CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head><meta charset="utf-8"> <title>Frontiers | Science news in category</title> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://js-agent.newrelic.com" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://brand.frontiersin.org" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://graphql.contentful.com" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://images.ctfassets.net"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#0C4DED"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://js-agent.newrelic.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://brand.frontiersin.org"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://graphql.contentful.com"> <script type="text/javascript" data-h-4cd079c="">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info = {"agent":"","beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"598a124f17","applicationID":"575163483","agentToken":null,"applicationTime":21.364949,"transactionName":"MQcDMkECCkNSW0YMWghNLwlBDgVcWkJXAWAUC05M","queueTime":0,"ttGuid":"c0958025b202a3a8"}; (window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]},distributed_tracing:{enabled:true}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={agentID:"594441469",accountID:"230385",trustKey:"230385",xpid:"VgUHUl5WGwYHUVBUBAUPVQ==",licenseKey:"598a124f17",applicationID:"575163483"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>h,gD:()=>g,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function h(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=h(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},5603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>c,o:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=a[e])}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,Yq:()=>a,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN",a="^2.0.0-alpha.17"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A4:()=>s,OF:()=>d,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>h,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,lR:()=>f,m:()=>u,mw:()=>c,sb:()=>l});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s="complete"===a?.document?.readyState,c=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),u=""+a?.location,d=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),l=d&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,f=(()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),h=Date.now()-(0,n.t)()},7295:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Xv:()=>a,gX:()=>i,iW:()=>o});var n=[];function i(e){if(!e||o(e))return!1;if(0===n.length)return!0;for(var t=0;t<n.length;t++){var r=n[t];if("*"===r.hostname)return!1;if(s(r.hostname,e.hostname)&&c(r.pathname,e.pathname))return!1}return!0}function o(e){return void 0===e.hostname}function a(e){if(n=[],e&&e.length)for(var t=0;t<e.length;t++){let r=e[t];if(!r)continue;0===r.indexOf("http://")?r=r.substring(7):0===r.indexOf("https://")&&(r=r.substring(8));const i=r.indexOf("/");let o,a;i>0?(o=r.substring(0,i),a=r.substring(i)):(o=r,a="");let[s]=o.split(":");n.push({hostname:s,pathname:a})}}function s(e,t){return!(e.length>t.length)&&t.indexOf(e)===t.length-e.length}function c(e,t){return 0===e.indexOf("/")&&(e=e.substring(1)),0===t.indexOf("/")&&(t=t.substring(1)),""===e||e===t}},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),h(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return h(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),h(e,t)})))}function h(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=h(n),c=g(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:g,context:h,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function h(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=g(e).concat(t)}function g(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,ZF:()=>c,bz:()=>a,el:()=>u});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function u(){return s(32)}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},7485:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(6154);function i(e){if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};try{const t=new URL(e,location.href),r={port:t.port,hostname:t.hostname,pathname:t.pathname,search:t.search,protocol:t.protocol.slice(0,t.protocol.indexOf(":")),sameOrigin:t.protocol===n.gm?.location?.protocol&&t.host===n.gm?.location?.host};return r.port&&""!==r.port||("http:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="80"),"https:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="443")),r.pathname&&""!==r.pathname?r.pathname.startsWith("/")||(r.pathname="/".concat(r.pathname)):r.pathname="/",r}catch(e){return{}}}},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},3304:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>o});var n=r(7836);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())??""}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}return""}}},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},8139:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>f});var n=r(7836),i=r(3434),o=r(8990),a=r(6154);const s={},c=a.gm.XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener",l="nr@wrapped:".concat(n.P);function f(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(s[t.debugId]++)return t;s[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,i.YM)(t,!0);function f(e){r.inPlace(e,[u,d],"-",p)}function p(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(a.RI&&h(document,f),h(a.gm,f),h(c.prototype,f)),t.on(u+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,o.I)(n,l,(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(d+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function h(e,t,...r){let n=e;for(;"object"==typeof n&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,u);)n=Object.getPrototypeOf(n);n&&t(n,...r)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},9300:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.ajax},3333:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,Zp:()=>i,mq:()=>s,nf:()=>a,qN:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.genericEvents,i=["auxclick","click","copy","keydown","paste","scrollend"],o=["focus","blur"],a=4,s=1e3},6774:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.jserrors},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,TZ:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log",a=n.K7.logging},3785:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{R:()=>c,b:()=>u});var n=r(9908),i=r(1863),o=r(860),a=r(3969),s=r(993);function c(e,t,r={},c=s.p_.INFO){(0,n.p)(a.xV,["API/logging/".concat(c.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,o.K7.metrics,e),(0,n.p)(s.ET,[(0,i.t)(),t,r,c],void 0,o.K7.logging,e)}function u(e){return"string"==typeof e&&Object.values(s.p_).some((t=>t===e.toUpperCase().trim()))}},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>d,G4:()=>o,Qb:()=>l,TZ:()=>i,Ug:()=>a,_s:()=>s,bc:()=>u,yP:()=>c});var n=r(2614);const i=r(860).K7.sessionReplay,o={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"},a=.12,s={DomContentLoaded:0,Load:1,FullSnapshot:2,IncrementalSnapshot:3,Meta:4,Custom:5},c={[n.g.ERROR]:15e3,[n.g.FULL]:3e5,[n.g.OFF]:0},u={RESET:{message:"Session was reset",sm:"Reset"},IMPORT:{message:"Recorder failed to import",sm:"Import"},TOO_MANY:{message:"429: Too Many Requests",sm:"Too-Many"},TOO_BIG:{message:"Payload was too large",sm:"Too-Big"},CROSS_TAB:{message:"Session Entity was set to OFF on another tab",sm:"Cross-Tab"},ENTITLEMENTS:{message:"Session Replay is not allowed and will not be started",sm:"Entitlement"}},d=5e3,l={API:"api"}},5270:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Aw:()=>c,CT:()=>u,SR:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(9417),o=r(7767),a=r(6154);function s(e){return!!(0,n.dV)().o.MO&&(0,o.V)(e)&&!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}function c(e){return!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_replay.preload")&&s(e)}function u(e,t){const r=t.correctAbsoluteTimestamp(e);return{originalTimestamp:e,correctedTimestamp:r,timestampDiff:e-r,originTime:a.WN,correctedOriginTime:t.correctedOriginTime,originTimeDiff:Math.floor(a.WN-t.correctedOriginTime)}}},3738:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{He:()=>i,Kp:()=>s,Lc:()=>u,Rz:()=>d,TZ:()=>n,bD:()=>o,d3:()=>a,jx:()=>l,uP:()=>c});const n=r(860).K7.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState",l=1e3},3962:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{AM:()=>o,O2:()=>s,Qu:()=>c,TZ:()=>a,ih:()=>u,tC:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i=["click","keydown","submit"],o="api",a=n.K7.softNav,s={INITIAL_PAGE_LOAD:"",ROUTE_CHANGE:1,UNSPECIFIED:2},c={INTERACTION:1,AJAX:2,CUSTOM_END:3,CUSTOM_TRACER:4},u={IP:"in progress",FIN:"finished",CAN:"cancelled"}},7378:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$p:()=>x,BR:()=>b,Kp:()=>R,L3:()=>y,Lc:()=>c,NC:()=>o,SG:()=>d,TZ:()=>i,U6:()=>p,UT:()=>m,d3:()=>w,dT:()=>f,e5:()=>A,gx:()=>v,l9:()=>l,oW:()=>h,op:()=>g,rw:()=>u,tH:()=>E,uP:()=>s,wW:()=>T,xq:()=>a});var n=r(384);const i=r(860).K7.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",l="remaining",f="interaction",h="spaNode",p="jsonpNode",g="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=(0,n.dV)().o.ST,w="-start",R="-end",x="-body",T="cb"+R,A="jsTime",E="fetch"},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7767:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>o});var n=r(9417),i=r(6154);const o=e=>i.RI&&!0===(0,n.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")},425:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>j});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),h=r(384),p=r(6344);const g=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993),w=r(3785),R=r(2646),x=r(3434);function T(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,x.YM)(i),a=new R.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function A(){const e=(0,h.pV)();g.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const E={};var S=r(9417),N=r(5603),O=r(5284);const _=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let I=!1;function j(e,t={},g,R){let{init:x,info:j,loader_config:P,runtime:C={},exposed:k=!0}=t;C.loaderType=g;const L=(0,h.pV)();j||(x=L.init,j=L.info,P=L.loader_config),(0,S.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,x||{}),(0,N.a)(e.agentIdentifier,P||{}),j.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(j.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,j);const H=(0,S.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),D=[j.beacon,j.errorBeacon];I||(H.proxy.assets&&(_(H.proxy.assets),D.push(H.proxy.assets)),H.proxy.beacon&&D.push(H.proxy.beacon),A(),(0,h.US)("activatedFeatures",O.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===H.soft_navigations.enabled&&H.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),C.denyList=[...H.ajax.deny_list||[],...H.ajax.block_internal?D:[]],C.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,C),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t,h=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const g={};var R=s.ee.get(e),x=R.get("tracer");E[e]=b.g.OFF,R.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{E[e]=t}));var A="api-",S=A+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),I(A,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function O(){}g.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,w.R)(R,e,t,r)},g.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),T(R,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},m.forEach((e=>{g[e]=I(A,e,!0,"api")})),g.addPageAction=I(A,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),g.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,I(A,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},g.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},g.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),R.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},g[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g.interaction=function(e){return(new O).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const _=O.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),h||(0,a.p)(S+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,R),function(){if(x.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw x.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{x.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function I(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,v.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,R),r?void 0:this}}function j(){r.e(478).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),R.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{_[e]=I(S,e,void 0,h?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),g.setCurrentRouteName=h?I(S,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):I(A,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),g.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!E[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,R)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>j()),!0):j(),g}(e.agentIdentifier,R,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=k),I=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>({212:"nr-spa-compressor",249:"nr-spa-recorder",478:"nr-spa"}[e]+"-1.274.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={478:"sha512-1vUqEfJPB8Pihje9mv5CfYgkitO1FWcS+UQb84DbXqP8oYctRv4/lzl/MzNLPlRhcY1WVDBGL20I8vm6s2VV7g==",249:"sha512-Y/BeZAh6VSTmUtUNmS5XdyKxL92s30Fyyj8xVW76HSPxcKItL4+x2+kGMZc8pMJnUpZDz1L4eftZQAJh3D8NnA==",212:"sha512-Gn2tQ3qog5Yhrx/gRutkSTYPp+7nkKFt4/mIXg99LxcNpMDAYJZDBYmAACdoHNM86+iq1F3cBcQotFNzjIX8bw=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var h=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(h.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=h.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=h.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={38:0,788:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(425);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),h=i(5289),p=i(6154),g=i(5270),m=i(7767),v=i(6389);class b extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,v.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if((0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6526));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,h.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return(0,g.SR)(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var y=i(6630);class w extends b{static featureName=y.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,y.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(384);var x=i(9908),T=i(2843),A=i(3878),E=i(782),S=i(1863);class N extends b{static featureName=E.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,E.T,t),p.RI&&((0,T.u)((()=>(0,x.p)("docHidden",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,E.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,A.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,x.p)("winPagehide",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,E.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var O=i(3969);class _ extends b{static featureName=O.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,O.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var I=i(6774),j=i(3304);class P{constructor(e,t,r,n,i){this.name="UncaughtError",this.message="string"==typeof e?e:(0,j.A)(e),this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r,this.column=n,this.__newrelic=i}}function C(e){return H(e)?e:new P(void 0!==e?.message?e.message:e,e?.filename||e?.sourceURL,e?.lineno||e?.line,e?.colno||e?.col,e?.__newrelic)}function k(e){const t="Unhandled Promise Rejection";if(!e?.reason)return;if(H(e.reason))try{return e.reason.message=t+": "+e.reason.message,C(e.reason)}catch(t){return C(e.reason)}const r=C(e.reason);return r.message=t+": "+r?.message,r}function L(e){if(e.error instanceof SyntaxError&&!/:\d+$/.test(e.error.stack?.trim())){const t=new P(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno,e.error.__newrelic);return t.name=SyntaxError.name,t}return H(e.error)?e.error:C(e)}function H(e){return e instanceof Error&&!!e.stack}class D extends b{static featureName=I.T;#r=!1;constructor(e,r=!0){super(e,I.T,r);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}this.ee.on("internal-error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("ierr",[C(e),(0,S.t)(),!0,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.#r=e})),p.gm.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[k(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),p.gm.addEventListener("error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[L(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var M=i(8990);let K=1;const U="nr@id";function V(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===p.gm?0:(0,M.I)(e,U,(function(){return K++}))}function G(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,j.A)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var F=i(8139),B=i(7836),W=i(3434);const z={},q=["open","send"];function Z(t){var r=t||B.ee;const n=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("xhr")}(r);if(z[n.debugId]++)return n;z[n.debugId]=1,(0,F.u)(r);var i=(0,W.YM)(n),o=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest,a=p.gm.MutationObserver,s=p.gm.Promise,c=p.gm.setInterval,u="readystatechange",d=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],l=[],f=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){const r=new o(t),a=n.context(r);try{n.emit("new-xhr",[r],a),r.addEventListener(u,(s=a,function(){var e=this;e.readyState>3&&!s.resolved&&(s.resolved=!0,n.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,d,"fn-",y)}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(15,t);try{n.emit("internal-error",[t])}catch(e){}}var s;return r};function h(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",y)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,f),f.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(f.prototype,q,"-xhr-",y),n.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){h(e,t),function(e){l.push(e),a&&(g?g.then(b):c?c(b):(m=-m,v.data=m))}(t)})),n.on("open-xhr-start",h),a){var g=s&&s.resolve();if(!c&&!s){var m=1,v=document.createTextNode(m);new a(b).observe(v,{characterData:!0})}}else r.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===u||b()}));function b(){for(var e=0;e<l.length;e++)h(0,l[e]);l.length&&(l=[])}function y(e,t){return t}return n}var Y="fetch-",X=Y+"body-",J=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],Q=p.gm.Request,ee=p.gm.Response,te="prototype";const re={};function ne(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(Q&&ee&&p.gm.fetch))return t;if(re[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,n){var i=e[r];"function"==typeof i&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=[...arguments],o={};t.emit(n+"before-start",[r],o),o[B.P]&&o[B.P].dt&&(e=o[B.P].dt);var a=i.apply(this,r);return t.emit(n+"start",[r,e],a),a.then((function(e){return t.emit(n+"end",[null,e],a),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(n+"end",[e],a),e}))})}return re[t.debugId]=1,J.forEach((e=>{r(Q[te],e,X),r(ee[te],e,X)})),r(p.gm,"fetch",Y),t.on(Y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(Y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(Y+"done",[e],n)})),t}var ie=i(7485),oe=i(5603);class ae{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var t=(0,oe.o)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!t)return null;var n=(t.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(t.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(t.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,r.ZF)(),s=(0,r.el)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof p.gm?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,j.A)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var t=!1,r={};if((0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(r=(0,s.D0)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)t=!0;else if(r.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var n=0;n<r.allowed_origins.length;n++){var i=(0,ie.D)(r.allowed_origins[n]);if(e.hostname===i.hostname&&e.protocol===i.protocol&&e.port===i.port){t=!0;break}}return t}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var se=i(9300),ce=i(7295),ue=["load","error","abort","timeout"],de=ue.length,le=(0,R.dV)().o.REQ,fe=(0,R.dV)().o.XHR;class he extends b{static featureName=se.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,se.T,t),this.dt=new ae(e.agentIdentifier),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,x.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee);try{const e={xmlhttprequest:"xhr",fetch:"fetch",beacon:"beacon"};p.gm?.performance?.getEntriesByType("resource").forEach((t=>{if(t.initiatorType in e&&0!==t.responseStatus){const r={status:t.responseStatus},n={rxSize:t.transferSize,duration:Math.floor(t.duration),cbTime:0};pe(r,t.name),this.handler("xhr",[r,n,t.startTime,t.responseEnd,e[t.initiatorType]],void 0,a.K7.ajax)}}))}catch(e){}ne(this.ee),Z(this.ee),function(e,t,r,n){function i(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=R,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){T(t,e)}),(0,A.jT)(!1)),p.lR||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}function o(e){this.params={method:e[0]},pe(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function s(t,r){e.loader_config.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&r.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",e.loader_config.xpid);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i){var o=!1;i.newrelicHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("newrelic",i.newrelicHeader),o=!0),i.traceContextParentHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("traceparent",i.traceContextParentHeader),i.traceContextStateHeader&&r.setRequestHeader("tracestate",i.traceContextStateHeader),o=!0),o&&(this.dt=i)}}function c(e,r){var n=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(n&&i){var a=G(i);a&&(n.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.body=i,this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof r.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(r)}catch(e){try{t.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<de;s++)r.addEventListener(ue[s],this.listener,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function u(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function d(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function l(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function f(){this.endTime=(0,S.t)()}function h(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function g(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function m(e,t,r){t instanceof fe&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,S.t)()))}function v(e,r){this.xhrCbStart&&t.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,S.t)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,r],r)}function b(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};if("string"==typeof e[0]?0===(t=e[0]).length&&p.RI&&(t=""+p.gm.location.href):e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:p.gm?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL?t=e[0].href:"function"==typeof e[0].toString&&(t=e[0].toString()),"string"==typeof t&&0!==t.length){t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,ie.D)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i&&(i.newrelicHeader||i.traceContextParentHeader))if(e[0]&&e[0].headers)s(e[0].headers,i)&&(this.dt=i);else{var o={};for(var a in r)o[a]=r[a];o.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(o.headers,i)&&(this.dt=i),e.length>1?e[1]=o:e.push(o)}}function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function y(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof le?r=i.url:p.gm?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),pe(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof le&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.body=n.body,this.txSize=G(n.body)||0}function w(e,t){if(this.endTime=(0,S.t)(),this.params||(this.params={}),(0,ce.iW)(this.params))return;let n;this.params.status=t?t.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);const i={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,S.t)()-this.startTime};r("xhr",[this.params,i,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,a.K7.ajax)}function R(e){const t=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(let t=0;t<de;t++)e.removeEventListener(ue[t],this.listener,!1);t.aborted||(0,ce.iW)(t)||(n.duration=(0,S.t)()-this.startTime,this.loadCazptureCalled||4!==e.readyState?null==t.status&&(t.status=0):T(this,e),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,r("xhr",[t,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,a.K7.ajax))}}function T(e,r){e.params.status=r.status;var n=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?G(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?G(e.responseText):void 0}(r,e.lastSize);if(n&&(e.metrics.rxSize=n),e.sameOrigin){var i=r.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");i&&((0,x.p)(O.rs,["Ajax/CrossApplicationTracing/Header/Seen"],void 0,a.K7.metrics,t),e.params.cat=i.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}t.on("new-xhr",i),t.on("open-xhr-start",o),t.on("open-xhr-end",s),t.on("send-xhr-start",c),t.on("xhr-cb-time",u),t.on("xhr-load-added",d),t.on("xhr-load-removed",l),t.on("xhr-resolved",f),t.on("addEventListener-end",h),t.on("removeEventListener-end",g),t.on("fn-end",v),t.on("fetch-before-start",b),t.on("fetch-start",y),t.on("fn-start",m),t.on("fetch-done",w)}(e,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator(e)}}function pe(e,t){var r=(0,ie.D)(t),n=e.params||e;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}const ge={},me=["pushState","replaceState"];function ve(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("history")}(e);return!p.RI||ge[t.debugId]++||(ge[t.debugId]=1,(0,W.YM)(t).inPlace(window.history,me,"-")),t}var be=i(3738);const{He:ye,bD:we,d3:Re,Kp:xe,TZ:Te,Lc:Ae,uP:Ee,Rz:Se}=be;class Ne extends b{static featureName=Te;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,Te,t);if(!(0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier))return void this.deregisterDrain();const r=this.ee;let n;ve(r),this.eventsEE=(0,F.u)(r),this.eventsEE.on(Ee,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,S.t)()})),this.eventsEE.on(Ae,(function(e,t){(0,x.p)("bst",[e[0],t,this.bstStart,(0,S.t)()],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),r.on(Se+Re,(function(e){this.time=(0,S.t)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),r.on(Se+xe,(function(e){(0,x.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)}));try{n=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{const t=e.getEntries();(0,x.p)(ye,[t],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),n.observe({type:we,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(e,{resourceObserver:n})}}var Oe=i(2614);class _e extends b{static featureName=t.TZ;#i;#o;constructor(e,r=!0){let n;super(e,t.TZ,r),this.replayRunning=!1,this.#o=e;try{n=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("".concat(Oe.H3,"_").concat(Oe.uh)))}catch(e){}(0,g.SR)(e.agentIdentifier)&&this.ee.on(t.G4.RECORD,(()=>this.#a())),this.#s(n)?(this.#i=n?.sessionReplayMode,this.#c()):this.importAggregator(e),this.ee.on("err",(e=>{this.replayRunning&&(this.errorNoticed=!0,(0,x.p)(t.G4.ERROR_DURING_REPLAY,[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee))})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.replayRunning=e}))}#s(e){return e&&(e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.FULL||e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.ERROR)||(0,g.Aw)(this.agentIdentifier)}#u=!1;async#c(e){if(!this.#u){this.#u=!0;try{const{Recorder:t}=await Promise.all([i.e(478),i.e(249)]).then(i.bind(i,8589));this.recorder??=new t({mode:this.