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href="#Military_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Military history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_in_combat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_in_combat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Military in combat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_in_combat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Military technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Military and society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_and_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military and society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ideology_and_ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology_and_ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ideology and ethics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology_and_ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antimilitarism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antimilitarism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Antimilitarism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antimilitarism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stereotypes_of_the_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stereotypes_of_the_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Stereotypes of the military</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stereotypes_of_the_military-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Stereotypes of the military subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Stereotypes_of_the_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_in_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_in_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Military in the media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_in_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Militaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Militaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Militaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Militaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References and notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_and_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Military</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 123 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-123" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">123 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%AAr" title="Militêr – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Militêr" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A4r" title="Militär – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Militär" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عسكرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عسكرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercito" title="Exercito – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Exercito" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%A7%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Զէնքաւոր ուժեր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Զէնքաւոր ուժեր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A9rcitu" title="Exércitu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Exércitu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ordu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="اوردو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوردو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="মিলিটারি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিলিটারি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kun-t%C5%ABi" title="Kun-tūi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kun-tūi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%81%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Ҡораллы Көстәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡораллы Көстәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Армія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Армія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Армія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Армія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Въоръжени сили – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въоръжени сили" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A4r" title="Militär – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Militär" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojska" title="Vojska – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vojska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu" title="Lu – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lu" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Сэрэг – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Сэрэг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militar" title="Militar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Militar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C4%95%C3%A7%D0%BF%C4%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%B2%C4%83%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Хĕçпăшаллă вăйсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хĕçпăшаллă вăйсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojenstv%C3%AD" title="Vojenství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vojenství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lluoedd_milwrol" title="Lluoedd milwrol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lluoedd milwrol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A6r" title="Militær – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Militær" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="ميليطير – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ميليطير" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A4r" title="Militär – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Militär" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5jav%C3%A4gi" title="Sõjavägi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõjavägi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Στράτευμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στράτευμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militar" title="Militar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Militar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militisto" title="Militisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Militisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melital" title="Melital – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Melital" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudari" title="Gudari – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gudari" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="ارتش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارتش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauj" title="Fauj – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Fauj" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herna%C3%B0arliga_verjan" title="Hernaðarliga verjan – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hernaðarliga verjan" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaire" title="Militaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Militaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forzas_armadas" title="Forzas armadas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Forzas armadas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%88%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF" title="સૈન્ય – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સૈન્ય" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C3%BBn-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Kiûn-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kiûn-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%B0%EC%82%AC" title="군사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="군사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Բանակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բանակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="सेना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सेना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojska" title="Vojska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vojska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militar" title="Militar – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Militar" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militer" title="Militer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Militer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her" title="Her – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Her" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militare" title="Militare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Militare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90" title="צבא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צבא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A8r" title="Militèr – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Militèr" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC" title="فوج – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="فوج" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D1%88-%D2%9B%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Әскери күш-қуат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әскери күш-қуат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu" title="Lu – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lu" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeshi" title="Jeshi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jeshi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larm%C3%A9" title="Larmé – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Larmé" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D1%87%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Куралдуу күчтөр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Куралдуу күчтөр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_militaris" title="Res militaris – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Res militaris" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karasp%C4%93ks" title="Karaspēks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karaspēks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A4r" title="Militär – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Militär" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kariuomen%C4%97" title="Kariuomenė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kariuomenė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forze_armade" title="Forze armade – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Forze armade" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadsereg" title="Hadsereg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hadsereg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Војска – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Војска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="സൈന്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൈന്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="აკოანჯარაფილი ძალეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აკოანჯარაფილი ძალეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkatan_tentera" title="Angkatan tentera – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Angkatan tentera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%ADng-s%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3" title="Gŭng-sê̤ṳ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gŭng-sê̤ṳ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melitar" title="Melitar – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Melitar" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%82_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Зэвсэгт хүчин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зэвсэгт хүчин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="စစ်ရေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စစ်ရေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militair" title="Militair – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Militair" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="सेना – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सेना" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B" title="軍事 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="軍事" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militeer" title="Militeer – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Militeer" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A6rvesen" title="Militærvesen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Militærvesen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A6rvesen" title="Militærvesen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Militærvesen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armada" title="Armada – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Armada" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armiya" title="Armiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Armiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%9C" title="ਫ਼ੌਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ੌਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC" title="فوج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فوج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%81" title="پوځ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پوځ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milichri" title="Milichri – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Milichri" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A4r" title="Militär – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Militär" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C5%82y_zbrojne" title="Siły zbrojne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Siły