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searchaux" style="display:none">Fee-paying school in the United Kingdom</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Merchant_Taylors_School_fields_12-04-08_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Merchant_Taylors_School_fields_12-04-08_003.jpg/220px-Merchant_Taylors_School_fields_12-04-08_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Merchant_Taylors_School_fields_12-04-08_003.jpg/330px-Merchant_Taylors_School_fields_12-04-08_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Merchant_Taylors_School_fields_12-04-08_003.jpg/440px-Merchant_Taylors_School_fields_12-04-08_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Merchant_Taylors%27_School,_Northwood" title="Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood">Merchant Taylors' School</a> (1561) is one of the nine <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Commission" title="Clarendon Commission">Clarendon Commission</a> schools.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Private schools in the United Kingdom</b> (also called <b>independent schools</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-types_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-types-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are schools that require fees for admission and enrolment. Some have <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">financial endowments</a>, most are governed by a board of governors, and are owned by a mixture of corporations, trusts and private individuals. They are independent of many of the regulations and conditions that apply to <a href="/wiki/State-funded_schools_(England)" title="State-funded schools (England)">state-funded schools</a>. For example, the schools do not have to follow the <a href="/wiki/National_Curriculum_for_England" title="National Curriculum for England">National Curriculum for England</a>, although many such schools do.<sup id="cite_ref-types_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-types-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the term <i><a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">private school</a></i> referred to a school in private ownership, in contrast to an <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">endowed</a> school subject to a trust or of charitable status. Many of the older independent schools catering for the 13–18 age range in England and Wales are known as <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public schools</a>, seven of which were the subject of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Schools_Act_1868" title="Public Schools Act 1868">Public Schools Act 1868</a>. The term <i>public school</i> meant they were then open to pupils regardless of where they lived or their religion (while in the United States and most other English-speaking countries <i>public school</i> refers to a publicly funded <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">state school</a>). <a href="/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Preparatory school (United Kingdom)">Prep (preparatory) schools</a> (also known as <i>private schools</i>) educate younger children up to the age of 13 to prepare them for entry to the public schools and other secondary schools. In 2023, the Independent Schools Council reports that private schools contribute £16.5 billion to gross value added (GVA) in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some former <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar schools</a> converted to a private fee-charging model following the 1965 <a href="/wiki/Circular_10/65" title="Circular 10/65">Circular 10/65</a> and the subsequent cessation in 1975 of government funding support for <a href="/wiki/Direct_grant_grammar_school" title="Direct grant grammar school">direct grant grammar schools</a>. There are around 2,600 independent schools in the UK,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which educate around 615,000 children, approximately 7 per cent of all British school-age children. Among pupils over the age of 16, the figure is 18 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to charging tuition fees, they may also benefit from gifts, charitable endowments and <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)#Charitable_status" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">charitable status</a>. Some of these schools (1,300) are members of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Schools_Council" title="Independent Schools Council">Independent Schools Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, the average annual cost for private schooling was £15,191 for <a href="/wiki/Day_school" title="Day school">day schools</a> and £36,000 for <a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarding schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Financial_Times_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Independent Schools Yearbook</i> has been published annually since 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a name change of a publication that started in 1889 as <i>The Public Schools Yearbook</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warwick_School_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Warwick_School_front.jpg/220px-Warwick_School_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Warwick_School_front.jpg/330px-Warwick_School_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Warwick_School_front.jpg/440px-Warwick_School_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2920" data-file-height="2152" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Warwick_School" title="Warwick School">Warwick School</a> (914) is one of the oldest private schools in Britain.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of the oldest schools in the United Kingdom">List of the oldest schools in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Some independent schools are particularly old, such as <a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_School,_Canterbury" title="The King's School, Canterbury">The King's School, Canterbury</a> (founded 597), <a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_School,_Rochester" class="mw-redirect" title="The King's School, Rochester">The King's School, Rochester</a> (founded 604), <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_School,_York" title="St Peter's School, York">St Peter's School, York</a> (founded c. 627), <a href="/wiki/Sherborne_School" title="Sherborne School">Sherborne School</a> (founded 705), <a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral_School" title="Wells Cathedral School">Wells Cathedral School</a> (founded 909), <a href="/wiki/Warwick_School" title="Warwick School">Warwick School</a> (c. 914), <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Ely" title="King's Ely">King's Ely</a> (c. 970) and <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_School_(Hertfordshire)" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans School (Hertfordshire)">St Albans School</a> (948). These schools were founded by the church and were under its complete dominion. During the late 14th and early 15th centuries the first schools independent of the church were founded. <a href="/wiki/Winchester_College" title="Winchester College">Winchester</a> (1382) and <a href="/wiki/Oswestry_School" title="Oswestry School">Oswestry</a> (1407) were the first of their kind (although they had a strong Christian religious ethos) and such early "free grammar schools" founded by wealthy benefactors paved the way for the establishment of the modern "<a href="/wiki/Public_school_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (UK)">public school</a>". These were typically established for male students from poor or disadvantaged backgrounds. English law has always regarded education as a charitable end in itself, irrespective of poverty. </p><p>The transformation of free charitable foundations into institutions which sometimes charge fees came about readily: the foundation would only afford minimal facilities, so that further fees might be charged to lodge, clothe and otherwise maintain the scholars, to the private profit of the trustees or headmaster. Also, facilities already provided by the charitable foundation for a few students could profitably be extended to further paying pupils. Some schools still keep their foundation students in a separate house from other pupils, or distinguish them in other ways. </p><p>After a time, such fees eclipsed the original charitable income, and the original <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">endowment</a> would become a minor part of the school's finances. By 2022 senior boarding schools were charging fees of over £40,000 per annum.