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<li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Research university</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جامعة بحثية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جامعة بحثية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99dqiqat_universiteti" title="Tədqiqat universiteti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tədqiqat universiteti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="গবেষণাধর্মী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গবেষণাধর্মী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Изследователски университет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изследователски университет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teadus%C3%BClikool" title="Teadusülikool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teadusülikool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_Investigaci%C3%B3n" title="Universidad de Investigación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Universidad de Investigación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%BE%DA%98%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="دانشگاه پژوهشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشگاه پژوهشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_recherche" title="Université de recherche – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Université de recherche" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%ED%98%95_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99" title="연구형 대학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연구형 대학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="शोध विश्वविद्यालय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शोध विश्वविद्यालय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_penelitian" title="Universitas penelitian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Universitas penelitian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%A8" title="אוניברסיטת מחקר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוניברסיטת מחקר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universia_de_rexerca" title="Universia de rexerca – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Universia de rexerca" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_penyelidikan" title="Universiti penyelidikan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Universiti penyelidikan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="研究大学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="研究大学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%85%DB%90%DA%93%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="څېړنیز پوهنتون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="څېړنیز پوهنتون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uczelnia_badawcza" title="Uczelnia badawcza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uczelnia badawcza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Исследовательский университет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Исследовательский университет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Research university" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%86%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8E%DA%A9%DB%86%DA%B5%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95" title="زانکۆی لێکۆڵینەوە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زانکۆی لێکۆڵینەوە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B3%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D2%9B%D0%B8%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D3%A3" title="Донишгоҳи тадқиқотӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Донишгоҳи тадқиқотӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rma_%C3%BCniversitesi" title="Araştırma üniversitesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Araştırma üniversitesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Дослідницький університет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дослідницький університет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%81" title="تحقیقی جامعہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تحقیقی جامعہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_nghi%C3%AAn_c%E1%BB%A9u" title="Đại học nghiên cứu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại học nghiên cứu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%9E%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="研究型大學 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">University committed to research as a central part of its mission</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_(1769-1830)_-_Charles_William,_Baron_von_Humboldt_(1767-1835)_-_RCIN_404936_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_%281769-1830%29_-_Charles_William%2C_Baron_von_Humboldt_%281767-1835%29_-_RCIN_404936_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/220px-Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_%281769-1830%29_-_Charles_William%2C_Baron_von_Humboldt_%281767-1835%29_-_RCIN_404936_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_%281769-1830%29_-_Charles_William%2C_Baron_von_Humboldt_%281767-1835%29_-_RCIN_404936_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/330px-Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_%281769-1830%29_-_Charles_William%2C_Baron_von_Humboldt_%281767-1835%29_-_RCIN_404936_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_%281769-1830%29_-_Charles_William%2C_Baron_von_Humboldt_%281767-1835%29_-_RCIN_404936_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/440px-Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_%281769-1830%29_-_Charles_William%2C_Baron_von_Humboldt_%281767-1835%29_-_RCIN_404936_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a>, responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Humboldtian_model_of_higher_education" title="Humboldtian model of higher education">Humboldtian model of higher education</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_the_Hutzler_Reading_room_located_in_Gilman_Hall,_on_the_Johns_Hopkins_University_campus_in_Baltimore,_Maryland_LCCN2013646484.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Interior_of_the_Hutzler_Reading_room_located_in_Gilman_Hall%2C_on_the_Johns_Hopkins_University_campus_in_Baltimore%2C_Maryland_LCCN2013646484.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Interior_of_the_Hutzler_Reading_room_located_in_Gilman_Hall%2C_on_the_Johns_Hopkins_University_campus_in_Baltimore%2C_Maryland_LCCN2013646484.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Interior_of_the_Hutzler_Reading_room_located_in_Gilman_Hall%2C_on_the_Johns_Hopkins_University_campus_in_Baltimore%2C_Maryland_LCCN2013646484.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Interior_of_the_Hutzler_Reading_room_located_in_Gilman_Hall%2C_on_the_Johns_Hopkins_University_campus_in_Baltimore%2C_Maryland_LCCN2013646484.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Interior_of_the_Hutzler_Reading_room_located_in_Gilman_Hall%2C_on_the_Johns_Hopkins_University_campus_in_Baltimore%2C_Maryland_LCCN2013646484.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Interior_of_the_Hutzler_Reading_room_located_in_Gilman_Hall%2C_on_the_Johns_Hopkins_University_campus_in_Baltimore%2C_Maryland_LCCN2013646484.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6144" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore, Maryland</a> (Gilman Hall pictured), founded in 1876, is considered the first research university in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><sup id="cite_ref-Geiger_Page_8_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geiger_Page_8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as of fiscal year 2020 had been the national leader in annual research and development spending for over four decades.<sup id="cite_ref-June_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-June-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Universities_Use_Nuclear_Materials_in_Lab_Experiments_(7845753974).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Universities_Use_Nuclear_Materials_in_Lab_Experiments_%287845753974%29.jpg/220px-Universities_Use_Nuclear_Materials_in_Lab_Experiments_%287845753974%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Universities_Use_Nuclear_Materials_in_Lab_Experiments_%287845753974%29.jpg/330px-Universities_Use_Nuclear_Materials_in_Lab_Experiments_%287845753974%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Universities_Use_Nuclear_Materials_in_Lab_Experiments_%287845753974%29.jpg/440px-Universities_Use_Nuclear_Materials_in_Lab_Experiments_%287845753974%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2704" data-file-height="4064" /></a><figcaption>Nuclear research at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a>, a research university, in <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>research university</b> or a <b>research-intensive university</b> is a <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> that is committed to <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a> as a central part of its mission.<sup id="cite_ref-Role_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Role-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Altbach_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Altbach-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are "the key sites of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_production_modes" title="Knowledge production modes">knowledge production</a>", along with "intergenerational <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_transfer" title="Knowledge transfer">knowledge transfer</a> and the certification of new knowledge" through the awarding of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">doctoral degrees</a>, and continue to be "the very center of scientific productivity".