zbrojne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militar" title="Militar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Militar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sil%C3%A2l%C4%B1_quvetler" title="Silâlı quvetler – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Silâlı quvetler" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C5%A3e_armate" title="Forţe armate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Forţe armate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekshan" title="Rekshan – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Rekshan" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militar" title="Militar – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Militar" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Збройна сила – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Збройна сила" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Вооружённые силы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вооружённые силы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/hitay" title="hitay – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="hitay" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militar" title="Militar – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Militar" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcat_e_armatosura" title="Forcat e armatosura – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Forcat e armatosura" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92" title="මිලිටරි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මිලිටරි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military" title="Military – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Military" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC" title="فوج – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فوج" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voja%C5%A1tvo" title="Vojaštvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vojaštvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="ھێزی سەربازی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێزی سەربازی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Војска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Војска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojska" title="Vojska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vojska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeija" title="Armeija – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Armeija" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A4r" title="Militär – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Militär" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukbo" title="Hukbo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hukbo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="படைத்துறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="படைத்துறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%87%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Хәрби көчләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хәрби көчләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="การทหาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การทหาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D3%AF%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%B3" title="Нерӯҳои мусаллаҳ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нерӯҳои мусаллаҳ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%AF%E1%8F%AB%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askeriye" title="Askeriye – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Askeriye" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Збройні сили – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Збройні сили" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC" title="فوج – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فوج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginhsw" title="Ginhsw – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ginhsw" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%82itare" title="Miłitare – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Miłitare" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A2n_%C4%91%E1%BB%99i" title="Quân đội – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quân đội" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5andus" title="Sõandus – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Sõandus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8D" title="軍 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="軍" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasundalohan" title="Kasundalohan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kasundalohan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F" title="军队 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="军队" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="מיליטער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מיליטער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E9%9A%8A" title="軍隊 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="軍隊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karioumen%C4%97" title="Karioumenė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Karioumenė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B" title="軍事 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="軍事" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A8r" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Military%22">"Military"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Military%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Military%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Military%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Military%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Military%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Praetorian_GuardSoldiers_basrelief_cropped.jpg" class="new" title="File:Praetorian GuardSoldiers basrelief cropped.jpg"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="250">File:Praetorian GuardSoldiers basrelief cropped.jpg</span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guards</a>, Roman Soldiers</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>military</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organization</a> authorized by its <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> to use force, usually including use of <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weapons</a>, in defending its <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a> (or by attacking other countries) by combating actual or <a href="/wiki/Threat_of_force_(public_international_law)" title="Threat of force (public international law)">perceived threats</a>. As an <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a> the term "military" is also used to refer to any property or aspect of a military. Militaries often function as <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">societies</a> within societies, by having their own military communities, <a href="/wiki/Military-industrial_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Military-industrial complex">economies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">medicine</a> and other aspects of a functioning <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civilian society</a>. </p><p>The profession of <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">soldiering</a> as part of a military group is older than recorded history itself. Some of the most enduring images of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> portray the power and feats of its military <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leaders</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh" title="Battle of Kadesh">Battle of Kadesh</a> in 1274 BC was one of the defining points of Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a>'s reign and is celebrated in bas-relief on his monuments.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A thousand years later the first emperor of unified China, <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a>, was so determined to impress the gods with his <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces">military might</a> that he was buried with an <a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">army</a> of <a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">terracotta soldiers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> were dedicated to military matters, leaving to posterity many <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatises</a> and writings as well as a large number of lavishly carved <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">triumphal arches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victory_column" title="Victory column">columns</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern era</a>, world wars and countless other major conflicts have changed the employment of the militaries beyond recognition to their ancient participants. Empires have come and gone; states have grown and <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">declined</a>. Enormous social changes have been wrought, and military power continues to dominate <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>. The role of the military today is as central to global societies as it ever was. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_definitions">Etymology and definitions</h2></div> <p>The first recorded use of <b>military</b> in English, spelled <i>militarie</i>, was in 1585.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It comes from the Latin <i>militaris</i> (from Latin <i>miles</i> meaning "soldier") but is of uncertain etymology, one suggestion being derived from <i>*mil-it-</i> - going in a body or mass<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word is now identified as denoting someone that is skilled in use of weapons, or engaged in military service or in warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-COD_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COD-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Webster_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webster-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a noun <b>the military</b> usually refers generally to a country's armed forces or sometimes, more specifically, to the senior officers who command them.<sup id="cite_ref-COD_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COD-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Webster_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webster-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general it refers to the physicality of armed forces, their personnel, equipment, and physical space they occupy. </p><p>As an adjective <b>military</b> originally applied only to soldiers and soldiering, but it soon broadened to apply to land forces in general and anything to do with their profession.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The names of both the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy" class="mw-disambig" title="Royal Military Academy">Royal Military Academy</a> (1741) and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> (1802) reflect this. However, at about the time of <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic wars">Napoleonic wars</a> "military" begun to be applied to armed forces as a whole<sup id="cite_ref-OED_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the 21st century expressions like "<a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">military service</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">military intelligence</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">military history</a>" reflect this broader meaning. As such, it now connotes any activity performed by the military personnel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_history">Military history</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">Military history</a></div> <p>Military history is often considered to be the history of all <a href="/wiki/Conflict" class="mw-disambig" title="Conflict">conflicts</a>, not just the history of the state militaries. It differs somewhat from the <a href="/wiki/History_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="History of war">history of war</a> with military history focusing on the people and institutions of war-making while the history of war focuses on the evolution of war itself in the face of changing <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governments" class="mw-redirect" title="Governments">governments</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>. Military history has a number of purposes. One main purpose is to learn from past accomplishments and mistakes so as to more effectively wage war in the future. Another is to create a sense of <a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">military tradition</a> which is used to create <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohesion_(military)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cohesion (military) (page does not exist)">cohesive</a> military forces. Still another may be to learn to <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">prevent wars</a> more effectively. Human knowledge about the military is largely based on <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">recorded</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oral_history" title="Oral history">oral history</a> of <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">military conflicts</a>, their participating <a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">armies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">navies</a>, and more recently <a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">air forces</a>. There are two types of military