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the independent schools today are still registered as a charity, and bursaries are available to students on a means test basis. <a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_Hospital" title="Christ's Hospital">Christ's Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Horsham" title="Horsham">Horsham</a> is an example: a large proportion of its students are funded by its charitable foundation or by various benefactors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Victorian_expansion">Victorian expansion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Victorian expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rossall_School,_Fleetwood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_382019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Rossall_School%2C_Fleetwood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_382019.jpg/220px-Rossall_School%2C_Fleetwood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_382019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Rossall_School%2C_Fleetwood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_382019.jpg/330px-Rossall_School%2C_Fleetwood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_382019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Rossall_School%2C_Fleetwood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_382019.jpg/440px-Rossall_School%2C_Fleetwood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_382019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rossall_School" title="Rossall School">Rossall School</a> (1844)</figcaption></figure> <p>The educational reforms of the 19th century were particularly important. Reformers included <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arnold" title="Thomas Arnold">Thomas Arnold</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rugby_School" title="Rugby School">Rugby</a>, and then <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Butler_(schoolmaster)" title="Samuel Butler (schoolmaster)">Samuel Butler</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hall_Kennedy" title="Benjamin Hall Kennedy">Benjamin Kennedy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury_School" title="Shrewsbury School">Shrewsbury</a>; the first of these emphasised team spirit and "<a href="/wiki/Muscular_Christianity" title="Muscular Christianity">muscular Christianity</a>" and the latter<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the importance of scholarship and competitive examinations. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Thring" title="Edward Thring">Edward Thring</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uppingham_School" title="Uppingham School">Uppingham School</a> introduced major reforms, focusing on the importance of the individual and of competition, as well as the need for a "total curriculum" with academia, music, sport and drama being central to education. Most <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public schools</a> developed significantly during the 18th and 19th centuries, and came to play an important role in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> social elite. Under a number of forward-looking headmasters leading public schools created a curriculum based heavily on classics and physical activity for boys and young men of the upper and upper middle classes. </p><p>They were schools for the gentlemanly elite of Victorian politics, armed forces and colonial government. Much of the discipline was in the hands of senior pupils (usually known as <a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">prefects</a>); this was not just a way to reduce staffing costs, but was also seen as vital preparation for the senior pupils' later roles in public or military service. More recently heads of public schools have been emphasising that senior pupils now play a much reduced role in maintaining discipline. To an extent, the public school system influenced the school systems of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, and recognisably public schools can be found in many <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_and_21st_centuries">20th and 21st centuries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 20th and 21st centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Culford_School_L.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Culford_School_L.jpg/220px-Culford_School_L.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Culford_School_L.jpg/330px-Culford_School_L.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Culford_School_L.jpg/440px-Culford_School_L.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Culford_School" title="Culford School">Culford School</a> (1873), a former <a href="/wiki/Direct_grant_grammar_school" title="Direct grant grammar school">'direct grant'</a> school</figcaption></figure> <p>Until 1975 there had been a group of 179 academically selective schools drawing on both private and state funding, the <a href="/wiki/Direct_grant_grammar_school" title="Direct grant grammar school">direct grant grammar schools</a>. The Direct Grant Grammar Schools (Cessation of Grant) Regulations 1975 required these schools to choose between full state funding as comprehensive schools and full independence. As a result, 119 of these schools became independent.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pupil numbers at independent schools fell slightly during the <a href="/wiki/Mid-1970s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-1970s recession">mid-1970s recession</a>. At the same time participation at all secondary schools grew dramatically, so that the share of the independent sector fell from a little under 8 per cent in 1964 to reach a low of 5.7 per cent in 1978. Both these trends were reversed during the 1980s, and the share of the independent schools reached 7.5 per cent by 1991. The changes since 1990 have been less dramatic: the share fell to 6.9 per cent by 1996 before increasing very slightly after 2000 to reach 7.2 per cent in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2015, the figure fell back to 6.9 per cent, with the absolute number of pupils attending independent schools falling everywhere in England apart from in the <a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: England and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011 there were more than 2,500 private schools in the UK educating some 628,000 children, comprising over 6.5 per cent of UK children, and more than 18 per cent of pupils over the age of 16.<sup id="cite_ref-ISC_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England the schools account for a slightly higher percentage than in the UK as a whole. According to a 2010 study by Ryan & Sibetia,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the proportion of pupils attending independent schools in England is currently 7.2 per cent (considering full-time pupils only)". </p><p>Most of the larger private schools are either full or partial <a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarding schools</a>, although many have now become predominantly <a href="/wiki/Day_school" title="Day school">day schools</a>. By contrast there are only a few dozen <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_boarding_schools_in_England" title="List of state boarding schools in England">state boarding schools</a>. Boarding-school traditions give a distinctive character to British private education, even in the case of day-pupils. A high proportion of private schools, particularly the larger and older institutions, have <a href="/wiki/Charitable_organization" title="Charitable organization">charitable</a> status.