#i,agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier,trigger:e,ee:this.ee}),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(this.#o,{recorder:this.recorder,errorNoticed:this.errorNoticed})}}#a(){this.featAggregate?this.featAggregate.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&this.featAggregate.initializeRecording(Oe.g.FULL,!0):(this.#i=Oe.g.FULL,this.#c(t.Qb.API),this.recorder&&this.recorder.parent.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&(this.recorder.parent.mode=Oe.g.FULL,this.recorder.stopRecording(),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording))}}var Ie=i(3962);class je extends b{static featureName=Ie.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,Ie.TZ,t),!p.RI||!(0,R.dV)().o.MO)return;const r=ve(this.ee);Ie.tC.forEach((e=>{(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>{a(e)}),!0)}));const n=()=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[(0,S.t)(),""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee);r.on("pushState-end",n),r.on("replaceState-end",n);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}(0,A.sp)("popstate",(e=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[e.timeStamp,""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal);let i=!1;const o=new((0,R.dV)().o.MO)(((e,t)=>{i||(i=!0,requestAnimationFrame((()=>{(0,x.p)("newDom",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),i=!1})))})),a=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,x.p)("newUIEvent",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),o.observe(document.body,{attributes:!0,childList:!0,subtree:!0,characterData:!0})}),100,{leading:!0});this.abortHandler=function(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),o.disconnect(),this.abortHandler=void 0},this.importAggregator(e,{domObserver:o})}}var Pe=i(7378);const Ce={},ke=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function Le(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!p.RI||Ce[t.debugId])return t;Ce[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,i=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,o=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function a(e,t){if(!e)return t;const r=e.match(o),n=r[1];return a(r[3],t[n])}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,ke,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var o=(s=e.src,c=s.match(n),c?c[1]:null);var s,c;if(!o)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(i);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:a(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(o);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function l(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function f(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}const He={};function De(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(He[t.debugId])return t;He[t.debugId]=!0;var r=t.context,n=(0,W.YM)(t),i=p.gm.Promise;return i&&function(){function e(r){var o=t.context(),a=n(r,"executor-",o,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(i,[a],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return o},s}p.gm.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return i.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,i),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=i.prototype;const o=i.prototype.then;i.prototype.then=function(...e){var i=this,a=r(i);a.promise=i,e[0]=n(e[0],"cb-",a,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"cb-",a,null,!1);const s=o.apply(this,e);return a.nextPromise=s,t.emit("propagate",[i,!0],s,!1,!1),s},i.prototype.then[W.Jt]=o,t.on("executor-start",(function(e){e[0]=n(e[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)})),t.on("executor-err",(function(e,t,r){e[1](r)})),t.on("cb-end",(function(e,r,n){t.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)})),t.on("propagate",(function(e,r,n){this.getCtx&&!r||(this.getCtx=function(){if(e instanceof Promise)var r=t.context(e);return r&&r.getCtx?r.getCtx():this})}))}(),t}const Me={},Ke="setTimeout",Ue="setInterval",Ve="clearTimeout",Ge="-start",Fe=[Ke,"setImmediate",Ue,Ve,"clearImmediate"];function Be(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("timer")}(e);if(Me[t.debugId]++)return t;Me[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,W.YM)(t);return r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(0,2),Ke+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(2,3),Ue+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(3),Ve+"-"),t.on(Ue+Ge,(function(e,t,n){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",null,n)})),t.on(Ke+Ge,(function(e,t,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(e[1])?0:+e[1],e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",this,n)})),t}const We={};function ze(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!p.RI||We[t.debugId])return t;We[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=p.gm.MutationObserver;return n&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof n?new n(r(e,"fn-")):n.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=n.prototype),t}const{TZ:qe,d3:Ze,Kp:Ye,$p:Xe,wW:Je,e5:Qe,tH:$e,uP:et,rw:tt,Lc:rt}=Pe;class nt extends b{static featureName=qe;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,qe,t),!p.RI)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let r,n=0;const i=this.ee.get("tracer"),o=Le(this.ee),a=De(this.ee),s=Be(this.ee),c=Z(this.ee),u=this.ee.get("events"),d=ne(this.ee),l=ve(this.ee),f=ze(this.ee);function h(e,t){l.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function g(){n++,r=window.location.hash,this[et]=(0,S.t)()}function m(){n--,window.location.hash!==r&&h(0,!0);var e=(0,S.t)();this[Qe]=~~this[Qe]+e-this[et],this[rt]=e}function v(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,S.t)()}))}this.ee.on(et,g),a.on(tt,g),o.on(tt,g),this.ee.on(rt,m),a.on(Je,m),o.on(Je,m),this.ee.on("fn-err",((...t)=>{t[2]?.__newrelic?.[e.agentIdentifier]||(0,x.p)("function-err",[...t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.buffer([et,rt,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),u.buffer([et],this.featureName),s.buffer(["setTimeout"+Ye,"clearTimeout"+Ze,et],this.featureName),c.buffer([et,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+Ze],this.featureName),d.buffer([$e+Ze,$e+"-done",$e+Xe+Ze,$e+Xe+Ye],this.featureName),l.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),f.buffer([et],this.featureName),a.buffer(["propagate",tt,Je,"executor-err","resolve"+Ze],this.featureName),i.buffer([et,"no-"+et],this.featureName),o.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),v(d,$e+Ze),v(d,$e+"-done"),v(o,"new-jsonp"),v(o,"jsonp-end"),v(o,"cb-start"),l.on("pushState-end",h),l.on("replaceState-end",h),window.addEventListener("hashchange",h,(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",h,(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){h(0,n>1)}),(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var it=i(3333);class ot extends b{static featureName=it.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,it.TZ,t);const r=[e.init.page_action.enabled,e.init.performance.capture_marks,e.init.performance.capture_measures,e.init.user_actions.enabled];p.RI&&e.init.user_actions.enabled&&(it.Zp.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0))),it.qN.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)))))),r.some((e=>e))?this.importAggregator(e):this.deregisterDrain()}}var at=i(993),st=i(3785);class ct extends b{static featureName=at.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,at.TZ,t);const r=this.ee;this.ee.on("wrap-logger-end",(function([e]){const{level:t,customAttributes:n}=this;(0,st.R)(r,e,n,t)})),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,R.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(w),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,R.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[he,w,N,Ne,_e,_,D,ot,ct,je,nt],loaderType:"spa"})})()})();</script> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://brand.frontiersin.org/m/ed3f9ce840a03d7/favicon_16-tenantFavicon-Frontiers.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://brand.frontiersin.org/m/ed3f9ce840a03d7/favicon_32-tenantFavicon-Frontiers.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="180x180" href="https://brand.frontiersin.org/m/ed3f9ce840a03d7/favicon_180-tenantFavicon-Frontiers.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="/news/manifest.json"> <meta property="description" name="description" content="List of posts in category Earth science"> <meta property="og:title" name="title" content="Frontiers | Science news in category"> <meta property="og:description" name="description" content="List of posts in category Earth science"> <meta name="keywords" content=""> <meta property="og:image" name="image" content="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/26661/20157d88cd60cc16a1451549e62a358d/frontiers-science-open-access-publishing-news.png"> <meta property="og:site_name" name="site_name" content="Frontiers Science News"> <meta property="twitter:card" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news/category/earth-science/"> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.frontiersin.org/news/category/earth-science/#breadcrumblist","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https://www.frontiersin.org/news/#listItem","position":1,"item":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.frontiersin.org/news/","name":"Home","description":"The latest science & research news from Frontiers - Publishing the most cited open-access journals in their fields","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/news/"},"nextItem":"https://www.frontiersin.org/news/category/earth-science/#listItem"},{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https://www.frontiersin.org/news/category/earth-science/#listItem","position":2,"item":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.frontiersin.org/news/category/earth-science/","name":"earth-science","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/news/category/earth-science/"},"previousItem":"https://www.frontiersin.org/news/#listItem"}]},{"@type":"CollectionPage","@id":"https://www.frontiersin.org/news/category/earth-science/#collectionpage","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/news/category/earth-science/","name":"Frontiers | Science news - earth-science","inLanguage":"en-US","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.frontiersin.org/news/#website"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.frontiersin.org/news/category/earth-science/#breadcrumblist"}},{"@type":"Blog","@id":"https://www.frontiersin.org/news/#blog","name":"Frontiers | Science news","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/news/"},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.frontiersin.org/news/#website","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/news/","name":"Frontiers | Science news","description":"The latest science & research news from Frontiers - Publishing the most cited open-access journals in their fields","inLanguage":"en-US","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.frontiersin.org/news/#organization"}}]}</script><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/entry.127103e1.js"><link rel="preload" as="style" href="/science-news/_nuxt/entry.b2b301e9.css"><link rel="preload" as="style" href="/science-news/_nuxt/_frontiers-sass.64510702.css"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/cookie-es.506ebd10.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/ohash.6842ea93.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/_vue.2a521ddb.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/ofetch.b511980e.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/ufo.ba113514.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/unctx.4e309ce5.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/_frontiers-vue3.99024c0f.js"><link rel="preload" as="style" href="/science-news/_nuxt/_frontiers-vue3.2287658d.css"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/gsap.b84ed0d6.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/_contentful.f4c0d42c.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/devalue.0dcc4659.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/h3.57cb0615.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/vue-router.248c97d2.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/nuxt-site-config.3ed1cca8.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/site-config-stack.701c81be.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/_pinia.1839059c.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/pinia.a595c1d8.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/_unhead.2c7d2ae0.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/unhead.b632aca6.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/hookable.b48d7128.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/_nuxtjs.8a9773c3.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/destr.d0012d9a.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/_apollo.21f4f5bf.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/tslib.6b3e70e8.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/zen-observable-ts.11549e90.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/optimism.c9e2dc1a.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/_wry.5791a431.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/ts-invariant.576aab84.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/graphql.c449efb6.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/symbol-observable.5b970fa9.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/graphql-ws.bed06eee.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/_vite-pwa.77a33210.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/defu.dd83855a.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/default.29dcb8f0.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/postsRss.a4d2d98b.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/nuxt-multi-cache.ad95c8b0.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/consola.0ce993d3.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/object-hash.e30412e8.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/graphql-tag.c55e96fc.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/cross-fetch.0ef14609.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/_category_.1578421f.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/PostListPage.b61cf276.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/Author.vue.afb3843f.js"><link rel="preload" as="style" href="/science-news/_nuxt/Author.957f0725.css"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/BriefPost.vue.a789f9b5.js"><link rel="preload" as="style" href="/science-news/_nuxt/BriefPost.9af0c3db.css"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/_vueuse.ca24d6e5.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/LayoutAside.vue.d8e7f542.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/NewsSearchBar.vue.e90b9aa3.js"><link rel="preload" as="style" href="/science-news/_nuxt/NewsSearchBar.374d438d.css"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/AsidePosts.vue.84d9e849.js"><link rel="preload" as="style" href="/science-news/_nuxt/AsidePosts.10c62091.css"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/CategoryCloud.bc3d7442.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/categoryToLink.f6ee6926.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/AsidePost.mapper.f48ec758.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/FrontiersImage.mapper.1385bf7f.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/google-structure-data.1719ce0c.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/BriefPost.1f12b8e2.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/LayoutAside.2b3d3a37.js"><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/AsidePosts.2d57d2c7.js"><link rel="prefetch" as="script" crossorigin href="/science-news/_nuxt/workbox-window.1e1a3f8e.js"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/science-news/_nuxt/entry.b2b301e9.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/science-news/_nuxt/_frontiers-sass.64510702.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/science-news/_nuxt/_frontiers-vue3.2287658d.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/science-news/_nuxt/Author.957f0725.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/science-news/_nuxt/BriefPost.9af0c3db.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/science-news/_nuxt/NewsSearchBar.374d438d.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/science-news/_nuxt/AsidePosts.10c62091.css"><style>.Layout__body h2[data-v-bf4865e3]:first-child{margin-top:var(--spacing-vertical-sm)}.Author+h2[data-v-bf4865e3]{margin-top:32px}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Author+h2[data-v-bf4865e3]{margin-top:24px}}.SearchBar__wrapper--author[data-v-bf4865e3]{display:none}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.SearchBar__wrapper--author[data-v-bf4865e3]{display:block;margin-bottom:40px}}@media only screen and (max-width:563px){.SearchBar__wrapper--author[data-v-bf4865e3]{margin-bottom:24px}} </style><style>.BriefPost__imgLink{display:flex;gap:var(--layout-gap);justify-content:space-between;margin-bottom:56px}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.BriefPost__imgLink{margin-bottom:48px}}@media only screen and (max-width:563px){.BriefPost__imgLink{flex-direction:column}}.BriefPost__img{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid var(--grey40);box-sizing:border-box;flex-shrink:0;height:var(--layout-col-2);overflow:hidden;width:var(--layout-col-2)}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.BriefPost__img{height:var(--layout-col-3);width:var(--layout-col-3)}}@media only screen and (max-width:768px){.BriefPost__img{height:var(--layout-col-2);width:var(--layout-col-2)}}@media only screen and (max-width:563px){.BriefPost__img{aspect-ratio:21/9;height:auto;width:100%}}.BriefPost__img figcaption{display:none}.BriefPost__info{flex:1}.BriefPost__pretitle{color:#282828;display:flex;margin-bottom:16px}.BriefPost__category{font-size:.75rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.0625rem;text-transform:uppercase}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.BriefPost__category{font-size:.625rem;line-height:.875rem}}.BriefPost__date{border-left:1px solid var(--grey60);font-size:.75rem;font-weight:300;line-height:1.0625rem;margin-left:8px;padding-left:8px}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.BriefPost__date{font-size:.625rem;line-height:.875rem}}.BriefPost__title{color:#282828;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:500;line-height:1.75rem;margin-bottom:8px}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.BriefPost__title{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375rem}}.BriefPost__description{-webkit-line-clamp:3;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-moz-line-clamp:3;color:#545454;display:-webkit-box;font-size:1rem;font-weight:300;line-height:1.375rem;max-width:100%;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.BriefPost__description{font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.25rem}}.BriefPost a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}.highlighted{background-color:var(--blue5)} </style><style>.AsidePosts{display:flex;margin-bottom:24px}.AsidePosts__image{aspect-ratio:1;margin-right:16px;width:80px}.AsidePosts__image .FrontiersImage img{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid var(--grey40);box-sizing:border-box}@media only screen and (max-width:1441px){.AsidePosts__image{width:56px}}@media only screen and (max-width:1280px){.AsidePosts__image{width:48px}}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.AsidePosts__image{width:var(--layout-col-3)}}@media only screen and (max-width:768px){.AsidePosts__image{width:var(--layout-col-2)}}@media only screen and (max-width:563px){.AsidePosts__image{width:var(--layout-col-3)}}.AsidePosts__image figcaption{display:none}.AsidePosts__title{font-size:1rem;font-weight:500;line-height:1.375rem} </style><style>.Button[data-v-f32c710a]{--color-button:#545454;margin:16px 0} </style><style>@font-face{font-family:Frontiers-Iconography-Next;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url(https://static2.frontiersin.org/static-resources/FrontiersIconography.woff2) format("woff2")} </style><style>@font-face{font-family:MuseoSans;font-style:normal;font-weight:300;src:url(https://static2.frontiersin.org/static-resources/MuseoSans300.woff2) format("woff2")}@font-face{font-family:MuseoSans;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;src:url(https://static2.frontiersin.org/static-resources/MuseoSans500.woff2) format("woff2")}@font-face{font-family:MuseoSans;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:url(https://static2.frontiersin.org/static-resources/MuseoSans700.woff2) format("woff2")} </style><style>@keyframes rotate{0%{transform:rotate(0)}to{transform:rotate(3turn)}}@keyframes bounce{0%{transform:translateY(0)}to{transform:translateY(5px)}}@keyframes sk-bounce{0%,to{transform:scale(0)}50%{transform:scale(1)}}@keyframes pulse{0%{opacity:1;transform:scale(0)}to{opacity:0;transform:scale(1)}}@keyframes shake{0%,to{transform:translateZ(0)}10%,30%,50%,70%,90%{transform:translate3d(-10px,0,0)}20%,40%,60%,80%{transform:translate3d(10px,0,0)}}@keyframes loading{0%{stroke-dashoffset:140px;transform:rotate(-90deg) translate(0);transform-origin:50%}50%{stroke-dashoffset:70px}to{stroke-dashoffset:0;transform:rotate(270deg) translate(0);transform-origin:50%}}@keyframes color-load{0%{stroke:var(--maincolor40)}10%{stroke:var(--maincolor40)}20%{stroke:var(--maincolor0)}30%{stroke:var(--maincolor40)}40%{stroke:var(--maincolor40)}50%{stroke:var(--maincolor0)}60%{stroke:var(--maincolor40)}70%{stroke:var(--maincolor40)}80%{stroke:var(--maincolor0)}90%{stroke:var(--maincolor40)}to{stroke:var(--maincolor0)}}@keyframes draw{to{stroke-dashoffset:0}}:root{--blue90:#001959;--blue80:#001991;--blue70:#0024b0;--blue60:#002fca;--blue55:#0035d4;--blue50:#003bde;--blue40:#0c4ded;--blue30:#3673f7;--blue20:#6d9efd;--blue10:#aecbff;--blue5:#cee1ff;--blue0:#eef5ff;--sky90:#064b80;--sky80:#015b98;--sky70:#006eaf;--sky60:#0081c2;--sky55:#0089c9;--sky50:#0092d1;--sky40:#00a0dc;--sky30:#2bb1e8;--sky20:#61c4f1;--sky10:#9fdaf8;--sky5:#c8e9fb;--sky0:#f3faff;--teal90:#264543;--teal80:#256662;--teal70:#18867d;--teal60:#00a091;--teal55:#0aae9c;--teal50:#15bca8;--teal40:#31d1bb;--teal30:#53e2cc;--teal20:#7aeedb;--teal10:#a5f7e8;--teal5:#c6fbf1;--teal0:#e8fffb;--red90:#59001e;--red80:#7d0022;--red70:#9f0223;--red60:#bd0b25;--red55:#c91329;--red50:#d51a2c;--red40:#e7323b;--red30:#f2575d;--red20:#fa8589;--red10:#feb9bb;--red5:#ffd6d7;--red0:#fff3f3;--orange90:#591804;--orange80:#822907;--orange70:#a93f0c;--orange60:#bb4107;--orange55:#d14900;--orange50:#e56000;--orange40:#ff8b33;--orange30:#ffb062;--orange20:#ffcb8d;--orange10:#ffe4be;--orange5:#ffedd5;--orange0:#fff6ec;--purple90:#1d1359;--purple80:#2d1d7f;--purple70:#402ba3;--purple60:#553cc2;--purple55:#6046cf;--purple50:#6c51dc;--purple40:#856df0;--purple30:#a589fa;--purple20:#c6acff;--purple10:#e4d3ff;--purple5:#efe4ff;--purple0:#f9f5ff;--green90:#1b5958;--green80:#216958;--green70:#287753;--green60:#2c8147;--green55:#338e3c;--green50:#459d3a;--green40:#54c247;--green30:#74d56d;--green20:#96e392;--green10:#bdf0bc;--green5:#e5fae5;--green0:#f6fff7;--cyan90:#004659;--cyan80:#04586d;--cyan70:#01697e;--cyan60:#04798b;--cyan55:#058899;--cyan50:#1898a4;--cyan40:#20bbc5;--cyan30:#42d6e0;--cyan20:#80e7ed;--cyan10:#b8f2f5;--cyan5:#d3f8fa;--cyan0:#eefeff;--grey90:#282828;--grey80:#545454;--grey70:#6b6b6b;--grey65:#878787;--grey60:#a2a2a2;--grey50:#bfbfbf;--grey40:#d5d5d5;--grey30:#e6e6e6;--grey20:#f0f0f0;--grey10:#f7f7f7;--grey5:#f8f8f8;--grey0:#fff;--black:#282828;--white:#fff}:root,[theme=blue]{--maincolor90:var(--blue90);--maincolor80:var(--blue80);--maincolor70:var(--blue70);--maincolor60:var(--blue60);--maincolor55:var(--blue55);--maincolor50:var(--blue50);--maincolor40:var(--blue40);--maincolor30:var(--blue30);--maincolor20:var(--blue20);--maincolor10:var(--blue10);--maincolor5:var(--blue5);--maincolor0:var(--blue0)}[theme=red]{--maincolor90:var(--red90);--maincolor80:var(--red80);--maincolor70:var(--red70);--maincolor60:var(--red60);--maincolor55:var(--red55);--maincolor50:var(--red50);--maincolor40:var(--red40);--maincolor30:var(--red30);--maincolor20:var(--red20);--maincolor10:var(--red10);--maincolor5:var(--red5);--maincolor0:var(--red0)}[theme=orange]{--maincolor90:var(--orange90);--maincolor80:var(--orange80);--maincolor70:var(--orange70);--maincolor60:var(--orange60);--maincolor55:var(--orange55);--maincolor50:var(--orange50);--maincolor40:var(--orange40);--maincolor30:var(--orange30);--maincolor20:var(--orange20);--maincolor10:var(--orange10);--maincolor5:var(--orange5);--maincolor0:var(--orange0)}[theme=purple]{--maincolor90:var(--purple90);--maincolor80:var(--purple80);--maincolor70:var(--purple70);--maincolor60:var(--purple60);--maincolor55:var(--purple55);--maincolor50:var(--purple50);--maincolor40:var(--purple40);--maincolor30:var(--purple30);--maincolor20:var(--purple20);--maincolor10:var(--purple10);--maincolor5:var(--purple5);--maincolor0:var(--purple0)}[theme=green]{--maincolor90:var(--green90);--maincolor80:var(--green80);--maincolor70:var(--green70);--maincolor60:var(--green60);--maincolor55:var(--green55);--maincolor50:var(--green50);--maincolor40:var(--green40);--maincolor30:var(--green30);--maincolor20:var(--green20);--maincolor10:var(--green10);--maincolor5:var(--green5);--maincolor0:var(--green0)}[theme=cyan]{--maincolor90:var(--cyan90);--maincolor80:var(--cyan80);--maincolor70:var(--cyan70);--maincolor60:var(--cyan60);--maincolor55:var(--cyan55);--maincolor50:var(--cyan50);--maincolor40:var(--cyan40);--maincolor30:var(--cyan30);--maincolor20:var(--cyan20);--maincolor10:var(--cyan10);--maincolor5:var(--cyan5);--maincolor0:var(--cyan0)}[theme=sky]{--maincolor90:var(--sky90);--maincolor80:var(--sky80);--maincolor70:var(--sky70);--maincolor60:var(--sky60);--maincolor55:var(--sky55);--maincolor50:var(--sky50);--maincolor40:var(--sky40);--maincolor30:var(--sky30);--maincolor20:var(--sky20);--maincolor10:var(--sky10);--maincolor5:var(--sky5);--maincolor0:var(--sky0)}:root{--spacing-vertical-sm:48px;--spacing-vertical-l:64px;--spacing-vertical-xl:80px;--spacing-carousel:24px;--ibar-mix-height:56px}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){:root{--spacing-vertical-sm:40px;--spacing-vertical-l:48px;--spacing-vertical-xl:64px;--ibar-height:48px;--ibar-mix-height:0}}:root{--layout-col-1:calc(4.16667vw - 33.33333px);--layout-col-2:calc(8.33333vw - 34.66667px);--layout-col-3:calc(12.5vw - 36px);--layout-col-4:calc(16.66667vw - 37.33333px);--layout-col-5:calc(20.83333vw - 38.66667px);--layout-col-6:calc(25vw - 40px);--layout-col-7:calc(29.16667vw - 41.33333px);--layout-col-8:calc(33.33333vw - 42.66667px);--layout-col-9:calc(37.5vw - 44px);--layout-col-10:calc(41.66667vw - 45.33333px);--layout-col-11:calc(45.83333vw - 46.66667px);--layout-col-12:calc(50vw - 48px);--layout-col-13:calc(54.16667vw - 49.33333px);--layout-col-14:calc(58.33333vw - 50.66667px);--layout-col-15:calc(62.5vw - 52px);--layout-col-16:calc(66.66667vw - 53.33333px);--layout-col-17:calc(70.83333vw - 54.66667px);--layout-col-18:calc(75vw - 56px);--layout-col-19:calc(79.16667vw - 57.33333px);--layout-col-20:calc(83.33333vw - 58.66667px);--layout-col-21:calc(87.5vw - 60px);--layout-col-22:calc(91.66667vw - 61.33333px);--layout-col-23:calc(95.83333vw - 62.66667px);--layout-col-24:calc(100vw - 64px);--layout-gap:32px;--layout-margin-extra-gap:8px;--ibar-height:64px;--layout-max-width-px:1920;--layout-max-width:1890px}@media only screen and (min-width:1921px){:root{--layout-col-1:45.41667px;--layout-col-1:46.66667px;--layout-col-2:125.33333px;--layout-col-3:204px;--layout-col-4:282.66667px;--layout-col-5:361.33333px;--layout-col-6:440px;--layout-col-7:518.66667px;--layout-col-8:597.33333px;--layout-col-9:676px;--layout-col-10:754.66667px;--layout-col-11:833.33333px;--layout-col-12:912px;--layout-col-13:990.66667px;--layout-col-14:1069.33333px;--layout-col-15:1148px;--layout-col-16:1226.66667px;--layout-col-17:1305.33333px;--layout-col-18:1384px;--layout-col-19:1462.66667px;--layout-col-20:1541.33333px;--layout-col-21:1620px;--layout-col-22:1698.66667px;--layout-col-23:1777.33333px;--layout-col-24:1856px;--layout-gap:32px;--layout-margin-extra-gap:0px}}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){:root{--layout-col-1:calc(4.16667vw - 16.66667px);--layout-col-2:calc(8.33333vw - 17.33333px);--layout-col-3:calc(12.5vw - 18px);--layout-col-4:calc(16.66667vw - 18.66667px);--layout-col-5:calc(20.83333vw - 19.33333px);--layout-col-6:calc(25vw - 20px);--layout-col-7:calc(29.16667vw - 20.66667px);--layout-col-8:calc(33.33333vw - 21.33333px);--layout-col-9:calc(37.5vw - 22px);--layout-col-10:calc(41.66667vw - 22.66667px);--layout-col-11:calc(45.83333vw - 23.33333px);--layout-col-12:calc(50vw - 24px);--layout-col-13:calc(54.16667vw - 24.66667px);--layout-col-14:calc(58.33333vw - 25.33333px);--layout-col-15:calc(62.5vw - 26px);--layout-col-16:calc(66.66667vw - 26.66667px);--layout-col-17:calc(70.83333vw - 27.33333px);--layout-col-18:calc(75vw - 28px);--layout-col-19:calc(79.16667vw - 28.66667px);--layout-col-20:calc(83.33333vw - 29.33333px);--layout-col-21:calc(87.5vw - 30px);--layout-col-22:calc(91.66667vw - 30.66667px);--layout-col-23:calc(95.83333vw - 31.33333px);--layout-col-24:calc(100vw - 32px);--layout-gap:16px;--ibar-height:48px}}@media only screen and (max-width:768px){:root{--layout-col-1:calc(6.25vw - 17px);--layout-col-2:calc(12.5vw - 18px);--layout-col-3:calc(18.75vw - 19px);--layout-col-4:calc(25vw - 20px);--layout-col-5:calc(31.25vw - 21px);--layout-col-6:calc(37.5vw - 22px);--layout-col-7:calc(43.75vw - 23px);--layout-col-8:calc(50vw - 24px);--layout-col-9:calc(56.25vw - 25px);--layout-col-10:calc(62.5vw - 26px);--layout-col-11:calc(68.75vw - 27px);--layout-col-12:calc(75vw - 28px);--layout-col-13:calc(81.25vw - 29px);--layout-col-14:calc(87.5vw - 30px);--layout-col-15:calc(93.75vw - 31px);--layout-col-16:calc(100vw - 32px);--layout-gap:16px}}@media only screen and (max-width:563px){:root{--layout-col-1:calc(12.5vw - 18px);--layout-col-2:calc(25vw - 20px);--layout-col-3:calc(37.5vw - 22px);--layout-col-4:calc(50vw - 24px);--layout-col-5:calc(62.5vw - 26px);--layout-col-6:calc(75vw - 28px);--layout-col-7:calc(87.5vw - 30px);--layout-col-8:calc(100vw - 32px);--layout-gap:16px}}a,a:active,a:hover{text-decoration:none}*{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}:focus{outline:none}ul{list-style:none}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0}input,textarea{font-family:MuseoSans,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}input[type=number]::-webkit-inner-spin-Button,input[type=number]::-webkit-outer-spin-Button{-webkit-appearance:none;margin:0}input[type=number]{-moz-appearance:textfield}input::-ms-clear{display:none}a,a:active{color:inherit}body{overflow-x:hidden}body,html{color:var(--black);font-family:MuseoSans,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;margin:0;padding:0}.l-spacer{flex-grow:1}.is-disabled{opacity:.5;pointer-events:none}.is-hidden{display:none}.is-visible{display:block}.is-inside-mask{height:100%;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;width:100%}h1:not([class]){font-size:2.