<sup id="cite_ref-Powell_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can be <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a> or <a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private</a>, and often have well-known brand names.<sup id="cite_ref-CollegeSolution_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CollegeSolution-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Undergraduate courses at many research universities are often academic rather than <a href="/wiki/Vocational_university" title="Vocational university">vocational</a> and may not prepare students for particular careers, but many employers value degrees from research universities because they teach fundamental <a href="/wiki/Life_skills" title="Life skills">life skills</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">critical thinking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Andreatta2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andreatta2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Globally, research universities are overwhelmingly <a href="/wiki/Public_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Public universities">public institutions</a>, while some countries like the United States and Japan also have well-known <a href="/wiki/Private_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Private universities">private</a> research institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Role_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Role-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Institutions of higher education that are not research universities or do not aspire to that designation, such as <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_college" title="Liberal arts college">liberal arts colleges</a>, instead place more emphasis on student instruction or other aspects of tertiary education, whereas research university faculty members, in contrast, are under more pressure to <a href="/wiki/Publish_or_perish" title="Publish or perish">publish or perish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Irons_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irons-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_university&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_university&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of the research university first arose in early 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> in Germany, where <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a> championed his vision of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Einheit von Lehre und Forschung</i></span> (the unity of teaching and research), as a means of producing an education that focused on the main areas of knowledge, including the natural sciences, social sciences, and <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>, rather than on the previous goals of the university education, which was to develop an understanding of truth, beauty, and <a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">goodness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Menand_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menand-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roger_L._Geiger" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger L. Geiger">Roger L. Geiger</a>, "the leading historian of the American research university,"<sup id="cite_ref-Macintyre_Page_333_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macintyre_Page_333-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has argued that "the model for the American research university was established by five of the nine <a href="/wiki/Colonial_colleges" title="Colonial colleges">colonial colleges</a> chartered before the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a>); five state universities (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign">Illinois</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">California</a>); and five private institutions conceived from their inception as research universities (<a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">Chicago</a>)."<sup id="cite_ref-Crow_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crow-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Geiger_Page_3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geiger_Page_3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American research university first emerged in the late 19th century, when these fifteen institutions began to graft graduate programs derived from the German model onto undergraduate programs derived from the British model.<sup id="cite_ref-Crow_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crow-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Johns Hopkins, president <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman" title="Daniel Coit Gilman">Daniel Coit Gilman</a> led the development of the American research university<sup id="cite_ref-Geiger_Page_8_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geiger_Page_8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by setting high standards for recruiting faculty and admitting students, and insisting that faculty members had to commit to both teaching and research.<sup id="cite_ref-Benson_Page_x_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benson_Page_x-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_university&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research universities were essential to the establishment of American <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> by the end of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Marginson_Page_67_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marginson_Page_67-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most importantly, Berkeley, Chicago, Columbia, and Princeton (along with Birmingham and Cambridge in the UK) directly participated in the creation of the first <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Herken_Page_48_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herken_Page_48-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reed_Page_122_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reed_Page_122-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides that, Columbia and Harvard were instrumental in the early development of the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">American film industry</a> (Hollywood),<sup id="cite_ref-Decherney_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decherney-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MIT and Stanford were leaders in building the American <a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">military–industrial complex</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and developing <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Boden_Page_734_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boden_Page_734-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Berkeley and Stanford played a central role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "most prestigious group of research universities" in the United States is the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_Page_78_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_Page_78-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1960s, American research universities, especially the leading American public research <a href="/wiki/University_system" title="University system">university system</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Altbach_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Altbach-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kerr_Page_413_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerr_Page_413-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marginson_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marginson-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have served as models for research universities around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Graham_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vest_Page_7_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vest_Page_7-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having one or more universities based on the American model (including the use of <a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a>) is a badge of "social progress and <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a>" for the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_Page_129_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens_Page_129-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_university&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Americans' continued dominance into the early 21st century has forced their European counterparts to confront the urgent need for reform to avoid "declining into an advanced form of feeder colleges for the best American universities."<sup id="cite_ref-Wittrock_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wittrock-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During that same timeframe, several wealthy <a href="/wiki/Petrostate" title="Petrostate">petrostates</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> region subsidized the creation of local branches of American universities.