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id="toc-District_Boards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#District_Boards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>District Boards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-District_Boards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_Reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_Reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Future Reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_Reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_Council_motion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_Council_motion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Legislative Council motion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_Council_motion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> The <b>1988 Hong Kong electoral reform</b> was carried out by the colonial government during 1987 to 1988 as the second stage of the developments of the representative government. Direct elections to the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a> became the most debated issue during the public consultations. Under the strong opposition from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the People's Republic of China">Government of the People's Republic of China</a>, the Hong Kong government consequently turned down the option of the <a href="/wiki/1988_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="1988 Hong Kong legislative election">1988 direct elections</a> and introduced a little change in the government system. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reform consultations followed the <a href="/wiki/1985_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" title="1985 Hong Kong electoral reform">1985 electoral reform</a> which introduced the first ever <a href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">indirect elections</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council of Hong Kong</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1985_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="1985 Hong Kong legislative election">1985 Legislative Council Election</a>. In the White Paper: the Further Development of Representative Government in Hong Kong, the idea of direct election was suggested to be reviewed in the development of representative government in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_Paper_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_Paper-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1987, the government published the 1987 Green Paper: Review of Developments in Representative Government to consider the next stage of development of representative government, which could take account into the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a> signed in December 1984 which the United Kingdom and People's Republic of China governments agreed upon the handover of Hong Kong to the PRC in 1997. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Green_Paper">Green Paper</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Green Paper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friends_of_LSE_in_Hong_Kong-_Forum_on_the_1987_Green_Paper,_1987_(3982884225).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Friends_of_LSE_in_Hong_Kong-_Forum_on_the_1987_Green_Paper%2C_1987_%283982884225%29.jpg/200px-Friends_of_LSE_in_Hong_Kong-_Forum_on_the_1987_Green_Paper%2C_1987_%283982884225%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Friends_of_LSE_in_Hong_Kong-_Forum_on_the_1987_Green_Paper%2C_1987_%283982884225%29.jpg/300px-Friends_of_LSE_in_Hong_Kong-_Forum_on_the_1987_Green_Paper%2C_1987_%283982884225%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Friends_of_LSE_in_Hong_Kong-_Forum_on_the_1987_Green_Paper%2C_1987_%283982884225%29.jpg/400px-Friends_of_LSE_in_Hong_Kong-_Forum_on_the_1987_Green_Paper%2C_1987_%283982884225%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>A forum on the 1987 Green Paper, attended by <a href="/wiki/Emily_Lau" title="Emily Lau">Emily Lau</a> as a member of the press, Professor Peter Harris, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Thomas_(politician)" title="Mike Thomas (politician)">Michael Thomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cheong" title="Stephen Cheong">Stephen Cheong</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>1987 Green Paper: Review of Developments in Representative Government</i> provided a general review on the development of the representative government system at district, regional and central levels, assessment of the developments since the publication of the 1984 White Paper and the public response to them, and consideration of the options for further development in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_Paper_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_Paper-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Green Paper listed the following as options of introducing a representative government for public consultation: </p> <ul><li>changing the composition, functions and elections of the <a href="/wiki/District_Councils_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="District Councils of Hong Kong">District Boards</a>, and the municipal councils (<a href="/wiki/Urban_Council_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban Council of Hong Kong">Urban Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Council of Hong Kong">Regional Council</a>) and Legislative Council;</li> <li>considering whether the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong" title="Governor of Hong Kong">Governor</a> should continue to be the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong">President of the Legislative Council</a>; and</li> <li>introducing direct elections to the Legislative Council in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_Paper_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_Paper-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_consultation">Public consultation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Public consultation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The period of public consultation started from 27 May, the day the Green Paper was published, until 30 September 1987. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pro-Beijing_opinions">Pro-Beijing opinions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pro-Beijing opinions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PRC authorities strongly opposed the idea of direction elections to the Legislative Council. On 18 June 1987, the news department of the <a href="/wiki/New_China_News_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="New China News Agency">New China News Agency</a> Hong Kong branch distributed a summary of an interview with <a href="/wiki/Li_Hou" title="Li Hou">Li Hou</a>, deputy director of the Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office of the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council of the People's Republic of China</a> and the secretary general of the Basic Law Drafting Committee. In the interview Li Hou claimed that Hong Kong direct elections in 1988 fail to "converge" with the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Hong Kong Basic Law</a> which was being drafted at that time and were contrary to the "spirit" of the Sino-British Joint Declaration. Li said direct elections in 1988 would only sharpen the contradictions among different classes and segments of Hong Kong society, which would lead to political, economic, and social instability and would be harmful to a smooth transfer of sovereignty in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after a private meeting between Hong Kong Governor <a href="/wiki/David_Wilson,_Baron_Wilson_of_Tillyorn" title="David Wilson, Baron Wilson of Tillyorn">David Wilson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of China">PRC Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Wu_Xueqian" title="Wu Xueqian">Wu Xueqian</a> on 20 June 1987, Li clarified that he never said the 1988 direct elections did not conform the spirit of Sino-British Joint Declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChanPostiglioneSharpe199616-17_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChanPostiglioneSharpe199616-17-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the summer and fall of 1989, the local <a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-Beijing camp">pro-Beijing</a> organs and figures such as the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_General_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="Chinese General Chamber of Commerce">Chinese General Chamber of Commerce</a> joined forces with conservative business elites to actively oppose the introduction of direct election, which they argued would only undermine Hong Kong's stability and prosperity. Some unionists from the leftist <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions">Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions</a> (FTU) even coined the slogan that "Hong Kong workers only want their meal tickets but not ballot tickets."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also reported that the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_China" title="Bank of China">Bank of China</a> arranged for its employees to watch a video narrated by <a href="/wiki/Ma_Lik" title="Ma Lik">Ma Lik</a>, who was the then deputy secretary general of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Consultative_Committee" title="Hong Kong Basic Law Consultative Committee">Hong Kong Basic Law Consultative Committee</a>, explaining why the introduction of direct elections was a British conspiracy. The Bank of China also prepared a printed pro-forma opposing letter for its employees to sign and send to the Survey Office.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consequently, the pro-Beijing supporters mobilised 60,706 written submissions to the Hong Kong government objecting the 1988 direct elections, in which 50,175 came on cyclostyled forms and 22,722 were from the communist-controlled FTU.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pro-democracy_opinions">Pro-democracy opinions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pro-democracy opinions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-democracy camp in Hong Kong">pro-democracy activists</a>, as well as pressure groups and local academic critics criticised Li Hou's statement represented PRC officials intimidating against Hong Kong people, direct interfering with the internal administration of Hong Kong, and violating the Sino-British Joint Declaration which stated that the British were responsible for the administration of Hong Kong until 1997 and the post-1997 Hong Kong SAR legislature should be constituted by elections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChanPostiglioneSharpe199615-16_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChanPostiglioneSharpe199615-16-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest pro-democracy alignment, the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Committee_on_the_Promotion_of_Democratic_Government" title="Joint Committee on the Promotion of Democratic Government">Joint Committee on the Promotion of Democratic Government</a> which was formed in October 1986 bring together 190 organisations, launched series of campaign for the 1988 direct elections including the collection of 220,000 signatures with names and identity card numbers. This behaviour of Hong Kong public was considered "a significant development in a society which traditionally avoided personal identification with a particular course of political action."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1989292_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1989292-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_opinions">Public opinions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Public opinions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A longitudinal survey was conducted at four points in 1987. General endorsement of public endorsement of direct elections in 1988 was measured at 54 percent, 54 percent, 49 percent and 46 percent in the four phases, which double the percentage of people who disagreed with direct election, 16 percent, 17 percent, 23 percent and 21 percent. The decline in popular support for the direct elections were due to the opposition from the PRC government, the business sector and the pro-Beijing organisations such as the FTU.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the four-month period of public consultation, over 134,000 submissions were sent to the Survey Office, as well as in nearly 170 public opinion surveys and over 20 signature campaigns. Among the submissions, nearly 96 percent commenting on the issue of direct elections.