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Inspections in England</dt></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Independent_Schools_Council" title="Independent Schools Council">Independent Schools Council</a> (ISC), through seven affiliated organisations, represents 1,300 schools that together educate over 80 per cent of the pupils in the UK <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a>. Those schools in England which are members of the affiliated organisations of the ISC are inspected by the Independent Schools Inspectorate under a framework approved by the Government's Department for Education (DfE). Private schools not affiliated to the ISC in England are inspected by <a href="/wiki/Ofsted" title="Ofsted">Ofsted</a>. Private schools accredited to the ISC in Scotland and Wales and Northern Ireland or others in England out with the inspectorial bodies listed above are inspected through the national inspectorates in each country.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotland">Scotland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fettes_College_south_front,_Edinburgh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Fettes_College_south_front%2C_Edinburgh.JPG/220px-Fettes_College_south_front%2C_Edinburgh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Fettes_College_south_front%2C_Edinburgh.JPG/330px-Fettes_College_south_front%2C_Edinburgh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Fettes_College_south_front%2C_Edinburgh.JPG/440px-Fettes_College_south_front%2C_Edinburgh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2557" data-file-height="1885" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fettes_College" title="Fettes College">Fettes College</a> (1870) is one of Scotland's most famous private schools, particularly since the 1997 Labour Government led by former pupil, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>. </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_private_schools_in_Scotland" title="List of private schools in Scotland">List of private schools in Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Council_of_Independent_Schools" title="Scottish Council of Independent Schools">Scottish Council of Independent Schools</a></div> <p>Private schools in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> educate about 31,000 children. Although many of the Scottish private schools are members of the ISC they are also represented by the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Council_of_Independent_Schools" title="Scottish Council of Independent Schools">Scottish Council of Independent Schools</a>, recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a> as the body representing private schools in Scotland. Unlike England, all Scottish private schools are subject to the same regime of inspections by <a href="/wiki/Education_Scotland" title="Education Scotland">Education Scotland</a> as local authority schools and they have to register with the <a href="/wiki/Learning_and_Justice_Directorates" class="mw-redirect" title="Learning and Justice Directorates">Learning Directorate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nine largest Scottish private schools, with 1,000 or more pupils, are <a href="/wiki/George_Watson%27s_College" title="George Watson's College">George Watson's College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hutcheson%27s_Grammar_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutcheson's Grammar School">Hutcheson's Grammar School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gordon%27s_College" title="Robert Gordon's College">Robert Gordon's College</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Heriot%27s_School" title="George Heriot's School">George Heriot's School</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Aloysius%27_College,_Glasgow" title="St Aloysius' College, Glasgow">St Aloysius' College</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Glasgow_Academy" title="The Glasgow Academy">The Glasgow Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dollar_Academy" title="Dollar Academy">Dollar Academy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/High_School_of_Glasgow" title="High School of Glasgow">High School of Glasgow</a> and the <a href="/wiki/High_School_of_Dundee" title="High School of Dundee">High School of Dundee</a>. </p><p>In Scotland, it was common for children destined for private schools to receive their primary education at a local school. This arose because of Scotland's long tradition of state-funded education, which was spearheaded by the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> from the seventeenth century, long before such education was common in England. Private <a href="#Preparatory_schools">prep schools</a> only became more widespread in Scotland from the late 19th century (usually attached to an existing secondary private school, though exceptions such as <a href="/wiki/Craigclowan_Preparatory_School" title="Craigclowan Preparatory School">Craigclowan Preparatory School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cargilfield_Preparatory_School" title="Cargilfield Preparatory School">Cargilfield Preparatory School</a> do exist), though they are still much less prevalent than in England. In modern times many secondary pupils in Scotland's private schools will have fed in from the school's own fee-paying primary school, therefore there is considerable competition facing pupils from state primary schools who seek to enter a private school at secondary stage, via entrance examinations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selection">Selection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Private schools, like state grammar schools, are free to select their pupils, subject to general legislation against <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a>. The principal forms of selection are financial, in that the pupil's family must be able to pay the school fees, and academic, the latter determined via interview and examination. Credit may also be given for musical, sporting or other talent. Entrance to some schools may be orientated to pupils whose parents practise a particular religion, or schools may require pupils to attend religious services. </p><p>Only a small minority of parents can afford school fees averaging (as of 2021) over £36,000 per annum for boarding pupils and £15,000 for day pupils, with additional costs for uniform, equipment and extra-curricular activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Financial_Times_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholarships and <a href="/wiki/Means_test" title="Means test">means-tested</a> bursaries to assist the education of the less well-off are usually awarded by a process which combines academic and other criteria.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Private schools are generally academically selective, using the competitive <a href="/wiki/Common_Entrance_Examination" title="Common Entrance Examination">Common Entrance Examination</a> at ages 11+ or 13+. Schools often offer scholarships to attract abler pupils (which improves their average results); the standard sometimes approaches the <a href="/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="General Certificate of Secondary Education">General Certificate of Secondary Education</a> (GCSE) intended for age 16. Poorly-performing pupils may be required to leave, and following GCSE results can be replaced in the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_form" title="Sixth form">sixth form</a> by a new infusion of high-performing sixth-form-only pupils, which may distort apparent results.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, pupils performing poorly cannot legally be excluded from a state school solely for poor performance.