history, although almost all texts have elements of both: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_(descriptive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history (descriptive)">descriptive</a> history that serves to chronicle conflicts without offering any statements about the <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_war#Historical_causes_of_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Causes of war">causes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_war#Conduct_of_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Causes of war">nature of conduct</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Military_defeat" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Military defeat">ending</a> and <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_war#Effects_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Causes of war">effects</a> of a conflict; and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_(analytical)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history (analytical) (page does not exist)">analytical</a> history that seeks to offer statements about the causes, nature, ending and aftermath of conflicts as a means of deriving knowledge and understanding of conflicts as a whole, and prevent repetition of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_mistakes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military mistakes (page does not exist)">mistakes</a> in future, to suggest better concepts or methods in employing forces, or to advocate need new technology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Military">The Military</h2></div> <p>Every nation in the history of humanity had different needs for military forces. How these needs are determined, forms the basis of their composition, equipment and use of facilities. It also determines what military does in terms of peacetime and wartime activities. All militaries, whether large or small, are <a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">military organizations</a> that must perform certain functions and fulfil certain roles to qualify for being designated as such. If they fail to do so, they may become known as <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil defence">civil defence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> or other which are not military. These commonalities of the state's military define them. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zonificaci%C3%B3n_militar_1975.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Zonificaci%C3%B3n_militar_1975.png/120px-Zonificaci%C3%B3n_militar_1975.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Zonificaci%C3%B3n_militar_1975.png/180px-Zonificaci%C3%B3n_militar_1975.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Zonificaci%C3%B3n_militar_1975.png/240px-Zonificaci%C3%B3n_militar_1975.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption>An example of military command; a map of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>'s military zones (1975-1983)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Military command</b><br /> The first requirement of the military is to establish it as a force with a capability to execute <a href="/wiki/National_defense_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="National defense policy">national defense policy</a>. Invariably, although the <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policy</a> may be created by <a href="/wiki/Policy_maker" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy maker">policy makers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Policy_analyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy analyst">Policy analyst</a>, its implementation requires specific <a href="/wiki/Expert" title="Expert">expert</a> knowledge of how military functions and how it fulfils roles. The first of these skills is the ability to create a cohesive force capable of acting on policy as and when required, and therefore the first function of the military is to provide <a href="/wiki/Military_command" class="mw-redirect" title="Military command">military command</a>. One of the roles of military command is to translate policy into concrete missions and tasks, and to express them in terms understood by subordinates, generally called orders. Military command make effective and efficient <a href="/wiki/Military_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Military organisation">military organisation</a> possible through delegation of authority which encompass organisational structures as large as <a href="/wiki/Military_district" title="Military district">military districts</a> or military zones, and as small as <a href="/wiki/Platoon" title="Platoon">platoons</a>. The command element of the military is often a strong influence on the organisational culture of the forces. </p><p><b>Military personnel</b><br /> Another requirement is for the military command personnel, often called the <a href="/wiki/Officer_corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer corps">officer corps</a>, to command subordinated <a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">military personnel</a>, generally known as <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">soldiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sailor" title="Sailor">sailors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine" class="mw-disambig" title="Marine">marines</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Airmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Airmen">airmen</a>, capable of executing the many specialised <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operational_mission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operational mission (page does not exist)">operational missions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operational_task" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Operational task">task</a> required for the military to execute the policy directives. Unsurprisingly, just like in the <a href="/wiki/Commercial_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial enterprise">commercial enterprises</a> where there are, in a corporate setting, directors, managers and various staff that carry out the business of the day as part of <a href="/wiki/Business_operations" title="Business operations">business operations</a> or undertake business <a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">project management</a>, military also has its <a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">routines</a> and projects. During peacetime when military personnel are mostly employed in <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrisons</a> or permanent <a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">military facilities</a> they mostly conduct administrative tasks, <a href="/wiki/Military_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Military training">training</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Military education">education</a> activities, and <a href="/wiki/Maintenance,_repair_and_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Maintenance, repair and operations">technology maintenance</a>. Another role of military personnel is to ensure a continuous replacement of departing servicemen and women through <a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">military recruitment</a>, and the maintenance of a <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve" title="Military reserve">military reserve</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve" title="Military reserve">Military reserve</a></div> <p><b>Military intelligence</b><br /> Next requirement comes as a fairly basic need for the military to identify the possible <a href="/wiki/Military_threat" title="Military threat">threats</a> it may be called upon to face. For this purpose some of the command and other military, and often civilian personnel participate in identification of these threats, which is at once an organisation, a system and a process collectively called <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">military intelligence</a>. The difficulty in using military intelligence concepts and military intelligence methods is in the nature of the <a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">secrecy</a> of the information they seek, and the <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_operation" title="Clandestine operation">clandestine</a> nature that intelligence operatives work in obtaining what may be plans for a <a href="/wiki/Conflict_escalation" title="Conflict escalation">conflict escalation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phase_(combat)" title="Phase (combat)">initiation of combat</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Invasion" title="Invasion">invasion</a>. An important part of the military intelligence role is the military analysis performed to assess <a href="/wiki/Military_capability" title="Military capability">military capability</a> of potential future aggressors, and provide combat modelling that helps to understand factors on which comparison of forces can be made. This helps to quantify and qualify such statements as "<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of India">India</a> maintain the largest armed forces in the World" or that "the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Military" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Military">U.S. Military</a> is considered to be the world's strongest". </p><p><b>Military finance</b><br /> Having military intelligence representatives participate in the execution of the national defence policy is important because it becomes the first respondent and commentator on the policy expected <a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">strategic goal</a> compared to the realities of <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_(information_gathering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence (information gathering)">identified threats</a>. When the intelligence reporting is compared to the policy, it becomes possible for the national leadership to think about allocating resources over an above the officers and their subordinates military pay and the expense of maintaining military facilities and military support services for them. The process of allocating resources is conducted by determining a <a href="/wiki/Military_budget" title="Military budget">military budget</a> which is administered by a military finance organisation within the military. Military procurement is then authorised to purchase or contract provision of goods and services to the military, whether in peacetime at a permanent base or in a combat zone from local population. </p><p><b>Capability development</b><br /> Capability development, which is often referred to as the military "strength", is arguably one of the most complex activities known to humanity because it requires determining: Strategic, operational and tactical capability requirements to counter the identified threats; Strategic, <a href="/wiki/Operational_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational doctrine">operational</a> and tactical doctrines by which the acquired capabilities will be used; identifying concepts, methods and systems involved in executing the doctrines; creating design specifications for the manufacturers who would produce these in adequate quantity and quality for their use in combat; purchase the concepts, methods and systems; create a forces structure that would use the concepts, methods and systems most effectively and efficiently; integrate these concepts, methods and systems into the force structure by providing <a href="/wiki/Military_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Military education">military education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Military training">training</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_exercises" class="mw-redirect" title="Military exercises">practice</a> that preferably resembles combat environment of intended use; create <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">military logistics</a> systems to allow continued and uninterrupted performance of <a href="/wiki/Military_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Military organisation">military organisations</a> under combat conditions, including provision of health services to the personnel and maintenance for the equipment; the services to assist recovery of wounded personnel and repair of damaged equipment; and finally post-conflict <a href="/wiki/Demobilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Demobilisation">demobilisation</a> and disposal of war stocks surplus to peacetime requirements. </p><p>Development of <a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">military doctrine</a> is perhaps the more important of all capability development activities because it determines how military forces were, and are used in conflicts, the concepts and methods used by the command to employ appropriately military skilled, <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">armed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Military equipment">equipped</a> personnel in achievement of the tangible goals and objectives of the <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">battle</a>, engagement, action or a <a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">duel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p.67,_Dupuy_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.67,_Dupuy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The line between strategy and tactics is not easily blurred, although deciding which is being discussed had sometimes been a matter of personal judgement by some commentators, and military historians. The use of forces at the level of organisation between strategic and tactical is called <a href="/wiki/Operational_mobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational mobility">operational mobility</a>. </p><p><b>Military science</b><br /> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Military science</a></div> <p>Because most of the concepts and methods used by the military, and many of its systems are not found in the commercial use, much of materiel is researched, designed, developed and offered for inclusion in arsenals by <a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">military science</a> organisation within the overall structure of the military. Military scientists are therefore found to interact with all Arms and Services of the armed forces, and at all levels of the military hierarchy of command. Although concerned with research into <a href="/wiki/Military_psychology" title="Military psychology">military psychology</a>, and particularly combat stress and how it affect troop <a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">morale</a>, often the bulk of military science activities is directed at the military intelligence technology, <a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">military communications</a> and improving <a href="/wiki/Military_capability" title="Military capability">military capability</a> through research, design, development and prototyping of <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weapons</a>, military support equipment, and <a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">military technology</a> in general that includes everything from global communication networks and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a> to paint and food. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C-1Transport_aircraft02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/C-1Transport_aircraft02.jpg/400px-C-1Transport_aircraft02.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/C-1Transport_aircraft02.jpg/600px-C-1Transport_aircraft02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/C-1Transport_aircraft02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_C-1" title="Kawasaki C-1">Kawasaki C-1</a> is a tactical military transport of the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Air Self-Defense Force">Japan Air Self-Defense Force</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Military logistics</b><br /> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Military logistics</a></div> <p>Possessing military capability is not sufficient if this capability can not be deployed for, and employed in combat operations. To achieve this, <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">military logistics</a> are used for the <a href="/wiki/Logistics_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Logistics management">logistics management</a> and logistics planning of the forces <a href="/wiki/Military_supply_chain_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Military supply chain management">supply "tail"</a>, the consumables and capital equipment of the troops. Although mostly concerned with the <a href="/wiki/Military_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Military transport">military transport</a> as a means of delivery using different modes of transport from military trucks to <a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">container ships</a> operating from permanent <a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">military base</a>, it also involves creating field supply dumps in the rear of the <a href="/wiki/Combat_zone" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Combat zone">combat zone</a>, and even forward supply points in specific unit's <a href="/wiki/Tactical_Area_of_Responsibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical Area of Responsibility">Tactical Area of Responsibility</a>. These supply points are also used to provide military engineering services such as the recovery of defective and derelict vehicles and weapons, maintenance of weapons in the field, the repair and field modification of weapons and equipment, and in peacetime the life-extension programs undertaken to allow continued use of equipment. One of the most important role of logistics is the supply of <a href="/wiki/Munition" class="mw-redirect" title="Munition">munitions</a> as a primary type of consumable, their storage and <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_disposal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance disposal">disposal</a>. </p><p><b>Military operations</b><br /> While capability development is about <a href="/wiki/Combat_readiness" title="Combat readiness">enabling</a> the military to perform its functions and roles in executing the defence policy, how personnel and their equipment are used in <a href="/wiki/Engagement_(military)" title="Engagement (military)">engaging the enemy</a>, winning <a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">battles</a>, successfully concluding <a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">campaigns</a>, and eventually the <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>, is the responsibility of military operations. Military operations oversees the policy interpretation into <a href="/wiki/Military_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Military plan">military plans</a>, allocation of capability to specific <a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">strategic</a>, operational and <a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">tactical</a> goals and objectives, change in posture of the armed forces, the interaction of <a href="/wiki/Combat_Arms" title="Combat Arms">Combat Arms</a>, Combat Support Arms and Combat Support Services during combat operations, defining of military missions and <a href="/wiki/Military_task" class="mw-redirect" title="Military task">tasks</a> during the conduct of combat, management of military prisoners and military civil affairs, and the <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">military occupation</a> of enemy territory, seizure of captured equipment, and maintenance of civil order in the territory under its responsibility. Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Combat_operations_process" title="Combat operations process">combat operations process</a>, and during the lulls in combat combat military intelligence provides reporting on the status of plan completion and its correlation with desired, expected and achieved satisfaction of policy fulfilment. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Military strategy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Military tactics</a></div> <p><b>Military performance assessment</b><br /> The last requirement of the military is for military performance assessment and learning from it. These two functions are performed by <a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">military historians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">military theorists</a> who seek to identify failures and success of the armed force and integrate corrections into the military reform with the aim of producing an improved force capable of performing adequately should there be a national defence policy review. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_in_combat">Military in combat</h2></div> <p>The primary reason for the existence of the military is to engage in <a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">combat</a>, should it be required to do so by the national defence policy, and to win. This represents an organisational goal of any military, and the primary focus for military thought through <a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">military history</a>. The "show" of military force has been a term that referred as much to military force projection, as to the units such as <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiments</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboats</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_deployment" title="Military deployment">deployed</a> in a particular theatre, or as an aggregate of such forces. In the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">United States Central Command</a> controlled <i>military forces</i> (units) of each of the four military services of the United States. How <a href="/wiki/Victory" title="Victory">victory</a> is achieved, and what shape it assumes is studied by the militaries on three levels. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Strategic_victory" title="Strategic victory">Strategic victory</a></b><br /> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Military strategy</a> is the management of forces in <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">military campaigns</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> employing large <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces">military forces</a> either national and allied as a whole, or the component elements of <a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">armies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">navies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force">air forces</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Army_group" title="Army group">army groups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_fleet" title="Naval fleet">fleets</a> and large numbers of aircraft. Military strategy is a long-term projection of belligerents' policy with a broad view of outcome implications, including outside the concerns of military command. Military strategy is more concerned with the <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">supply of war</a> and planning, then management of field forces and combat between them. The scope of Strategic military planning can span weeks, but commonly months and years.<sup id="cite_ref-p.67,_Dupuy_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.67,_Dupuy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p><b>Operational victory</b><br /> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Operational_mobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational mobility">Operational mobility</a> is, within <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">warfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">military doctrine</a>, the level of command which coordinates the minute details of <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">tactics</a> with the overarching goals of <a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">strategy</a>. A common synonym is operational art.</dd> <dd>The operational level is at a scale bigger than one where line of sight and the time of day are important, and smaller than the strategic level, where production and politics are considerations. Formations are of the operational level if they are able to conduct operations on their own, and are of sufficient size to be directly handled or have a significant impact at the strategic level. This concept was pioneered by the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> army prior to and during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>. At this level planning and duration of activities takes from one week to a month, and are executed by <a href="/wiki/Field_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Army">Field Armies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Army_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Corps">Army Corps</a> and their naval and air equivalents.<sup id="cite_ref-p.67,_Dupuy_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.67,_Dupuy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Tactical_victory" title="Tactical victory">Tactical victory</a></b><br /> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Military tactics</a> concerns itself with the methods for engaging and defeating an enemy in direct combat. Military tactics are usually used by units over hours or days, and are focused on the specific, close proximity tasks and objectives of <a href="/wiki/Squad" title="Squad">squads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">companys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a> and their naval and air equivalents.<sup id="cite_ref-p.67,_Dupuy_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p.67,_Dupuy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>One of the oldest military publications is <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></i> by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_philosophers" title="List of Chinese philosophers">Chinese philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Written in the 6th century BCE, the 13-chapter book is intended as military instruction and not as <a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">military theory</a>, but has had a huge influence on Asian, and from the late 19th century, European and United States <a href="/wiki/Military_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Military plan">military planning</a>. It has even been used to formulate business tactics, and used elsewhere<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous.">where?