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When that approach proved insufficient to establish indigenous <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_ecosystem" title="Knowledge ecosystem">research</a> and <a href="/wiki/Startup_ecosystem" title="Startup ecosystem">startup ecosystems</a> (to support the planned long-term diversification of their economies away from <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>), they started to build their own research universities from the ground up by recruiting Western-trained faculty and staff.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_university&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Research_university&action=edit">converting this article</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>John Taylor, Professor of Higher Education Management at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a>, defines the key characteristics of successful research universities as:<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"Presence of pure and applied research"</li> <li>"Delivery of research-led teaching"</li> <li>"Breadth of <a href="/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">academic disciplines</a>"</li> <li>"High proportion of <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_research" title="Postgraduate research">postgraduate research</a> programmes"</li> <li>"High levels of external income"</li> <li>"An international perspective"</li></ul> <p>Philip Altbach defines a different, although similar, set of key characteristics for what research universities need to become successful:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>At the top of the academic hierarchy in a differentiated higher education system and receiving appropriate support</li> <li>Overwhelmingly <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public institutions</a></li> <li>Little competition from non-university research institutions, unless these have strong connections to the universities</li> <li>More funding than other universities to attract the best staff and students and support research infrastructure</li> <li>Adequate and sustained budgets</li> <li>Potential for income generation from student fees and intellectual property</li> <li>Suitable facilities</li> <li>Autonomy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">Academic freedom</a></li></ul> <p>A 2012 <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine</a> report defined research universities, in the American context, as having values of intellectual freedom, initiative and creativity, excellence, and openness, with such additional characteristics as:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Being large and comprehensive – <a href="/wiki/Clark_Kerr" title="Clark Kerr">Clark Kerr</a>'s "multiversity"</li> <li>Emphasizing the undergraduate residential experience (flagged specifically as distinguishing American research universities from those in continental Europe)</li> <li>Integrating <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">graduate education</a> with research</li> <li>Having faculty engaged in research and scholarship</li> <li>Conducting research at high levels</li> <li>Having enlightened and bold leadership</li></ul> <p>Global <a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Global_rankings" title="College and university rankings">university rankings</a> use metrics that primarily measure research to rank universities.<sup id="cite_ref-IHE_2010_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHE_2010-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HEPI_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEPI-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some also have criteria for inclusion based on the concept of a research university such as teaching at both undergraduate and postgraduate level and conducting work in multiple faculties (<i><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or teaching undergraduates, having a research output of more than 1000 research papers over 5 years, and no more than 80% of activity in a single subject area (<i><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a>)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Classification_of_Institutions_of_Higher_Education" title="Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education">Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education</a> in the United States designates institutions that spend on average at least $2.5 million on research and development annually as 'research universities and colleges', with further designations of 'research 2: high spending and doctorate production' and 'research 1: very high spending and doctorate production' for institutions spending over $5 million and awarding 20 or more doctorates per year and institutions spending over $50 million and awarding 70 or more doctorates per year respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2025,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Research_university&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> there were 187 R1 universities, 139 R2 universities and 216 other research universities in the US out of 3941 total institutions classified.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worldwide_distribution">Worldwide distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_university&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Worldwide distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Ranking</a></i> for 2021 included 1002 research universities. The region with the highest number was <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, with 39.8%, followed by <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>/Pacific with 26.7%, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> with 15.6%, <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> with 10.8%, and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> with 7%. All regions except the Middle East and Africa were represented in the top 100. The largest number of new entrants to the rankings were from <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By individual country, the US had the most institutions with 151, followed by the UK with 84, China with 51 and Germany with 45. The top 200 showed a similar pattern with the US having 45 universities, the UK 26 and Germany 12.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By comparison, the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Classification_of_Institutions_of_Higher_Education" title="Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education">Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education</a> (2015) identified 115 US universities as "Doctoral Universities: Highest Research Activity" and a further 107 as "Doctoral Universities: Higher Research Activity", while Altbach estimated that there were around 220 research universities in the US in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-Role_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Role-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a></i> for 2020 showed a similar distribution, with 185 of their 500 ranked institutions coming from Europe, 161 from the Americas, 149 from Asia/Oceania and five from Africa. All regions except Africa were represented in the top 100, although the Americas were represented solely by universities from the United States and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, the US had the most universities in the top 500 from a single country, 114, followed by China with 103, the UK with 35 and Germany with 35.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The top 200 shows the similar pattern: the US with 59 followed by China with 37 and the UK with 20.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2024 <i><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education</a></i> only gave a breakdown by country and only for its top 200; this again had the US at the top with 56, followed by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> with 25, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> with 21 and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> with 13. The top 200 featured one university from Africa, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, but none from <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i> Best Global Universities Ranking 2021 gave numbers by country for the 1500 universities ranked from 86 countries: the US was again top, with 255, followed by China with 176 and the UK with 87.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2024 <i><a href="/wiki/CWTS_Leiden_Ranking" title="CWTS Leiden Ranking">CWTS Leiden Ranking</a></i> included 1,506 universities in the rankings from 65 countries: China topped the list, with 313, followed by the US with 206 and the UK with 63.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_university&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_universities" title="History of European universities">History of European research universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_universities_in_South_Korea" title="List of research universities in South Korea">List of research universities in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_universities_in_the_United_States" title="List of research universities in the United States">List of research universities in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_university&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Geiger_Page_8-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geiger_Page_8_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geiger_Page_8_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGeiger1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Geiger" title="Roger Geiger">Geiger, Roger L.