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conditions">Conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Private schools, as compared with maintained schools, generally have more individual teaching; much lower pupil-teacher ratios at around 9:1;<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> longer teaching hours (sometimes including Saturday morning teaching) and homework (known as prep); though they have shorter terms. They also have more time for organised extra-curricular activities. </p><p>As boarding schools are fully responsible for their pupils throughout term-time, pastoral care is an essential part of boarding education, and many such schools have their own distinctive ethos, including social aspirations, manners and accents, associated with their own school traditions. Many former pupils aspire to send their own children to their old schools over successive generations. Most offer sporting, musical, dramatic and art facilities, sometimes with extra charges. </p><p>Educational achievement is generally very good. Independent school pupils are four times more likely to attain an A* at <a href="/wiki/GCSE" title="GCSE">GCSE</a> than their non-selective state sector counterparts, and twice as likely to attain an A grade at <a href="/wiki/A-level" title="A-level">A-level</a>. A much higher proportion go to university. Some schools specialise in particular strengths, academic or other, although this is not as common as it is in the <a href="/wiki/Specialist_school" title="Specialist school">state sector</a>. </p><p>Independent schools can set their own discipline regime, with much greater freedom to exclude children, primarily exercised in the wider interests of the school. In England and Wales there are no requirements for teaching staff to have <a href="/wiki/Qualified_Teacher_Status" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualified Teacher Status">Qualified Teacher Status</a> or to be registered with the General Teaching Council. In Scotland a teaching qualification and registration with the <a href="/wiki/General_Teaching_Council_for_Scotland" title="General Teaching Council for Scotland">General Teaching Council for Scotland</a> (GTCS) are mandatory for all teaching positions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Private schools are often criticised for being elitist, and seen as lying outside the spirit of the state system.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francis Green and <a href="/wiki/David_Kynaston" title="David Kynaston">David Kynaston</a> have written that "among affluent countries, Britain’s private‑school participation is especially exclusive to the rich", and that the "existence in Britain of a flourishing private-school sector not only limits the life chances of those who attend state schools but also damages society at large".<sup id="cite_ref-e990_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e990-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the best-known <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (UK)">public schools</a> are extremely expensive, and many have entry criteria geared towards those who have been at private "feeder" <a href="/wiki/Prep_school_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prep school (UK)">preparatory schools</a>. The Thatcher government introduced the <a href="/wiki/Assisted_Places_Scheme" title="Assisted Places Scheme">Assisted Places Scheme</a> in England and Wales in 1980, whereby the state paid the school fees for those pupils capable of gaining a place but unable to afford the fees. This was essentially a response to the decision of the previous Labour government in the mid-1970s to remove government funding of <a href="/wiki/Direct_grant_grammar_school" title="Direct grant grammar school">direct grant grammar schools</a>, most of which then became private schools; some Assisted Places pupils went to the former direct-grant schools such as <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Grammar_School" title="Manchester Grammar School">Manchester Grammar School</a>. The scheme was terminated by the Labour government in 1997, and since then the private sector has moved to increase its own means-tested bursaries. </p><p>The former classics-based curriculum was also criticised for not providing skills in sciences or engineering, but was perhaps in response to the requirement of classics for entry to <a href="/wiki/Oxbridge" title="Oxbridge">Oxbridge</a> until the early 1960s, as well as a hangover from centuries ago when <i>only</i> Latin and Greek were taught at many public schools. It was <a href="/wiki/Martin_Wiener" title="Martin Wiener">Martin Wiener</a>'s opposition to this tendency which inspired his 1981 book <i>English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit: 1850–1980</i>, which became an influence on the <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a> government's opposition to old-school gentlemanly <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Toryism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The curriculum in private school was consequently 'modernised' and according to a 2010 report from the Department for Education, private school pupils had "the highest rates of achieving grades A or B in A-level maths and sciences" compared to grammar, specialist and mainstream state schools, and pupils at private schools account for a disproportionate number of the total number of A-levels in maths and sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some parents complain that their rights and their children's are compromised by vague and one-sided contracts which allow Heads to use discretionary powers unfairly, such as in <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_(academia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion (academia)">expulsion</a> on non-disciplinary grounds. They believe private schools have not embraced the principles of <a href="/wiki/Natural_justice" title="Natural justice">natural justice</a> as adopted by the state sector, and <a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">private law</a> as applied to Higher Education.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This belief is reinforced by the fact that the legal rights of pupils are governed by a private contract, as opposed to rights implemented by the national government. For instance, a pupil whose application for admission to a state school is rejected is legally entitled to appeal, whereas at a private school admissions are at the discretion of the governing body of the school.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, pupils at fee-paying schools made up 43 per cent of those selected for places at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> and 38 per cent of those granted places at <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> (although such pupils represent only 18 per cent of the 16 years old plus school population).<sup id="cite_ref-ISC_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, the Labour government removed the exemption from <a href="/wiki/Value-added_tax_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Value-added tax in the United Kingdom">value-added tax</a> (VAT) from private school fees. From January 2025, private schools will have to charge 20% VAT.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charitable_status">Charitable status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Charitable status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A major area of debate in recent years has centred around the continuing charitable status of private schools, which means they are not charged business rates by local councils, amongst other benefits. This is estimated to save the schools about £200 per pupil and to cost the Exchequer about £100 million in tax breaks, assuming that an increase in fees would not result in any transfer of pupils from private to maintained sector.<sup id="cite_ref-Fairbairn_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fairbairn-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the Charities Act was passed in November 2006, charitable status is based on an organisation providing a "public benefit", as judged by the <a href="/wiki/Charity_Commission_for_England_and_Wales" title="Charity Commission for England and Wales">Charity Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the Charity Commission published guidance, including guidance on public benefit and fee charging, setting out issues to be considered by charities charging high fees that many people could not afford. The <a href="/wiki/Independent_Schools_Council" title="Independent Schools Council">Independent Schools Council</a> was granted permission by the High Court to bring a judicial review of the Charity Commission's public benefit guidance as it affected the private education sector. This was heard by the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Tribunal" title="Upper Tribunal">Upper Tribunal</a> at the same time as a reference by the Attorney General asking the Tribunal to consider how the public benefit requirement should operate in relation to fee-charging charitable schools. The Upper Tribunal's decision, published on 14 October 2011, concluded that in all cases there must be more than <i>de minimis</i> or token benefit for the poor, but that trustees of a charitable private school should decide what was appropriate in their particular circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-Fairbairn_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fairbairn-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Charity Commission accordingly published revised public benefit guidance in 2013. In <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, under the Charities and Trustee Investment Act (Scotland),<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is an entirely separate test of charitable status, overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Scottish_Charity_Regulator" title="Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator">Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator</a>, which assesses the public benefit<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provided by each registered school charity.