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="White_Paper">White Paper</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: White Paper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 1988, the Hong Kong government published the <i>White Paper: the Development of Representative Government: The Way Forward</i> which stressed "prudent and gradual change."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChanPostiglioneSharpe199617_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChanPostiglioneSharpe199617-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Report did not distinguish between pre-printed forms and individual submissions and compressed the 220,000 signatures collected by the democrats as one single count.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoh2010164-5_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoh2010164-5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official line was there was a strong public desire for further development of government, but there was no clear consensus timing or the extent of the introduction of direct elections. </p><p>The White Paper promised elections to successive tiers of Government, with elections of one representative from each District Board to the Municipal Councils, and elections of one representative each from the Urban Council and Regional Council to LegCo. Successive, staggered elections of District Boards, Municipal Councils and Legislative Council were held in order within twelve months from 1988 to 1989 for the purpose that terms of offices of different groups of Legislative Councillors not be staggered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Hong_Kong_Government1988_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Hong_Kong_Government1988-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_Council">Legislative Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legislative Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The White Paper promised that at least 10 of the 56 members of the Legislative Council would be directly elected in the <a href="/wiki/1991_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="1991 Hong Kong legislative election">1991 Legislative Council Election</a> in single-seat constituencies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChanPostiglioneSharpe199617_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChanPostiglioneSharpe199617-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In conjunction, the 10 geographically based electoral college would be abolished, while Urban and Regional Council constituencies would be retained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Hong_Kong_Government198814_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Hong_Kong_Government198814-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the interim, two more <a href="/wiki/Functional_constituency_(Hong_Kong)" title="Functional constituency (Hong Kong)">functional constituencies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accountancy_(constituency)" title="Accountancy (constituency)">Accountancy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_Services_(constituency)" title="Health Services (constituency)">Health Care</a> enlarged from <a href="/wiki/Finance_(constituency)" title="Finance (constituency)">Financial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_(constituency)" title="Medical (constituency)">Medical</a> respectively, were suggested to be added in the 1988 Elections for the accountancy professions and nurses, midwives, pharmacists and five paramedical professions. The <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">preferential elimination system of voting</a> was also favoured to be adopted in both the electoral college and functional constituency elections to the Legislative Council.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Hong_Kong_Government198817_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Hong_Kong_Government198817-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of appointed members was recommended to reduce from 22 to 20.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipal_Councils">Municipal Councils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Municipal Councils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The size of the Urban Council would be increased from 30 to 40 members in <a href="/wiki/1989_Hong_Kong_municipal_elections" title="1989 Hong Kong municipal elections">the 1989 elections</a>. The composition of 15 appointed and 15 directly elected members remains unchanged, with 10 new members from the District Boards. The composition of the Regional Council remained the same.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Hong_Kong_Government198817_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Hong_Kong_Government198817-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Terms of Municipal Councils were extended with interim terms from April 1989 to Mar 1991 to for accommodate sets of elections in 1991 and 1995, concurrent with Legislative Council election cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Hong_Kong_Government198816_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Hong_Kong_Government198816-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="District_Boards">District Boards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: District Boards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No changes were made to the composition of <a href="/wiki/District_councils_of_Hong_Kong" title="District councils of Hong Kong">District Boards</a>. The overall ratio of elected to appointed members remain 2:1.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Hong_Kong_Government198815_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Hong_Kong_Government198815-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_Reform">Future Reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Future Reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To response to the Beijing government, it also acknowledge the need for a "convergence" between Hong Kong internal developments before 1997 and the future Basic Law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChanPostiglioneSharpe199617_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChanPostiglioneSharpe199617-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governor David Wilson recalled events thus: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...it was convenient for us [the British], in terms of handling the transition with China, that we did not have...overwhelming pressure form people in Hong Kong to move straight away into direct elections because we knew that doing that would be very difficult for the Chinese to accept.