</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y2SbOAWadz4C&pg=PA8"><i>To Advance Knowledge: The Growth of American Research Universities, 1900–1940</i></a> (2004 ed.). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412840088" title="Special:BookSources/9781412840088"><bdi>9781412840088</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314013100/https://www.google.com/books/edition/To_Advance_Knowledge/y2SbOAWadz4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA3&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Advance+Knowledge%3A+The+Growth+of+American+Research+Universities%2C+1900%E2%80%931940&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=8&rft.edition=2004&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9781412840088&rft.aulast=Geiger&rft.aufirst=Roger+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy2SbOAWadz4C%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-June-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-June_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJune2022" class="citation news cs1">June, Audrey Williams (11 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chronicle.com/article/where-research-spending-keeps-going-up">"Where Research Spending Keeps Going Up"</a>. <i>The Chronicle of Higher Education</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Where+Research+Spending+Keeps+Going+Up&rft.date=2022-01-11&rft.aulast=June&rft.aufirst=Audrey+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronicle.com%2Farticle%2Fwhere-research-spending-keeps-going-up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Role-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Role_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Role_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Role_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20130811091502202">"The role of research universities in developing countries"</a>. <i>University World News</i>. 11 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905044435/http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20130811091502202">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+World+News&rft.atitle=The+role+of+research+universities+in+developing+countries&rft.date=2013-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universityworldnews.com%2Farticle.php%3Fstory%3D20130811091502202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Altbach-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Altbach_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Altbach_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltbach2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Altbach" title="Philip Altbach">Altbach, Philip G.</a> (2011). "The Past, Present, and Future of the Research University". In Altbach, Philip G.; Salmi, Jamil (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2357"><i>The Road to Academic Excellence: The Making of World-Class Research Universities</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. pp. <span class="nowrap">11–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-8806-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-8806-8"><bdi>978-0-8213-8806-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015065929/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2357">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future+of+the+Research+University&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Academic+Excellence%3A+The+Making+of+World-Class+Research+Universities&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=The+World+Bank&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8213-8806-8&rft.aulast=Altbach&rft.aufirst=Philip+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org%2Fhandle%2F10986%2F2357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Sample2002" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Sample" title="Steven Sample">Steven Sample</a> (2 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210223005034/https://about.usc.edu/steven-b-sample/speeches/the-research-university-of-the-21st-century-what-will-it-look-like/">"The Research University of the 21st Century: What Will it Look Like?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://about.usc.edu/steven-b-sample/speeches/the-research-university-of-the-21st-century-what-will-it-look-like/">the original</a> on 23 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Research+University+of+the+21st+Century%3A+What+Will+it+Look+Like%3F&rft.pub=University+of+Southern+California&rft.date=2002-12-02&rft.au=Steven+Sample&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabout.usc.edu%2Fsteven-b-sample%2Fspeeches%2Fthe-research-university-of-the-21st-century-what-will-it-look-like%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Taylor2006" class="citation journal cs1">John Taylor (21 June 2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-the-unmanageable_hemp-v18-art8-en">"Managing the Unmanageable: The Management of Research in Research-Intensive Universities"</a></span>. <i>Higher Education Management and Policy</i>. <b>18</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>: <span class="nowrap">3–</span>4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323041234/https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-the-unmanageable_hemp-v18-art8-en">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Higher+Education+Management+and+Policy&rft.atitle=Managing+the+Unmanageable%3A+The+Management+of+Research+in+Research-Intensive+Universities&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2006-06-21&rft.au=John+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd-ilibrary.org%2Feducation%2Fmanaging-the-unmanageable_hemp-v18-art8-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Powell_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowellFernandezCristDusdal2017" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Justin J. W.; Fernandez, Frank; Crist, John T.; Dusdal, Jennifer; Zhang, Liang; Baker, David P. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sE80DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">"Introduction: The Worldwide Triumph of the Research University and Globalizing Science"</a>. In Powell, Justin J. W.; Fernandez, Frank; Baker, David P. (eds.). <i>The Century of Science: The Global Triumph of the Research University</i>. Bingley: Emerald Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781787144699" title="Special:BookSources/9781787144699"><bdi>9781787144699</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314013057/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Century_of_Science/sE80DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA8&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+The+Worldwide+Triumph+of+the+Research+University+and+Globalizing+Science&rft.btitle=The+Century+of+Science%3A+The+Global+Triumph+of+the+Research+University&rft.place=Bingley&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.pub=Emerald+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781787144699&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Justin+J.+W.&rft.au=Fernandez%2C+Frank&rft.au=Crist%2C+John+T.&rft.au=Dusdal%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Liang&rft.au=Baker%2C+David+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsE80DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span> (At p. 8.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CollegeSolution-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CollegeSolution_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Shaughnessy2012" class="citation book cs1">O'Shaughnessy, Lynn (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=djq9hj_WNboC&pg=PA132"><i>The College Solution: A Guide for Everyone Looking for the Right School at the Right Price</i></a>. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education. pp. <span class="nowrap">132–</span>136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780132944694" title="Special:BookSources/9780132944694"><bdi>9780132944694</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+College+Solution%3A+A+Guide+for+Everyone+Looking+for+the+Right+School+at+the+Right+Price&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780132944694&rft.aulast=O%27Shaughnessy&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddjq9hj_WNboC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andreatta2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andreatta2_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreatta2011" class="citation book cs1">Andreatta, Britt (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VeI8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA136"><i>Navigating the Research University: A Guide for First-Year Students</i></a> (3rd ed.). Boston: Wadsworth. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780495913788" title="Special:BookSources/9780495913788"><bdi>9780495913788</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314013059/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Navigating_the_Research_University_A_Gui/VeI8AAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Navigating+the+Research+University%3A+A+Guide+for+First-Year+Students&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=136&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Wadsworth&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780495913788&rft.aulast=Andreatta&rft.aufirst=Britt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVeI8AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irons-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Irons_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIronsBuskist2009" class="citation book cs1">Irons, Jessica G.; Buskist, William (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=97JcaLZeYGcC&pg=PA119">"Chapter 9: Preparing for a Career at a Teaching Institution"</a>. In Davis, Stephen F.; Giordano, Peter J.; Licht, Carolyn A. (eds.). <i>Your Career in Psychology: Putting Your Graduate Degree to Work</i>. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. <span class="nowrap">117–</span>132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405179423" title="Special:BookSources/9781405179423"><bdi>9781405179423</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113162234/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Your_Career_in_Psychology/97JcaLZeYGcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA119&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9%3A+Preparing+for+a+Career+at+a+Teaching+Institution&rft.btitle=Your+Career+in+Psychology%3A+Putting+Your+Graduate+Degree+to+Work&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E132&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781405179423&rft.aulast=Irons&rft.aufirst=Jessica+G.&rft.au=Buskist%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D97JcaLZeYGcC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span> This source refers to research universities as R1, a common shorthand for the <a href="/wiki/Research_I_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Research I university">highest level of American research universities</a> recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Classification_of_Institutions_of_Higher_Education" title="Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education">Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBommel2015" class="citation news cs1">Bommel, Bas van (14 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/models-and-stereotypes/germanophilia-and-germanophobia/bas-van-bommel-between-bildung-and-wissenschaft-the-19th-century-german-ideal-of-scientific-education">"Between 'Bildung' and 'Wissenschaft': The 19th-Century German Ideal of Scientific Education German Education and Science"</a>. <i>Europäische Geschichte Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180810105158/http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/models-and-stereotypes/germanophilia-and-germanophobia/bas-van-bommel-between-bildung-and-wissenschaft-the-19th-century-german-ideal-of-scientific-education">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europ%C3%A4ische+Geschichte+Online&rft.atitle=Between+%27Bildung%27+and+%27Wissenschaft%27%3A+The+19th-Century+German+Ideal+of+Scientific+Education+German+Education+and+Science&rft.date=2015-12-14&rft.aulast=Bommel&rft.aufirst=Bas+van&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieg-ego.eu%2Fen%2Fthreads%2Fmodels-and-stereotypes%2Fgermanophilia-and-germanophobia%2Fbas-van-bommel-between-bildung-and-wissenschaft-the-19th-century-german-ideal-of-scientific-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Menand-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Menand_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenandReitterWellmon2017" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Menand" title="Louis Menand">Menand, Louis</a>; Reitter, Paul; Wellmon, Chad (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cWesDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">"General Introduction"</a>. <i>The Rise of the Research University: A Sourcebook</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226414850" title="Special:BookSources/9780226414850"><bdi>9780226414850</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215064506/https://books.google.com/books?id=cWesDQAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Rise+of+the+Research+University%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.atitle=General+Introduction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780226414850&rft.aulast=Menand&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft.au=Reitter%2C+Paul&rft.au=Wellmon%2C+Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcWesDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macintyre_Page_333-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Macintyre_Page_333_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacintyre2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Macintyre" title="Stuart Macintyre">Macintyre, Stuart</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7bYeXHp_-m4C&pg=PA333"><i>The Poor Relation: A History of Social Sciences in Australia</i></a>. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780522857757" title="Special:BookSources/9780522857757"><bdi>9780522857757</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314013105/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Poor_Relation/7bYeXHp_-m4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA333&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poor+Relation%3A+A+History+of+Social+Sciences+in+Australia&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780522857757&rft.aulast=Macintyre&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7bYeXHp_-m4C%26pg%3DPA333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crow-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crow_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crow_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowDabars2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_M._Crow" title="Michael M. Crow">Crow, Michael M.</a>; Dabars, William B. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xAu5BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17"><i>Designing the New American University</i></a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">17–</span>18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421417233" title="Special:BookSources/9781421417233"><bdi>9781421417233</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Designing+the+New+American+University&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781421417233&rft.aulast=Crow&rft.aufirst=Michael+M.&rft.au=Dabars%2C+William+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxAu5BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span> The quoted sentence is Crow and Dabars' paraphrasing of Geiger's analysis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geiger_Page_3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geiger_Page_3_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeiger1986" class="citation book cs1">Geiger, Roger L. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y2SbOAWadz4C&pg=PA3"><i>To Advance Knowledge: The Growth of American Research Universities, 1900–1940</i></a> (2004 ed.). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412840088" title="Special:BookSources/9781412840088"><bdi>9781412840088</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314013100/https://www.google.com/books/edition/To_Advance_Knowledge/y2SbOAWadz4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA3&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Advance+Knowledge%3A+The+Growth+of+American+Research+Universities%2C+1900%E2%80%931940&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=2004&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9781412840088&rft.aulast=Geiger&rft.aufirst=Roger+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy2SbOAWadz4C%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benson_Page_x-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benson_Page_x_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenson2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_T._Benson" title="Michael T. Benson">Benson, Michael T.</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d6CCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR10"><i>Daniel Coit Gilman and the Birth of the American Research University</i></a>. Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. p. x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421444161" title="Special:BookSources/9781421444161"><bdi>9781421444161</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daniel+Coit+Gilman+and+the+Birth+of+the+American+Research+University&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=x&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781421444161&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Michael+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd6CCEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marginson_Page_67-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marginson_Page_67_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarginsonOrdorika2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Marginson" title="Simon Marginson">Marginson, Simon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Imanol_Ordorika_Sacrist%C3%A1n" title="Imanol Ordorika Sacristán">Ordorika, Imanol</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KVysAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'El central volumen de la fuerza': Global Hegemony in Higher Education and Research"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Craig_Calhoun" title="Craig Calhoun">Calhoun, Craig J.