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuse">Abuse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Abuse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Journalist <a href="/wiki/Alex_Renton" title="Alex Renton">Alex Renton</a> has written about abuse of pupils at boarding schools; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> reported that he says that boarding school are "simply unsafe" and that "he has, he says, a database of more than 800 criminal allegations from former schoolchildren of 300 mainly private boarding schools".<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_2022_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill_2022-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He presented an episode of the television programme <i><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(British_TV_series)" title="Exposure (British TV series)">Exposure</a></i>, "Boarding Schools, the Secret Shame".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, he co-wrote (with Caitlin Smith) and presented a <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> series, <i>In Dark Corners</i>, about abuse and cover-up at some of Britain's elite schools, including <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fettes_College" title="Fettes College">Fettes College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordonstoun" title="Gordonstoun">Gordonstoun</a> and its junior school.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_2022_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill_2022-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extra_exam_time">Extra exam time</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Extra exam time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An investigation into official exam data by the BBC's Radio 4 Today programme, in 2017, showed that 20% of private school pupils were given extra time for their GCSE and A level exams, as compared with fewer than 12% of pupils in public sector schools.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most commonly given amount of extra exam time is 25%. Such 'exam access' arrangements are given for a range of disabilities and educational special needs such as <a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">dyslexia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyspraxia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspraxia">dyspraxia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_and_degree_classes">Types and degree classes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Types and degree classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002, Jeremy Smith and Robin Naylor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a> conducted a study into the determinants of degree performance at UK universities. Their study confirmed that the internationally recognised phenomenon whereby "children from more advantaged class backgrounds have higher levels of educational attainment than children from less-advantaged class backgrounds"<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> persists at university level in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. The authors noted "a very well-determined and monotonically positive effect defined over Social Classes I to V" whereby, for both men and women, other things being equal, academic performance at university is better the more advantaged is the student's home background". but they also observed that a student educated at a private school was on average 6 per cent less likely to receive a first or an upper second-class degree than a student from the same social class background, of the same gender, who had achieved the same A-level score at a state school. </p><p>The averaged effect was described as very variable across the social class and A-level attainment of the candidates; it was "small and not strongly significant for students with high A-level scores" (i.e. for students at the more selective universities) and "statistically significant mostly for students from lower occupationally-ranked social-class backgrounds". Additionally, the study could not take into account the effect of a slightly different and more traditional subject mix studied by private students at university on university achievement. Despite these caveats, the paper attracted much press attention. The same study found wide variations between different independent schools, suggesting that students from a few of them were in fact significantly more likely to obtain the better degrees than state students of the same gender and class background having the same A-level score.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, a subsequent study led by Richard Partington at <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showed that A-level performance is "overwhelmingly" the best predictor for exam performance in the earlier years ("Part I") of the undergraduate degree at Cambridge. Partington's summary specified that "questions of school background and gender" ... "make only a marginal difference and the pattern – particularly in relation to school background – is in any case inconsistent." </p><p>A study commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Trust" title="Sutton Trust">Sutton Trust</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and published in 2010 focused mainly on the possible use of US-style SAT tests as a way of detecting a candidate's academic potential. Its findings confirmed those of the Smith & Naylor study in that it found that privately educated pupils who, despite their educational advantages, have only secured a poor A-level score, and who therefore attend less selective universities, do less well than state educated degree candidates with the same low A-level attainment. In addition, as discussed in the 2010 Buckingham report "HMC Schools: a quantitative analysis", because students from state schools tended to be admitted on lower A-level entry grades, relative to entry grades it could be claimed that these students had improved more.