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoh2010165_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoh2010165-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The democrats criticised the Hong Kong government of manipulating the submissions to turn down the 1988 direct elections in order to please Beijing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_Council_motion">Legislative Council motion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legislative Council motion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 1988, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Secretary of Hong Kong">Chief Secretary</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/David_Robert_Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="David Robert Ford">David Robert Ford</a> moved the motion regarding the White Paper, the members of the Legislative Council ferociously debated on the issue and were divided by their views on the White Paper. <br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Support:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Dunn" class="mw-redirect" title="Lydia Dunn">Lydia Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Kam-fai" title="Ho Kam-fai">Ho Kam-fai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Lee" title="Allen Lee">Allen Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Fa-kuang" title="Hu Fa-kuang">Hu Fa-kuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wong_Po-yan" title="Wong Po-yan">Wong Po-yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cheong" title="Stephen Cheong">Stephen Cheong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheung_Yan-lung" title="Cheung Yan-lung">Cheung Yan-lung</a> (support '88 direct election)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selina_Chow" title="Selina Chow">Selina Chow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Tam" title="Maria Tam">Maria Tam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Ip" title="Henrietta Ip">Henrietta Ip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Ying-lun" title="Chan Ying-lun">Chan Ying-lun</a> (support '88 direct election)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Fan" title="Rita Fan">Rita Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Ng_(politician)" title="Pauline Ng (politician)">Pauline Ng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Poon" title="Peter Poon">Peter Poon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeung_Po-kwan" title="Yeung Po-kwan">Yeung Po-kwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Cham" title="Kim Cham">Kim Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Hon-kwan" title="Cheng Hon-kwan">Cheng Hon-kwan</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Sohmen" title="Helmut Sohmen">Helmut Sohmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam_Yiu-chung" title="Tam Yiu-chung">Tam Yiu-chung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiu_Hin-kwong" title="Chiu Hin-kwong">Chiu Hin-kwong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung_Pui-lam" title="Chung Pui-lam">Chung Pui-lam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clydesdale" title="Thomas Clydesdale">Thomas Clydesdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Sai-chu" title="Ho Sai-chu">Ho Sai-chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lai" title="Richard Lai">Richard Lai</a> (support '88 direct election)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Lit-for" title="Liu Lit-for">Liu Lit-for</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngai_Shiu-kit" title="Ngai Shiu-kit">Ngai Shiu-kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poon_Chi-fai" title="Poon Chi-fai">Poon Chi-fai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poon_Chung-kwong" title="Poon Chung-kwong">Poon Chung-kwong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosanna_Tam" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosanna Tam">Rosanna Tam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Tse" title="Daniel Tse">Daniel Tse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wong_Wang-fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Wong Wang-fat">Andrew Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lau_Wong-fat" title="Lau Wong-fat">Lau Wong-fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ho" title="Edward Ho">Edward Ho</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Oppose:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hui_Yin-fat" title="Hui Yin-fat">Hui Yin-fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Lam" title="Conrad Lam">Conrad Lam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lee" title="Martin Lee">Martin Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Lee_(Hong_Kong_politician)" title="Desmond Lee (Hong Kong politician)">Desmond Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pang_Chun-hoi" title="Pang Chun-hoi">Pang Chun-hoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szeto_Wah" title="Szeto Wah">Szeto Wah</a></li></ul> <p><b>Neutral:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Kam-chuen" title="Chan Kam-chuen">Chan Kam-chuen</a> (walkout in protest)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan_Chai-keung" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackie Chan Chai-keung">Jackie Chan</a> (support '88 direct election)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilton_Cheong-Leen" title="Hilton Cheong-Leen">Hilton Cheong-Leen</a> (support '88 direct election)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Chin-wah" title="Tai Chin-wah">Tai Chin-wah</a></li></ul> <p><b>No opinion:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Li" title="David Li">David Li</a></li></ul> <p><b>Absent:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Wong" title="Peter C. Wong">Peter C. Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Swaine" title="John Joseph Swaine">John Joseph Swaine</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1988_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="1988 Hong Kong legislative election">1988 Legislative Council Elections</a> in September remained the indirect elections of 12 members from the electoral colleges and 14 members from the functional constituencies with two new seats of Accountancy and Health constituencies. </p><p>As promised in the White Paper, the first ever direct elections was introduced in the <a href="/wiki/1991_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="1991 Hong Kong legislative election">1991 Legislative Council Elections</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square Massacre">Tiananmen Square Massacre</a> in 1989 which sparked the great fear among the Hong Kong public also paved the way for a faster pace of the <a href="/wiki/1994_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" title="1994 Hong Kong electoral reform">democratic reform in 1994</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_development_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic development in Hong Kong">Democratic development in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" title="1985 Hong Kong electoral reform">1985 Hong Kong electoral reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="1988 Hong Kong legislative election">1988 Hong Kong legislative election</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Green_Paper-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Green_Paper_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green_Paper_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green_Paper_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThe_Hong_Kong_Government1987" class="citation book cs1">The Hong Kong Government (1987). <i>Green Paper: The 1987 Review of Developments in Representative Government</i>. Hong Kong: Government Printer. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Green+Paper%3A+The+1987+Review+of+Developments+in+Representative+Government&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Government+Printer&rft.date=1987&rft.au=The+Hong+Kong+Government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1988+Hong+Kong+electoral+reform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanPostiglioneSharpe1996" class="citation book cs1">Chan, Ming K.; Postiglione, Gerard A.; Sharpe, M.E. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hongkongreaderpa00ming"><i>The Hong Kong Reader: Passage to Chinese Sovereignty</i></a></span>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hongkongreaderpa00ming/page/15">15</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hong+Kong+Reader%3A+Passage+to+Chinese+Sovereignty&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Ming+K.&rft.au=Postiglione%2C+Gerard+A.&rft.au=Sharpe%2C+M.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhongkongreaderpa00ming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1988+Hong+Kong+electoral+reform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChanPostiglioneSharpe199616-17-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChanPostiglioneSharpe199616-17_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChanPostiglioneSharpe1996">Chan, Postiglione & Sharpe 1996</a>, p. 16-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYu1993" class="citation book cs1">Yu, George T. (1993). <i>China in Transition: Economic, Political, and Social Developments</i>. University Press of America. p. 230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+in+Transition%3A+Economic%2C+Political%2C+and+Social+Developments&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=George+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1988+Hong+Kong+electoral+reform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoh2010" class="citation book cs1">Loh, Christine (2010). <i>Underground Front: The Chinese Communist Party in Hong Kong</i>. Hong Kong University Press. p. 164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Underground+Front%3A+The+Chinese+Communist+Party+in+Hong+Kong&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Loh&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1988+Hong+Kong+electoral+reform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1989" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Ian (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalchangec0000scot"><i>Political Change and the Crisis of Legitimacy in Hong Kong</i></a></span>. University of Hawaii Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalchangec0000scot/page/294">294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Change+and+the+Crisis+of+Legitimacy+in+Hong+Kong&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticalchangec0000scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1988+Hong+Kong+electoral+reform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChanPostiglioneSharpe199615-16-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChanPostiglioneSharpe199615-16_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChanPostiglioneSharpe1996">Chan, Postiglione & Sharpe 1996</a>, p. 15-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1989292-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1989292_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1989">Scott 1989</a>, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSing2013" class="citation book cs1">Sing, Ming (2013). <i>Hong Kong's Tortuous Democratization: A Comparative Analysis</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong%27s+Tortuous+Democratization%3A+A+Comparative+Analysis&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Sing&rft.aufirst=Ming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1988+Hong+Kong+electoral+reform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/bldho/legco/LegcoBL010.pdf">"Official Report of Proceedings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hong Kong Legislative Council</i>: 4–6. 4 November 1987.