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:3.5rem}@media only screen and (max-width:1280px){h1:not([class]){font-size:2rem;line-height:2.75rem}}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){h1:not([class]){font-size:1.75rem;line-height:2.4375rem}}@media only screen and (max-width:563px){h1:not([class]){font-size:1.5rem;line-height:2.0625rem}}.Heading--h1,h1:not([class]){margin-top:var(--spacing-vertical-sm)}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Heading--h1,h1:not([class]){margin-top:var(--spacing-vertical-sm)}}.Heading--h1+.Heading--h2,.Heading--h1+h2:not([class]),h1:not([class])+.Heading--h2,h1:not([class])+h2:not([class]){margin-top:24px}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Heading--h1+.Heading--h2,.Heading--h1+h2:not([class]),h1:not([class])+.Heading--h2,h1:not([class])+h2:not([class]){margin-top:16px}}.Heading--h1+:not(h2,.Heading--h2),.Heading--h1+p,h1:not([class])+:not(h2,.Heading--h2),h1:not([class])+p{margin-top:32px}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Heading--h1+:not(h2,.Heading--h2),.Heading--h1+p,h1:not([class])+:not(h2,.Heading--h2),h1:not([class])+p{margin-top:24px}}h2:not([class]){font-size:2rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.75rem}@media only screen and (max-width:1280px){h2:not([class]){font-size:1.75rem;line-height:2.4375rem}}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){h2:not([class]){font-size:1.5rem;line-height:2.0625rem}}@media only screen and (max-width:563px){h2:not([class]){font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.75rem}}.Heading--h2,h2:not([class]){margin-top:var(--spacing-vertical-xl)}.Heading--h2+.Heading--h3,.Heading--h2+h3:not([class]),h2:not([class])+.Heading--h3,h2:not([class])+h3:not([class]){margin-top:24px}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Heading--h2+.Heading--h3,.Heading--h2+h3:not([class]),h2:not([class])+.Heading--h3,h2:not([class])+h3:not([class]){margin-top:16px}}.Heading--h2+:not(h3,.Heading--h3),.Heading--h2+p,h2:not([class])+:not(h3,.Heading--h3),h2:not([class])+p{margin-top:32px}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Heading--h2+:not(h3,.Heading--h3),.Heading--h2+p,h2:not([class])+:not(h3,.Heading--h3),h2:not([class])+p{margin-top:24px}}h3:not([class]){font-size:1.75rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.4375rem}@media only screen and (max-width:1280px){h3:not([class]){font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.75rem}}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){h3:not([class]){font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.75rem}}.Heading--h3,h3:not([class]){margin-top:56px}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Heading--h3,h3:not([class]){margin-top:48px}}.Heading--h3+.Heading--h4,.Heading--h3+h4:not([class]),h3:not([class])+.Heading--h4,h3:not([class])+h4:not([class]){margin-top:16px}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Heading--h3+.Heading--h4,.Heading--h3+h4:not([class]),h3:not([class])+.Heading--h4,h3:not([class])+h4:not([class]){margin-top:8px}}.Heading--h3+:not(h4,.Heading--h4),.Heading--h3+p,h3:not([class])+:not(h4,.Heading--h4),h3:not([class])+p{margin-top:16px}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Heading--h3+:not(h4,.Heading--h4),.Heading--h3+p,h3:not([class])+:not(h4,.Heading--h4),h3:not([class])+p{margin-top:8px}}h4:not([class]){font-size:1.75rem;font-weight:300;line-height:2.4375rem}@media only screen and (max-width:1280px){h4:not([class]){font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.75rem}}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){h4:not([class]){font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.75rem}}.Heading--h4,h4:not([class]){margin-top:32px}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Heading--h4,h4:not([class]){margin-top:24px}}.Heading--h4+.Heading--h5,.Heading--h4+h5:not([class]),h4:not([class])+.Heading--h5,h4:not([class])+h5:not([class]){margin-top:16px}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Heading--h4+.Heading--h5,.Heading--h4+h5:not([class]),h4:not([class])+.Heading--h5,h4:not([class])+h5:not([class]){margin-top:8px}}.Heading--h4+:not(h5,.Heading--h5),.Heading--h4+p,h4:not([class])+:not(h5,.Heading--h5),h4:not([class])+p{margin-top:16px}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Heading--h4+:not(h5,.Heading--h5),.Heading--h4+p,h4:not([class])+:not(h5,.Heading--h5),h4:not([class])+p{margin-top:8px}}h5:not([class]){font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:500;line-height:1.75rem}@media only screen and (max-width:1280px){h5:not([class]){font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.75rem}}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){h5:not([class]){font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375rem}}.Heading--h5,h5:not([class]){margin-top:32px}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Heading--h5,h5:not([class]){margin-top:24px}}.Heading--h5+.Heading--h6,.Heading--h5+h6:not([class]),h5:not([class])+.Heading--h6,h5:not([class])+h6:not([class]){margin-top:16px}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Heading--h5+.Heading--h6,.Heading--h5+h6:not([class]),h5:not([class])+.Heading--h6,h5:not([class])+h6:not([class]){margin-top:8px}}.Heading--h5+p,h5:not([class])+p{margin-top:8px}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Heading--h5+p,h5:not([class])+p{margin-top:0}}h6:not([class]){font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.75rem}@media only screen and (max-width:1280px){h6:not([class]){font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375rem}}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){h6:not([class]){font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.25rem}}.Heading--h6,h6:not([class]){margin-top:24px}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Heading--h6,h6:not([class]){margin-top:16px}}.Heading--h6+p,h6:not([class])+p{margin-top:0}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Heading--h6+p,h6:not([class])+p{margin-top:0}}.Heading h1,.Heading h2,.Heading h3,.Heading h4,.Heading h5,.Heading h6{margin:0}.Heading .Link__wrapper.Link__wrapper{margin-top:0}p:not([class]){margin-bottom:16px}ol:not([class]),p:not([class]),ul:not([class]){font-size:1rem;font-weight:300;line-height:1.375rem}ol:not([class]),ul:not([class]){margin:16px 0}ol:not([class]) li,ul:not([class]) li{font-weight:300}.Renderer__hyperlink{background:red;border:1px solid;color:var(--maincolor50);cursor:pointer;font-family:monospace;font-weight:700;margin:0 8px;padding:0 .25rem;text-decoration:none;transition:color .3s cubic-bezier(.37,.74,.15,1)}.Renderer__hyperlink:hover{color:var(--maincolor70)}.Renderer__hyperlink--Asset{border-color:var(--teal40)}.Renderer__hyperlink--Entry{border-color:var(--orange40)}.Renderer a:not(.Link){color:var(--maincolor50);cursor:pointer;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;transition:color .3s cubic-bezier(.37,.74,.15,1)}.Renderer a:not(.Link):hover{color:var(--maincolor70)}.Renderer>blockquote *{font-size:2.5rem;font-weight:300;line-height:3.5rem;text-align:center}@media only screen and (max-width:1280px){.Renderer>blockquote *{font-size:2rem;font-weight:300;line-height:2.75rem}}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Renderer>blockquote *{font-size:1.75rem;font-weight:300;line-height:2.4375rem}}.Renderer>[class^=Card]{margin-top:32px}.Renderer ul:not([class]){margin:16px 0}.Renderer ul:not([class]) li{font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:300;line-height:1.75rem;list-style:disc;margin-left:24px}.Renderer ul:not([class]) li p:not([class]):last-child{margin-bottom:0}@media only screen and (max-width:1280px){.Renderer ul:not([class]) li{font-size:1rem;font-weight:300;line-height:1.375rem}}.Renderer p .Link{font-size:inherit}.Renderer .ImageComponent,.Renderer .Metrics,.Renderer .YoutubeVideo__wrapper{margin:32px auto}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Renderer .ImageComponent,.Renderer .Metrics,.Renderer .YoutubeVideo__wrapper{margin:24px auto}}.Renderer .Metrics{display:flex}.Renderer .Metrics__numbers__mask{padding-right:32px}.Renderer .Metrics+.Chart{margin-top:var(--spacing-vertical-sm)}.Renderer .TimeLine__goal,.Renderer .TimeLine__item,.Renderer .TimeLine__milestone__item{list-style:none}.Renderer .TimeLine p{margin-bottom:0}.Renderer .CardTeam p{padding:0}.Renderer .CardTeam p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.Renderer .Table+.Table{margin-top:var(--spacing-vertical-xl)}.Renderer .FrontiersImage--portrait{text-align:left}.Renderer .FrontiersImage--portrait img{max-height:536px}@media only screen and (max-width:1441px){.Renderer .FrontiersImage--portrait img{max-height:458px}}@media only screen and (max-width:1280px){.Renderer .FrontiersImage--portrait img{max-height:405px}}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Renderer .FrontiersImage--portrait img{max-height:568px}}@media only screen and (max-width:768px){.Renderer .FrontiersImage--portrait img{max-height:472px}}@media only screen and (max-width:563px){.Renderer .FrontiersImage--portrait img{max-height:none}}.Renderer .Link__wrapper.Renderer__entry--InLine{display:inline}.Renderer .Link__wrapper.Renderer__entry--Block{display:flex;justify-content:center}.Renderer .Link__wrapper .Link--flatButton{margin:32px auto}.Renderer .Bars,.Renderer .Columns,.Renderer .MultiChart,.Renderer .Percentiles{margin-top:32px}.Renderer .Bars .Bars,.Renderer .Columns .Bars,.Renderer .MultiChart .Bars,.Renderer .Percentiles .Bars{margin-top:0}.Renderer .Percentiles{margin-top:var(--spacing-vertical-sm)}@media only screen and (max-width:768px){.Renderer .MultiChart{grid:min-content/repeat(2,1fr)}}@media only screen and (max-width:563px){.Renderer .MultiChart{grid:min-content/repeat(1,1fr)}}.Renderer .MultiChart__gridItem{max-width:calc(var(--layout-col-6) - var(--layout-gap))}@media only screen and (max-width:1280px){.Renderer .MultiChart__gridItem{max-width:calc(var(--layout-col-7) - var(--layout-gap))}}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Renderer .MultiChart__gridItem{max-width:calc(var(--layout-col-10) - var(--layout-gap))}}@media only screen and (max-width:768px){.Renderer .MultiChart__gridItem{max-width:calc(var(--layout-col-7) - var(--layout-gap)*.5)}}@media only screen and (max-width:563px){.Renderer .MultiChart__gridItem{max-width:var(--layout-col-8)}}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Renderer .Banner ul:not([class]) li{list-style:none}}.Block--aboutFullWidth{margin-left:calc(-16px - var(--layout-col-2) - var(--layout-gap) - var(--layout-gap));margin-right:calc(-16px - var(--layout-col-10) - var(--layout-gap) - var(--layout-gap));margin-top:var(--spacing-vertical-xl);padding:var(--spacing-vertical-xl) calc(var(--layout-col-10) + var(--layout-gap) + var(--layout-gap) + 16px) var(--spacing-vertical-xl) calc(var(--layout-col-2) + var(--layout-gap) + var(--layout-gap) + 16px)}@media only screen and (min-width:1921px){.Block--aboutFullWidth{margin-left:calc(-50vw + var(--layout-max-width)*.5 - var(--layout-col-2) - var(--layout-gap)*2);margin-right:calc(-50vw + var(--layout-max-width)*.5 - var(--layout-col-10) - var(--layout-gap)*2);padding-left:calc(50vw - var(--layout-max-width)*.5 + var(--layout-col-2) + var(--layout-gap)*2);padding-right:calc(50vw - var(--layout-max-width)*.5 + var(--layout-col-10) + var(--layout-gap)*2)}}@media only screen and (max-width:1280px){.Block--aboutFullWidth{margin-left:calc(0px - var(--layout-col-2) - var(--layout-gap) - var(--layout-gap));margin-right:calc(0px - var(--layout-col-8) - var(--layout-gap) - var(--layout-gap));padding-left:calc(var(--layout-col-2) + var(--layout-gap) + var(--layout-gap));padding-right:calc(var(--layout-col-8) + var(--layout-gap) + var(--layout-gap))}}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Block--aboutFullWidth{margin-left:calc(0px - var(--layout-col-2) - var(--layout-gap) - var(--layout-gap));margin-right:calc(0px - var(--layout-col-2) - var(--layout-gap) - var(--layout-gap));padding-left:calc(var(--layout-col-2) + var(--layout-gap) + var(--layout-gap));padding-right:calc(var(--layout-col-2) + var(--layout-gap) + var(--layout-gap))}}@media only screen and (max-width:768px){.Block--aboutFullWidth{margin-left:calc(0px - var(--layout-col-1) - var(--layout-gap) - var(--layout-gap));margin-right:calc(0px - var(--layout-col-1) - var(--layout-gap) - var(--layout-gap));padding-left:calc(var(--layout-col-1) + var(--layout-gap) + var(--layout-gap));padding-right:calc(var(--layout-col-1) + var(--layout-gap) + var(--layout-gap))}}@media only screen and (max-width:563px){.Block--aboutFullWidth{margin-left:calc(0px - var(--layout-gap));margin-right:calc(0px - var(--layout-gap));padding-left:var(--layout-gap);padding-right:var(--layout-gap)}}.Block--aboutFullWidth:last-child,.Block--aboutFullWidth:nth-last-child(2)+p:empty{margin-bottom:calc(0px - var(--spacing-vertical-xl))}.Block--aboutFullWidth .Heading{margin-top:0}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,p{font-weight:inherit;margin:0}button{-webkit-appearance:button;background:none;border:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;overflow:visible;padding:0;text-transform:none}button:hover{cursor:pointer}fieldset{border:0;margin:0;min-width:0;padding:0}figure{margin:0}:after:focus:not(:focus-visible),:before:focus:not(:focus-visible),:focus:not(:focus-visible){outline:none}.Button:not(.Button--linkButton):focus-visible,.Link:not(.Link--linkType):focus-visible,.MessagesCarousel__dots__item:focus-visible,[class^=Card]:focus-visible{outline-offset:-4px;position:relative;z-index:1}.Button:not(.Button--linkButton):focus-visible *,.Link:not(.Link--linkType):focus-visible *,.MessagesCarousel__dots__item:focus-visible *,[class^=Card]:focus-visible *{z-index:-1}:not(input[type=text],textarea):focus-visible{outline:4px solid var(--sky50)}:not(input[type=text],textarea):focus-visible+.RadioInputList__checkmark{outline:4px solid var(--sky50)}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){:not(input[type=text],textarea):focus-visible+.RadioInputList__checkmark{outline:none}}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){:not(input[type=text],textarea):focus-visible{outline:none}}.acc-hidden{clip:rect(0 0 0 0);border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;white-space:nowrap;width:1px}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){*,:after,:before{animation:none!important;scroll-behavior:auto!important;transition:none!important}}.BypassBlock__firstEl{display:none}.BypassBlock__wrapper{align-items:center;background-color:var(--grey10);display:flex;height:1px;left:-1000px;outline:none;overflow:hidden;padding:8px 40px;position:absolute;text-align:left;top:-1000px;width:1px}.BypassBlock__wrapper:focus{height:auto;left:0;position:fixed;top:0;width:100%;z-index:99}.BypassBlock__wrapper:focus~#__nuxt{top:48px}.BypassBlock__wrapper:focus~#__nuxt .Ibar>.Ibar__journal--mix,.BypassBlock__wrapper:focus~#__nuxt .Ibar>.Ibar__main{top:47px}.BypassBlock__wrapper:focus~#__nuxt .Ibar>.Ibar__journal{top:112px}.BypassBlock__button{background-color:var(--blue50);border-radius:32px;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.25rem;line-height:1.2rem;padding:6px 16px}.BypassBlock__button,.TooltipD{color:var(--white);font-weight:500}.TooltipD{background:var(--black);border-radius:2px;box-shadow:0 0 17px #2828281f,0 0 22px #28282814,0 0 8px #2828280a;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:.75rem;line-height:1.0625rem;max-width:360px;opacity:0;padding:3px 8px;position:fixed;transition:opacity .24s cubic-bezier(.37,.74,.15,1);width:auto;z-index:2000}.TooltipD:after{bottom:-10px;color:var(--black);content:"";font-family:Frontiers-Iconography-Next!important;font-size:16px;height:16px;position:absolute;right:calc(50% - 8px);width:16px}.TooltipD--bottom:after{bottom:auto;top:-10px;transform:rotate(180deg)}.TooltipD--right:after{right:12px}.TooltipD--left:after{left:12px;right:auto}.TooltipD--side.TooltipD--left:after{bottom:calc(50% - 8px);left:auto;right:-10px;transform:rotate(-90deg)}.TooltipD--side.TooltipD--right:after{bottom:calc(50% - 8px);left:-10px;right:auto;transform:rotate(90deg)}.FloatingDirectiveElement{--floating-element-margin:40px;bottom:0;margin:0;opacity:0;position:fixed;right:var(--floating-element-margin);transition:opacity .48s cubic-bezier(.37,.74,.15,1),visibility .48s cubic-bezier(.37,.74,.15,1),bottom .48s cubic-bezier(.37,.74,.15,1);visibility:hidden;z-index:30}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.FloatingDirectiveElement{--floating-element-margin:24px}}@media only screen and (max-width:563px){.FloatingDirectiveElement{--floating-element-margin:16px}}.FloatingDirectiveElement--visible{bottom:var(--floating-element-margin);opacity:1;visibility:visible}.FloatingDirectiveElement--left{left:var(--floating-element-margin);right:auto}.FloatingDirectiveElement--center{right:50%;transform:translate(50%)}.FloatingDirectiveElement--footerRelative{bottom:auto;position:absolute;top:calc(var(--floating-element-margin)*-1);transform:translateY(-100%)}.FloatingDirectiveElement--footerRelative.FloatingDirectiveElement--center{transform:translate(50%,-100%)}.Popover{--popover-offset:16px;--popover-arrow-offset:16px;--popover-translateX:0;--popover-translateY:0;background:var(--white);border-radius:8px;box-shadow:0 0 10px #2828281f,0 0 14px #28282814,0 0 5px #2828280a;opacity:1;padding:28px 16px 16px;position:absolute;transform:translate(var(--popover-translateX),var(--popover-translateY));width:320px;z-index:11}@media screen and (max-width:400px){.Popover{width:calc(100% - 32px)}}.Popover--top{--popover-translateY:calc(-100% - var(--popover-offset))}.Popover--bottom{--popover-translateY:var(--popover-offset)}.Popover--bottom.Popover--acenter,.Popover--top.Popover--acenter{--popover-translateX:-50%}.Popover--bottom.Popover--aright,.Popover--top.Popover--aright{--popover-translateX:-100%}.Popover--left{--popover-translateX:calc(-100% - var(--popover-offset))}.Popover--right{--popover-translateX:var(--popover-offset)}.Popover--left.Popover--acenter,.Popover--right.Popover--acenter{--popover-translateY:-50%}.Popover--left.Popover--abottom,.Popover--right.Popover--abottom{--popover-translateY:-100%}.Popover__arrow{align-items:center;background-color:inherit;display:flex;height:0;justify-content:center;overflow:visible;position:absolute;width:0}.Popover__arrow:before{background-color:inherit;content:"";flex:0 0 auto;height:8px;transform:rotate(45deg);width:8px}.Popover__arrow--topcenter{bottom:0;left:50%}.Popover__arrow--topleft{bottom:0;left:var(--popover-arrow-offset)}.Popover__arrow--topright{bottom:0;right:var(--popover-arrow-offset)}.Popover__arrow--bottomcenter{left:50%;top:0}.Popover__arrow--bottomleft{left:var(--popover-arrow-offset);top:0}.Popover__arrow--bottomright{right:var(--popover-arrow-offset);top:0}.Popover__arrow--leftcenter{right:0;top:50%}.Popover__arrow--lefttop{right:0;top:var(--popover-arrow-offset)}.Popover__arrow--leftbottom{bottom:var(--popover-arrow-offset);right:0}.Popover__arrow--rightcenter{left:0;top:50%}.Popover__arrow--righttop{left:0;top:var(--popover-arrow-offset)}.Popover__arrow--rightbottom{bottom:var(--popover-arrow-offset);left:0}.Popover__close{display:grid;height:24px;place-items:center;position:absolute;right:4px;top:4px;width:24px}.Popover__close:after{color:var(--grey80);content:"";font-family:Frontiers-Iconography-Next!important;font-size:16px}.Popover__title{color:#282828;font-size:1rem;font-weight:500;line-height:1.375rem}.Popover__content{color:#545454;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:500;line-height:1.25rem;max-height:220px;overflow:auto}.Popover__content::-webkit-scrollbar{-webkit-appearance:none;background:var(--white);height:12px;width:12px}.Popover__content::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{background-color:#28282866;border:4px solid var(--white);border-radius:8px;-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 1px hsla(0,0%,100%,.5)}@-moz-document url-prefix(){.Popover__content{scrollbar-width:thin}}.Popover__content p{color:#545454;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:500;line-height:1.25rem}.Popover__content:last-child{margin-bottom:0}:root{--museo-font:MuseoSans,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;--ibar-bypass-offset:0px;font-size:16px} </style><style>:root{--ibar-protection-spacing:120px}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){:root{--ibar-protection-spacing:48px}}body{background:#f7f7f7}.Layout{padding-top:var(--ibar-protection-spacing)}.Layout__body{margin-bottom:var(--spacing-vertical-xl);margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;margin-top:32px;width:var(--layout-col-20)}@media only screen and (max-width:768px){.Layout__body{width:var(--layout-col-14)}}@media only screen and (max-width:563px){.Layout__body{width:var(--layout-col-8)}}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Layout__body{margin-top:16px}}.Layout__body--mainAside{display:flex;flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:space-between}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Layout__body--mainAside{flex-wrap:wrap}}.Layout__main{width:var(--layout-col-12)}@media only screen and (max-width:1280px){.Layout__main{width:var(--layout-col-13)}}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Layout__main{width:100%}}.Layout__main .SearchBar__wrapper+h2{margin-top:var(--spacing-vertical-sm)}.Layout__main .QuickFilters{margin-bottom:32px}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Layout__main .QuickFilters{margin-bottom:16px}}.Layout__main .QuickFilters__item{padding-top:0}.Layout__main .Breadcrumbs{margin-bottom:32px}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Layout__main .Breadcrumbs{margin-bottom:16px}}.Layout__main .Author__info{margin-left:32px}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Layout__main .Author__info{margin-left:24px}}@media only screen and (max-width:563px){.Layout__main .Author__info{margin-left:0;margin-top:16px}}.Layout__section--sm{margin-top:var(--spacing-vertical-sm)}.Layout__section--xl{margin-top:var(--spacing-vertical-xl)}.Layout__section h2{margin-top:0}.Layout__aside{width:var(--layout-col-5)}@media only screen and (max-width:1280px){.Layout__aside{width:var(--layout-col-6)}}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Layout__aside{margin-top:64px;width:100%}}.Layout__aside__title{border-top:1px solid var(--grey40);color:#282828;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.375rem;margin-bottom:24px;margin-top:24px;padding-bottom:8px;padding-top:32px;position:relative}.Layout__aside__title:first-child{border-top:none;margin-top:0;padding-top:0}.Layout__aside__title:after{background:var(--grey80);bottom:0;content:"";height:2px;left:0;position:absolute;width:48px}.Layout__aside .SearchBar{height:48px}.Layout__aside .SearchBar__wrapper{margin-bottom:32px}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.Layout__aside .SearchBar__wrapper{display:none}}.Layout__aside .SearchBar__input{font-size:1rem;font-weight:300;line-height:1.375rem;margin:0 0 0 8px;padding:0}.Layout__aside .SearchBar__hint{font-size:.75rem;font-weight:300;line-height:1.0625rem;margin-top:4px}.Layout__aside .SearchBar i{--icon-size:16px}.Layout__noData{color:#6b6b6b;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:500;line-height:1.75rem;padding-left:32px;position:relative}@media only screen and (max-width:563px){.Layout__noData{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375rem;padding-left:24px}}.Layout__noData:before{content:"";font-family:Frontiers-Iconography-Next!important;font-size:24px;left:0;position:absolute;top:1px}@media only screen and (max-width:563px){.Layout__noData:before{font-size:16px;top:0}}.Layout .CardDownload__Authors{flex:1} </style><style>#__nuxt{position:relative} </style><style>.ErrorPage[data-v-00ae9bcb]{align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex-direction:column;margin:0 auto;max-width:592px;padding:156px var(--layout-gap);width:100%}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.ErrorPage[data-v-00ae9bcb]{padding:120px var(--layout-gap)}}.ErrorPage__icon[data-v-00ae9bcb]{--error-icon-size:88px;height:var(--error-icon-size);position:relative;width:var(--error-icon-size)}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.ErrorPage__icon[data-v-00ae9bcb]{--error-icon-size:64px}}.ErrorPage__icon[data-v-00ae9bcb]:after{background:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-size:var(--error-icon-size) var(--error-icon-size);content:"";height:var(--error-icon-size);left:0;position:absolute;top:0;width:var(--error-icon-size)}.ErrorPage__icon--internal[data-v-00ae9bcb]:after{background:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)}.ErrorPage h1[data-v-00ae9bcb]{font-size:2.