<sup id="cite_ref-buckingham.ac.uk_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buckingham.ac.uk-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A countervailing finding of the <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Trust" title="Sutton Trust">Sutton Trust</a> study was that for students of a given level of A-level attainment it is almost twice as difficult to get a first at the most selective universities than at those on the other end of the scale. Private sector schools regularly dominate the top of the A-level league tables, and their students are more likely to apply to the most selective universities; as a result private sector students are particularly well represented at these institutions, and therefore only the very ablest of them are likely to secure the best degrees. </p><p>In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Funding_Council_for_England" title="Higher Education Funding Council for England">Higher Education Funding Council for England</a> (HEFCE) published a study<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> noting, amongst other things, that a greater percentage of students who had attended a private school prior to university achieved a first or upper second class degree compared with students from state schools. Out of a starting cohort of 24,360 candidates having attended a private school and 184,580 having attended a state school, 64.9 per cent of the former attained a first or upper second class degree, compared to 52.7 per cent of the latter. No statistical comparisons of the two groups (State vs Private) were reported, with or without controls for student characteristics such as entry qualifications, so no inferences can be drawn on the relative performance of the two groups. The stand-out finding of the study was that private school students achieved better in obtaining graduate jobs and study, even when student characteristics were allowed for (sex, ethnicity, school type, entry qualifications, area of study). </p><p>In 2015, the UK press widely reported the outcome of research suggesting that school-leavers from state schools that attained similar A level grades go on to achieve higher undergraduate degree classes than their private school counterparts. The quoted figures, based on the degree results of all students who graduated in 2013/14, suggested that 82 per cent of state school pupils got firsts or upper seconds compared with 73 per cent of those from private schools. Later, HEFCE admitted that it had made a transposition error, and that in fact, 73 per cent of state school graduates gained a first or upper second class degree compared with 82 per cent of private school graduates.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This admission attracted far less publicity than the original erroneous assertion. Across all English universities, state school students who scored two Bs and a C at A-level did on average eight per cent better at degree level than their privately educated counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two Bs and a C represents an entry tariff of 112, well below the average demanded by any of the UK's <a href="/wiki/Russell_Group" title="Russell Group">Russell Group</a> universities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_UK_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Armorial of UK schools">Armorial of UK schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_direct_grant_grammar_schools" title="List of direct grant grammar schools">List of direct grant grammar schools</a> (list of schools that were part of the scheme, between 1945 and 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_and_Welsh_endowed_schools_(19th_century)" title="List of English and Welsh endowed schools (19th century)">List of English and Welsh endowed schools (19th century)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of private schools in the United Kingdom">List of private schools in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of the oldest schools in the United Kingdom">List of the oldest schools in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_school_fee_fixing_scandal" title="Private school fee fixing scandal">Private school fee fixing scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SR_Class_V" class="mw-redirect" title="SR Class V">Schools Class locomotives</a> for a class of Southern Railway locomotives that were named after Public Schools in the early 1930s</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-types-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-types_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-types_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/types-of-school/private-schools">"Types of school: Private schools"</a>. <i>GOV.UK</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180129112137/https://www.gov.uk/types-of-school/private-schools">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Types+of+school%3A+Private+schools&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Ftypes-of-school%2Fprivate-schools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+schools+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isc.co.uk/media/9316/isc_census_2023_final.pdf">"ISC Census"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.isc.co.uk/</i>. ISC<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120809075218/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/philip-hensher/philip-hensher-rejecting-oxbridge-isnt-clever--its-a-mistake-6292041.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Philip+Hensher%3A+Rejecting+Oxbridge+isn%27t+clever%E2%80%94it%27s+a+mistake&rft.date=2012-01-20&rft.aulast=Hensher&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fopinion%2Fcommentators%2Fphilip-hensher%2Fphilip-hensher-rejecting-oxbridge-isnt-clever--its-a-mistake-6292041.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+schools+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen" class="citation web cs1">Green, Francis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifs.org.uk/inequality/private-schools-and-inequality/">"Private schools and inequality"</a>. <i>ifs.org.uk</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.isc.co.uk&rft.atitle=About+ISC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isc.co.uk%2Fabout-isc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+schools+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Financial_Times-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Financial_Times_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Financial_Times_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaton2021" class="citation news cs1">Staton, Bethan (11 May 2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/55f12037-2c8e-4134-8390-e06645284904">"Growth in private school fees slows during pandemic"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Growth+in+private+school+fees+slows+during+pandemic&rft.date=2021-05-11&rft.aulast=Staton&rft.aufirst=Bethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F55f12037-2c8e-4134-8390-e06645284904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+schools+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independentschoolsyearbook.co.uk/">"The Independent Schools Yearbook"</a>. <i>www.independentschoolsyearbook.co.uk/</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.independentschoolsyearbook.co.uk%2F&rft.atitle=The+Independent+Schools+Yearbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independentschoolsyearbook.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+schools+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015062795003&view=1up&seq=29&skin=2021">"The Public Schools Yearbook"</a>. <i>Public Schools Year Book and Preparatory Schools Year Book1908, 1909</i> (via HathiTrust Digital Library ed.). 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Spear's Wealth Management<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spearswms.com&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+most+expensive+secondary+schools&rft.date=2022-10&rft.au=Spear%27s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspearswms.com%2Fbritain-most-expensive-schools%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+schools+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1978/mar/22/direct-grant-schools">"Direct Grant Schools"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. 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House of Commons Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Education%3A+Historical+statistics&rft.pub=House+of+Commons+Library&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fbriefing-papers%2Fsn04252.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+schools+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2015/12/economist-explains-0">"Why private schooling is on the decline in England"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 1 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012101336/https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2015/12/economist-explains-0">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Why+private+schooling+is+on+the+decline+in+England&rft.date=2015-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Feconomist-explains%2F2015%2F12%2Feconomist-explains-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+schools+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISC-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISC_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISC_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isc.co.uk/FactsFigures_PupilNumbers.htm">Pupil Numbers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118083844/http://www.isc.co.uk/FactsFigures_PupilNumbers.htm">Archived</a> 18 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Independent Schools Council.