</a>; Rhoten, Diana (eds.). <i>Knowledge Matters: The Public Mission of the Research University</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">67–</span>129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231151146" title="Special:BookSources/9780231151146"><bdi>9780231151146</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314013104/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Knowledge_Matters/KVysAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA67&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27El+central+volumen+de+la+fuerza%27%3A+Global+Hegemony+in+Higher+Education+and+Research&rft.btitle=Knowledge+Matters%3A+The+Public+Mission+of+the+Research+University&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780231151146&rft.aulast=Marginson&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Ordorika%2C+Imanol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKVysAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herken_Page_48-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herken_Page_48_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerken2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gregg_Herken" title="Gregg Herken">Herken, Gregg</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7s0NGIfflOgC&pg=PA48"><i>Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, and Edward Teller</i></a>. New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-6589-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-6589-X"><bdi>0-8050-6589-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314013109/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Brotherhood_of_the_Bomb/7s0NGIfflOgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA48&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brotherhood+of+the+Bomb%3A+The+Tangled+Lives+and+Loyalties+of+Robert+Oppenheimer%2C+Ernest+Lawrence%2C+and+Edward+Teller&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8050-6589-X&rft.aulast=Herken&rft.aufirst=Gregg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7s0NGIfflOgC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reed_Page_122-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reed_Page_122_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed2020" class="citation book cs1">Reed, Bruce Cameron (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9v_oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122"><i>Manhattan Project: The Story of the Century</i></a>. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-45733-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-45733-4"><bdi>978-3-030-45733-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314013110/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Manhattan_Project/9v_oDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA122&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manhattan+Project%3A+The+Story+of+the+Century&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Springer+Nature+Switzerland&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-45733-4&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Cameron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9v_oDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/voices/location/britain/">"Britain"</a>. <i>Voices of the Manhattan Project</i>. Atomic Heritage Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voices+of+the+Manhattan+Project&rft.atitle=Britain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fahf.nuclearmuseum.org%2Fvoices%2Flocation%2Fbritain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decherney-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Decherney_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDecherney2017" class="citation book cs1">Decherney, Peter (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FbC9zbrGKMcC&pg=PA6"><i>Hollywood and the Culture Elite: How the Movies Became American</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">6–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231133760" title="Special:BookSources/9780231133760"><bdi>9780231133760</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314013113/https://books.google.com/books?id=FbC9zbrGKMcC&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hollywood+and+the+Culture+Elite%3A+How+the+Movies+Became+American&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780231133760&rft.aulast=Decherney&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFbC9zbrGKMcC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie1993" class="citation book cs1">Leslie, Stuart W. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6IchaV00dBkC&pg=PA11"><i>The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">11–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231079587" title="Special:BookSources/9780231079587"><bdi>9780231079587</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314013115/https://books.google.com/books?id=6IchaV00dBkC&pg=PA11">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War+and+American+Science%3A+The+Military-Industrial-Academic+Complex+at+MIT+and+Stanford&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780231079587&rft.aulast=Leslie&rft.aufirst=Stuart+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6IchaV00dBkC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boden_Page_734-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boden_Page_734_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoden2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_A._Boden" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret A. Boden">Boden, Margaret A.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nQMPIGd4baQC&pg=PA734"><i>Mind as Machine: A History of Cognitive Science, Volume 2</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">734–</span>736. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199292387" title="Special:BookSources/9780199292387"><bdi>9780199292387</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314013043/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Mind_as_Machine/nQMPIGd4baQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA734&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mind+as+Machine%3A+A+History+of+Cognitive+Science%2C+Volume+2&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E734-%3C%2Fspan%3E736&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780199292387&rft.aulast=Boden&rft.aufirst=Margaret+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnQMPIGd4baQC%26pg%3DPA734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottLaraBiagRis2017" class="citation book cs1">Scott, W. Richard; Lara, Bernardo; Biag, Manuelito; Ris, Ethan; Liang, Judy (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QtoxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65">"The Regional Economy of the San Francisco Bay Area"</a>. In Scott, W. Richard; Kirst, Michael W. (eds.). <i>Higher Education and Silicon Valley: Connected But Conflicted</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421423081" title="Special:BookSources/9781421423081"><bdi>9781421423081</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314013043/https://books.google.com/books?id=QtoxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Regional+Economy+of+the+San+Francisco+Bay+Area&rft.btitle=Higher+Education+and+Silicon+Valley%3A+Connected+But+Conflicted&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781421423081&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=W.+Richard&rft.au=Lara%2C+Bernardo&rft.au=Biag%2C+Manuelito&rft.au=Ris%2C+Ethan&rft.au=Liang%2C+Judy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQtoxDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_Page_78-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_Page_78_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2011" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Dean O. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=neZkJ6kKhlUC&pg=PA78"><i>Managing the Research University</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199793259" title="Special:BookSources/9780199793259"><bdi>9780199793259</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+the+Research+University&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199793259&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Dean+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DneZkJ6kKhlUC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kerr_Page_413-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kerr_Page_413_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr2001" class="citation book cs1">Kerr, Clark (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jMEZ_47vXkAC&pg=PA413"><i>The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 413. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520223677" title="Special:BookSources/9780520223677"><bdi>9780520223677</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314013043/https://books.google.com/books?id=jMEZ_47vXkAC&pg=PA413">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gold+and+the+Blue%3A+A+Personal+Memoir+of+the+University+of+California%2C+1949%E2%80%931967%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=413&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780520223677&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjMEZ_47vXkAC%26pg%3DPA413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marginson-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marginson_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarginson2016" class="citation book cs1">Marginson, Simon (2016). <i>The Dream Is Over: The Crisis of Clark Kerr's California Idea of Higher Education</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">51–</span>55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fluminos.17">10.1525/luminos.17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29284-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29284-0"><bdi>978-0-520-29284-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dream+Is+Over%3A+The+Crisis+of+Clark+Kerr%27s+California+Idea+of+Higher+Education&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fluminos.17&rft.isbn=978-0-520-29284-0&rft.aulast=Marginson&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graham-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Graham_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrahamDiamond1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Davis_Graham" title="Hugh Davis Graham">Graham, Hugh Davis</a>; Diamond, Nancy (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Eii-MTm3TYwC&pg=PA9"><i>The Rise of American Research Universities: Elites and Challengers in the Postwar Era</i></a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801880636" title="Special:BookSources/9780801880636"><bdi>9780801880636</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314013043/https://books.google.com/books?id=Eii-MTm3TYwC&pg=PA9">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+American+Research+Universities%3A+Elites+and+Challengers+in+the+Postwar+Era&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780801880636&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Hugh+Davis&rft.au=Diamond%2C+Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEii-MTm3TYwC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vest_Page_7-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vest_Page_7_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVest2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Vest" title="Charles M. Vest">Vest, Charles M.