA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Free_Trade_Association_(EFTA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Free Trade Association (EFTA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_European_Free_Trade_Association_(EFTA)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association (EFTA)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><a href="/wiki/File:EFTA_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/EFTA_logo.svg/50px-EFTA_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/EFTA_logo.svg/75px-EFTA_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/EFTA_logo.svg/100px-EFTA_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="78" /></a></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iceland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:EFTA_AELE_countries_and_former_members.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/EFTA_AELE_countries_and_former_members.svg/50px-EFTA_AELE_countries_and_former_members.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/EFTA_AELE_countries_and_former_members.svg/75px-EFTA_AELE_countries_and_former_members.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/EFTA_AELE_countries_and_former_members.svg/100px-EFTA_AELE_countries_and_former_members.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template talk:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association#Membership" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iceland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Liechtenstein–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/80px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/120px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/160px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">EU member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area#Membership" title="European Economic Area">provisional member</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Economic Area">UK membership</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">CH–EU relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">UK–EU relations</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development_(OECD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" title="Template:Organisation for Economic 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/OECD#Founding" title="OECD">Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OECD_Anti-Bribery_Convention" title="OECD Anti-Bribery Convention">OECD Anti-Bribery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_the_International_Assessment_of_Adult_Competencies" title="Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies">Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OECD_Guidelines_for_Multinational_Enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises">Multinational Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OECD_Guidelines_for_the_Testing_of_Chemicals" title="OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals">Testing of Chemicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121893811">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/133608068">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1210572/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJv8BMtRgpqP3vfbrdChHC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4027754-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80140759">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12423872b">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12423872b">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560122">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129393&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451947">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB202015129">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbdc1cj2kcd42w">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561907505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/48802a32-075a-3805-a183-277c66047693">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/78653e46-33f1-46b5-81cb-1af5f63d8b45">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/RtTnWJZI">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033365652">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003358">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035800">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=12739">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iceland&params=65_N_18_W_scale:5000000_source:GNS">65°N 18°W / 65°N 18°W / 65; -18</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iceland&oldid=1258857821">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iceland&oldid=1258857821</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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