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:3.5rem;margin:32px 0}@media only screen and (max-width:1280px){.ErrorPage h1[data-v-00ae9bcb]{font-size:2rem;line-height:2.75rem}}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px){.ErrorPage h1[data-v-00ae9bcb]{margin:24px 0}}@media only screen and (max-width:563px){.ErrorPage h1[data-v-00ae9bcb]{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:2.0625rem}}.ErrorPage p[data-v-00ae9bcb]{font-size:1rem;font-weight:300;line-height:1.375rem}.ErrorPage>.Button[data-v-00ae9bcb],.ErrorPage>a[data-v-00ae9bcb]{display:block;margin-top:24px}@media only screen and (max-width:563px){.ErrorPage>.Button[data-v-00ae9bcb],.ErrorPage>a[data-v-00ae9bcb]{width:100%}}.ErrorPage .Button[data-v-00ae9bcb]{color:#282828}.ErrorPage .Button[data-v-00ae9bcb]:after{color:#282828;top:10px}@media only screen and (max-width:563px){.ErrorPage .Button[data-v-00ae9bcb]{padding:8px 24px;width:100%}.ErrorPage .Button[data-v-00ae9bcb]:after{margin-left:8px;position:relative;right:0;top:0}}.ErrorPage *[data-v-00ae9bcb]{text-align:center} </style></head> <body ><div id="__nuxt"><h1 class="acc-hidden">Frontiers | Science News</h1><nav class="Ibar" sectionterm="Sections"><h1 class="acc-hidden">Top bar navigation</h1><div class="Ibar__main"><div class="Ibar__wrapper"><button class="Ibar__burger" aria-label="Open Menu" data-event="iBar-btn-openMenu"></button><div class="Ibar__logo"><a href="//www.frontiersin.org/" aria-label="Frontiershome" data-event="iBar-a-home" class="Ibar__logo__link"><svg class="Ibar__logo__svg" viewBox="0 0 2811 590" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path class="Ibar__logo__text" d="M633.872 234.191h-42.674v-57.246h42.674c0-19.776 2.082-35.389 5.204-48.92 4.164-13.53 9.368-23.939 17.695-31.225 8.326-8.326 18.735-13.53 32.266-16.653 13.531-3.123 29.143-5.204 47.878-5.204h21.858c7.286 0 14.572 1.04 21.857 1.04v62.451c-8.326-1.041-16.653-2.082-23.939-2.082-10.408 0-17.694 1.041-23.939 4.164-6.245 3.122-9.368 10.408-9.368 22.898v13.531h53.083v57.246h-53.083v213.372h-89.512V234.191zM794.161 176.945h86.39v47.879h1.041c6.245-17.694 16.653-30.185 31.225-39.552 14.572-9.368 31.225-13.531 49.96-13.531h10.409c3.122 0 7.286 1.041 10.408 2.082v81.185c-6.245-2.082-11.449-3.122-16.653-4.163-5.204-1.041-11.449-1.041-16.654-1.041-11.449 0-20.816 2.082-29.143 5.204-8.327 3.123-15.613 8.327-20.817 14.572-5.204 6.245-10.408 12.49-12.49 20.817-3.123 8.326-4.163 15.612-4.163 23.939v133.228h-88.472V176.945h-1.041zM989.84 312.254c0-19.776 3.122-39.552 10.41-56.205 7.28-17.695 16.65-32.266 29.14-45.797 12.49-13.531 27.06-22.899 44.76-30.185 17.69-7.285 36.43-11.449 57.24-11.449 20.82 0 39.56 4.164 57.25 11.449 17.69 7.286 32.27 17.695 45.8 30.185 12.49 12.49 22.9 28.102 29.14 45.797 7.29 17.694 10.41 36.429 10.41 56.205 0 20.817-3.12 39.552-10.41 57.246-7.29 17.695-16.65 32.266-29.14 44.756-12.49 12.49-28.11 22.899-45.8 30.185-17.69 7.286-36.43 11.449-57.25 11.449-20.81 0-40.59-4.163-57.24-11.449-17.7-7.286-32.27-17.695-44.76-30.185-12.49-12.49-21.86-28.102-29.14-44.756-7.288-17.694-10.41-36.429-10.41-57.246zm88.47 0c0 8.327 1.04 17.694 3.12 26.021 2.09 9.368 5.21 16.653 9.37 23.939 4.16 7.286 9.37 13.531 16.65 17.695 7.29 4.163 15.62 7.285 26.03 7.285 10.4 0 18.73-2.081 26.02-7.285 7.28-4.164 12.49-10.409 16.65-17.695 4.16-7.286 7.29-15.612 9.37-23.939 2.08-9.368 3.12-17.694 3.12-26.021 0-8.327-1.04-17.694-3.12-26.021-2.08-9.368-5.21-16.653-9.37-23.939-4.16-7.286-9.37-13.531-16.65-17.695-7.29-5.204-15.62-7.285-26.02-7.285-10.41 0-18.74 2.081-26.03 7.285-7.28 5.205-12.49 10.409-16.65 17.695-4.16 7.286-7.28 15.612-9.37 23.939-2.08 9.368-3.12 17.694-3.12 26.021zM1306.25 176.945h86.39v37.47h1.04c4.17-7.286 9.37-13.531 15.62-18.735 6.24-5.204 13.53-10.408 20.81-14.572 7.29-4.163 15.62-7.286 23.94-9.367 8.33-2.082 16.66-3.123 24.98-3.123 22.9 0 40.6 4.164 53.09 11.449 13.53 7.286 22.89 16.654 29.14 27.062 6.24 10.409 10.41 21.858 12.49 34.348 2.08 12.49 2.08 22.898 2.08 33.307v172.779h-88.47V316.417v-27.061c0-9.368-1.04-16.654-4.16-23.94-3.13-7.286-7.29-12.49-13.53-16.653-6.25-4.164-15.62-6.245-27.07-6.245-8.32 0-15.61 2.081-21.85 5.204-6.25 3.122-11.45 7.286-14.58 13.531-4.16 5.204-6.24 11.449-8.32 18.735s-3.12 14.572-3.12 21.858v145.717h-88.48V176.945zM1780.88 234.19h-55.17v122.819c0 10.408 3.12 17.694 8.33 20.817 6.24 3.122 13.53 5.204 22.9 5.204 4.16 0 7.28 0 11.45-1.041h11.45v65.573c-8.33 0-15.62 1.041-23.94 2.082-8.33 1.04-16.66 1.041-23.94 1.041-18.74 0-34.35-2.082-46.84-5.205-12.49-3.122-21.86-8.326-29.14-15.612-7.29-7.286-12.49-16.654-14.58-29.144-3.12-12.49-4.16-27.062-4.16-45.797V234.19h-44.76v-57.246h44.76V94.717h88.47v82.227h55.17v57.246zM1902.66 143.639h-88.48V75.984h88.48v67.655zm-89.52 33.307h88.48v270.618h-88.48V176.946zM2024.43 334.111c1.04 18.735 6.25 33.307 16.66 44.756 10.4 11.449 24.98 16.653 43.71 16.653 10.41 0 20.82-2.081 30.19-7.286 9.36-5.204 16.65-12.49 20.81-22.898h83.27c-4.16 15.613-10.41 29.144-19.78 40.593-9.36 11.449-19.77 20.817-31.22 28.102-12.49 7.286-24.98 12.491-39.55 16.654-14.57 3.122-29.15 5.204-43.72 5.204-21.86 0-41.63-3.122-60.37-9.367-18.73-6.246-34.34-15.613-46.83-28.103-12.49-12.49-22.9-27.062-30.19-45.797-7.28-17.694-10.41-38.511-10.41-60.369 0-20.817 4.17-39.552 11.45-57.246 7.29-17.694 17.7-32.266 31.23-44.756 13.53-12.49 29.14-21.858 46.83-29.144 17.7-7.286 36.43-10.408 56.21-10.408 23.94 0 45.8 4.163 63.49 12.49 17.7 8.327 33.31 19.776 44.76 35.389 11.45 15.612 20.81 32.266 26.02 52.042 5.2 19.776 8.33 41.633 7.28 64.532h-199.84v-1.041zm110.33-49.961c-1.04-15.612-6.24-28.102-15.61-39.551-9.37-10.409-21.86-16.654-37.47-16.654s-28.1 5.204-38.51 15.613c-10.41 10.408-16.66 23.939-18.74 40.592h110.33zM2254.46 176.945h86.39v47.879h1.04c6.25-17.694 16.65-30.185 31.23-39.552 14.57-9.368 31.22-13.531 49.96-13.531h10.4c3.13 0 7.29 1.041 10.41 2.082v81.185c-6.24-2.082-11.45-3.122-16.65-4.163-5.21-1.041-11.45-1.041-16.65-1.041-11.45 0-20.82 2.082-29.15 5.204-8.32 3.123-15.61 8.327-20.81 14.572-6.25 6.245-10.41 12.49-12.49 20.817-3.13 8.326-4.17 15.612-4.17 23.939v133.228h-88.47V176.945h-1.04zM2534.45 359.091c0 7.286 1.04 12.49 4.16 17.694 3.12 5.204 6.24 9.368 10.41 12.49 4.16 3.123 9.36 5.204 14.57 7.286 6.24 2.082 11.45 2.082 17.69 2.082 4.17 0 8.33 0 13.53-2.082 5.21-1.041 9.37-3.123 13.53-5.204 4.17-2.082 7.29-5.204 10.41-9.368 3.13-4.163 4.17-8.327 4.17-13.531 0-5.204-2.09-9.367-5.21-12.49-3.12-3.122-7.28-6.245-11.45-8.327-4.16-2.081-9.36-4.163-14.57-5.204-5.2-1.041-9.37-2.081-13.53-3.122-13.53-3.123-28.1-6.245-42.67-9.368-14.58-3.122-28.11-7.286-40.6-12.49-12.49-6.245-22.9-13.531-30.18-23.939-8.33-10.409-11.45-23.94-11.45-42.675 0-16.653 4.16-30.184 11.45-40.592 8.33-10.409 17.69-18.736 30.18-24.981 12.49-6.245 26.02-10.408 40.6-13.53 14.57-3.123 28.1-4.164 41.63-4.164 14.57 0 29.14 1.041 43.71 4.164 14.58 2.081 27.07 7.285 39.56 13.53 12.49 6.245 21.85 15.613 29.14 27.062 7.29 11.45 11.45 26.021 12.49 43.716h-82.23c0-10.409-4.16-18.736-11.45-23.94-7.28-4.163-16.65-7.286-28.1-7.286-4.16 0-8.32 0-12.49 1.041-4.16 1.041-8.32 1.041-12.49 2.082-4.16 1.041-7.28 3.122-9.37 6.245-2.08 3.122-4.16 6.245-4.16 11.449 0 6.245 3.12 11.449 10.41 15.613 6.24 4.163 14.57 7.286 24.98 10.408 10.41 2.082 20.82 5.204 32.27 7.286 11.44 2.082 22.89 4.163 33.3 6.245 13.53 3.123 24.98 7.286 33.31 13.531 9.37 6.245 15.61 12.49 20.82 19.776 5.2 7.286 9.36 14.572 11.45 21.858 2.08 7.285 3.12 13.53 3.12 19.776 0 17.694-4.17 33.306-11.45 45.796-8.33 12.491-17.7 21.858-30.19 30.185-12.49 7.286-26.02 12.49-41.63 16.653-15.61 3.123-31.22 5.204-45.8 5.204-15.61 0-32.26-1.04-47.87-4.163-15.62-3.122-29.15-8.327-41.64-15.612a83.855 83.855 0 01-30.18-30.185c-8.33-12.49-12.49-28.102-12.49-46.838h84.31v-2.081z" fill="#FFFFFF"></path><path d="M0 481.911V281.028l187.351-58.287v200.882L0 481.911z" fill="#8BC53F"></path><path d="M187.351 423.623V222.741l126.983 87.431v200.882l-126.983-87.431z" fill="#EBD417"></path><path d="M126.982 569.341L0 481.911l187.351-58.287 126.983 87.43-187.352 58.287z" fill="#034EA1"></path><path d="M183.188 212.331l51.001-116.574 65.573 155.085-51.001 116.574-65.573-155.085z" fill="#712E74"></path><path d="M248.761 367.415l51.001-116.574 171.739-28.102-49.96 115.533-172.78 29.143z" fill="#009FD1"></path><path d="M299.762 250.842L234.189 95.757l171.739-28.103 65.573 155.085-171.739 28.103z" fill="#F6921E"></path><path d="M187.352 222.741L59.328 198.802 44.757 71.819 172.78 95.76l14.572 126.982z" fill="#DA2128"></path><path d="M172.78 95.758L44.757 71.818l70.777-70.776 128.023 23.94-70.777 70.776z" fill="#25BCBD"></path><path d="M258.129 153.005l-70.777 69.736-14.571-126.982 70.777-70.778 14.571 128.024z" fill="#00844A"></path></svg></a></div><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news" class="Ibar__journalName" data-event="iBar-a-journalHome"><div class="Ibar__journalName__container" logoclass="Ibar__logo--mixed"><div class="Ibar__journal__maskLogo" style="display:none;"><img class="Ibar__journal__logo" src></div><div class="Ibar__journalName"><span>Science news</span></div></div></a><div class="Ibar__dropdown--aboutUs" parent-data-event="iBar"><div class="Ibar__dropdown"><button class="Ibar__dropdown__trigger"> About us</button><div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu"><div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header"><button class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header__title" aria-label="Close Dropdown">About us</button><button class="Ibar__close" aria-label="Close Dropdown"></button></div><div class="Ibar__dropdown__about"><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Who we are</li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/mission" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">Mission and values</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/history" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">History</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/leadership" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">Leadership</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/awards" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">Awards</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Impact and progress</li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/impact" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_1-a_impactAndProgress">Frontiers' impact</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://progressreport.frontiersin.org/?utm_source=fweb&utm_medium=frep&utm_campaign=pr20" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_1-a_impactAndProgress">Progress Report 2022</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/progress-reports" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_1-a_impactAndProgress">All progress reports</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Publishing model</li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/how-we-publish" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">How we publish</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/open-access" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Open access</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/fee-policy" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Fee policy</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/peer-review" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Peer review</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/research-integrity" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Research integrity</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/research-topics" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Research Topics</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Services</li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://publishingpartnerships.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">Societies</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/open-access-agreements/consortia" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">National consortia</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/open-access-agreements" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">Institutional partnerships</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/collaborators" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">Collaborators</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">More from Frontiers</li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://forum.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Frontiers Forum</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersplanetprize.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Frontiers Planet Prize</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://pressoffice.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Press office</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.orgabout/sustainability" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Sustainability</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://careers.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Career opportunities</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/contact" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Contact us</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><a class="Ibar__link" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals" data-event="iBar-a-allJournals">All journals</a><a class="Ibar__link" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles" data-event="iBar-a-allArticles">All articles</a><a class="Ibar__button Ibar__submit" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/submission/submit" data-event="iBar-a-submit">Submit your research</a><div class="Ibar__spacer"></div><a class="Ibar__icon Ibar__icon--search" href="/search" aria-label="Search" data-event="iBar-a-search"><span>Search</span></a><div class="Ibar__userArea"></div></div></div><div><div class="Ibar__menu Ibar__menu--journal"><div class="Ibar__menu__header"><div class="Ibar__logo"><div class="Ibar__logo"><a href="//www.frontiersin.org/" aria-label="Frontiershome" data-event="iBar-a-home" class="Ibar__logo__link"><svg class="Ibar__logo__svg" viewBox="0 0 2811 590" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path class="Ibar__logo__text" d="M633.872 234.191h-42.674v-57.246h42.674c0-19.776 2.082-35.389 5.204-48.92 4.164-13.53 9.368-23.939 17.695-31.225 8.326-8.326 18.735-13.53 32.266-16.653 13.531-3.123 29.143-5.204 47.878-5.204h21.858c7.286 0 14.572 1.04 21.857 1.04v62.451c-8.326-1.041-16.653-2.082-23.939-2.082-10.408 0-17.694 1.041-23.939 4.164-6.245 3.122-9.368 10.408-9.368 22.898v13.531h53.083v57.246h-53.083v213.372h-89.512V234.191zM794.161 176.945h86.39v47.879h1.041c6.245-17.694 16.653-30.185 31.225-39.552 14.572-9.368 31.225-13.531 49.96-13.531h10.409c3.122 0 7.286 1.041 10.408 2.082v81.185c-6.245-2.082-11.449-3.122-16.653-4.163-5.204-1.041-11.449-1.041-16.654-1.041-11.449 0-20.816 2.082-29.143 5.204-8.327 3.123-15.613 8.327-20.817 14.572-5.204 6.245-10.408 12.49-12.49 20.817-3.123 8.326-4.163 15.612-4.163 23.939v133.228h-88.472V176.945h-1.041zM989.84 312.254c0-19.776 3.122-39.552 10.41-56.205 7.28-17.695 16.65-32.266 29.14-45.797 12.49-13.531 27.06-22.899 44.76-30.185 17.69-7.285 36.43-11.449 57.24-11.449 20.82 0 39.56 4.164 57.25 11.449 17.69 7.286 32.27 17.695 45.8 30.185 12.49 12.49 22.9 28.102 29.14 45.797 7.29 17.694 10.41 36.429 10.41 56.205 0 20.817-3.12 39.552-10.41 57.246-7.29 17.695-16.65 32.266-29.14 44.756-12.49 12.49-28.11 22.899-45.8 30.185-17.69 7.286-36.43 11.449-57.25 11.449-20.81 0-40.59-4.163-57.24-11.449-17.7-7.286-32.27-17.695-44.76-30.185-12.49-12.49-21.86-28.102-29.14-44.756-7.288-17.694-10.41-36.429-10.41-57.246zm88.47 0c0 8.327 1.04 17.694 3.12 26.021 2.09 9.368 5.21 16.653 9.37 23.939 4.16 7.286 9.37 13.531 16.65 17.695 7.29 4.163 15.62 7.285 26.03 7.285 10.4 0 18.73-2.081 26.02-7.285 7.28-4.164 12.49-10.409 16.65-17.695 4.16-7.286 7.29-15.612 9.37-23.939 2.08-9.368 3.12-17.694 3.12-26.021 0-8.327-1.04-17.694-3.12-26.021-2.08-9.368-5.21-16.653-9.37-23.939-4.16-7.286-9.37-13.531-16.65-17.695-7.29-5.204-15.62-7.285-26.02-7.285-10.41 0-18.74 2.081-26.03 7.285-7.28 5.205-12.49 10.409-16.65 17.695-4.16 7.286-7.28 15.612-9.37 23.939-2.08 9.368-3.12 17.694-3.12 26.021zM1306.25 176.945h86.39v37.47h1.04c4.17-7.286 9.37-13.531 15.62-18.735 6.24-5.204 13.53-10.408 20.81-14.572 7.29-4.163 15.62-7.286 23.94-9.367 8.33-2.082 16.66-3.123 24.98-3.123 22.9 0 40.6 4.164 53.09 11.449 13.53 7.286 22.89 16.654 29.14 27.062 6.24 10.409 10.41 21.858 12.49 34.348 2.08 12.49 2.08 22.898 2.08 33.307v172.779h-88.47V316.417v-27.061c0-9.368-1.04-16.654-4.16-23.94-3.13-7.286-7.29-12.49-13.53-16.653-6.25-4.164-15.62-6.245-27.07-6.245-8.32 0-15.61 2.081-21.85 5.204-6.25 3.122-11.45 7.286-14.58 13.531-4.16 5.204-6.24 11.449-8.32 18.735s-3.12 14.572-3.12 21.858v145.717h-88.48V176.945zM1780.88 234.19h-55.17v122.819c0 10.408 3.12 17.694 8.33 20.817 6.24 3.122 13.53 5.204 22.9 5.204 4.16 0 7.28 0 11.45-1.041h11.45v65.573c-8.33 0-15.62 1.041-23.94 2.082-8.33 1.04-16.66 1.041-23.94 1.041-18.74 0-34.35-2.082-46.84-5.205-12.49-3.122-21.86-8.326-29.14-15.612-7.29-7.286-12.49-16.654-14.58-29.144-3.12-12.49-4.16-27.062-4.16-45.797V234.19h-44.76v-57.246h44.76V94.717h88.47v82.227h55.17v57.246zM1902.66 143.639h-88.48V75.984h88.48v67.655zm-89.52 33.307h88.48v270.618h-88.48V176.946zM2024.43 334.111c1.04 18.735 6.25 33.307 16.66 44.756 10.4 11.449 24.98 16.653 43.71 16.653 10.41 0 20.82-2.081 30.19-7.286 9.36-5.204 16.65-12.49 20.81-22.898h83.27c-4.16 15.613-10.41 29.144-19.78 40.593-9.36 11.449-19.77 20.817-31.22 28.102-12.49 7.286-24.98 12.491-39.55 16.654-14.57 3.122-29.15 5.204-43.72 5.204-21.86 0-41.63-3.122-60.37-9.367-18.73-6.246-34.34-15.613-46.83-28.103-12.49-12.49-22.9-27.062-30.19-45.797-7.28-17.694-10.41-38.511-10.41-60.369 0-20.817 4.17-39.552 11.45-57.246 7.29-17.694 17.7-32.266 31.23-44.756 13.53-12.49 29.14-21.858 46.83-29.144 17.7-7.286 36.43-10.408 56.21-10.408 23.94 0 45.8 4.163 63.49 12.49 17.7 8.327 33.31 19.776 44.76 35.389 11.45 15.612 20.81 32.266 26.02 52.042 5.2 19.776 8.33 41.633 7.28 64.532h-199.84v-1.041zm110.33-49.961c-1.04-15.612-6.24-28.102-15.61-39.551-9.37-10.409-21.86-16.654-37.47-16.654s-28.1 5.204-38.51 15.613c-10.41 10.408-16.66 23.939-18.74 40.592h110.33zM2254.46 176.945h86.39v47.879h1.04c6.25-17.694 16.65-30.185 31.23-39.552 14.57-9.368 31.22-13.531 49.96-13.531h10.4c3.13 0 7.29 1.041 10.41 2.082v81.185c-6.24-2.082-11.45-3.122-16.65-4.163-5.21-1.041-11.45-1.041-16.65-1.041-11.45 0-20.82 2.082-29.15 5.204-8.32 3.123-15.61 8.327-20.81 14.572-6.25 6.245-10.41 12.49-12.49 20.817-3.13 8.326-4.17 15.612-4.17 23.939v133.228h-88.47V176.945h-1.04zM2534.45 359.091c0 7.286 1.04 12.49 4.16 17.694 3.12 5.204 6.24 9.368 10.41 12.49 4.16 3.123 9.36 5.204 14.57 7.286 6.24 2.082 11.45 2.082 17.69 2.082 4.17 0 8.33 0 13.53-2.082 5.21-1.041 9.37-3.123 13.53-5.204 4.17-2.082 7.29-5.204 10.41-9.368 3.13-4.163 4.17-8.327 4.17-13.531 0-5.204-2.09-9.367-5.21-12.49-3.12-3.122-7.28-6.245-11.45-8.327-4.16-2.081-9.36-4.163-14.57-5.204-5.2-1.041-9.37-2.081-13.53-3.122-13.53-3.123-28.1-6.245-42.67-9.368-14.58-3.122-28.11-7.286-40.6-12.49-12.49-6.245-22.9-13.531-30.18-23.939-8.33-10.409-11.45-23.94-11.45-42.675 0-16.653 4.16-30.184 11.45-40.592 8.33-10.409 17.69-18.736 30.18-24.981 12.49-6.245 26.02-10.408 40.6-13.53 14.57-3.123 28.1-4.164 41.63-4.164 14.57 0 29.14 1.041 43.71 4.164 14.58 2.081 27.07 7.285 39.56 13.53 12.49 6.245 21.85 15.613 29.14 27.062 7.29 11.45 11.45 26.021 12.49 43.716h-82.23c0-10.409-4.16-18.736-11.45-23.94-7.28-4.163-16.65-7.286-28.1-7.286-4.16 0-8.32 0-12.49 1.041-4.16 1.041-8.32 1.041-12.49 2.082-4.16 1.041-7.28 3.122-9.37 6.245-2.08 3.122-4.16 6.245-4.16 11.449 0 6.245 3.12 11.449 10.41 15.613 6.24 4.163 14.57 7.286 24.98 10.408 10.41 2.082 20.82 5.204 32.27 7.286 11.44 2.082 22.89 4.163 33.3 6.245 13.53 3.123 24.98 7.286 33.31 13.531 9.37 6.245 15.61 12.49 20.82 19.776 5.2 7.286 9.36 14.572 11.45 21.858 2.08 7.285 3.12 13.53 3.12 19.776 0 17.694-4.17 33.306-11.45 45.796-8.33 12.491-17.7 21.858-30.19 30.185-12.49 7.286-26.02 12.49-41.63 16.653-15.61 3.123-31.22 5.204-45.8 5.204-15.61 0-32.26-1.04-47.87-4.163-15.62-3.122-29.15-8.327-41.64-15.612a83.855 83.855 0 01-30.18-30.185c-8.33-12.49-12.49-28.102-12.49-46.838h84.31v-2.081z" fill="#FFFFFF"></path><path d="M0 481.911V281.028l187.351-58.287v200.882L0 481.911z" fill="#8BC53F"></path><path d="M187.351 423.623V222.741l126.983 87.431v200.882l-126.983-87.431z" fill="#EBD417"></path><path d="M126.982 569.341L0 481.911l187.351-58.287 126.983 87.43-187.352 58.287z" fill="#034EA1"></path><path d="M183.188 212.331l51.001-116.574 65.573 155.085-51.001 116.574-65.573-155.085z" fill="#712E74"></path><path d="M248.761 367.415l51.001-116.574 171.739-28.102-49.96 115.533-172.78 29.143z" fill="#009FD1"></path><path d="M299.762 250.842L234.189 95.757l171.739-28.103 65.573 155.085-171.739 28.103z" fill="#F6921E"></path><path d="M187.352 222.741L59.328 198.802 44.757 71.819 172.78 95.76l14.572 126.982z" fill="#DA2128"></path><path d="M172.78 95.758L44.757 71.818l70.777-70.776 128.023 23.94-70.777 70.776z" fill="#25BCBD"></path><path d="M258.129 153.005l-70.777 69.736-14.571-126.982 70.777-70.778 14.571 128.024z" fill="#00844A"></path></svg></a></div></div><button class="Ibar__close" aria-label="Close Menu" data-event="iBarMenu-btn-closeMenu"></button></div><div class="Ibar__menu__wrapper"><div class="Ibar__menu__journal"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news" data-event="iBarMenu-a-journalHome"><div class="Ibar__journalName__container"><div class="Ibar__journal__maskLogo" style="display:none;"><img class="Ibar__journal__logo" src></div><div class="Ibar__journalName"><span>Science news</span></div></div></a><a class="Ibar__link" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news/category/research-news" target="_self" data-event="iBar-a-researchNews">Research news</a><a class="Ibar__link" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news/category/frontiers-updates" target="_self" data-event="iBar-a-frontiersUpdates">Frontiers updates</a><a class="Ibar__link" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news/category/open-science" target="_self" data-event="iBar-a-openScience">Open science</a><a class="Ibar__link" href="https://pressoffice.frontiersin.org/download-assets" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-a-pressAssets">Press assets</a><div parent-data-event="iBarMenu"><div class="Ibar__dropdown"><button class="Ibar__dropdown__trigger"> All categories</button><div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu"><div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header"><button class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header__title" aria-label="Close Dropdown">All categories</button><button class="Ibar__close" aria-label="Close Dropdown"></button></div><div class="Ibar__dropdown__about"><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title"><a href="/news/category/mind-and-body" target data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_mindAndBody">Mind and body</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/health" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_health">Health</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/humanities" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_humanities">Humanities</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/life-science" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_2-a_lifeSciences">Life sciences</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/microbiome" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_3-a_microbiome">Microbiome</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/neuroscience" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_4-a_neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/psychiatry" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_5-a_psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/psychology" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_6-a_psychology">Psychology</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/social-science" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_7-a_socialScience">Social science</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title"><a href="/news/category/earth-and-beyond" target data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_earthAndBeyond">Earth and beyond</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/climate-action" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_climateAction">Climate action</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/earth-science" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_earthScience">Earth science</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/environment" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_2-a_environment">Environment</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/space-sciences-astronomy" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_3-a_spaceSciencesAndAs">Space sciences and astronomy</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/sustainability" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_4-a_sustainability">Sustainability</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title"><a href="/news/category/future-tech" target data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_2-a_futureTech">Future tech</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/engineering" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_engineering">Engineering</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/robotics-and-ai" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_roboticsAndAi">Robotics and AI</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title"><a href="/news/category/frontiers-updates" target data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_3-a_frontiersUpdates">Frontiers updates</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/frontiers-announcements" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_frontiersNews">Frontiers news</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/impact-analysis" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_impactAnalysis">Impact analysis</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/institutional-partnership" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_2-a_institutionalPartn">Institutional partnerships</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/publishing-partnerships" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_3-a_publishingPartners">Publishing partnerships</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/society-journal-news" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_4-a_societyJournalNews">Society journal news</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title"><a href="/news/category/open-science" target data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_4-a_openScience">Open science</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/ebooks" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_eBooks">eBooks</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/open-science-and-peer-review" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_openScienceAndPeer">Open science and peer review</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/open-science-policy" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_2-a_openSciencePolicy">Open science policy</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/research-topics" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_3-a_researchTopics">Research Topics</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/young-minds" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_4-a_youngMinds">Young Minds</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class="Ibar__dropdown--aboutUs" parent-data-event="iBarMenu"><div class="Ibar__dropdown"><button class="Ibar__dropdown__trigger"> About us</button><div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu"><div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header"><button class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header__title" aria-label="Close Dropdown">About us</button><button class="Ibar__close" aria-label="Close Dropdown"></button></div><div class="Ibar__dropdown__about"><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Who we are</li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/mission" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">Mission and values</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/history" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">History</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/leadership" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">Leadership</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/awards" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">Awards</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Impact and progress</li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/impact" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_1-a_impactAndProgress">Frontiers' impact</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://progressreport.frontiersin.org/?utm_source=fweb&utm_medium=frep&utm_campaign=pr20" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_1-a_impactAndProgress">Progress Report 2022</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/progress-reports" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_1-a_impactAndProgress">All progress reports</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Publishing model</li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/how-we-publish" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">How we publish</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/open-access" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Open access</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/fee-policy" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Fee policy</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/peer-review" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Peer review</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/research-integrity" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Research integrity</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/research-topics" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Research Topics</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Services</li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://publishingpartnerships.