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray-West2006" class="citation news cs1">Murray-West, Rosie (9 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1530961/Soaring-school-fees-put-private-education-out-of-reach-for-many.html">"Soaring school fees put private education out of reach for many"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Soaring+school+fees+put+private+education+out+of+reach+for+many&rft.date=2006-10-09&rft.aulast=Murray-West&rft.aufirst=Rosie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1530961%2FSoaring-school-fees-put-private-education-out-of-reach-for-many.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+schools+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Ryan & Luke Sibetia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.org.uk/bns/bn106.pdf">Private schooling in the UK and Australia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120705151516/http://www.ifs.org.uk/bns/bn106.pdf">Archived</a> 5 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Institute of Fiscal Studies, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isc.co.uk/uploads/documents/Charity%20Commission%20final%20report.pdf">Response to Charity Commission draft guidance on public benefit</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227224119/http://www.isc.co.uk/uploads/documents/Charity%20Commission%20final%20report.pdf">Archived</a> 27 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Independent Schools Council.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isc.co.uk/Inspection_TheIndependentSchoolsInspectorateISI.htm">The Independent Schools Inspectorate (ISI)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090825122414/http://www.isc.co.uk/Inspection_TheIndependentSchoolsInspectorateISI.htm">Archived</a> 25 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Independent Schools Council.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228125913/http://www.scis.org.uk/facts-and-statistics/pupil-numbers">"Facts and Statistics: Pupil numbers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Council_of_Independent_Schools" title="Scottish Council of Independent Schools">Scottish Council of Independent Schools</a>. 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Retrieved on 13 August 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quantitative Analysis for Policy Team <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hefce.ac.uk/media/hefce/content/pubs/2013/201315/Higher%20education%20and%20beyond%20Outcomes%20from%20full-time%20first%20degree%20study.pdf">Higher education and beyond: Outcomes from full-time first degree study</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211215111/http://www.hefce.ac.uk/media/hefce/content/pubs/2013/201315/Higher%20education%20and%20beyond%20Outcomes%20from%20full-time%20first%20degree%20study.pdf">Archived</a> 11 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> HEFCE 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner2015" class="citation news cs1">Garner, Richard (3 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/university-funding-body-made-disturbing-blunder-with-claim-state-school-students-perform-better-a6718201.html">"University funding body admits 'disturbing blunder' over state- vs private-educated pupils' degree performance"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+type+of+school+you+went+to+could+matter+more+than+A-levels+for+your+degree&rft.date=2015-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Feducation-news%2Fstate-school-students-get-better-degrees-than-private-school-pupils-with-same-a-levels-10504225.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+schools+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPassmore1999" class="citation news cs1">Passmore, Biddy (31 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610034315/http://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=305051">"Bastions for the elite?"</a>. <i>Times Education Supplement</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=305051">the original</a> on 10 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Education+Supplement&rft.atitle=Bastions+for+the+elite%3F&rft.date=1999-12-31&rft.aulast=Passmore&rft.aufirst=Biddy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tes.co.uk%2Farticle.aspx%3Fstorycode%3D305051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+schools+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suttontrust.com/researcharchive/university-admissions-individual-schools/">"University Admissions by Individual Schools"</a>. Sutton Trust. 1 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+Admissions+by+Individual+Schools&rft.pub=Sutton+Trust&rft.date=2008-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suttontrust.com%2Fresearcharchive%2Funiversity-admissions-individual-schools%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrivate+schools+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilburn2009" class="citation web cs1">Milburn, Alan (chair) (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100115224103/http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/media/227102/fair-access.pdf">"Unleashing Aspiration: The Final Report of the Panel on Fair Access to the Professions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/media/227102/fair-access.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">Preschool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-kindergarten" title="Pre-kindergarten">Pre-kindergarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">Primary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_school" class="mw-redirect" title="First school">First school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_school" title="Infant school">Infant school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_school" title="Junior school">Junior school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">Primary school</a> / Elementary school</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_high_school" title="Adult high school">Adult high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_college" title="Cadet college">Cadet college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">College-preparatory school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_institute" title="Collegiate institute">Collegiate institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">Comprehensive school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_high_school" title="Comprehensive high school">Comprehensive high school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_high_school" title="Continuation high school">Continuation high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">Grammar school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum" title="Lyceum">Lyceum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maths_school" title="Maths school">Maths school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_seminary" title="Minor seminary">Minor seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">Secondary school</a> / High school</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_school" title="Selective school">Selective school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauptschule" title="Hauptschule">Hauptschule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_form_college" title="Sixth form college">Sixth form college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_school" title="Studio school">Studio school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_technical_college" title="University technical college">University technical college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_school" title="Upper school">Upper school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional school">Professional school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical school">Technical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">Vocational