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-kHAKdNFBpUC&pg=PA7"><i>The American Research University from World War II to World Wide Web: Governments, the Private Sector, and the Emerging Meta-University</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520934047" title="Special:BookSources/9780520934047"><bdi>9780520934047</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314013043/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_American_Research_University_from_Wo/-kHAKdNFBpUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA7&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Research+University+from+World+War+II+to+World+Wide+Web%3A+Governments%2C+the+Private+Sector%2C+and+the+Emerging+Meta-University&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780520934047&rft.aulast=Vest&rft.aufirst=Charles+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-kHAKdNFBpUC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevens_Page_129-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stevens_Page_129_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevensGiebel2020" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, Mitchell L.; Giebel, Sonia (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=no8REAAAQBAJ&pg=PA129">"The Paradox of the Global University"</a>. In Hyvönen, Mats; Peters, Michael A.; Rider, Sharon; Besley, Tina (eds.). <i>World Class Universities: A Contested Concept</i>. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. pp. <span class="nowrap">123–</span>137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789811575983" title="Special:BookSources/9789811575983"><bdi>9789811575983</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314013043/https://www.google.com/books/edition/World_Class_Universities/no8REAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA129&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Paradox+of+the+Global+University&rft.btitle=World+Class+Universities%3A+A+Contested+Concept&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.pub=Springer+Nature+Singapore&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9789811575983&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Mitchell+L.&rft.au=Giebel%2C+Sonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dno8REAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wittrock-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wittrock_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittrock2006" class="citation book cs1">Wittrock, Björn (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ne5FDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA108">"The Legacy of Wilhelm von Humboldt and the Future of the European University"</a>. In Blückert, Kjell; Neave, Guy; Nybom, Thorsten (eds.). <i>The European Research University: A Historical Parenthesis?</i> (2018 softcover reprint ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">109–</span>125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-137-10079-5_9">10.1007/978-1-137-10079-5_9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403970145" title="Special:BookSources/9781403970145"><bdi>9781403970145</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314013043/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_European_Research_University/ne5FDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA108&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Legacy+of+Wilhelm+von+Humboldt+and+the+Future+of+the+European+University&rft.btitle=The+European+Research+University%3A+A+Historical+Parenthesis%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.edition=2018+softcover+reprint&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-137-10079-5_9&rft.isbn=9781403970145&rft.aulast=Wittrock&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dne5FDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economist-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Economist_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economist_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2025/01/07/how-the-gulfs-rulers-want-to-harness-the-power-of-science">"How the Gulf's rulers want to harness the power of science"</a></span>. <i>The Economist</i>. 7 January 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=How+the+Gulf%E2%80%99s+rulers+want+to+harness+the+power+of+science&rft.date=2025-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fscience-and-technology%2F2025%2F01%2F07%2Fhow-the-gulfs-rulers-want-to-harness-the-power-of-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_G._Altbach2013" class="citation journal cs1">Philip G. Altbach (2013). "Advancing the national and global knowledge economy". <i>Studies in Higher Education</i>. <b>38</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">316–</span>330. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03075079.2013.773222">10.1080/03075079.2013.773222</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2345%2Fbc-ir%3A103804">2345/bc-ir:103804</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144178229">144178229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Advancing+the+national+and+global+knowledge+economy&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E316-%3C%2Fspan%3E330&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2345%2Fbc-ir%3A103804&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144178229%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03075079.2013.773222&rft.au=Philip+G.+Altbach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"3". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/read/13396/chapter/5#39"><i>Research Universities and the Future of America</i></a>. National Academies Press. 2012. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F13396">10.17226/13396</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-25639-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-25639-1"><bdi>978-0-309-25639-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220153453/https://www.nap.edu/read/13396/chapter/5#39">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CWTS+Leiden+Ranking&rft.atitle=CWTS+Leiden+Ranking&rft.aulast=Studies+%28CWTS%29&rft.aufirst=Centre+for+Science+and+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leidenranking.com%2Franking%2F2024%2Fmap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="School_types486" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Schools" title="Template:Schools"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Schools" title="Template talk:Schools"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Schools" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Schools"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="School_types486" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/School" title="School">School</a> types</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Educational_stage" title="Educational stage">educational stage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">Early childhood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">Preschool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-kindergarten" title="Pre-kindergarten">Pre-kindergarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">Primary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_school" class="mw-redirect" title="First school">First school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_school" title="Infant school">Infant school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_school" title="Junior school">Junior school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">Primary school</a> / Elementary school</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_high_school" title="Adult high school">Adult high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_college" title="Cadet college">Cadet college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">College-preparatory school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_institute" title="Collegiate institute">Collegiate institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">Comprehensive school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_high_school" title="Comprehensive high school">Comprehensive high school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_high_school" title="Continuation high school">Continuation high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">Grammar