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">Societies</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/open-access-agreements/consortia" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">National consortia</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/open-access-agreements" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">Institutional partnerships</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/collaborators" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">Collaborators</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">More from Frontiers</li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://forum.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Frontiers Forum</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersplanetprize.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Frontiers Planet Prize</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://pressoffice.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Press office</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.orgabout/sustainability" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Sustainability</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://careers.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Career opportunities</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/contact" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Contact us</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><a class="Ibar__link" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals" data-event="iBar-a-allJournals">All journals</a><a class="Ibar__link" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles" data-event="iBar-a-allArticles">All articles</a><a class="Ibar__button Ibar__submit" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/submission/submit" data-event="iBarMenu-a-submit">Submit your research</a></div></div></div><div class="Ibar__journal Ibar__journal--main"><div class="Ibar__wrapper Ibar__wrapper--journal"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news" class="Ibar__journalName" data-event="iBarJournal-a-journalHome"><div class="Ibar__journalName__container"><div class="Ibar__journal__maskLogo" style="display:none;"><img class="Ibar__journal__logo" src></div><div class="Ibar__journalName"><span>Science news</span></div></div></a><a class="Ibar__link" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news/category/research-news" target="_self" data-event="iBar-a-researchNews">Research news</a><a class="Ibar__link" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news/category/frontiers-updates" target="_self" data-event="iBar-a-frontiersUpdates">Frontiers updates</a><a class="Ibar__link" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news/category/open-science" target="_self" data-event="iBar-a-openScience">Open science</a><a class="Ibar__link" href="https://pressoffice.frontiersin.org/download-assets" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-a-pressAssets">Press assets</a><div parent-data-event="iBarJournal"><div class="Ibar__dropdown"><button class="Ibar__dropdown__trigger"> All categories</button><div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu"><div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header"><button class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header__title" aria-label="Close Dropdown">All categories</button><button class="Ibar__close" aria-label="Close Dropdown"></button></div><div class="Ibar__dropdown__about"><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title"><a href="/news/category/mind-and-body" target data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_mindAndBody">Mind and body</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/health" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_health">Health</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/humanities" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_humanities">Humanities</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/life-science" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_2-a_lifeSciences">Life sciences</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/microbiome" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_3-a_microbiome">Microbiome</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/neuroscience" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_4-a_neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/psychiatry" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_5-a_psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/psychology" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_6-a_psychology">Psychology</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/social-science" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_7-a_socialScience">Social science</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title"><a href="/news/category/earth-and-beyond" target data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_earthAndBeyond">Earth and beyond</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/climate-action" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_climateAction">Climate action</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/earth-science" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_earthScience">Earth science</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/environment" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_2-a_environment">Environment</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/space-sciences-astronomy" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_3-a_spaceSciencesAndAs">Space sciences and astronomy</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/sustainability" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_4-a_sustainability">Sustainability</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title"><a href="/news/category/future-tech" target data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_2-a_futureTech">Future tech</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/engineering" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_engineering">Engineering</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/robotics-and-ai" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_roboticsAndAi">Robotics and AI</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title"><a href="/news/category/frontiers-updates" target data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_3-a_frontiersUpdates">Frontiers updates</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/frontiers-announcements" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_frontiersNews">Frontiers news</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/impact-analysis" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_impactAnalysis">Impact analysis</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/institutional-partnership" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_2-a_institutionalPartn">Institutional partnerships</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/publishing-partnerships" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_3-a_publishingPartners">Publishing partnerships</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/society-journal-news" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_4-a_societyJournalNews">Society journal news</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title"><a href="/news/category/open-science" target data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_4-a_openScience">Open science</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/ebooks" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_eBooks">eBooks</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/open-science-and-peer-review" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_openScienceAndPeer">Open science and peer review</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/open-science-policy" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_2-a_openSciencePolicy">Open science policy</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/research-topics" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_3-a_researchTopics">Research Topics</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/young-minds" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_4-a_youngMinds">Young Minds</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="Ibar__spacer"></div></div></div><div class="Ibar__journal Ibar__journal--mix"><div class="Ibar__wrapper Ibar__wrapper--journal"><div class="Ibar__logo"><a href="//www.frontiersin.org/" aria-label="Frontiershome" data-event="iBar-a-home" class="Ibar__logo__link"><svg class="Ibar__logo__svg" viewBox="0 0 2811 590" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path class="Ibar__logo__text" d="M633.872 234.191h-42.674v-57.246h42.674c0-19.776 2.082-35.389 5.204-48.92 4.164-13.53 9.368-23.939 17.695-31.225 8.326-8.326 18.735-13.53 32.266-16.653 13.531-3.123 29.143-5.204 47.878-5.204h21.858c7.286 0 14.572 1.04 21.857 1.04v62.451c-8.326-1.041-16.653-2.082-23.939-2.082-10.408 0-17.694 1.041-23.939 4.164-6.245 3.122-9.368 10.408-9.368 22.898v13.531h53.083v57.246h-53.083v213.372h-89.512V234.191zM794.161 176.945h86.39v47.879h1.041c6.245-17.694 16.653-30.185 31.225-39.552 14.572-9.368 31.225-13.531 49.96-13.531h10.409c3.122 0 7.286 1.041 10.408 2.082v81.185c-6.245-2.082-11.449-3.122-16.653-4.163-5.204-1.041-11.449-1.041-16.654-1.041-11.449 0-20.816 2.082-29.143 5.204-8.327 3.123-15.613 8.327-20.817 14.572-5.204 6.245-10.408 12.49-12.49 20.817-3.123 8.326-4.163 15.612-4.163 23.939v133.228h-88.472V176.945h-1.041zM989.84 312.254c0-19.776 3.122-39.552 10.41-56.205 7.28-17.695 16.65-32.266 29.14-45.797 12.49-13.531 27.06-22.899 44.76-30.185 17.69-7.285 36.43-11.449 57.24-11.449 20.82 0 39.56 4.164 57.25 11.449 17.69 7.286 32.27 17.695 45.8 30.185 12.49 12.49 22.9 28.102 29.14 45.797 7.29 17.694 10.41 36.429 10.41 56.205 0 20.817-3.12 39.552-10.41 57.246-7.29 17.695-16.65 32.266-29.14 44.756-12.49 12.49-28.11 22.899-45.8 30.185-17.69 7.286-36.43 11.449-57.25 11.449-20.81 0-40.59-4.163-57.24-11.449-17.7-7.286-32.27-17.695-44.76-30.185-12.49-12.49-21.86-28.102-29.14-44.756-7.288-17.694-10.41-36.429-10.41-57.246zm88.47 0c0 8.327 1.04 17.694 3.12 26.021 2.09 9.368 5.21 16.653 9.37 23.939 4.16 7.286 9.37 13.531 16.65 17.695 7.29 4.163 15.62 7.285 26.03 7.285 10.4 0 18.73-2.081 26.02-7.285 7.28-4.164 12.49-10.409 16.65-17.695 4.16-7.286 7.29-15.612 9.37-23.939 2.08-9.368 3.12-17.694 3.12-26.021 0-8.327-1.04-17.694-3.12-26.021-2.08-9.368-5.21-16.653-9.37-23.939-4.16-7.286-9.37-13.531-16.65-17.695-7.29-5.204-15.62-7.285-26.02-7.285-10.41 0-18.74 2.081-26.03 7.285-7.28 5.205-12.49 10.409-16.65 17.695-4.16 7.286-7.28 15.612-9.37 23.939-2.08 9.368-3.12 17.694-3.12 26.021zM1306.25 176.945h86.39v37.47h1.04c4.17-7.286 9.37-13.531 15.62-18.735 6.24-5.204 13.53-10.408 20.81-14.572 7.29-4.163 15.62-7.286 23.94-9.367 8.33-2.082 16.66-3.123 24.98-3.123 22.9 0 40.6 4.164 53.09 11.449 13.53 7.286 22.89 16.654 29.14 27.062 6.24 10.409 10.41 21.858 12.49 34.348 2.08 12.49 2.08 22.898 2.08 33.307v172.779h-88.47V316.417v-27.061c0-9.368-1.04-16.654-4.16-23.94-3.13-7.286-7.29-12.49-13.53-16.653-6.25-4.164-15.62-6.245-27.07-6.245-8.32 0-15.61 2.081-21.85 5.204-6.25 3.122-11.45 7.286-14.58 13.531-4.16 5.204-6.24 11.449-8.32 18.735s-3.12 14.572-3.12 21.858v145.717h-88.48V176.945zM1780.88 234.19h-55.17v122.819c0 10.408 3.12 17.694 8.33 20.817 6.24 3.122 13.53 5.204 22.9 5.204 4.16 0 7.28 0 11.45-1.041h11.45v65.573c-8.33 0-15.62 1.041-23.94 2.082-8.33 1.04-16.66 1.041-23.94 1.041-18.74 0-34.35-2.082-46.84-5.205-12.49-3.122-21.86-8.326-29.14-15.612-7.29-7.286-12.49-16.654-14.58-29.144-3.12-12.49-4.16-27.062-4.16-45.797V234.19h-44.76v-57.246h44.76V94.717h88.47v82.227h55.17v57.246zM1902.66 143.639h-88.48V75.984h88.48v67.655zm-89.52 33.307h88.48v270.618h-88.48V176.946zM2024.43 334.111c1.04 18.735 6.25 33.307 16.66 44.756 10.4 11.449 24.98 16.653 43.71 16.653 10.41 0 20.82-2.081 30.19-7.286 9.36-5.204 16.65-12.49 20.81-22.898h83.27c-4.16 15.613-10.41 29.144-19.78 40.593-9.36 11.449-19.77 20.817-31.22 28.102-12.49 7.286-24.98 12.491-39.55 16.654-14.57 3.122-29.15 5.204-43.72 5.204-21.86 0-41.63-3.122-60.37-9.367-18.73-6.246-34.34-15.613-46.83-28.103-12.49-12.49-22.9-27.062-30.19-45.797-7.28-17.694-10.41-38.511-10.41-60.369 0-20.817 4.17-39.552 11.45-57.246 7.29-17.694 17.7-32.266 31.23-44.756 13.53-12.49 29.14-21.858 46.83-29.144 17.7-7.286 36.43-10.408 56.21-10.408 23.94 0 45.8 4.163 63.49 12.49 17.7 8.327 33.31 19.776 44.76 35.389 11.45 15.612 20.81 32.266 26.02 52.042 5.2 19.776 8.33 41.633 7.28 64.532h-199.84v-1.041zm110.33-49.961c-1.04-15.612-6.24-28.102-15.61-39.551-9.37-10.409-21.86-16.654-37.47-16.654s-28.1 5.204-38.51 15.613c-10.41 10.408-16.66 23.939-18.74 40.592h110.33zM2254.46 176.945h86.39v47.879h1.04c6.25-17.694 16.65-30.185 31.23-39.552 14.57-9.368 31.22-13.531 49.96-13.531h10.4c3.13 0 7.29 1.041 10.41 2.082v81.185c-6.24-2.082-11.45-3.122-16.65-4.163-5.21-1.041-11.45-1.041-16.65-1.041-11.45 0-20.82 2.082-29.15 5.204-8.32 3.123-15.61 8.327-20.81 14.572-6.25 6.245-10.41 12.49-12.49 20.817-3.13 8.326-4.17 15.612-4.17 23.939v133.228h-88.47V176.945h-1.04zM2534.45 359.091c0 7.286 1.04 12.49 4.16 17.694 3.12 5.204 6.24 9.368 10.41 12.49 4.16 3.123 9.36 5.204 14.57 7.286 6.24 2.082 11.45 2.082 17.69 2.082 4.17 0 8.33 0 13.53-2.082 5.21-1.041 9.37-3.123 13.53-5.204 4.17-2.082 7.29-5.204 10.41-9.368 3.13-4.163 4.17-8.327 4.17-13.531 0-5.204-2.09-9.367-5.21-12.49-3.12-3.122-7.28-6.245-11.45-8.327-4.16-2.081-9.36-4.163-14.57-5.204-5.2-1.041-9.37-2.081-13.53-3.122-13.53-3.123-28.1-6.245-42.67-9.368-14.58-3.122-28.11-7.286-40.6-12.49-12.49-6.245-22.9-13.531-30.18-23.939-8.33-10.409-11.45-23.94-11.45-42.675 0-16.653 4.16-30.184 11.45-40.592 8.33-10.409 17.69-18.736 30.18-24.981 12.49-6.245 26.02-10.408 40.6-13.53 14.57-3.123 28.1-4.164 41.63-4.164 14.57 0 29.14 1.041 43.71 4.164 14.58 2.081 27.07 7.285 39.56 13.53 12.49 6.245 21.85 15.613 29.14 27.062 7.29 11.45 11.45 26.021 12.49 43.716h-82.23c0-10.409-4.16-18.736-11.45-23.94-7.28-4.163-16.65-7.286-28.1-7.286-4.16 0-8.32 0-12.49 1.041-4.16 1.041-8.32 1.041-12.49 2.082-4.16 1.041-7.28 3.122-9.37 6.245-2.08 3.122-4.16 6.245-4.16 11.449 0 6.245 3.12 11.449 10.41 15.613 6.24 4.163 14.57 7.286 24.98 10.408 10.41 2.082 20.82 5.204 32.27 7.286 11.44 2.082 22.89 4.163 33.3 6.245 13.53 3.123 24.98 7.286 33.31 13.531 9.37 6.245 15.61 12.49 20.82 19.776 5.2 7.286 9.36 14.572 11.45 21.858 2.08 7.285 3.12 13.53 3.12 19.776 0 17.694-4.17 33.306-11.45 45.796-8.33 12.491-17.7 21.858-30.19 30.185-12.49 7.286-26.02 12.49-41.63 16.653-15.61 3.123-31.22 5.204-45.8 5.204-15.61 0-32.26-1.04-47.87-4.163-15.62-3.122-29.15-8.327-41.64-15.612a83.855 83.855 0 01-30.18-30.185c-8.33-12.49-12.49-28.102-12.49-46.838h84.31v-2.081z" fill="#FFFFFF"></path><path d="M0 481.911V281.028l187.351-58.287v200.882L0 481.911z" fill="#8BC53F"></path><path d="M187.351 423.623V222.741l126.983 87.431v200.882l-126.983-87.431z" fill="#EBD417"></path><path d="M126.982 569.341L0 481.911l187.351-58.287 126.983 87.43-187.352 58.287z" fill="#034EA1"></path><path d="M183.188 212.331l51.001-116.574 65.573 155.085-51.001 116.574-65.573-155.085z" fill="#712E74"></path><path d="M248.761 367.415l51.001-116.574 171.739-28.102-49.96 115.533-172.78 29.143z" fill="#009FD1"></path><path d="M299.762 250.842L234.189 95.757l171.739-28.103 65.573 155.085-171.739 28.103z" fill="#F6921E"></path><path d="M187.352 222.741L59.328 198.802 44.757 71.819 172.78 95.76l14.572 126.982z" fill="#DA2128"></path><path d="M172.78 95.758L44.757 71.818l70.777-70.776 128.023 23.94-70.777 70.776z" fill="#25BCBD"></path><path d="M258.129 153.005l-70.777 69.736-14.571-126.982 70.777-70.778 14.571 128.024z" fill="#00844A"></path></svg></a></div><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news" class="Ibar__journalName" data-event="iBarJournal-a-journalHome"><div class="Ibar__journalName__container" logoclass="Ibar__logo--mixed"><div class="Ibar__journal__maskLogo" style="display:none;"><img class="Ibar__journal__logo" src></div><div class="Ibar__journalName"><span>Science news</span></div></div></a><div class="Ibar__spacer"></div><a class="Ibar__link" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news/category/research-news" target="_self" data-event="iBar-a-researchNews">Research news</a><a class="Ibar__link" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news/category/frontiers-updates" target="_self" data-event="iBar-a-frontiersUpdates">Frontiers updates</a><a class="Ibar__link" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news/category/open-science" target="_self" data-event="iBar-a-openScience">Open science</a><a class="Ibar__link" href="https://pressoffice.frontiersin.org/download-assets" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-a-pressAssets">Press assets</a><div parent-data-event="iBarJournal"><div class="Ibar__dropdown"><button class="Ibar__dropdown__trigger"> All categories</button><div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu"><div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header"><button class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header__title" aria-label="Close Dropdown">All categories</button><button class="Ibar__close" aria-label="Close Dropdown"></button></div><div class="Ibar__dropdown__about"><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title"><a href="/news/category/mind-and-body" target data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_mindAndBody">Mind and body</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/health" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_health">Health</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/humanities" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_humanities">Humanities</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/life-science" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_2-a_lifeSciences">Life sciences</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/microbiome" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_3-a_microbiome">Microbiome</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/neuroscience" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_4-a_neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/psychiatry" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_5-a_psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/psychology" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_6-a_psychology">Psychology</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/social-science" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_7-a_socialScience">Social science</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title"><a href="/news/category/earth-and-beyond" target data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_earthAndBeyond">Earth and beyond</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/climate-action" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_climateAction">Climate action</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/earth-science" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_earthScience">Earth science</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/environment" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_2-a_environment">Environment</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/space-sciences-astronomy" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_3-a_spaceSciencesAndAs">Space sciences and astronomy</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/sustainability" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_4-a_sustainability">Sustainability</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title"><a href="/news/category/future-tech" target data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_2-a_futureTech">Future tech</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/engineering" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_engineering">Engineering</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/robotics-and-ai" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_roboticsAndAi">Robotics and AI</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title"><a href="/news/category/frontiers-updates" target data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_3-a_frontiersUpdates">Frontiers updates</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/frontiers-announcements" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_frontiersNews">Frontiers news</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/impact-analysis" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_impactAnalysis">Impact analysis</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/institutional-partnership" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_2-a_institutionalPartn">Institutional partnerships</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/publishing-partnerships" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_3-a_publishingPartners">Publishing partnerships</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/society-journal-news" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_4-a_societyJournalNews">Society journal news</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title"><a href="/news/category/open-science" target data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_4-a_openScience">Open science</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/ebooks" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_eBooks">eBooks</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/open-science-and-peer-review" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_openScienceAndPeer">Open science and peer review</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/open-science-policy" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_2-a_openSciencePolicy">Open science policy</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/research-topics" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_3-a_researchTopics">Research Topics</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/news/category/young-minds" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_4-a_youngMinds">Young Minds</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="Ibar__spacer"></div><a class="Ibar__button Ibar__submit" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/submission/submit" data-event="iBarJournal-a-submit"><span>Submit</span><span> your research</span></a><a class="Ibar__icon Ibar__icon--search" href="/search" aria-label="Search" data-event="iBar-a-search"><span>Search</span></a><div class="Ibar__userArea"></div></div></div></nav><div class="Layout" data-v-bf4865e3><h1 class="acc-hidden" data-v-bf4865e3>Science News post list</h1><div class="Layout__body Layout__body--mainAside" data-v-bf4865e3><main class="Layout__main" data-v-bf4865e3><ul class="Breadcrumbs" data-v-bf4865e3><li class="Breadcrumbs__item"><div class="Breadcrumbs__separator"></div><a href="/" aria-label="Home" target="_self" data-event="breadcrumbs-item-a_home" class="Breadcrumbs__item__text"><span class="Breadcrumbs__home"></span></a></li><li class="Breadcrumbs__item"><div class="Breadcrumbs__separator"></div><a href="/news" aria-label="Science news" target="_self" data-event="breadcrumbs-item-a_scienceNews" class="Breadcrumbs__item__text">Science news</a></li><li class="Breadcrumbs__item"><div class="Breadcrumbs__separator"></div><a href="/news/category/earth-science" aria-label="Earth science" target="_self" data-event="breadcrumbs-item-a_earthScience" class="Breadcrumbs__item__text">Earth science</a></li></ul><div class="SearchBar__wrapper" data-v-bf4865e3><div class="SearchBar"><i class="SearchBar__prependIcon"></i><input class="SearchBar__input" type="text" placeholder="Search news in Earth science" aria-describedby value></div><div id class="SearchBar__hint" role="alert">Type at least 3 characters</div></div><section data-v-bf4865e3><h2 data-v-bf4865e3>20 news posts in Earth science</h2><article class="BriefPost" data-v-bf4865e3><a href="/news/2024/07/18/pompeii-skeleton-discovery-earthquake" class="BriefPost__imgLink" aria-label="Go to post Pompeii skeleton discovery shows another natural disaster may have made Vesuvius eruption even more deadly"><figure class="FrontiersImage BriefPost__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/5kvAktdqU6qJWa3ZMVbDdM/f2865fd20230d779ce472a0b5452f8bd/Picture3.jpg?&w=396&h=170&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(max-width: 767px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/5kvAktdqU6qJWa3ZMVbDdM/f2865fd20230d779ce472a0b5452f8bd/Picture3.jpg?&w=76&h=76&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/5kvAktdqU6qJWa3ZMVbDdM/f2865fd20230d779ce472a0b5452f8bd/Picture3.jpg?&w=108&h=108&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/5kvAktdqU6qJWa3ZMVbDdM/f2865fd20230d779ce472a0b5452f8bd/Picture3.jpg?&w=70&h=70&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/5kvAktdqU6qJWa3ZMVbDdM/f2865fd20230d779ce472a0b5452f8bd/Picture3.jpg?&w=84&h=84&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/5kvAktdqU6qJWa3ZMVbDdM/f2865fd20230d779ce472a0b5452f8bd/Picture3.jpg?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/5kvAktdqU6qJWa3ZMVbDdM/f2865fd20230d779ce472a0b5452f8bd/Picture3.jpg?