school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">Higher</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College" title="College">College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_college" title="Community college">Community college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Graduate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology" title="Institute of technology">Institute of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_college" title="Junior college">Junior college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_college" title="Liberal arts college">Liberal arts college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">Research university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_college" title="Residential college">Residential college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University" title="University">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_university" title="Collegiate university">Collegiate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_division_college" title="Upper division college">Upper division college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_university" title="Vocational university">Vocational university</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Combined</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-through_school" title="All-through school">All-through school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">Middle school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-room_school" title="One-room school">One-room school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch_school" title="Ranch school">Ranch school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By funding / eligibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">Academy <small>(England)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">Charter school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_day_school" title="Community day school">Community day school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">Comprehensive school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_education" title="For-profit education">For-profit education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_(England)" title="Free school (England)">Free school <small>(England)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute" title="Institute">Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">Private school</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UK private school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Preparatory school (United Kingdom)">preparatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public</a></li></ul></li> <li>University <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_university" title="International university">international</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_school" title="Selective school">Selective school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_school" title="Separate school">Separate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sink_school" title="Sink school">Sink school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Specialist schools in the United Kingdom">Specialist school <small>(United Kingdom)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">State or public school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-integrated_school" title="State-integrated school">State-integrated school <small>(New Zealand)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style / purpose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_school" title="Alternative school">Alternative school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchistic_free_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchistic free school">Anarchistic free school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury_school" title="Sudbury school">Sudbury school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_school" title="International school">International school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_school" title="Magnet school">Magnet school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">Music school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sex_education" title="Single-sex education">Single-sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_school" title="Specialist school">Specialist school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_school" title="Vocal school">Vocal school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">Progressive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_movement" title="Free school movement">Free school movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_high_school" title="Folk high school">Folk high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_school" title="Laboratory school">Laboratory school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montessori_education" title="Montessori education">Montessori school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">Waldorf school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_school" title="Religious school">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_college" title="Bible college">Bible college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_school" title="Christian school">Christian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_seminary" title="Female seminary">Female seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula">Gurukula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parochial_school" title="Parochial school">Parochial school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">Boarding school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_school" title="Day school">Day school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">Distance education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_education" title="Prison education">Prison education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual school">Virtual school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By scope</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">College preparatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensatory_education" title="Compensatory education">Compensatory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">Compulsory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">Further education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifted_education" title="Gifted education">Gifted education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive education">Inclusive education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remedial_education" title="Remedial education">Remedial education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_higher-learning_institutions" title="Ancient higher-learning institutions">Ancient higher-learning institutions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum_(classical)" title="Lyceum (classical)">Lyceum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_school" title="Monastic school">Monastic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_school" title="Cathedral school">Cathedral school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Medieval university</a></li> <li>Historical infant schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_infant_schools_in_Great_Britain" title="History of infant schools in Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_infant_schools_in_Ireland" title="History of infant schools in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_infant_schools_outside_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Spread of infant schools outside Britain and Ireland">Global</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Schools imposed on<br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_schools" title="Native schools">in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Bantu_Education" title="Department of Bantu Education">in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Informal or illegal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_school" title="Hedge school">in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krifo_scholio" title="Krifo scholio">in Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakombenschule" title="Katakombenschule">in South Tyrol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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