</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Macedonian_battle_formation.gif" class="new" title="File:Macedonian battle formation.gif"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="300">File:Macedonian battle formation.gif</span></a><figcaption>Battle formation and tactics of <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a>—<i>Courtesy of The Department of History, United States Military Academy</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dean.usma.edu/history/">[1]</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The Classical Greeks and the Romans wrote prolifically on <a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">military campaigning</a>. Among the best-known Roman works are <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s commentaries on the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Roman Civil war</a>—written about 50 BC. Two major works on tactics come from the late Roman period: <i>Taktike Theoria</i> by <a href="/wiki/Aelianus_Tacticus" title="Aelianus Tacticus">Aelianus Tacticus</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/De_Re_Militari" class="mw-redirect" title="De Re Militari">De Re Militari</a></i> ("On military matters") by <a href="/wiki/Publius_Flavius_Vegetius_Renatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus">Vegetius</a>. <i>Taktike Theoria</i> examined Greek military tactics, and was most influential in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> world and during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age of Islam</a>. <i>De Re Militari</i> formed the basis of European military tactics until the late 17th century. Perhaps its most enduring maxim is <a href="/wiki/Si_vis_pacem,_para_bellum" title="Si vis pacem, para bellum"><i>Igitur qui desiderat pacem, praeparet bellum</i></a> (let he who desires peace prepare for war). </p><p> Due to the changing nature of combat with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> in the European <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, and infantry firearms in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, attempts were made to define and identify those strategies, <a href="/wiki/Grand_tactics" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand tactics">grand tactics</a> and tactics that would produce a victory more often than that achieved by the Romans in praying to the gods before the battle. Later this became known as <a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Military Science</a>, and later still would adopt the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> approach to the conduct of military operations under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> thinking. In his seminal book <i><a href="/wiki/On_War" title="On War">On War</a></i> the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> <a href="/wiki/Major-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-General">Major-General</a> and leading <a href="/wiki/Expert" title="Expert">expert</a> on modern <a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">military strategy</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Carl von Clausewitz</a> defined military strategy as "the employment of battles to gain the end of war."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Clausewitz </p><blockquote> <p>strategy forms the plan of the War, and to this end it links together the series of acts which are to lead to the final decision, that is to say, it makes the plans for the separate campaigns and regulates the combats to be fought in each.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote><p> Hence, Clausewitz placed political aims above <a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">military goals</a>, ensuring <a href="/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian control of the military">civilian control of the military</a>. Military strategy was one of a triumvirate of <a href="/wiki/Military_art_(Military_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military art (Military science)">"arts"</a> or "sciences" that governed the conduct of warfare, the others being: <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">military tactics</a>, the execution of plans and <a href="/wiki/Operational_mobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational mobility">manœuvering of forces in battle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">maintenance of an army</a>. </p><p>The meaning of military tactics has changed over time from the deployment and manoeuvreing of entire land armies on the fields of ancient battles, and galley fleets, to modern use of small unit <a href="/wiki/Ambush" title="Ambush">ambushes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">encirclements</a>, bomb and bombardment attacks, <a href="/wiki/Frontal_assault" title="Frontal assault">frontal assaults</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">air assaults</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hit-and-run_tactics" title="Hit-and-run tactics">hit-and-run tactics</a> used mainly by <a href="/wiki/Guerilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerilla">guerilla</a> forces and, in some cases, <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide attacks</a> on land and at sea. Evolution of aerial warfare introduced its own <a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">air combat tactics</a>. Often, <a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">military deception</a>, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">military camouflage</a> or misdirection using <a href="/wiki/Decoy" title="Decoy">decoys</a>, is used to confuse the enemy as a tactic. A major development in <a href="/wiki/Infantry_tactics" title="Infantry tactics">infantry tactics</a> came with the increased use of <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a> in the 19th and 20th century. This was mainly employed in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gallipoli">Gallipoli campaign</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>. Trench warfare often turned to a stalemate, because in order to attack an enemy entrenchment soldiers had to run through an exposed "<a href="/wiki/No_man%27s_land" title="No man's land">no man's land</a>" under heavy fire from an entrenched enemy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_technology">Military technology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arrow-head_Olynthus_BM_GR1912.4-19.4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Arrow-head_Olynthus_BM_GR1912.4-19.4.jpg/240px-Arrow-head_Olynthus_BM_GR1912.4-19.4.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Arrow-head_Olynthus_BM_GR1912.4-19.4.jpg/360px-Arrow-head_Olynthus_BM_GR1912.4-19.4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Arrow-head_Olynthus_BM_GR1912.4-19.4.jpg/480px-Arrow-head_Olynthus_BM_GR1912.4-19.4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2650" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arrow-head" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrow-head">Arrow-head</a>. Bronze, 4th century BC. From <a href="/wiki/Olynthus" title="Olynthus">Olynthus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalcidice" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcidice">Chalcidice</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_technology_and_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Military technology and equipment">Military technology and equipment</a></div> <p>As with any occupation, since the ancient times the military has been distinguished from other members of the society by their tools, the military weapons and <a href="/wiki/Military_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Military equipment">military equipment</a> used in combat. When <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> humans first took a sliver of flint to tip the <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spear</a>, it was the first example of <a href="/wiki/Applied_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Applied research">applying technology</a> to improve the weapon. Since then, the advances made by human societies and that of weapons has been irretrievably linked. Stone weapons gave way to <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> weapons, and later the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> weapons. With each technological change was realised some tangible increase in military capability through greater effectiveness of a sharper edge in defeating <a href="/wiki/Leather_armour" class="mw-redirect" title="Leather armour">leather armour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanics_of_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanics of materials">improved density of materials</a> used in manufacture of weapons. On <a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">land</a> the first really significant technological advance in warfare was the development of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranged_weapon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ranged weapon (page does not exist)">ranged weapons</a> and notably the <a href="/wiki/Sling_(weapon)" title="Sling (weapon)">sling</a>. The next significant advance came with the domestication of the <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a> and mastering of <a href="/wiki/Horse_riding" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse riding">horse riding</a>. Arguably the greatest invention that affected not just the military, but all society, after adoption of fire, was the <a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">wheel</a>, and its use in the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</a>. There were no advances in military technology until, from the mechanical arm action of a <a href="/wiki/Slinger" class="mw-disambig" title="Slinger">slinger</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> development the <a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">siege engines</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bow_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (weapon)">bow</a> was manufactured in increasingly larger and more powerful versions to increase both the weapon range and armour penetration performance. These proved particularly useful during the <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">age of chivalry</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a>, mounted on <a href="/wiki/Destrier" title="Destrier">destriers</a> and encased in ever-more sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Armour" title="Armour">armour</a>, dominating the battlefield. Somewhat earlier in China, <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> had been invented, and was increasingly used by the military in combat. The use of gunpowder in the early <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">vase-like mortars</a> in Europe, and advanced versions of the <a href="/wiki/Long_bow" class="mw-redirect" title="Long bow">long bow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cross_bow" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross bow">cross bow</a>, which all had armour-piercing <a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">arrowheads</a>, that put an end to the dominance of the armoured knight. After the long bow, which required great skill and strength to use, the next most significant technological advance was the <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musket</a>, which could be used effectively with little training. In time the successors to muskets and <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a>, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, would become core battlefield technology. </p><p>As the speed of technological advances accelerated in civilian applications, so too warfare became more <a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industralised</a>. The newly-invented <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine gun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Repeating_rifle" title="Repeating rifle">repeating rifle</a> redefined <a href="/wiki/Fire_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire power">fire power</a> on the battlefield and, in part, explains the high casualty rates of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. The next breakthrough was the conversion of artillery parks from the <a href="/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">muzzle loading guns</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Breech-loading_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breech-loading weapon">breech loading guns</a>, and in particular the highly-mobile, recoilless, field-gun, the French <i><a href="/wiki/Canon_de_75_mod%C3%A8le_1897" title="Canon de 75 modèle 1897">Soixante-Quinze</a></i>, in the late 1800s. </p><p>The development of breech loading had the greatest effect on <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">naval warfare</a>, for the first time since the Middle Ages altering the way weapons are mounted on <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warships</a>, and therefore <a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">naval tactics</a>, now divorced from the reliance on <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">sails</a> with the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal combustion">internal combustion</a>. A further advance in military naval technology was the design of the <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> and its weapon, the <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a>. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> the need to break the deadlock of the trenches saw the rapid development of many new technologies, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_aviation" title="Military aviation">military aviation</a>. Military aviation was extensively used, and particularly the <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bombers</a> during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, which marked the most frantic period of weapons development in history. Many new designs and concepts were used in combat, and all existing technologies were improved between 1939 and 1945. During the war significant advances were made in <a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">military communications</a> through use of radio, military intelligence through use of the <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">military medicine</a> through use of <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a>, while in the air the <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">missile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">jet aircraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a> were seen for the first time. Perhaps the most infamous of all military technologies was the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a>, although the effects of <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> were unknown until the early 1950s. Far greater use of <a href="/wiki/Military_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Military vehicles">military vehicles</a> had finally eliminated the cavalry from the military <a href="/wiki/Force_structure" title="Force structure">force structure</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USAF_F-15C_fires_AIM-7_Sparrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/USAF_F-15C_fires_AIM-7_Sparrow.jpg/200px-USAF_F-15C_fires_AIM-7_Sparrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/USAF_F-15C_fires_AIM-7_Sparrow.jpg/300px-USAF_F-15C_fires_AIM-7_Sparrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/USAF_F-15C_fires_AIM-7_Sparrow.jpg/400px-USAF_F-15C_fires_AIM-7_Sparrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1334" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/AIM-7" class="mw-redirect" title="AIM-7">AIM-7</a> Sparrow medium range <a href="/wiki/Air-to-air_missile" title="Air-to-air missile">air-to-air missile</a> from an <a href="/wiki/F-15_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="F-15 Eagle">F-15 Eagle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After World War II, with the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the constant technological development of new weapons was institutionalized as participants engaged in a constant <a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a> in capability development. This constant state of weapons development continues into the present, and remains a constant drain on national resources, which some blame on the <a href="/wiki/Military-industrial_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Military-industrial complex">military-industrial complex</a>. The most significant technological developments that influenced combat have been the guided missiles which are used by all Services. More recently, information technology, and its use in surveillance, including space-based reconnaissance systems, have played an increasing role in military operations. The impact of <a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">information warfare</a> that focuses on attacking command communication systems, and military databases has been coupled with the new development in military technology has been the use of robotic systems in intelligence combat, both in hardware and software applications. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/MIRV" class="mw-redirect" title="MIRV">MIRV</a> <a href="/wiki/ICBM" class="mw-redirect" title="ICBM">ICBM</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Bomba" title="Tsar Bomba">Tsar Bomb</a> are considered the most destructive weapons invented. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_and_society">Military and society</h2></div> <p>The relationship between the military and the <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> it serves is a complicated and ever-evolving one. Much depends on the nature of the society itself and whether it sees the military as important, as for example in time of threat or war, or a burdensome expense typified by defence cuts in time of peace. These relationships are seen from the perspective of political-military relations, the military-industrial complex mentioned above, and the socio-military relationship. The last can be divided between those segments of society that offer <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">support for the military</a>, those who voice <a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">opposition to the military</a>, the voluntary and involuntary civilians in the military forces, the populations of civilians in a combat zone, and of course the military's self-perception. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideology_and_ethics">Ideology and ethics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></div> <p>Militarist ideology is the <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Social_attitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Social attitude">social attitude</a> of being best served, or being a beneficiary of a <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>, or guided by concepts embodied in the military <i>culture, doctrine, system,</i> or <i>leaders</i>. </p><p>Either because of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_memory" title="Cultural memory">cultural memory</a>, national history, or the potentiality of a <a href="/wiki/Military_threat" title="Military threat">military threat</a>, the militarist argument asserts that a <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilian</a> population is dependent upon, and thereby subservient to the needs and goals of its military for continued <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a>. Militarism is sometimes contrasted with the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_national_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive national power">comprehensive national power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hard_power" title="Hard power">hard power</a>. </p><p>Most nations have separate <a href="/wiki/Military_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Military law">military laws</a> which regulate conduct in war and during peacetime. An early exponent was <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a>, whose <i>Rights of War and Peace</i> (1625) had a major impact of the humanitarian approach to warfare development. His theme was echoed by <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus" title="Gustavus Adolphus">Gustavus Adolphus</a>. </p><p>Ethics of warfare have developed since 1945 to create constraints on the military treatment of prisoners and civilians primarily by the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a>, but rarely apply to use of the military forces as internal security troops during times of political conflict that results in popular protests and incitement to <a href="/wiki/Popular_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular uprising">popular uprising</a>. </p><p>International protocols restrict the use, or have even created international bans on weapons, notably <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="International convention">International conventions</a> define what constitutes a <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crime</a> and provides for war crimes prosecution. Individual countries also have elaborate codes of <a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">military justice</a>, an example being the United States' <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice" title="Uniform Code of Military Justice">Uniform Code of Military Justice</a> that can lead to <a href="/wiki/Court_martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Court martial">court martial</a> for military personnel found guilty of war crimes. </p><p>Military actions are sometimes argued to be justified by furthering a humanitarian cause such as <a href="/wiki/Disaster_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Disaster relief">disaster relief</a> operations or in defence of refugees. The term <a href="/wiki/Military_humanism" title="Military humanism">military humanism</a> is used to refer to such actions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></div> <p>Antimilitarism is the <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Social_attitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Social attitude">social attitude</a> opposed to war between states, and in particular countering arguments based on <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a>. Following <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a>'s exploration of the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">history and violence</a>, antimilistarists argue that there are different types of violence, some of which can be said to be legitimate others non-legitimate. <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-syndicalist">Anarcho-syndicalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Georges Sorel</a> advocated the use of violence as a form of <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a>, calling it <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">"revolutionary violence"</a>, which he opposed in <i>Reflections on Violence</i> (1908) to the violence inherent in <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a>. Sorel thus followed the <a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a> theorization of <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">propaganda of the deed</a>. </p><p>War, as violence, can be distinguished into war between states, and <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>, in which case class struggle is, according to antimilitarists theorists, a <a href="/wiki/Primordial" class="mw-disambig" title="Primordial">primordial</a> component. Hence, <a href="/wiki/Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx">Marx</a>'s influence on antimilitarist doctrine was not surprising, although making Marx accountable for the antimilitarist tradition is a large overstatement. The belief in the eternal antimilitarist spirit, present in all places and time, is however a myth because the modern military as an institution is a historic achievement formed during the 18th and 19th centuries, as a by-product of the modern nation-states. <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon</a>'s invention of <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> is a fundamental <a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">progress</a> in the organization of state armies. Later, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Prussian militarism</a> would be exposed by 19th century <a href="/wiki/List_of_social_theorists" title="List of social theorists">social theorists</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stereotypes_of_the_military">Stereotypes of the military</h2></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Military_brat_(U.S._subculture)" title="Military brat (U.S. subculture)">military brat</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Colloquial" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquial">colloquial</a> term for a child with at least one parent who served as a <a href="/wiki/Regular_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Regular Army">regular</a> in the armed forces. Children of armed forces members may move around to different military bases or international postings, which gives them an unusual childhood. Unlike common usage of the term <i>brat</i>, when it is used in this context, it is not necessarily a derogatory term. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_in_the_media">Military in the media</h3></div> <p>Soldiers and armies have been at the heart of <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> since the beginnings of recorded <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>. In addition to the countless images of military leaders in heroic poses from <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a>, they have been an enduring source of <a href="/wiki/Inspiration" class="mw-disambig" title="Inspiration">inspiration</a> in war literature. Not all of this has been entirely complementary and the military have been lampooned or ridiculed as often as they have been idolized. The classical Greek writer <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, devoted an entire <a href="/wiki/Greek_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek comedy">comedy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lysistrata" title="Lysistrata">Lysistrata</a>, to a <a href="/wiki/Strike" class="mw-disambig" title="Strike">strike</a> organised by military wives where they withhold <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a> from their <a href="/wiki/Husband" title="Husband">husbands</a> to prevent them from going to war. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a>, tales of <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knighthood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a>, the officer class of the period, captured the <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">popular imagination</a>. Writers and poets like <a href="/wiki/Taliesin" title="Taliesin">Taliesin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mallory" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Mallory">Thomas Mallory</a> wrote tales of derring-do featuring <a href="/wiki/Arthur" title="Arthur">Arthur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinevere" title="Guinevere">Guinevere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancelot" title="Lancelot">Lancelot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galahad" title="Galahad">Galahad</a>. Even in the 21st century, <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">books</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">films</a> about the <a href="/wiki/Arthurian_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian legend">Arthurian legend</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a> continuing to appear. A century or so later, in the hands of <a href="/wiki/Writer" title="Writer">writers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Jean_Froissart" title="Jean Froissart">Jean Froissart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Cervantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Cervantes">Miguel Cervantes</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, the fictional knight <a href="/wiki/Tirant_lo_Blanch" title="Tirant lo Blanch">Tirant lo Blanch</a> and the real-life <a href="/wiki/Condottieri" class="mw-redirect" title="Condottieri">condottieri</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Hawkwood" title="John Hawkwood">John Hawkwood</a> would be juxtaposed against the fantastical <a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a> and the carousing <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Falstaff" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Falstaff">Sir John Falstaff</a>. In just one play, <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_(play)" title="Henry V (play)">Henry V</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> provides a whole range of military characters, from cool-headed and clear-sighted <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">generals</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Captain_(land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (land)">captains</a>, and common soldiery. </p> <center><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 858px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue-Augustus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emperor Augustus Caesar in a martial pose (1st century)"><img alt="Emperor Augustus Caesar in a martial pose (1st century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/66px-Statue-Augustus.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/100px-Statue-Augustus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/133px-Statue-Augustus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta" title="Augustus of Prima Porta">Augustus Caesar</a> in a martial pose (1st century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Fuite_de_Pomp%C3%A9e.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Flight of Pompey after Pharsalus, by Jean Fouquet"><img alt="The Flight of Pompey after Pharsalus, by Jean Fouquet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/La_Fuite_de_Pomp%C3%A9e.jpg/73px-La_Fuite_de_Pomp%C3%A9e.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/La_Fuite_de_Pomp%C3%A9e.jpg/109px-La_Fuite_de_Pomp%C3%A9e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/La_Fuite_de_Pomp%C3%A9e.jpg/145px-La_Fuite_de_Pomp%C3%A9e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="588" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Flight of Pompey after Pharsalus</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fouquet" title="Jean Fouquet">Jean Fouquet</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Froissart,_Chroniques,_154v,_12148_btv1b8438605hf336,_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medieval view: Richard II of England meets rebels"><img alt="Medieval view: Richard II of England meets rebels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Jean_Froissart%2C_Chroniques%2C_154v%2C_12148_btv1b8438605hf336%2C_crop.jpg/100px-Jean_Froissart%2C_Chroniques%2C_154v%2C_12148_btv1b8438605hf336%2C_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Jean_Froissart%2C_Chroniques%2C_154v%2C_12148_btv1b8438605hf336%2C_crop.jpg/150px-Jean_Froissart%2C_Chroniques%2C_154v%2C_12148_btv1b8438605hf336%2C_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Jean_Froissart%2C_Chroniques%2C_154v%2C_12148_btv1b8438605hf336%2C_crop.jpg/200px-Jean_Froissart%2C_Chroniques%2C_154v%2C_12148_btv1b8438605hf336%2C_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3261" data-file-height="3144" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Medieval view: Richard II of England meets rebels</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Firenze.Duomo.Hawkwood.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sir John Hawkwood (fresco in the Duomo, Florence)"><img alt="Sir John Hawkwood (fresco in the Duomo, Florence)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Firenze.Duomo.Hawkwood.JPG/76px-Firenze.Duomo.Hawkwood.JPG" decoding="async" width="76" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Firenze.Duomo.Hawkwood.JPG/114px-Firenze.Duomo.Hawkwood.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Firenze.Duomo.Hawkwood.JPG/152px-Firenze.Duomo.Hawkwood.JPG 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="1238" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Hawkwood" title="John Hawkwood">John Hawkwood</a> (fresco in the <a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Duomo</a>, Florence)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eduard_von_Gr%C3%BCtzner_Falstaff_mit_Handschuhen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shakespeare's Sir John Falstaff by Eduard von Grützner"><img alt="Shakespeare's Sir John Falstaff by Eduard von Grützner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Eduard_von_Gr%C3%BCtzner_Falstaff_mit_Handschuhen.jpg/74px-Eduard_von_Gr%C3%BCtzner_Falstaff_mit_Handschuhen.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Eduard_von_Gr%C3%BCtzner_Falstaff_mit_Handschuhen.jpg/111px-Eduard_von_Gr%C3%BCtzner_Falstaff_mit_Handschuhen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Eduard_von_Gr%C3%BCtzner_Falstaff_mit_Handschuhen.jpg/148px-Eduard_von_Gr%C3%BCtzner_Falstaff_mit_Handschuhen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shakespeare's Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Falstaff" title="John Falstaff">John Falstaff</a> by <a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Gr%C3%BCtzner" title="Eduard von Grützner">Eduard von Grützner</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Rupert_-_1st_English_Civil_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""The Cruel Practices of Prince Rupert" (1643)"><img alt=""The Cruel Practices of Prince Rupert" (1643)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Prince_Rupert_-_1st_English_Civil_War.jpg/92px-Prince_Rupert_-_1st_English_Civil_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Prince_Rupert_-_1st_English_Civil_War.jpg/138px-Prince_Rupert_-_1st_English_Civil_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Prince_Rupert_-_1st_English_Civil_War.jpg/184px-Prince_Rupert_-_1st_English_Civil_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"The Cruel Practices of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Rupert">Prince Rupert</a>" (1643)</div> </li> </ul></center> <p>The rapid growth of <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> in the late 16th and early 17th centuries saw an upsurge in private publication. Political <a href="/wiki/Pamphlets" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamphlets">pamphlets</a> became popular, often lampooning military leaders for political purposes. A pamphlet directed against <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert_of_the_Rhine" title="Prince Rupert of the Rhine">Prince Rupert of the Rhine</a> is a typical example. During the 19th century, irreverence towards authority was at its height and for every elegant military gentleman painted by the master-<a href="/wiki/Portraitist" class="mw-redirect" title="Portraitist">portraitists</a> of the European courts for example, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough" title="Thomas Gainsborough">Gainsborough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Reynolds</a>, there are the sometimes affectionate and sometimes savage <a href="/wiki/Caricature" title="Caricature">caricatures</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rowlandson" title="Thomas Rowlandson">Rowland</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">Hogarth</a>. </p><p>This continued in the 20th century, with publications like <a href="/wiki/Punch" class="mw-disambig" title="Punch">Punch</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Le_P%C3%A8re_Duchesne_(19th_c.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Père Duchesne (19th c.)">Le Père Duchesne</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, poking fun at the <a href="/wiki/Military_establishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment">military establishment</a>. This extended to media other print also. An enduring example is the <a href="/wiki/Major-General%27s_Song" title="Major-General's Song">Major-General's Song</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a> light <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_Penzance" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirates of Penzance">Pirates of Penzance</a>, where a senior army officer is <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satirised</a> for his enormous fund of irrelevant knowledge. </p> <center><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 858px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colonel John Hayes St. Leger (detail) by Sir Joshua Reynolds"><img alt="Colonel John Hayes St. Leger (detail) by Sir Joshua Reynolds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_008.jpg/60px-Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_008.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_008.jpg/90px-Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_008.jpg/120px-Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2623" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Colonel John Hayes St. Leger (detail) by Sir <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Joshua Reynolds</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Rowlandson_(12).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rowlandson often satirised the military"><img alt="Rowlandson often satirised the military" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Thomas_Rowlandson_%2812%29.jpg/80px-Thomas_Rowlandson_%2812%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Thomas_Rowlandson_%2812%29.jpg/119px-Thomas_Rowlandson_%2812%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Thomas_Rowlandson_%2812%29.jpg/159px-Thomas_Rowlandson_%2812%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="633" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rowlandson" title="Thomas Rowlandson">Rowlandson</a> often satirised the military</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirates_of_Penzance_(A.S._Seer,_1880).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""A modern major general" (Pirates of Penzance)"><img alt=""A modern major general" (Pirates of Penzance)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pirates_of_Penzance_%28A.S._Seer%2C_1880%29.jpg/50px-Pirates_of_Penzance_%28A.S._Seer%2C_1880%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pirates_of_Penzance_%28A.S._Seer%2C_1880%29.jpg/75px-Pirates_of_Penzance_%28A.S._Seer%2C_1880%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pirates_of_Penzance_%28A.S._Seer%2C_1880%29.jpg/100px-Pirates_of_Penzance_%28A.S._Seer%2C_1880%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="1881" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"A modern major general" (<i><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_Penzance" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirates of Penzance">Pirates of Penzance</a></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wh_russell_cartoon.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Punch: war reporter, W H Russell, Crimean War"><img alt="Punch: war reporter, W H Russell, Crimean War" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Wh_russell_cartoon.png/66px-Wh_russell_cartoon.png" decoding="async" width="66" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Wh_russell_cartoon.png/98px-Wh_russell_cartoon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Wh_russell_cartoon.png/131px-Wh_russell_cartoon.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="913" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <i><a href="/wiki/Punch" class="mw-disambig" title="Punch">Punch</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/War_reporter" class="mw-redirect" title="War reporter">war reporter</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Russell" title="William Howard Russell">W H Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:Error mw:File"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Red_Army_recruitment_poster.png" class="new" title="File:Red Army recruitment poster.png"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="100" data-height="100">Red Army recruiting poster (1920)</span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> recruiting poster (1920) </div> </li> </ul></center> <p>The increasing importance of <a href="/wiki/History_of_film" title="History of film">cinema</a> in the early 20th century provided a new platform for depictions of military subjects. During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, although heavily <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censored</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newsreel" title="Newsreel">newsreels</a> enabled those at home to see for themselves a heavily-sanitized version of life at the front line. About the same time, both <a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">pro-war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war film">anti-war films</a> came to the <a href="/wiki/Silver_screen" title="Silver screen">silver screen</a>. One of the first films on <a href="/wiki/Military_aviation" title="Military aviation">military aviation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hell%27s_Angels_(film)" title="Hell's Angels (film)">Hell's Angels</a> broke all box office records on its <a href="/wiki/Film_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Film release">release</a> in 1929. Soon, <a href="/wiki/List_of_war_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of war films">war films</a> of all types were showing throughout