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="eager"></picture><figcaption>Scientists discovered two skeletons in the ruins of a Pompeii building and concluded that their deaths must have been caused by wall collapses triggered by earthquakes. Image: Pompeii Archaeological Park</figcaption></figure><div class="BriefPost__info"><div class="BriefPost__pretitle"><p class="BriefPost__category">Earth science</p><p class="BriefPost__date">18 Jul 2024</p></div><h1 class="BriefPost__title">Pompeii skeleton discovery shows another natural disaster may have made Vesuvius eruption even more deadly</h1><p class="BriefPost__description">Scientists think that skeletons of individuals trapped and killed inside buildings by earthquakes during the 79CE eruption of Vesuvius could provide a more complete history of destruction</p></div></a></article><article class="BriefPost" data-v-bf4865e3><a href="/news/2024/03/11/new-dinosaur-skeleton-closes-evolutionary-gap-here-are-five-frontiers" class="BriefPost__imgLink" aria-label="Go to post New dinosaur skeleton closes evolutionary gap: Here are five Frontiers articles you won’t want to miss"><figure class="FrontiersImage BriefPost__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/7pnaWWf5w1m3cp8JWW3rk3/b3ac6f64fd5ac46f3afabd33cfdad3d7/Life_reconstruction_of_Franconiasaurus_brevispinus_gen._et_sp._nov.__artwork_by_Joschua_Kn_ppe_.jpg?&w=396&h=170&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(max-width: 767px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/7pnaWWf5w1m3cp8JWW3rk3/b3ac6f64fd5ac46f3afabd33cfdad3d7/Life_reconstruction_of_Franconiasaurus_brevispinus_gen._et_sp._nov.__artwork_by_Joschua_Kn_ppe_.jpg?&w=76&h=76&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/7pnaWWf5w1m3cp8JWW3rk3/b3ac6f64fd5ac46f3afabd33cfdad3d7/Life_reconstruction_of_Franconiasaurus_brevispinus_gen._et_sp._nov.__artwork_by_Joschua_Kn_ppe_.jpg?&w=108&h=108&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/7pnaWWf5w1m3cp8JWW3rk3/b3ac6f64fd5ac46f3afabd33cfdad3d7/Life_reconstruction_of_Franconiasaurus_brevispinus_gen._et_sp._nov.__artwork_by_Joschua_Kn_ppe_.jpg?&w=70&h=70&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/7pnaWWf5w1m3cp8JWW3rk3/b3ac6f64fd5ac46f3afabd33cfdad3d7/Life_reconstruction_of_Franconiasaurus_brevispinus_gen._et_sp._nov.__artwork_by_Joschua_Kn_ppe_.jpg?&w=84&h=84&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/7pnaWWf5w1m3cp8JWW3rk3/b3ac6f64fd5ac46f3afabd33cfdad3d7/Life_reconstruction_of_Franconiasaurus_brevispinus_gen._et_sp._nov.__artwork_by_Joschua_Kn_ppe_.jpg?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/7pnaWWf5w1m3cp8JWW3rk3/b3ac6f64fd5ac46f3afabd33cfdad3d7/Life_reconstruction_of_Franconiasaurus_brevispinus_gen._et_sp._nov.__artwork_by_Joschua_Kn_ppe_.jpg?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="eager"></picture><figcaption>Life reconstruction of Franconiasaurus brevispinus gen. et sp. nov. Copyright: 2024, Sachs, Eggmaier and Madzia. doi.org/10.3389/feart.2024.1341470. Artwork credit: Joschua Knüppe. </figcaption></figure><div class="BriefPost__info"><div class="BriefPost__pretitle"><p class="BriefPost__category">Earth science</p><p class="BriefPost__date">11 Mar 2024</p></div><h1 class="BriefPost__title">New dinosaur skeleton closes evolutionary gap: Here are five Frontiers articles you won’t want to miss</h1><p class="BriefPost__description">At Frontiers, we bring some of the world’s best research to a global audience. But with tens of thousands of articles published each year, it’s impossible to cover all of them. Here are just five amazing papers you may have missed.</p></div></a></article><article class="BriefPost" data-v-bf4865e3><a href="/news/2024/03/05/digital-twin-earth-predict-water-natural-disasters" class="BriefPost__imgLink" aria-label="Go to post New ‘digital twin’ Earth could help predict water-based natural disasters before they strike"><figure class="FrontiersImage BriefPost__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6pKHVv2kteZndrGZoLkKCm/cff5a46e2650b64ad584c8b0bc60de26/FSCI_Hub_Digital_Twin_Earth_Brocca_Hub-card-min.png?&w=396&h=170&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(max-width: 767px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6pKHVv2kteZndrGZoLkKCm/cff5a46e2650b64ad584c8b0bc60de26/FSCI_Hub_Digital_Twin_Earth_Brocca_Hub-card-min.png?&w=76&h=76&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6pKHVv2kteZndrGZoLkKCm/cff5a46e2650b64ad584c8b0bc60de26/FSCI_Hub_Digital_Twin_Earth_Brocca_Hub-card-min.png?&w=108&h=108&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6pKHVv2kteZndrGZoLkKCm/cff5a46e2650b64ad584c8b0bc60de26/FSCI_Hub_Digital_Twin_Earth_Brocca_Hub-card-min.png?&w=70&h=70&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6pKHVv2kteZndrGZoLkKCm/cff5a46e2650b64ad584c8b0bc60de26/FSCI_Hub_Digital_Twin_Earth_Brocca_Hub-card-min.png?&w=84&h=84&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6pKHVv2kteZndrGZoLkKCm/cff5a46e2650b64ad584c8b0bc60de26/FSCI_Hub_Digital_Twin_Earth_Brocca_Hub-card-min.png?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6pKHVv2kteZndrGZoLkKCm/cff5a46e2650b64ad584c8b0bc60de26/FSCI_Hub_Digital_Twin_Earth_Brocca_Hub-card-min.png?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="eager"></picture><figcaption>Image credit: MEEO | DTE Hydrology</figcaption></figure><div class="BriefPost__info"><div class="BriefPost__pretitle"><p class="BriefPost__category">Earth science</p><p class="BriefPost__date">05 Mar 2024</p></div><h1 class="BriefPost__title">New ‘digital twin’ Earth could help predict water-based natural disasters before they strike</h1><p class="BriefPost__description">Scientists demonstrate the use of next-generation satellite data and advanced modeling to build virtual replicas of the terrestrial water cycle that can track water resources and create detailed simulations of flooding and other extreme events.</p></div></a></article><article class="BriefPost" data-v-bf4865e3><a href="/news/2024/01/16/largest-ever-study-ocean-dna-frontiers-in-science" class="BriefPost__imgLink" aria-label="Go to post Largest-ever study of ocean DNA has created essential catalog of marine life"><figure class="FrontiersImage BriefPost__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/63I2rXmnRBCDhEHezK3pbZ/3df252e88c5edaa6ad4d6737072b9f33/FSCI_Hub_Ocean-Genome_Laiolo_Hub-card.png?&w=396&h=170&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(max-width: 767px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/63I2rXmnRBCDhEHezK3pbZ/3df252e88c5edaa6ad4d6737072b9f33/FSCI_Hub_Ocean-Genome_Laiolo_Hub-card.png?&w=76&h=76&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/63I2rXmnRBCDhEHezK3pbZ/3df252e88c5edaa6ad4d6737072b9f33/FSCI_Hub_Ocean-Genome_Laiolo_Hub-card.png?&w=108&h=108&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/63I2rXmnRBCDhEHezK3pbZ/3df252e88c5edaa6ad4d6737072b9f33/FSCI_Hub_Ocean-Genome_Laiolo_Hub-card.png?&w=70&h=70&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/63I2rXmnRBCDhEHezK3pbZ/3df252e88c5edaa6ad4d6737072b9f33/FSCI_Hub_Ocean-Genome_Laiolo_Hub-card.png?&w=84&h=84&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/63I2rXmnRBCDhEHezK3pbZ/3df252e88c5edaa6ad4d6737072b9f33/FSCI_Hub_Ocean-Genome_Laiolo_Hub-card.png?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/63I2rXmnRBCDhEHezK3pbZ/3df252e88c5edaa6ad4d6737072b9f33/FSCI_Hub_Ocean-Genome_Laiolo_Hub-card.png?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="eager"></picture></figure><div class="BriefPost__info"><div class="BriefPost__pretitle"><p class="BriefPost__category">Earth science</p><p class="BriefPost__date">16 Jan 2024</p></div><h1 class="BriefPost__title">Largest-ever study of ocean DNA has created essential catalog of marine life</h1><p class="BriefPost__description">From biotechnology innovation to tracking climate change impacts, the KMAP Global Ocean Gene Catalog 1.0 offers diverse applications for science and society.</p></div></a></article><article class="BriefPost" data-v-bf4865e3><a href="/news/2023/11/14/cop28-new-study-highlights-need-to-address-risk-of-continued-global-warming-after-net-zero" class="BriefPost__imgLink" aria-label="Go to post New study highlights need to address risk of continued global warming after net zero"><figure class="FrontiersImage BriefPost__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/52493/1e7605f41fd305255efc63218e7a8c7c/FSCI_Net-zero_Palazzo-Corner_News-blog-image.png?&w=396&h=170&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(max-width: 767px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/52493/1e7605f41fd305255efc63218e7a8c7c/FSCI_Net-zero_Palazzo-Corner_News-blog-image.png?&w=76&h=76&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/52493/1e7605f41fd305255efc63218e7a8c7c/FSCI_Net-zero_Palazzo-Corner_News-blog-image.png?&w=108&h=108&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/52493/1e7605f41fd305255efc63218e7a8c7c/FSCI_Net-zero_Palazzo-Corner_News-blog-image.png?&w=70&h=70&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/52493/1e7605f41fd305255efc63218e7a8c7c/FSCI_Net-zero_Palazzo-Corner_News-blog-image.png?&w=84&h=84&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/52493/1e7605f41fd305255efc63218e7a8c7c/FSCI_Net-zero_Palazzo-Corner_News-blog-image.png?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/52493/1e7605f41fd305255efc63218e7a8c7c/FSCI_Net-zero_Palazzo-Corner_News-blog-image.png?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="eager"></picture></figure><div class="BriefPost__info"><div class="BriefPost__pretitle"><p class="BriefPost__category">Earth science</p><p class="BriefPost__date">14 Nov 2023</p></div><h1 class="BriefPost__title">New study highlights need to address risk of continued global warming after net zero</h1><p class="BriefPost__description">by Liad Hollender, Frontiers science writer Image: Shutterstock.com The UN Climate Panel’s latest best estimate is that global warming will end once we reach net zero CO2 emissions – but a study in Frontiers in Science warns significant warming could still occur. Researchers including those from Imperial College London and University of Exeter assess factors controlling global temperatures post ‘net zero’ and offer a pioneering framework for better estimating climate change risks. These risks must inform climate mitigation and adaptation policies to protect future generations. From scorching heatwaves to torrential downpours and devastating storms, the disastrous effects of global warming are sweeping across the world. Being the predicted outcome of burning fossil fuels, our best and only plan to limit warming is to reduce CO2 emissions from human activities to ‘net zero’ – where the amount of CO2 we emit into the atmosphere is equal to the amount we remove from it. To keep within the 1.5°C limit of the 2015 Paris Agreement, this needs to happen as soon as possible. Though the scientific community’s current best estimate from models is that global warming will stop at net zero, an article published in Frontiers in Science raises a red flag. […] </p></div></a></article><article class="BriefPost" data-v-bf4865e3><a href="/news/2023/04/04/camera-forecast-volcano-eruptions" class="BriefPost__imgLink" aria-label="Go to post New low-cost camera could help scientists forecast volcano eruptions affecting millions"><figure class="FrontiersImage BriefPost__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/48370/37a500b74021fc19cf60014700c5dbd3/Horizontal-Volcano-on-the-Big-Island-Hawaii.png?&w=396&h=170&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(max-width: 767px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/48370/37a500b74021fc19cf60014700c5dbd3/Horizontal-Volcano-on-the-Big-Island-Hawaii.png?&w=76&h=76&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/48370/37a500b74021fc19cf60014700c5dbd3/Horizontal-Volcano-on-the-Big-Island-Hawaii.png?&w=108&h=108&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/48370/37a500b74021fc19cf60014700c5dbd3/Horizontal-Volcano-on-the-Big-Island-Hawaii.png?&w=70&h=70&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/48370/37a500b74021fc19cf60014700c5dbd3/Horizontal-Volcano-on-the-Big-Island-Hawaii.png?&w=84&h=84&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/48370/37a500b74021fc19cf60014700c5dbd3/Horizontal-Volcano-on-the-Big-Island-Hawaii.png?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/48370/37a500b74021fc19cf60014700c5dbd3/Horizontal-Volcano-on-the-Big-Island-Hawaii.png?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="eager"></picture></figure><div class="BriefPost__info"><div class="BriefPost__pretitle"><p class="BriefPost__category">Earth science</p><p class="BriefPost__date">04 Apr 2023</p></div><h1 class="BriefPost__title">New low-cost camera could help scientists forecast volcano eruptions affecting millions</h1><p class="BriefPost__description">By Deborah Pirchner, Frontiers science writer Image: Shutterstock.com Monitoring emissions from volcanoes – particularly sulfur dioxide (SO2) using specialized cameras – is important for hazard forecasting. Gathering long-term time series datasets is critical because volcanoes can exhibit significant changes in activity over time. Now, researchers have developed a cheap and low-power SO2 camera suited for long-term measuring. The tool could have significant implications for millions of people worldwide who live close to active volcanoes, they say. Gas emissions are the manifestation of activity occurring beneath the surface of a volcano. Measuring them lets researchers see what can’t be seen from the surface. This knowledge is vital for hazard monitoring and the prediction of future eruptions. Since the mid-2000s, ultraviolet SO2 cameras have become important tools to measure emissions. The measurement campaigns, however, must be accompanied by a user, making SO2 cameras unsuitable for acquiring long-term datasets. Building and operating this type of camera can cost upwards of $20,000, resulting in very few cameras being installed permanently. To get better long-term monitoring data, an international team of researchers has developed an SO2 camera to continually measure emission rates from volcanoes. They have now published an article about the camera design and two […] </p></div></a></article><article class="BriefPost" data-v-bf4865e3><a href="/news/2023/01/17/rare-fossilized-feathers-reveal-secrets-of-paleontology-hotspot-during-cretaceous-period" class="BriefPost__imgLink" aria-label="Go to post Rare fossilized feathers reveal secrets of paleontology hotspot during Cretaceous period"><figure class="FrontiersImage BriefPost__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/46863/f16a022d2b3b53c23a2bcd09a76b18b4/15-36-2.png?&w=396&h=170&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(max-width: 767px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/46863/f16a022d2b3b53c23a2bcd09a76b18b4/15-36-2.png?&w=76&h=76&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/46863/f16a022d2b3b53c23a2bcd09a76b18b4/15-36-2.png?&w=108&h=108&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/46863/f16a022d2b3b53c23a2bcd09a76b18b4/15-36-2.png?&w=70&h=70&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/46863/f16a022d2b3b53c23a2bcd09a76b18b4/15-36-2.png?&w=84&h=84&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/46863/f16a022d2b3b53c23a2bcd09a76b18b4/15-36-2.png?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/46863/f16a022d2b3b53c23a2bcd09a76b18b4/15-36-2.png?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="lazy"></picture></figure><div class="BriefPost__info"><div class="BriefPost__pretitle"><p class="BriefPost__category">Earth science</p><p class="BriefPost__date">17 Jan 2023</p></div><h1 class="BriefPost__title">Rare fossilized feathers reveal secrets of paleontology hotspot during Cretaceous period</h1><p class="BriefPost__description">by Angharad Brewer Gillham, Frontiers science writer Fossil STM 15-36, photographed by Xuwei Yin at the Shangdong Tianyu Museum of Natural History. Photograph courtesy of the authors. Rare preserved soft tissue – feathers from early Cretaceous birds at Jehol Biota – sheds new light on the world in which they died, millions of years ago. The site of Jehol Biota in China is famous for stunning fossils which preserve soft tissue – skin, organs, feathers, and fur. These fossils offer rare insights into the evolution of characteristics like flight, but they need careful interpretation to understand what the soft tissue looked and behaved like in life, and how decomposition may have affected it. A study published in Frontiers in Earth Science analyzed five fossils of an early Cretaceous bird, Sapeornis chaoyangensis, in order to study how the environment they were buried in changed the preservation of their soft tissue. “Jehol Biota provides the most informative source for understanding Mesozoic ecology,” said corresponding author Dr Yan Zhao, based at the Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Linyi University. “Better understanding of the diverse taphonomy of Jehol terrestrial vertebrates can help us finally understand more about the past and future of biological evolution.” […] </p></div></a></article><article class="BriefPost" data-v-bf4865e3><a href="/news/2022/10/18/wwii-shipwreck-has-leaked-many-pollutants-into-the-sea-changing-the-ocean-floor-around-it" class="BriefPost__imgLink" aria-label="Go to post WWII shipwreck has leaked many pollutants into the sea, changing the ocean floor around it"><figure class="FrontiersImage BriefPost__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/45558/c92f6ab263672d1628c3ad9582f36168/frontiers-in-marine-science-world-war-shipwreck-polluting-microbiome-north-sea.png?&w=396&h=170&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(max-width: 767px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/45558/c92f6ab263672d1628c3ad9582f36168/frontiers-in-marine-science-world-war-shipwreck-polluting-microbiome-north-sea.png?&w=76&h=76&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/45558/c92f6ab263672d1628c3ad9582f36168/frontiers-in-marine-science-world-war-shipwreck-polluting-microbiome-north-sea.png?&w=108&h=108&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/45558/c92f6ab263672d1628c3ad9582f36168/frontiers-in-marine-science-world-war-shipwreck-polluting-microbiome-north-sea.png?&w=70&h=70&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/45558/c92f6ab263672d1628c3ad9582f36168/frontiers-in-marine-science-world-war-shipwreck-polluting-microbiome-north-sea.png?&w=84&h=84&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/45558/c92f6ab263672d1628c3ad9582f36168/frontiers-in-marine-science-world-war-shipwreck-polluting-microbiome-north-sea.png?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/45558/c92f6ab263672d1628c3ad9582f36168/frontiers-in-marine-science-world-war-shipwreck-polluting-microbiome-north-sea.png?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="lazy"></picture></figure><div class="BriefPost__info"><div class="BriefPost__pretitle"><p class="BriefPost__category">Earth science</p><p class="BriefPost__date">18 Oct 2022</p></div><h1 class="BriefPost__title">WWII shipwreck has leaked many pollutants into the sea, changing the ocean floor around it</h1><p class="BriefPost__description">By Suzanna Burgelman, Frontiers science writer Torn deck plating of the V 1302 John Mahn that was damaged by the bomb that hit amidships. Image: Flanders Marine Institute/VLIZ Researchers have discovered that an 80 year old historic World War II shipwreck is still influencing the microbiology and geochemistry of the ocean floor where it rests. In Frontiers in Marine Science, they show how the wreck is leaking hazardous pollutants, such as explosives and heavy metals, into the ocean floor sediment of the North Sea, influencing the marine microbiology around it. The seabed of the North Sea is covered in thousands of ship and aircraft wrecks, warfare agents, and millions of tons of conventional munition such as shells and bombs. Wrecks contain hazardous substances (such as petroleum and explosives) that may harm the marine environment. Yet, there is a lack of information about the location of the wrecks, and the effect they might have on the environment. “The general public is often quite interested in shipwrecks because of their historical value, but the potential environmental impact of these wrecks is often overlooked,” said PhD candidate Josefien Van Landuyt, of Ghent University. For example, it is estimated that World War I and […] </p></div></a></article><article class="BriefPost" data-v-bf4865e3><a href="/news/2022/08/09/traces-of-2010-deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-still-detectable-in-2020" class="BriefPost__imgLink" aria-label="Go to post Traces of 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill still detectable in 2020"><figure class="FrontiersImage BriefPost__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/44335/42df5552fc1aa99b732ee1c073f14d34/frontiers-in-marine-science-deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-effects-natural-disaster.jpg?&w=396&h=170&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(max-width: 767px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/44335/42df5552fc1aa99b732ee1c073f14d34/frontiers-in-marine-science-deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-effects-natural-disaster.jpg?&w=76&h=76&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/44335/42df5552fc1aa99b732ee1c073f14d34/frontiers-in-marine-science-deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-effects-natural-disaster.jpg?&w=108&h=108&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/44335/42df5552fc1aa99b732ee1c073f14d34/frontiers-in-marine-science-deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-effects-natural-disaster.jpg?&w=70&h=70&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/44335/42df5552fc1aa99b732ee1c073f14d34/frontiers-in-marine-science-deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-effects-natural-disaster.jpg?&w=84&h=84&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/44335/42df5552fc1aa99b732ee1c073f14d34/frontiers-in-marine-science-deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-effects-natural-disaster.jpg?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/44335/42df5552fc1aa99b732ee1c073f14d34/frontiers-in-marine-science-deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-effects-natural-disaster.jpg?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="lazy"></picture></figure><div class="BriefPost__info"><div class="BriefPost__pretitle"><p class="BriefPost__category">Earth science</p><p class="BriefPost__date">09 Aug 2022</p></div><h1 class="BriefPost__title">Traces of 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill still detectable in 2020</h1><p class="BriefPost__description">By K.E.D. Coan, science writer Image: Breck P. Kent/Shutterstock.com Small amounts of highly weathered oil residues from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon disaster were still present in the surroundings ten years later, shows a new report. Crude oil is a complex mixture with many components that undergo chemical reactions in the environment. These transformed chemicals, as well as longer persisting oil products, can impact local ecosystems and a better understanding of the fates of these molecules can help future clean-up efforts. The oil spilled during the Deepwater Horizon disaster in 2010 was largely transformed by the end of that summer, reports a new study in Frontiers in Marine Science. But some small quantities of chemical residues still persisted in the environment even ten years later. This latest study follows the varied fates of the leaked petroleum components, providing important insights for future spills and clean-up efforts. “The better we understand the chemicals and their chemical reactive properties as well as their physical properties, the better we will be able to mitigate oil spills and understand and detect environmental damages from oil spills,” said first author Prof Edward Overton of Louisiana State University. “Our paper describes the most abundant chemicals that make […] </p></div></a></article><article class="BriefPost" data-v-bf4865e3><a href="/news/2022/03/25/frontiers-earth-science-camelus-knoblochi-giant-camel-last-refuge-pleistocene-mongolia" class="BriefPost__imgLink" aria-label="Go to post Last of the giant camels and archaic humans lived together in Mongolia until 27,000 years ago"><figure class="FrontiersImage BriefPost__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/42527/79cff3c815a82f6ee9a795c7e571ab95/frontiers-earth-science-giant-camelus-mongolia.jpg?&w=396&h=170&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(max-width: 767px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/42527/79cff3c815a82f6ee9a795c7e571ab95/frontiers-earth-science-giant-camelus-mongolia.jpg?&w=76&h=76&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/42527/79cff3c815a82f6ee9a795c7e571ab95/frontiers-earth-science-giant-camelus-mongolia.jpg?&w=108&h=108&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/42527/79cff3c815a82f6ee9a795c7e571ab95/frontiers-earth-science-giant-camelus-mongolia.jpg?&w=70&h=70&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/42527/79cff3c815a82f6ee9a795c7e571ab95/frontiers-earth-science-giant-camelus-mongolia.jpg?&w=84&h=84&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/42527/79cff3c815a82f6ee9a795c7e571ab95/frontiers-earth-science-giant-camelus-mongolia.jpg?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/42527/79cff3c815a82f6ee9a795c7e571ab95/frontiers-earth-science-giant-camelus-mongolia.jpg?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="lazy"></picture></figure><div class="BriefPost__info"><div class="BriefPost__pretitle"><p class="BriefPost__category">Earth science</p><p class="BriefPost__date">25 Mar 2022</p></div><h1 class="BriefPost__title">Last of the giant camels and archaic humans lived together in Mongolia until 27,000 years ago</h1><p class="BriefPost__description">By Mischa Dijkstra, Frontiers science writer Camelus knoblochi would have dwarfed the modern domestic Bactrian camel, Camelus bactrianus, which also has two humps. Image credit: Bandurka/Shutterstock.com This is the first report of fossils of a species of giant camel, Camelus knoblochi, from today’s Mongolia. The author show that the species’ last refuge in the world was in Mongolia until 27,000 years ago. There, they coexisted with archaic humans and the much smaller wild Bactrian camel C. ferus. Climate changing leading to desertification and possibly hunting by humans and competition with C. ferus drove C. knoblochi into extinction. A species of giant two-humped camel, Camelus knoblochi, is known to have lived for approximately a quarter of a million years in Central Asia. A new study in Frontiers in Earth Science shows that C. knoblochi’s last refuge was in Mongolia, until approximately 27,000 years ago. In Mongolia, the last of the species coexisted with anatomically modern humans and maybe the extinct Neanderthals or Denisovans. While the main cause of C. knoblochi’s extinction seems to have been climate change, hunting by archaic humans may also have played a role. “Here we show that the extinct camel Camelus knoblochi persisted in Mongolia until climatic […] </p></div></a></article><article class="BriefPost" data-v-bf4865e3><a href="/news/2022/02/08/fascinating-articles-frontiers-january-2022" class="BriefPost__imgLink" aria-label="Go to post 5 fascinating Frontiers articles you may have missed in January 2022"><figure class="FrontiersImage BriefPost__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/41813/f658029a57909d14dcd06844bdf59edf/16490346262_ff549577eb_k-edited.jpg?&w=396&h=170&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(max-width: 767px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/41813/f658029a57909d14dcd06844bdf59edf/16490346262_ff549577eb_k-edited.jpg?