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hong+Kong+Legislative+Council&rft.atitle=Official+Report+of+Proceedings&rft.pages=4-6&rft.date=1987-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febook.lib.hku.hk%2Fbldho%2Flegco%2FLegcoBL010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1988+Hong+Kong+electoral+reform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChanPostiglioneSharpe199617-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChanPostiglioneSharpe199617_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChanPostiglioneSharpe199617_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChanPostiglioneSharpe199617_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChanPostiglioneSharpe1996">Chan, Postiglione & Sharpe 1996</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoh2010164-5-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoh2010164-5_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoh2010">Loh 2010</a>, p. 164-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Hong_Kong_Government1988-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Hong_Kong_Government1988_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Hong_Kong_Government1988">The Hong Kong Government 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Hong_Kong_Government198814-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Hong_Kong_Government198814_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Hong_Kong_Government1988">The Hong Kong Government 1988</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Hong_Kong_Government198817-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Hong_Kong_Government198817_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Hong_Kong_Government198817_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Hong_Kong_Government1988">The Hong Kong Government 1988</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Hong_Kong_Government1988" class="citation book cs1">The Hong Kong Government (1988). <i>White Paper: The Development of Representative Government</i>. Hong Kong: Government Printer. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Paper%3A+The+Development+of+Representative+Government&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Government+Printer&rft.date=1988&rft.au=The+Hong+Kong+Government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1988+Hong+Kong+electoral+reform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Hong_Kong_Government198816-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Hong_Kong_Government198816_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Hong_Kong_Government1988">The Hong Kong Government 1988</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Hong_Kong_Government198815-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Hong_Kong_Government198815_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Hong_Kong_Government1988">The Hong Kong Government 1988</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoh2010165-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoh2010165_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoh2010">Loh 2010</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1991 Hong Kong electoral reform (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" title="1994 Hong Kong electoral reform">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" title="2010 Hong Kong electoral reform">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Hong_Kong_electoral_changes" title="2021 Hong Kong electoral changes">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hong_Kong_electoral_changes" title="2023 Hong Kong electoral changes">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Proposed reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Plan_(Hong_Kong)" title="Young Plan (Hong Kong)">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" title="2005 Hong Kong electoral reform">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="2014–15 Hong Kong electoral reform">2015</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Related laws & documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Paper_on_District_Administration_in_Hong_Kong" title="White Paper on District Administration in Hong Kong">White Paper on District Administration in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Basic Law</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Article_45" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Basic Law Article 45">Article 45</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Article_68&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hong Kong Basic Law Article 68 (page does not exist)">Article 68</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Annex_One&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hong Kong Basic Law Annex One (page does not exist)">Annex I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Annex_Two" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Basic Law Annex Two">Annex II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Paper_on_Constitutional_Development" title="Green Paper on Constitutional Development">Green Paper on Constitutional Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_(Amendment)_Ordinance_2012" title="Legislative Council (Amendment) Ordinance 2012">Legislative Council (Amendment) Ordinance 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Offices_(Candidacy_and_Taking_Up_Offices)_(Miscellaneous_Amendments)_Ordinance_2021" title="Public Offices (Candidacy and Taking Up Offices) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Ordinance 2021">Public Offices (Candidacy and Taking Up Offices) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Ordinance 2021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/NPCSC" class="mw-redirect" title="NPCSC">NPCSC</a> decisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1997_NPCSC_Decision_on_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1997 NPCSC Decision on Hong Kong (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_NPCSC_Decision_on_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2004 NPCSC Decision on Hong Kong (page does not exist)">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2007_NPCSC_Decision_on_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2007 NPCSC Decision on Hong Kong (page does not exist)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_NPCSC_Decision_on_Hong_Kong" title="2014 NPCSC Decision on Hong Kong">2014</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_development_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic development in Hong Kong">Democratic development in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Committee_(Hong_Kong)" title="Election Committee (Hong Kong)">Election Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Liberalism in Hong Kong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" 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