the world, notably those of <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> who actively promoted <a href="/wiki/War_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="War bonds">war bonds</a> and voluntary enlistment. </p><p>The First World War was also responsible for a new kind of military depiction, through <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>. Hitherto, poetry had been used mostly to glorify or sanctify war. <a href="/wiki/The_Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade_(poem)" title="The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)">The Charge of the Light Brigade</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson" title="Alfred, Lord Tennyson">Alfred, Lord Tennyson</a>, with its <a href="/wiki/Gallop" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallop">galloping</a> <a href="/wiki/Hoof" title="Hoof">hoofbeat</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a>, is a prime late <a href="/wiki/Victorian" class="mw-disambig" title="Victorian">Victorian</a> example of this, though <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a> had written a scathing reply, <a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Light_Brigade" title="The Last of the Light Brigade">The Last of the Light Brigade</a>, criticising the <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> in which many Light Brigade <a href="/wiki/Veteran" title="Veteran">veterans</a> found themselves in <a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">old age</a>. Instead, the new wave of poetry, from the <a href="/wiki/War_poet" class="mw-redirect" title="War poet">war poets</a>, was written from the point of view of the disenchanted <a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">trench</a> soldier. Leading war poets included: <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Sassoon" title="Siegfried Sassoon">Siegfried Sassoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Wilfred Owen</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_McCrae" title="John McCrae">John McCrae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Brooke" title="Rupert Brooke">Rupert Brooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Rosenberg" title="Isaac Rosenberg">Isaac Rosenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Jones" class="mw-disambig" title="David Jones">David Jones</a>. A similar <a href="/wiki/Literary_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary movement">movement</a> occurred in literature, producing a slew of <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novels</a> on both sides of the Atlantic including notably <i><a href="/wiki/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front" title="All Quiet on the Western Front">All Quiet on the Western Front</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Got_His_Gun" title="Johnny Got His Gun">Johnny Got His Gun</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/1963_in_literature" title="1963 in literature">1963</a> English <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">stage musical</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Oh,_What_a_Lovely_War!" title="Oh, What a Lovely War!">Oh, What a Lovely War!</a></i> provided a satirical take on World War I, which was released in a <a href="/wiki/Oh!_What_a_Lovely_War" title="Oh! What a Lovely War">cinematic version</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a> in 1969. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> war that accompanied <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> invariably depicted the <a href="/wiki/Enemy" title="Enemy">enemy</a> in unflattering terms. Both the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> excelled in producing heroic images, placing their soldiers in a semi-mythical context. Examples of this exist not only in posters but also in the films of <a href="/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a>. Alongside this, World War II also inspired films as varied as <i><a href="/wiki/Bridge_on_the_River_Kwai" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge on the River Kwai">Bridge on the River Kwai</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Longest_Day_(film)" title="The Longest Day (film)">The Longest Day</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Catch-22" title="Catch-22">Catch-22</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Saving_Private_Ryan" title="Saving Private Ryan">Saving Private Ryan</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sea_Shall_Not_Have_Them" title="The Sea Shall Not Have Them">The Sea Shall Not Have Them</a></i>. The next major event, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> inspired a long-running television series <i><a href="/wiki/M*A*S*H" title="M*A*S*H">M*A*S*H</a></i>. With the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, the tide of balance turned and its films, notably <i><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_Now" title="Apocalypse Now">Apocalypse Now</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Good_Morning_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Morning Vietnam">Good Morning Vietnam</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Go_Tell_the_Spartans" title="Go Tell the Spartans">Go Tell the Spartans</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Born_on_the_Fourth_of_July_(film)" title="Born on the Fourth of July (film)">Born on the Fourth of July</a></i>, have tended to contain critical messages. </p><p>There's even a <a href="/wiki/Nursery_rhyme" title="Nursery rhyme">nursery rhyme</a> about war, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Old_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Old Duke of York">Grand Old Duke of York</a>, ridiculing a general for his inability to command any further than marching his men up and down a hill. The huge number of songs focusing on war include <a href="/wiki/And_The_Band_Played_Waltzing_Matilda" class="mw-redirect" title="And The Band Played Waltzing Matilda">And The Band Played Waltzing Matilda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universal_Soldier" class="mw-disambig" title="Universal Soldier">Universal Soldier</a>. </p> <center><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 858px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AntiJapanesePropagandaTakeDayOff.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Caricature Japanese soldier in a US propaganda poster"><img alt="Caricature Japanese soldier in a US propaganda poster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/AntiJapanesePropagandaTakeDayOff.gif/75px-AntiJapanesePropagandaTakeDayOff.gif" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/AntiJapanesePropagandaTakeDayOff.gif/113px-AntiJapanesePropagandaTakeDayOff.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/AntiJapanesePropagandaTakeDayOff.gif/150px-AntiJapanesePropagandaTakeDayOff.gif 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="578" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Caricature Japanese soldier in a US propaganda poster</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberators-Kultur-Terror-Anti-Americanism-1944-Nazi-Propaganda-Poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nazi Poster depicting American "liberators" as monsters"><img alt="Nazi Poster depicting American "liberators" as monsters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Liberators-Kultur-Terror-Anti-Americanism-1944-Nazi-Propaganda-Poster.jpg/74px-Liberators-Kultur-Terror-Anti-Americanism-1944-Nazi-Propaganda-Poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Liberators-Kultur-Terror-Anti-Americanism-1944-Nazi-Propaganda-Poster.jpg/112px-Liberators-Kultur-Terror-Anti-Americanism-1944-Nazi-Propaganda-Poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Liberators-Kultur-Terror-Anti-Americanism-1944-Nazi-Propaganda-Poster.jpg/149px-Liberators-Kultur-Terror-Anti-Americanism-1944-Nazi-Propaganda-Poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="366" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nazi Poster depicting American "liberators" as monsters</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:Error mw:File"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Catch22_cover.jpg" class="new" title="File:Catch22 cover.jpg"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="100" data-height="100">Joseph Heller's anti-war novel, Catch-22</span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Joseph Heller's anti-war novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Catch-22" title="Catch-22">Catch-22</a></i></div> </li> </ul></center> <p>Although some groups engaged in combat, such as <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movements</a>, all refer to themselves using military terminology, notably "Army" or "Front", none have had the structure of a national military to justify the reference, and usually have had to rely on support of outside national militaries. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_guerrilla_organization.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Simple_guerrilla_organization.svg/300px-Simple_guerrilla_organization.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Simple_guerrilla_organization.svg/450px-Simple_guerrilla_organization.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Simple_guerrilla_organization.svg/600px-Simple_guerrilla_organization.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="143" /></a><figcaption>Guerilla structure</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Militaria">Militaria</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Militaria" title="Militaria">Militaria</a></div> <p>Militaria are another way of depicting the military. Militaria are <a href="/wiki/Antique" title="Antique">antique</a> <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a> or <a href="/wiki/Replica" title="Replica">replicas</a> of military history people, firearms, swords, badges, etc collected for their historical significance. Today, the collecting of militaria items such as <a href="/wiki/Toy_soldier" title="Toy soldier">toy soldiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin_soldier" title="Tin soldier">tin soldiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Military model">military models</a> is an established hobby among many groups of people. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces">Armed forces</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_notes">References and notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Ramesseum_bataille_de_Kadesh.jpg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File:Ramesseum bataille de Kadesh.jpg (page does not exist)">Bas-relief of Ramesses II at Kadesh</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/File:Terrakotta_2006_3.jpg" title="File:Terrakotta 2006 3.jpg">Terra cotta of massed ranks of Qin Shi Huang's terra cotta soldiers</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary (2nd edition) Oxford: 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p.156, Tucker</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-COD-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-COD_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-COD_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askoxford.com/dictionaries/?view=uk">Compact Oxford Dictionary online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webster-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Webster_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webster_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/">Merriam Webster Dictionary online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p.67,_Dupuy-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p.67,_Dupuy_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p.67,_Dupuy_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p.67,_Dupuy_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p.67,_Dupuy_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">p.67, Dupuy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mypivots.com/articles/booktext.aspx?bookname=The%20Art%20of%20War"><i>The Art of War</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMacHenry1993" class="citation book cs1">MacHenry, Robert (1993). <i>The New Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Incorporated. p. 305.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=MacHenry&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameters: <code class="cs1-code">|accessyear=</code>, <code class="cs1-code">|origmonth=</code>, <code class="cs1-code">|accessmonth=</code>, <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code>, <code class="cs1-code">|chapterurl=</code>, <code class="cs1-code">|origdate=</code>, and <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_unknown_empty" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1946/1946-h/1946-h.htm#2H_4_0023">"<i>On War</i> by General Carl von Clausewitz"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(htm)</span>. <i>gutenberg.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=On+War+by+General+Carl+von+Clausewitz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F1946%2F1946-h%2F1946-h.htm%232H_4_0023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.military-dictionary.org/">Free Military Dictionary</a> Military terminologies</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li>Dupuy, T.N. (Col. ret.), <i>Understanding war: History and Theory of combat</i>, Leo Cooper, London, 1992</li> <li>Tucker, T.G., <i>Etymological dictionary of Latin</i>, Ares publishers Inc., Chicago, 1985</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/military" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/military">military</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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