&w=76&h=76&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/41813/f658029a57909d14dcd06844bdf59edf/16490346262_ff549577eb_k-edited.jpg?&w=108&h=108&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/41813/f658029a57909d14dcd06844bdf59edf/16490346262_ff549577eb_k-edited.jpg?&w=70&h=70&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/41813/f658029a57909d14dcd06844bdf59edf/16490346262_ff549577eb_k-edited.jpg?&w=84&h=84&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/41813/f658029a57909d14dcd06844bdf59edf/16490346262_ff549577eb_k-edited.jpg?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/41813/f658029a57909d14dcd06844bdf59edf/16490346262_ff549577eb_k-edited.jpg?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="lazy"></picture></figure><div class="BriefPost__info"><div class="BriefPost__pretitle"><p class="BriefPost__category">Earth science</p><p class="BriefPost__date">08 Feb 2022</p></div><h1 class="BriefPost__title">5 fascinating Frontiers articles you may have missed in January 2022</h1><p class="BriefPost__description">By Colm Gorey, Science Communications Manager A newly born desert tortoise. Image: K. Kristina Drake/ USGS. At Frontiers, we bring some of the world’s best research to a worldwide audience. But with tens of thousands of articles published each year, many often fly under the radar. Now, as part of new series each month, Frontiers will highlight just some of those amazing papers you may have missed. 1: Too hot to nest? In a hot summer, one tortoise can switch from nesting to developing eggs internally Researchers from Australia and South Africa published an article in Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution identifying what may be a novel reproductive strategy in Chersina angulate tortoises that has the potential to enhance the resilience of species to global warming. After observing a captive colony of in Cape Town, South Africa and checking back through historical data, Gerald Kuchling of The University of Western Australia and Margaretha Hofmeyr of the University of Western Cape found that local ambient temperature altered how females deposited their last clutch of eggs. Periods of unusual heat may result in females switching from depositing their eggs in a nest to develop(oviposition), to growing the egg in their body […] </p></div></a></article><article class="BriefPost" data-v-bf4865e3><a href="/news/2021/08/16/eudibamus-cursoris-speediness-secret-revealed" class="BriefPost__imgLink" aria-label="Go to post Secret to speediness of ancient bipedal reptile has been revealed"><figure class="FrontiersImage BriefPost__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/39721/92b72f894163b902b013866415f4e86c/shutterstock_187407182-edited.jpg?&w=396&h=170&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(max-width: 767px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/39721/92b72f894163b902b013866415f4e86c/shutterstock_187407182-edited.jpg?&w=76&h=76&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/39721/92b72f894163b902b013866415f4e86c/shutterstock_187407182-edited.jpg?&w=108&h=108&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/39721/92b72f894163b902b013866415f4e86c/shutterstock_187407182-edited.jpg?&w=70&h=70&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/39721/92b72f894163b902b013866415f4e86c/shutterstock_187407182-edited.jpg?&w=84&h=84&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/39721/92b72f894163b902b013866415f4e86c/shutterstock_187407182-edited.jpg?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/39721/92b72f894163b902b013866415f4e86c/shutterstock_187407182-edited.jpg?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="lazy"></picture></figure><div class="BriefPost__info"><div class="BriefPost__pretitle"><p class="BriefPost__category">Earth science</p><p class="BriefPost__date">16 Aug 2021</p></div><h1 class="BriefPost__title">Secret to speediness of ancient bipedal reptile has been revealed</h1><p class="BriefPost__description">By Clarissa Wright, Frontiers science writer Close-up of a reptile eye, but not the ancient Eudibamus cursoris. Image Aedka Studio/Shutterstock.com The Early Permian marked a time of major seasonal changes on the planet, as reptiles rapidly diversified. A key innovation is seen in bolosaurids with the ability to run at high speeds on two legs. Scientists from California State University and Carnegie Museum of Natural History in the US and University of Toronto Mississauga, Canada, collaborated in a study recently published to Frontiers presenting the first comprehensive description of the earliest known bipedal reptile from the Early Permian – a type of bolosaurid called Eudibamus cursoris. For the first time, its unique style of locomotion that achieved high running speeds on two legs has been revealed. The Permian period (between 298.9m and 252.2m years ago) was the last period of the Paleozoic Era. The Earth was warming out of an ice age, while weather intensified. Remnants of carboniferous rainforests disappeared, replaced by open desert. Facing these environmental changes, reptiles rapidly diversified and showed remarkable innovations during the Permian. Bolosaurids are the oldest family belonging to the ancient group of extinct reptiles known as Parareptilla (or parareptiles), and are considered a […] </p></div></a></article><article class="BriefPost" data-v-bf4865e3><a href="/news/2021/07/15/biogeoscience-chief-editor-is-the-recipient-of-the-2021-r-berner-lectureship" class="BriefPost__imgLink" aria-label="Go to post Biogeoscience Chief Editor is the Recipient of the 2021 R. Berner Lectureship"><figure class="FrontiersImage BriefPost__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/39267/af192b33fb52ad3f4c63d834ef3b2673/picture2.jpg?&w=396&h=170&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(max-width: 767px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/39267/af192b33fb52ad3f4c63d834ef3b2673/picture2.jpg?&w=76&h=76&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/39267/af192b33fb52ad3f4c63d834ef3b2673/picture2.jpg?&w=108&h=108&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/39267/af192b33fb52ad3f4c63d834ef3b2673/picture2.jpg?&w=70&h=70&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/39267/af192b33fb52ad3f4c63d834ef3b2673/picture2.jpg?&w=84&h=84&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/39267/af192b33fb52ad3f4c63d834ef3b2673/picture2.jpg?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/39267/af192b33fb52ad3f4c63d834ef3b2673/picture2.jpg?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="lazy"></picture></figure><div class="BriefPost__info"><div class="BriefPost__pretitle"><p class="BriefPost__category">Earth science</p><p class="BriefPost__date">15 Jul 2021</p></div><h1 class="BriefPost__title">Biogeoscience Chief Editor is the Recipient of the 2021 R. Berner Lectureship</h1><p class="BriefPost__description">Dr. Alexandra Turchyn We are honored to announce that Dr. Alexandra (Sasha) Turchyn, Co-Chief Editor of the Biogeoscience section of Frontiers in Earth Science is a recipient of the 2021 R. Berner Lectureship for her important contributions in the field of global geochemical cycles. Recipients of this Lectureship are selected for their ‘exceptional ability to define globally important biogeochemical processes, develop new understandings, and significantly advance the corresponding area of research.’ Dr. Turchyn was presented the lectureship at the Goldschmidt 2021 conference, where she gave a Keynote Lecture on the topic of ‘Exploring the biogeochemical sulfur cycle over the past 150 million years’. Dr. Turchyn graduated from Harvard University in 2005, and is currently a Reader in Biogeochemistry at the University of Cambridge. Her present research field includes understanding how the ocean’s chemistry has changed over time. It focuses on how interrelated biogeochemical cycles have responded to changes in climate on earth. Check out the Biogeoscience section The R. Berner Lectureship was established in 2017 to commemorate the late Robert Berner who was known for his outstanding contributions in the field of Geochemistry, including his contributions to modeling the carbon cycle. It is a joint program of the Geochemical Society […] </p></div></a></article><article class="BriefPost" data-v-bf4865e3><a href="/news/2021/02/22/jingmai-oconnor-field-museum-paleontology-frontier-scientists" class="BriefPost__imgLink" aria-label="Go to post Jingmai O’Connor: ‘I think people imagine we spend far more time digging up fossils than we actually do’"><figure class="FrontiersImage BriefPost__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/37060/0cecab8a1d4b0ec8b5b63c00aa591e96/img_4188.jpg?&w=396&h=170&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(max-width: 767px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/37060/0cecab8a1d4b0ec8b5b63c00aa591e96/img_4188.jpg?&w=76&h=76&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/37060/0cecab8a1d4b0ec8b5b63c00aa591e96/img_4188.jpg?&w=108&h=108&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/37060/0cecab8a1d4b0ec8b5b63c00aa591e96/img_4188.jpg?&w=70&h=70&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/37060/0cecab8a1d4b0ec8b5b63c00aa591e96/img_4188.jpg?&w=84&h=84&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/37060/0cecab8a1d4b0ec8b5b63c00aa591e96/img_4188.jpg?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/37060/0cecab8a1d4b0ec8b5b63c00aa591e96/img_4188.jpg?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="lazy"></picture><figcaption>Jingmai O'Connor crossing her arms and leaning on a table while looking at fossilized remains of a bird.</figcaption></figure><div class="BriefPost__info"><div class="BriefPost__pretitle"><p class="BriefPost__category">Earth science</p><p class="BriefPost__date">22 Feb 2021</p></div><h1 class="BriefPost__title">Jingmai O’Connor: ‘I think people imagine we spend far more time digging up fossils than we actually do’</h1><p class="BriefPost__description">By Colm Gorey, Frontiers science writer/Jingmai O’Connor Jingmai O’Connor, associate curator of fossil reptiles at Chicago’s Field Museum. Image: Jesse Goldberg Jingmai O’Connor, associate curator of fossil reptiles at Chicago’s Field Museum, discusses a recent ‘bizarre’ ancient digestive discovery and the issue of diversity in paleontology. In a recently published study to Frontiers in Earth Science, researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Field Museum in the US published findings on the discovery of quartz crystals in the stomach of a fossilized bird that lived alongside the dinosaurs. According to Jingmai O’Connor, the associate curator of fossil reptiles at Chicago’s Field Museum who contributed to the paper, it appeared to be “some kind of bizarre form of soft tissue preservation that we’ve never seen before”. She added: “Figuring out what’s in this bird’s stomach can help us understand what it ate and what role it played in its ecosystem.” O’Connor is an American paleontologist whose research focuses on the dinosaur-bird transition and the Mesozoic evolution of birds and other flying dinosaurs. Her research includes studies of exceptional soft tissues, such as lung and ovary traces preserved in specimens from Jehel Biota between 130 million and 130 million years ago. […] </p></div></a></article><article class="BriefPost" data-v-bf4865e3><a href="/news/2021/02/15/strange-creatures-antarctica-discovered-frontiers-marine-science" class="BriefPost__imgLink" aria-label="Go to post Strange creatures accidentally discovered beneath Antarctica’s ice shelves"><figure class="FrontiersImage BriefPost__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/36823/d7957ebf58f14be26590d53855bd4007/bore-hole.jpg?&w=396&h=170&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(max-width: 767px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/36823/d7957ebf58f14be26590d53855bd4007/bore-hole.jpg?&w=76&h=76&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/36823/d7957ebf58f14be26590d53855bd4007/bore-hole.jpg?&w=108&h=108&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/36823/d7957ebf58f14be26590d53855bd4007/bore-hole.jpg?&w=70&h=70&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/36823/d7957ebf58f14be26590d53855bd4007/bore-hole.jpg?&w=84&h=84&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/36823/d7957ebf58f14be26590d53855bd4007/bore-hole.jpg?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/36823/d7957ebf58f14be26590d53855bd4007/bore-hole.jpg?&w=124&h=124&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="lazy"></picture></figure><div class="BriefPost__info"><div class="BriefPost__pretitle"><p class="BriefPost__category">Earth science</p><p class="BriefPost__date">15 Feb 2021</p></div><h1 class="BriefPost__title">Strange creatures accidentally discovered beneath Antarctica’s ice shelves</h1><p class="BriefPost__description">Prior research has suggested that the watery depths below the Antarctic ice shelves are too cold and nutrient poor to sustain much life. But a new study from British Antarctic Survey reveals the discovery of a colony of sponges and other animals attached to a boulder on the sea floor – challenging researchers’ understanding about the existence of life in extreme environments. British Antarctic survey camera travelling down the 900-meter-long bore hole in the Filchner-Ronne ice shelf. (marine creature pictured is unrelated to the discovery) CREDIT: Dr Huw Griffiths/British Antarctic Survey By K.E.D Coan, science writer/British Antarctic Survey Far underneath the ice shelves of the Antarctic, there’s more life than expected, finds a recent study in the journal Frontiers in Marine Science. During an exploratory survey, researchers drilled through 900 meters of ice in the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, situated on the south eastern Weddell Sea. At a distance of 260km away from the open ocean, under complete darkness and with temperatures of -2.2°C, very few animals have ever been observed in these conditions. But this study is the first to discover the existence of stationary animals – similar to sponges and potentially several previously unknown species – attached to a boulder […] </p></div></a></article><div class="Pagination" data-v-bf4865e3><div class="Pagination__wrapper"><button class="Pagination__btn Pagination__btn--prev"> Previous </button><button class="Pagination__btnPage">1</button><button class="Pagination__btnPage">2</button><button class="Pagination__btn Pagination__btn--next"> Next </button></div><div class="Pagination__footer">15 of 20 posts</div></div></section></main><aside class="Layout__aside" data-v-bf4865e3><h2 class="Layout__aside__title">Latest posts</h2><div class="AsidePosts"><a aria-label="Social fish with low status are so stressed out it impacts their brains" href="/news/2024/11/26/social-fish-low-status-stressed-impacts-brains-frontiers-behavioral-neuroscience"><figure class="FrontiersImage AsidePosts__image"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6HOlPW6pQgEYyEOHKHskGp/8538d2d6e311c0b3c4954755c03469e4/burtoni-square_centered-JORDAN_lab_copy_1.jpg?&w=106&h=106&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(max-width: 767px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6HOlPW6pQgEYyEOHKHskGp/8538d2d6e311c0b3c4954755c03469e4/burtoni-square_centered-JORDAN_lab_copy_1.jpg?&w=78&h=78&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6HOlPW6pQgEYyEOHKHskGp/8538d2d6e311c0b3c4954755c03469e4/burtoni-square_centered-JORDAN_lab_copy_1.jpg?&w=110&h=110&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6HOlPW6pQgEYyEOHKHskGp/8538d2d6e311c0b3c4954755c03469e4/burtoni-square_centered-JORDAN_lab_copy_1.jpg?&w=48&h=48&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6HOlPW6pQgEYyEOHKHskGp/8538d2d6e311c0b3c4954755c03469e4/burtoni-square_centered-JORDAN_lab_copy_1.jpg?&w=56&h=56&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6HOlPW6pQgEYyEOHKHskGp/8538d2d6e311c0b3c4954755c03469e4/burtoni-square_centered-JORDAN_lab_copy_1.jpg?&w=80&h=80&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6HOlPW6pQgEYyEOHKHskGp/8538d2d6e311c0b3c4954755c03469e4/burtoni-square_centered-JORDAN_lab_copy_1.jpg?&w=80&h=80&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="eager"></picture><figcaption>A dominant and a subordinate male cichlid (Astatotilapia burtoni). Image courtesy of Dr Alex Jordan, Behavioural Evolution Lab, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behaviour.</figcaption></figure></a><a href="/news/2024/11/26/social-fish-low-status-stressed-impacts-brains-frontiers-behavioral-neuroscience"><h3 class="AsidePosts__title">Social fish with low status are so stressed out it impacts their brains</h3></a></div><div class="AsidePosts"><a aria-label=" Viking colonizers of Iceland and nearby Faroe Islands had very different origins, study finds " href="/news/2024/11/25/viking-colonizers-of-iceland-and-nearby-faroe-islands-had-very-different"><figure class="FrontiersImage AsidePosts__image"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2OizH9CBxBYXFkeWsVDvFK/b59a9d5ccdbc3f04b339af40f835ab4f/frontiers-genetics-faroe-islands-landscape.jpg?&w=106&h=106&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(max-width: 767px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2OizH9CBxBYXFkeWsVDvFK/b59a9d5ccdbc3f04b339af40f835ab4f/frontiers-genetics-faroe-islands-landscape.jpg?&w=78&h=78&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2OizH9CBxBYXFkeWsVDvFK/b59a9d5ccdbc3f04b339af40f835ab4f/frontiers-genetics-faroe-islands-landscape.jpg?&w=110&h=110&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2OizH9CBxBYXFkeWsVDvFK/b59a9d5ccdbc3f04b339af40f835ab4f/frontiers-genetics-faroe-islands-landscape.jpg?&w=48&h=48&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2OizH9CBxBYXFkeWsVDvFK/b59a9d5ccdbc3f04b339af40f835ab4f/frontiers-genetics-faroe-islands-landscape.jpg?&w=56&h=56&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2OizH9CBxBYXFkeWsVDvFK/b59a9d5ccdbc3f04b339af40f835ab4f/frontiers-genetics-faroe-islands-landscape.jpg?&w=80&h=80&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2OizH9CBxBYXFkeWsVDvFK/b59a9d5ccdbc3f04b339af40f835ab4f/frontiers-genetics-faroe-islands-landscape.jpg?&w=80&h=80&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="eager"></picture><figcaption>Today's landscape on the Faroe Islands. Image credit: Eyðfinn Magnussen</figcaption></figure></a><a href="/news/2024/11/25/viking-colonizers-of-iceland-and-nearby-faroe-islands-had-very-different"><h3 class="AsidePosts__title"> Viking colonizers of Iceland and nearby Faroe Islands had very different origins, study finds </h3></a></div><div class="AsidePosts"><a aria-label="Astronauts found to process some tasks slower in space, but no signs of permanent cognitive decline" href="/news/2024/11/20/astronauts-slower-space-no-permanent-cognitive-decline"><figure class="FrontiersImage AsidePosts__image"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/4xzMMtGtD1KFNDGkKqKRo3/9a0e3d293922aa737f15db3bc0feb57a/6377207601_8cb930ec4d_k.jpg?&w=106&h=106&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(max-width: 767px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/4xzMMtGtD1KFNDGkKqKRo3/9a0e3d293922aa737f15db3bc0feb57a/6377207601_8cb930ec4d_k.jpg?&w=78&h=78&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/4xzMMtGtD1KFNDGkKqKRo3/9a0e3d293922aa737f15db3bc0feb57a/6377207601_8cb930ec4d_k.jpg?&w=110&h=110&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/4xzMMtGtD1KFNDGkKqKRo3/9a0e3d293922aa737f15db3bc0feb57a/6377207601_8cb930ec4d_k.jpg?&w=48&h=48&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/4xzMMtGtD1KFNDGkKqKRo3/9a0e3d293922aa737f15db3bc0feb57a/6377207601_8cb930ec4d_k.jpg?&w=56&h=56&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/4xzMMtGtD1KFNDGkKqKRo3/9a0e3d293922aa737f15db3bc0feb57a/6377207601_8cb930ec4d_k.jpg?&w=80&h=80&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/4xzMMtGtD1KFNDGkKqKRo3/9a0e3d293922aa737f15db3bc0feb57a/6377207601_8cb930ec4d_k.jpg?&w=80&h=80&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="eager"></picture><figcaption>Image: flickr/NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, licensed under CC BY 2.0</figcaption></figure></a><a href="/news/2024/11/20/astronauts-slower-space-no-permanent-cognitive-decline"><h3 class="AsidePosts__title">Astronauts found to process some tasks slower in space, but no signs of permanent cognitive decline</h3></a></div><div class="AsidePosts"><a aria-label="Shaping the future: must-read Research Topic on children’s issues" href="/news/2024/11/19/must-read-research-topic-on-children-issues"><figure class="FrontiersImage AsidePosts__image"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2MHi2qGKQvAeEtTR5zevmD/d73881d34681985f474f84f0762bc641/Horizontal-Asian_happy_family_stay_home__grandmother_play_game_with_little_girl._Loving_senior_elder_older_woman_play_video_.png?&w=106&h=106&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(max-width: 767px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2MHi2qGKQvAeEtTR5zevmD/d73881d34681985f474f84f0762bc641/Horizontal-Asian_happy_family_stay_home__grandmother_play_game_with_little_girl._Loving_senior_elder_older_woman_play_video_.png?&w=78&h=78&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2MHi2qGKQvAeEtTR5zevmD/d73881d34681985f474f84f0762bc641/Horizontal-Asian_happy_family_stay_home__grandmother_play_game_with_little_girl._Loving_senior_elder_older_woman_play_video_.png?&w=110&h=110&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2MHi2qGKQvAeEtTR5zevmD/d73881d34681985f474f84f0762bc641/Horizontal-Asian_happy_family_stay_home__grandmother_play_game_with_little_girl._Loving_senior_elder_older_woman_play_video_.png?&w=48&h=48&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2MHi2qGKQvAeEtTR5zevmD/d73881d34681985f474f84f0762bc641/Horizontal-Asian_happy_family_stay_home__grandmother_play_game_with_little_girl._Loving_senior_elder_older_woman_play_video_.png?&w=56&h=56&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2MHi2qGKQvAeEtTR5zevmD/d73881d34681985f474f84f0762bc641/Horizontal-Asian_happy_family_stay_home__grandmother_play_game_with_little_girl._Loving_senior_elder_older_woman_play_video_.png?&w=80&h=80&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2MHi2qGKQvAeEtTR5zevmD/d73881d34681985f474f84f0762bc641/Horizontal-Asian_happy_family_stay_home__grandmother_play_game_with_little_girl._Loving_senior_elder_older_woman_play_video_.png?&w=80&h=80&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="eager"></picture></figure></a><a href="/news/2024/11/19/must-read-research-topic-on-children-issues"><h3 class="AsidePosts__title">Shaping the future: must-read Research Topic on children’s issues</h3></a></div><div class="AsidePosts"><a aria-label="Ioly Kotta-Loizou – The role of mycoviruses for the future of disease in medicine and agriculture" href="/news/2024/11/18/ioly-kotta-loizou-the-role-of-mycoviruses-for-the-future-of-disease-in"><figure class="FrontiersImage AsidePosts__image"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2wKoKBGjC1JJ12JAVQECRY/63d48d053d23bcacf397fbe4c36eff7f/Ioly_Kotta-Loizou.jfif?&w=106&h=106&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(max-width: 767px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2wKoKBGjC1JJ12JAVQECRY/63d48d053d23bcacf397fbe4c36eff7f/Ioly_Kotta-Loizou.jfif?&w=78&h=78&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2wKoKBGjC1JJ12JAVQECRY/63d48d053d23bcacf397fbe4c36eff7f/Ioly_Kotta-Loizou.jfif?&w=110&h=110&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2wKoKBGjC1JJ12JAVQECRY/63d48d053d23bcacf397fbe4c36eff7f/Ioly_Kotta-Loizou.jfif?&w=48&h=48&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2wKoKBGjC1JJ12JAVQECRY/63d48d053d23bcacf397fbe4c36eff7f/Ioly_Kotta-Loizou.jfif?&w=56&h=56&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2wKoKBGjC1JJ12JAVQECRY/63d48d053d23bcacf397fbe4c36eff7f/Ioly_Kotta-Loizou.jfif?&w=80&h=80&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2wKoKBGjC1JJ12JAVQECRY/63d48d053d23bcacf397fbe4c36eff7f/Ioly_Kotta-Loizou.jfif?&w=80&h=80&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="eager"></picture><figcaption>Photo credit: Ioly Kotta-Loizou</figcaption></figure></a><a href="/news/2024/11/18/ioly-kotta-loizou-the-role-of-mycoviruses-for-the-future-of-disease-in"><h3 class="AsidePosts__title">Ioly Kotta-Loizou – The role of mycoviruses for the future of disease in medicine and agriculture</h3></a></div><h2 class="Layout__aside__title">Categories</h2><div class="TagCloud" data-v-f32c710a><h3 class="TagCloud__tag"><a href="/news/category/climate-action">Climate action</a></h3><h3 class="TagCloud__tag"><a href="/news/category/earth-science">Earth science</a></h3><h3 class="TagCloud__tag"><a href="/news/category/ebooks">eBooks</a></h3><h3 class="TagCloud__tag"><a href="/news/category/engineering">Engineering</a></h3><h3 class="TagCloud__tag"><a href="/news/category/environment">Environment</a></h3><h3 class="TagCloud__tag"><a href="/news/category/featured-news">Featured news</a></h3><h3 class="TagCloud__tag"><a href="/news/category/frontiers-announcements">Frontiers news</a></h3><h3 class="TagCloud__tag"><a href="/news/category/health">Health</a></h3><h3 class="TagCloud__tag"><a href="/news/category/humanities">Humanities</a></h3><h3 class="TagCloud__tag"><a href="/news/category/impact-analysis">Impact analysis</a></h3></div><button type="button" class="Button Button--linkButton Button--grey Button--medium" data-event="btn-action" data-v-f32c710a><span>View all categories</span></button></aside></div></div><section class="Newsletter"><h1 class="acc-hidden">Newsletter</h1><div class="Newsletter__signup"><div class="Newsletter__heading"><p class="Newsletter__title">Get the latest research updates, subscribe to our newsletter</p></div><div class="FormContainer FormContainer--blue"><form class="Newsletter__form"><fieldset class="Newsletter__fieldset"><div class="Newsletter__fieldgroup"><div class="Input"><span class="Input__labelWrapper"><label for="subscriberFirstName" class="Input__label">Name</label></span><input class="Input__field" id="subscriberFirstName" type="text" value></div></div><div class="Newsletter__fieldgroup"><div class="Input"><span class="Input__labelWrapper"><label for="subscriberLastName" class="Input__label">Last name</label></span><input class="Input__field" id="subscriberLastName" type="text" value></div></div><div class="Newsletter__fieldgroup"><div class="Input"><span class="Input__labelWrapper"><label for="subscriberEmail" class="Input__label">E-mail</label></span><input class="Input__field" id="subscriberEmail" type="text" value></div></div></fieldset><button type="submit" class="Button Button--blue40 Button--medium" data-event="newsletter-btn-subscribe"><span>Subscribe</span></button></form></div></div><input type="hidden" value></section><footer class="Footer"><h1 class="acc-hidden">Footer</h1><div class="Footer__wrapper"><div class="Footer__sections"><ul class="Accordion"><li class="Accordion__item"><button class="Accordion__headline"><div class="Accordion__title">Guidelines</div><div class="Accordion__space"></div><div class="Accordion__arrow"></div></button><div class="Accordion__content Accordion__content--fadeOut" style="height:0px;"><ul><li><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/guidelines/author-guidelines" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_0-a_authorGuidelines">Author guidelines</a></li><li><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/guidelines/editor-guidelines" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_0-a_editorGuidelines">Editor guidelines</a></li><li><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/guidelines/policies-and-publication-ethics" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_0-a_policiesAndPublicationE">Policies and publication ethics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/fee-policy" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_0-a_feePolicy">Fee policy</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="Accordion__item"><button class="Accordion__headline"><div class="Accordion__title">Explore</div><div class="Accordion__space"></div><div class="Accordion__arrow"></div></button><div class="Accordion__content Accordion__content--fadeOut" style="height:0px;"><ul><li><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_1-a_articles">Articles</a></li><li><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_1-a_researchTopics">Research Topics </a></li><li><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_1-a_journals">Journals</a></li><li><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/how-we-publish" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_1-a_howWePublish">How we publish</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="Accordion__item"><button class="Accordion__headline"><div class="Accordion__title">Outreach</div><div class="Accordion__space"></div><div class="Accordion__arrow"></div></button><div class="Accordion__content Accordion__content--fadeOut" style="height:0px;"><ul><li><a href="https://forum.