school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum" title="Lyceum">Lyceum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maths_school" title="Maths school">Maths school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_seminary" title="Minor seminary">Minor seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">Secondary school</a> / High school</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_school" title="Selective school">Selective school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauptschule" title="Hauptschule">Hauptschule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_form_college" title="Sixth form college">Sixth form college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_school" title="Studio school">Studio school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_technical_college" title="University technical college">University technical college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_school" title="Upper school">Upper school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional school">Professional school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical school">Technical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">Vocational school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">Higher</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College" title="College">College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_college" title="Community college">Community college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Graduate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology" title="Institute of technology">Institute of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_college" title="Junior college">Junior college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_college" title="Liberal arts college">Liberal arts college</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Research university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_college" title="Residential college">Residential college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University" title="University">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_university" title="Collegiate university">Collegiate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_division_college" title="Upper division college">Upper division college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_university" title="Vocational university">Vocational university</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Combined</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-through_school" title="All-through school">All-through school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">Middle school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-room_school" title="One-room school">One-room school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch_school" title="Ranch school">Ranch school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By funding / eligibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">Academy <small>(England)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">Charter school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_day_school" title="Community day school">Community day school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">Comprehensive school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_education" title="For-profit education">For-profit education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_(England)" title="Free school (England)">Free school <small>(England)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute" title="Institute">Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">Private school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">UK private school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Preparatory school (United Kingdom)">preparatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public</a></li></ul></li> <li>University <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_university" title="International university">international</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_school" title="Selective school">Selective school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_school" title="Separate school">Separate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sink_school" title="Sink school">Sink school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Specialist schools in the United Kingdom">Specialist school <small>(United Kingdom)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">State or public school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-integrated_school" title="State-integrated school">State-integrated school <small>(New Zealand)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style / purpose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_school" title="Alternative school">Alternative school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchistic_free_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchistic free school">Anarchistic free school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury_school" title="Sudbury school">Sudbury school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_school" title="International school">International school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_school" title="Magnet school">Magnet school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">Music school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sex_education" title="Single-sex education">Single-sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_school" title="Specialist school">Specialist school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_school" title="Vocal school">Vocal school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">Progressive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_movement" title="Free school movement">Free school movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_high_school" title="Folk high school">Folk high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_school" title="Laboratory school">Laboratory school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montessori_education" title="Montessori education">Montessori school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">Waldorf school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_school" title="Religious school">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_college" title="Bible college">Bible college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_school" title="Christian school">Christian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_seminary" title="Female seminary">Female seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula">Gurukula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parochial_school" title="Parochial school">Parochial school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">Boarding school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_school" title="Day school">Day school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">Distance education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_education" title="Prison education">Prison education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual school">Virtual school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By scope</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">College preparatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensatory_education" title="Compensatory education">Compensatory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">Compulsory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">Further education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifted_education" title="Gifted education">Gifted education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive education">Inclusive education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remedial_education" title="Remedial education">Remedial education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_higher-learning_institutions" title="Ancient higher-learning institutions">Ancient higher-learning institutions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum_(classical)" title="Lyceum (classical)">Lyceum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_school" title="Monastic school">Monastic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_school" title="Cathedral school">Cathedral school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Medieval university</a></li> <li>Historical infant schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_infant_schools_in_Great_Britain" title="History of infant schools in Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_infant_schools_in_Ireland" title="History of infant schools in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_infant_schools_outside_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Spread of infant schools outside Britain and Ireland">Global</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Schools imposed on<br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_schools" title="Native schools">in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Bantu_Education" title="Department of Bantu Education">in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Informal or illegal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_school" title="Hedge school">in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krifo_scholio" title="Krifo scholio">in Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakombenschule" title="Katakombenschule">in South Tyrol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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