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="footer-block_2-a_frontiersForum">Frontiers Forum </a></li><li><a href="https://policylabs.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="footer-block_2-a_frontiersPolicyLabs">Frontiers Policy Labs </a></li><li><a href="https://kids.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="footer-block_2-a_frontiersForYoungMinds">Frontiers for Young Minds</a></li><li><a href="https://www.frontiersplanetprize.org/" target="_blank" data-event="footer-block_2-a_frontiersPlanetPrize">Frontiers Planet Prize</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="Accordion__item"><button class="Accordion__headline"><div class="Accordion__title">Connect</div><div class="Accordion__space"></div><div class="Accordion__arrow"></div></button><div class="Accordion__content Accordion__content--fadeOut" style="height:0px;"><ul><li><a href="https://helpcenter.frontiersin.org" target="_blank" data-event="footer-block_3-a_helpCenter">Help center</a></li><li><a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/settings/email-preferences?a=publishers" target="_blank" data-event="footer-block_3-a_emailsAndAlerts">Emails and alerts </a></li><li><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/contact" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_3-a_contactUs">Contact us </a></li><li><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/submission/submit" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_3-a_submit">Submit</a></li><li><a href="https://careers.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="footer-block_3-a_careerOpportunities">Career opportunities</a></li></ul></div></li></ul><div class="Footer__socialLinks"><div class="Footer__socialLinks__title">Follow us</div><span class="Link__wrapper"><a class="Link Link--linkType Link--grey Link--medium Link--icon Link--facebook Link--right" aria-label="Frontiers Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/Frontiersin" target="_blank"><span></span></a></span><span class="Link__wrapper"><a class="Link Link--linkType Link--grey Link--medium Link--icon Link--twitter Link--right" aria-label="Frontiers Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/frontiersin" target="_blank"><span></span></a></span><span class="Link__wrapper"><a class="Link Link--linkType Link--grey Link--medium Link--icon Link--linkedin Link--right" aria-label="Frontiers LinkedIn" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/frontiers" target="_blank"><span></span></a></span><span class="Link__wrapper"><a class="Link Link--linkType Link--grey Link--medium Link--icon Link--instagram Link--right" aria-label="Frontiers Instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/frontiersin_" target="_blank"><span></span></a></span></div></div><div class="Footer__copyright"><div><span>© 2024 Frontiers Media S.A. All rights reserved</span></div><div><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/privacy-policy" target="_blank">Privacy policy</a><span>|</span><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions" target="_blank">Terms and conditions</a></div></div></div></footer><noscript><iframe src="https://tag-manager.frontiersin.org/ns.html?id=GTM-55799X7&gtm_auth=wu4zNXypdxbpNvFCndDH_A&gtm_preview=env-1&gtm_cookies_win=x" height="0" width="0" style="display: none; visibility: hidden"> </iframe></noscript></div><script type="application/json" id="__NUXT_DATA__" data-ssr="true">[["Reactive",1],{"data":2,"state":892,"_errors":905,"serverRendered":85,"path":906,"pinia":907},{"footer":3,"ibar":104,"9nkmFSvTCF":202,"PJpbMdt6g6":565,"_apollo:contentful":890,"_apollo:contentfulPreview":891},{"blocks":4,"socialLinks":76,"copyright":101,"termsAndConditionsUrl":102,"privacyPolicyUrl":103},[5,22,37,56],{"title":6,"links":7},"Guidelines",[8,13,16,19],{"text":9,"url":10,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"Author guidelines","https://www.frontiersin.org/guidelines/author-guidelines","_self",null,{"text":14,"url":15,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"Editor guidelines","https://www.frontiersin.org/guidelines/editor-guidelines",{"text":17,"url":18,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"Policies and publication ethics","https://www.frontiersin.org/guidelines/policies-and-publication-ethics",{"text":20,"url":21,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"Fee policy","https://www.frontiersin.org/about/fee-policy",{"title":23,"links":24},"Explore",[25,28,31,34],{"text":26,"url":27,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"Articles","https://www.frontiersin.org/articles",{"text":29,"url":30,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"Research Topics ","https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics",{"text":32,"url":33,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"Journals","https://www.frontiersin.org/journals",{"text":35,"url":36,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"How we publish","https://www.frontiersin.org/about/how-we-publish",{"title":38,"links":39},"Outreach",[40,45,48,52],{"text":41,"url":42,"target":43,"ariaLabel":44},"Frontiers Forum ","https://forum.frontiersin.org/","_blank","Frontiers Forum website",{"text":46,"url":47,"target":43,"ariaLabel":12},"Frontiers Policy Labs ","https://policylabs.frontiersin.org/",{"text":49,"url":50,"target":43,"ariaLabel":51},"Frontiers for Young Minds","https://kids.frontiersin.org/","Frontiers for Young Minds journal",{"text":53,"url":54,"target":43,"ariaLabel":55},"Frontiers Planet Prize","https://www.frontiersplanetprize.org/","this link will take you to the Frontiers Planet Prize website",{"title":57,"links":58},"Connect",[59,62,66,70,73],{"text":60,"url":61,"target":43,"ariaLabel":60},"Help center","https://helpcenter.frontiersin.org",{"text":63,"url":64,"target":43,"ariaLabel":65},"Emails and alerts ","https://loop.frontiersin.org/settings/email-preferences?a=publishers","Subscribe to Frontiers emails",{"text":67,"url":68,"target":11,"ariaLabel":69},"Contact us ","https://www.frontiersin.org/about/contact","Subscribe to newsletter",{"text":71,"url":72,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"Submit","https://www.frontiersin.org/submission/submit",{"text":74,"url":75,"target":43,"ariaLabel":12},"Career opportunities","https://careers.frontiersin.org/",[77,86,91,96],{"link":78,"type":81,"color":82,"icon":83,"size":84,"hiddenText":85},{"text":79,"url":80,"target":43,"ariaLabel":79},"Frontiers Facebook","https://www.facebook.com/Frontiersin","Link","Grey","Facebook","Medium",true,{"link":87,"type":81,"color":82,"icon":90,"size":84,"hiddenText":85},{"text":88,"url":89,"target":43,"ariaLabel":12},"Frontiers Twitter","https://twitter.com/frontiersin","Twitter",{"link":92,"type":81,"color":82,"icon":95,"size":84,"hiddenText":85},{"text":93,"url":94,"target":43,"ariaLabel":12},"Frontiers LinkedIn","https://www.linkedin.com/company/frontiers","LinkedIn",{"link":97,"type":81,"color":82,"icon":100,"size":84,"hiddenText":85},{"text":98,"url":99,"target":43,"ariaLabel":12},"Frontiers Instagram","https://www.instagram.com/frontiersin_","Instagram","Frontiers Media S.A. All rights reserved","https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions","https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/privacy-policy",{"tenantLogo":105,"journalLogo":105,"aboutUs":106,"submitUrl":72,"showSubmitButton":85,"sectionTerm":186,"aboutJournal":187,"mainLinks":188,"journalLinks":193,"helpCenterLink":201},"",[107,122,134,151,166],{"title":108,"links":109},"Who we are",[110,113,116,119],{"text":111,"url":112,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"Mission and values","https://www.frontiersin.org/about/mission",{"text":114,"url":115,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"History","https://www.frontiersin.org/about/history",{"text":117,"url":118,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"Leadership","https://www.frontiersin.org/about/leadership",{"text":120,"url":121,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"Awards","https://www.frontiersin.org/about/awards",{"title":123,"links":124},"Impact and progress",[125,128,131],{"text":126,"url":127,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"Frontiers' impact","https://www.frontiersin.org/about/impact",{"text":129,"url":130,"target":43,"ariaLabel":12},"Progress Report 2022","https://progressreport.frontiersin.org/?utm_source=fweb&utm_medium=frep&utm_campaign=pr20",{"text":132,"url":133,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"All progress reports","https://www.frontiersin.org/about/progress-reports",{"title":135,"links":136},"Publishing model",[137,138,141,142,145,148],{"text":35,"url":36,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},{"text":139,"url":140,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"Open access","https://www.frontiersin.org/about/open-access",{"text":20,"url":21,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},{"text":143,"url":144,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"Peer review","https://www.frontiersin.org/about/peer-review",{"text":146,"url":147,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"Research integrity","https://www.frontiersin.org/about/research-integrity",{"text":149,"url":150,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"Research Topics","https://www.frontiersin.org/about/research-topics",{"title":152,"links":153},"Services",[154,157,160,163],{"text":155,"url":156,"target":43,"ariaLabel":12},"Societies","https://publishingpartnerships.frontiersin.org/",{"text":158,"url":159,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"National consortia","https://www.frontiersin.org/open-access-agreements/consortia",{"text":161,"url":162,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"Institutional partnerships","https://www.frontiersin.org/about/open-access-agreements",{"text":164,"url":165,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"Collaborators","https://www.frontiersin.org/about/collaborators",{"title":167,"links":168},"More from Frontiers",[169,172,173,177,181,183],{"text":170,"url":42,"target":43,"ariaLabel":171},"Frontiers Forum","this link will take you to the Frontiers Forum website",{"text":53,"url":54,"target":43,"ariaLabel":55},{"text":174,"url":175,"target":43,"ariaLabel":176},"Press office","https://pressoffice.frontiersin.org/","this link will take you to the Frontiers press office website",{"text":178,"url":179,"target":11,"ariaLabel":180},"Sustainability","https://www.frontiersin.orgabout/sustainability","link to information about Frontiers' sustainability",{"text":74,"url":75,"target":43,"ariaLabel":182},"this link will take you to the Frontiers careers website",{"text":184,"url":68,"target":11,"ariaLabel":185},"Contact us","this link will take you to the help pages to contact our support team","Sections",[],[189,191],{"text":190,"url":33,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"All journals",{"text":192,"url":27,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"All articles",[194,196,198],{"text":26,"url":195,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"articles",{"text":149,"url":197,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"research-topics",{"text":199,"url":200,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"Editorial board","editors",{"text":60,"url":61,"target":43,"ariaLabel":60},{"pageBlogPostCollection":203},{"total":204,"__typename":205,"items":206},2987,"PageBlogPostCollection",[207,241,264,290,308,329,359,383,410,444,466,488,503,525,541],{"sys":208,"__typename":211,"title":212,"slug":213,"excerpt":214,"publishedOn":215,"categoriesCollection":216,"featuredMedia":228,"tagsCollection":232},{"id":209,"__typename":210},"7eKQMrcMsU0ozWsVhupwSj","Sys","PageBlogPost","Social fish with low status are so stressed out it impacts their brains","social-fish-low-status-stressed-impacts-brains-frontiers-behavioral-neuroscience","Scientists show that low-status male cichlid fish have higher levels of oxidative stress in their brain, which is linked to poorer mental and neurological health in humans.","2024-11-26T00:00:00.000Z",{"__typename":217,"items":218},"PageBlogPostCategoriesCollection",[219,224],{"sys":220,"__typename":222,"name":223},{"id":221,"__typename":210},"4475884","Category","Featured news",{"sys":225,"__typename":222,"name":227},{"id":226,"__typename":210},"27026","Neuroscience",{"__typename":229,"description":230,"url":231},"Asset","A dominant and a subordinate male cichlid (Astatotilapia burtoni). Image courtesy of Dr Alex Jordan, Behavioural Evolution Lab, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behaviour.","https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6HOlPW6pQgEYyEOHKHskGp/8538d2d6e311c0b3c4954755c03469e4/burtoni-square_centered-JORDAN_lab_copy_1.jpg",{"__typename":233,"items":234},"PageBlogPostTagsCollection",[235,239],{"__typename":236,"name":237,"slug":238},"Tag","Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience","frontiers-in-behavioral-neuroscience",{"__typename":236,"name":227,"slug":240},"neuroscience",{"sys":242,"__typename":211,"title":244,"slug":245,"excerpt":246,"publishedOn":247,"categoriesCollection":248,"featuredMedia":256,"tagsCollection":259},{"id":243,"__typename":210},"7kP3TUocROC1L1Zk34eDiU"," Viking colonizers of Iceland and nearby Faroe Islands had very different origins, study finds ","viking-colonizers-of-iceland-and-nearby-faroe-islands-had-very-different","Geneticists have studied the distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroups on the Faroe Islands, known to have been colonized by Vikings around the year 900 CE, and compared these to distributions of haplogroups in today’s Scandinavia. They showed with novel analysis methods that the haplotype distribution in the Faroe Islands most closely resembled that in Norway and Denmark, and to a lesser extent that in Sweden, but differed from that in Iceland. They concluded that a band of Viking men from all over Scandinavia colonized the Faroe Islands, which differed in their geographical origin and genetic make-up from those who settled Iceland.","2024-11-25T00:00:00.000Z",{"__typename":217,"items":249},[250,252],{"sys":251,"__typename":222,"name":223},{"id":221,"__typename":210},{"sys":253,"__typename":222,"name":255},{"id":254,"__typename":210},"68358","Life sciences",{"__typename":229,"description":257,"url":258},"Today's landscape on the Faroe Islands. Image credit: Eyðfinn Magnussen","https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2OizH9CBxBYXFkeWsVDvFK/b59a9d5ccdbc3f04b339af40f835ab4f/frontiers-genetics-faroe-islands-landscape.jpg",{"__typename":233,"items":260},[261],{"__typename":236,"name":262,"slug":263},"Frontiers in Genetics","frontiers-in-genetics",{"sys":265,"__typename":211,"title":267,"slug":268,"excerpt":269,"publishedOn":270,"categoriesCollection":271,"featuredMedia":279,"tagsCollection":282},{"id":266,"__typename":210},"2T3CFJHbmkro55PEcbZUCP","Astronauts found to process some tasks slower in space, but no signs of permanent cognitive decline","astronauts-slower-space-no-permanent-cognitive-decline","Researchers found that astronauts’ processing speed, working memory, and attention slowed down, but a few months in space did not result in lasting cognitive impairment","2024-11-20T00:00:00.000Z",{"__typename":217,"items":272},[273,275],{"sys":274,"__typename":222,"name":223},{"id":221,"__typename":210},{"sys":276,"__typename":222,"name":278},{"id":277,"__typename":210},"572975945","Space sciences and astronomy",{"__typename":229,"description":280,"url":281},"Image: flickr/NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, licensed under CC BY 2.0","https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/4xzMMtGtD1KFNDGkKqKRo3/9a0e3d293922aa737f15db3bc0feb57a/6377207601_8cb930ec4d_k.jpg",{"__typename":233,"items":283},[284,287],{"__typename":236,"name":285,"slug":286},"Frontiers in Physiology","frontiers-in-physiology",{"__typename":236,"name":288,"slug":289},"Space and beyond","space",{"sys":291,"__typename":211,"title":293,"slug":294,"excerpt":295,"publishedOn":296,"categoriesCollection":297,"featuredMedia":302,"tagsCollection":304},{"id":292,"__typename":210},"6cYV6v5K1jVgjQz2C5VxoS","Shaping the future: must-read Research Topic on children’s issues","must-read-research-topic-on-children-issues","Research Topics exploring issues like the impact of parental mental health on kids, the effects of solitude in infancy, and patterns of internet use among children and adolescents.","2024-11-19T00:00:00.000Z",{"__typename":217,"items":298},[299],{"sys":300,"__typename":222,"name":149},{"id":301,"__typename":210},"270321",{"__typename":229,"description":105,"url":303},"https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2MHi2qGKQvAeEtTR5zevmD/d73881d34681985f474f84f0762bc641/Horizontal-Asian_happy_family_stay_home__grandmother_play_game_with_little_girl._Loving_senior_elder_older_woman_play_video_.png",{"__typename":233,"items":305},[306],{"__typename":236,"name":307,"slug":197},"Research topics",{"sys":309,"__typename":211,"title":311,"slug":312,"excerpt":313,"publishedOn":314,"categoriesCollection":315,"featuredMedia":321,"tagsCollection":324},{"id":310,"__typename":210},"2odiLouPobdiw1R2OLTqnm","Ioly Kotta-Loizou – The role of mycoviruses for the future of disease in medicine and agriculture","ioly-kotta-loizou-the-role-of-mycoviruses-for-the-future-of-disease-in","In honor of this year’s World Antimicrobial Resistance Awareness Week (WAAW), Professor Ioly Kotta-Loizou discussed her research and experience in the field of mycovirology. Ioly is head of Crop Protection and Climate Change (CPCC), co-director of the Centre for Agriculture, Food and Environmental Management (CAFEM) research at the University of Hertfordshire, and an honorary lecturer at Imperial College London and the University of Manchester. Ioly also holds several editorial roles with Frontiers, including Associate Editor for Frontiers in Virology and Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. With over 15 years of experience in the field of molecular microbiology, Ioly's research is focused on viruses, bacteria, and fungi, with a particular interest in mycoviruses for the directed manipulation of fungi in remediation and biotechnology.","2024-11-18T00:00:00.000Z",{"__typename":217,"items":316},[317],{"sys":318,"__typename":222,"name":320},{"id":319,"__typename":210},"550230236","Frontiers news",{"__typename":229,"description":322,"url":323},"Photo credit: Ioly Kotta-Loizou","https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2wKoKBGjC1JJ12JAVQECRY/63d48d053d23bcacf397fbe4c36eff7f/Ioly_Kotta-Loizou.jfif",{"__typename":233,"items":325},[326],{"__typename":236,"name":327,"slug":328},"WomeninScience","womeninscience",{"sys":330,"__typename":211,"title":332,"slug":333,"excerpt":334,"publishedOn":314,"categoriesCollection":335,"featuredMedia":347,"tagsCollection":350},{"id":331,"__typename":210},"7L93xBpD11ITMyPvwFsmaT","Migrating birds have stowaway passengers: invasive ticks could spread novel diseases around the world","migrating-birds-stowaway-invasive-ticks-novel-diseases-frontiers-cellular-infection-microbiology","Ticks have always travelled on migrating birds — but the rising temperatures of the climate crisis mean they may now survive at their destination, and so could the pathogens they carry.",{"__typename":217,"items":336},[337,339,343],{"sys":338,"__typename":222,"name":223},{"id":221,"__typename":210},{"sys":340,"__typename":222,"name":342},{"id":341,"__typename":210},"184","Environment",{"sys":344,"__typename":222,"name":346},{"id":345,"__typename":210},"337","Health",{"__typename":229,"description":348,"url":349},"A tick sits on a blade of grass.","https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/3wkT9F4F4neIMCj2rUCSJ4/078aeaaea8538f897bea47439f316363/Horizontal-Tick_hunts_sitting_on_the_grass.png",{"__typename":233,"items":351},[352,355,357],{"__typename":236,"name":353,"slug":354},"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology","frontiers-in-cellular-and-infection-microbiology",{"__typename":236,"name":342,"slug":356},"environment",{"__typename":236,"name":346,"slug":358},"health",{"sys":360,"__typename":211,"title":362,"slug":363,"excerpt":364,"publishedOn":365,"categoriesCollection":366,"featuredMedia":372,"tagsCollection":374},{"id":361,"__typename":210},"76MRarzgtyKTXjK6HT5U26","Students who use dating apps take more risks with their sexual health","students-dating-apps-more-risks-sexual-health","Researchers from the US looked for associations between the use of dating apps, sexual behavior, and a history of HIV/STIs among college students in North Texas. They showed that there was an association between risky sexual behavior and the use of dating apps. They propose that the two may be mutually reinforcing.","2024-11-15T00:00:00.000Z",{"__typename":217,"items":367},[368,370],{"sys":369,"__typename":222,"name":223},{"id":221,"__typename":210},{"sys":371,"__typename":222,"name":346},{"id":345,"__typename":210},{"__typename":229,"description":105,"url":373},"https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/36OmV9EmSsEswsDwl9xH2t/a99e984c4c95a2783b482ac5a15f3f64/frontiers-reproductive-health-dating-apps-sexual-health.png",{"__typename":233,"items":375},[376,379,380],{"__typename":236,"name":377,"slug":378},"Frontiers in Public Health","frontiers-in-public-health",{"__typename":236,"name":346,"slug":358},{"__typename":236,"name":381,"slug":382},"Healthcare","healthcare",{"sys":384,"__typename":211,"title":386,"slug":387,"excerpt":388,"publishedOn":389,"categoriesCollection":390,"featuredMedia":396,"tagsCollection":399},{"id":385,"__typename":210},"1Oh5soNFFyRKIg7ko6O5l7","Chlorine and cocoa butter could protect corals from disease and decrease antibiotic pollution of the oceans","chlorine-cocoa-butter-coral-disease-antibiotics","Researchers found that chlorine mixed with cocoa butter is effective at treating diseased corals, which could reduce negative side effects of antibiotic treatments on ocean ecosystems","2024-11-14T00:00:00.000Z",{"__typename":217,"items":391},[392,394],{"sys":393,"__typename":222,"name":223},{"id":221,"__typename":210},{"sys":395,"__typename":222,"name":255},{"id":254,"__typename":210},{"__typename":229,"description":397,"url":398},"The study’s co-authors Argel Horton and Laura Arton apply the chlorine paste to a large coral (Orbicella annularis). The bright white area is where the treatment has already been applied. Image: Dr Graham Forrester. ","https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/CcSbo9VEUfgR2EdUDQO0i/5cb8cfc8f12561a92bea75c2e5a083fe/thumbnail_P1200432.jpg",{"__typename":233,"items":400},[401,404,407],{"__typename":236,"name":402,"slug":403},"Frontiers in Marine Science","frontiers-in-marine-science",{"__typename":236,"name":405,"slug":406},"Coral reefs","coral-reefs",{"__typename":236,"name":408,"slug":409},"Oceans","ocean",{"sys":411,"__typename":211,"title":413,"slug":414,"excerpt":415,"publishedOn":416,"featuredMedia":417,"tagsCollection":420,"categoriesCollection":436},{"id":412,"__typename":210},"7lOua0F9519mqsYwJ60YJ","Consistent climate action can change the air we breathe: Here are five Frontiers articles you won’t want to miss","consistent-climate-action-change-air","At Frontiers, we bring some of the world’s best research to a global audience. But with tens of thousands of articles published each year, it’s impossible to cover all of them. Here are just five amazing papers you may have missed.","2024-11-07T00:00:00.000Z",{"__typename":229,"description":418,"url":419},"Image: Shutterstock","https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/592AAtyFcljOY23dxzEIJb/dce4bb14b1fa1de3db866bdb0104fa68/Horizontal-Ariel_view_on_Manhattan._New_York._USA._Beautiful_background.png",{"__typename":233,"items":421},[422,425,428,429,432,435],{"__typename":236,"name":423,"slug":424},"Frontiers Highlights","frontiers-highlights",{"__typename":236,"name":426,"slug":427},"Frontiers in Environmental Science","frontiers-in-environmental-science",{"__typename":236,"name":402,"slug":403},{"__typename":236,"name":430,"slug":431},"Frontiers in Conservation Science","frontiers-in-conservation-science",{"__typename":236,"name":433,"slug":434},"Frontiers in Plant Science","frontiers-in-plant-science",{"__typename":236,"name":377,"slug":378},{"__typename":217,"items":437},[438,440],{"sys":439,"__typename":222,"name":223},{"id":221,"__typename":210},{"sys":441,"__typename":222,"name":443},{"id":442,"__typename":210},"770576","Climate action",{"sys":445,"__typename":211,"title":447,"slug":448,"excerpt":449,"publishedOn":450,"categoriesCollection":451,"featuredMedia":457,"tagsCollection":460},{"id":446,"__typename":210},"3WTNh8fCtJtsEwKcnNRmi8","Scientists create a world-first 3D cell model to help develop treatments for devastating lip injuries ","3d-cell-model-lips-frontiers-cell-developmental-biology","Scientists have successfully immortalized lip cells, allowing new treatments for injuries and infections to be trialed on a clinically relevant lab-based model.","2024-11-04T00:00:00.000Z",{"__typename":217,"items":452},[453,455],{"sys":454,"__typename":222,"name":223},{"id":221,"__typename":210},{"sys":456,"__typename":222,"name":346},{"id":345,"__typename":210},{"__typename":229,"description":458,"url":459},"Human cheek cells under a microscope.","https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/1qp3yUUFtxnp6wik8FN7KL/390d7d947ea4f2109043907f48e56aeb/Horizontal-Human_Cheek_Epithelial_Cells._The_tissue_that_lines_the_inside_of_the_mouth_is_known_as_the_basal_mucosa_and_is_c.png",{"__typename":233,"items":461},[462,465],{"__typename":236,"name":463,"slug":464},"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology","frontiers-in-cell-and-developmental-biology",{"__typename":236,"name":346,"slug":358},{"sys":467,"__typename":211,"title":469,"slug":470,"excerpt":471,"publishedOn":472,"featuredMedia":473,"tagsCollection":475,"categoriesCollection":481},{"id":468,"__typename":210},"2XiNam3DaPM9ufs5j6Ui7V","Frontiers ebook releases: October 2024","frontiers-ebook-releases-october-2024","Download the top ebook releases from this month. All ebooks are free to download, share, and distribute.","2024-10-31T00:00:00.000Z",{"__typename":229,"description":105,"url":474},"https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6lFDFJPjmMpj1kc0oIaeV0/f0f6dd6a02b4d46e34ac4eced98cb042/Horizontal-Men_using_artificial_intelligence_on_smart_phone_with_augmented_reality_application_for_recognizing_food.png",{"__typename":233,"items":476},[477,480],{"__typename":236,"name":478,"slug":479},"eBooks","ebooks",{"__typename":236,"name":307,"slug":197},{"__typename":217,"items":482},[483,486],{"sys":484,"__typename":222,"name":478},{"id":485,"__typename":210},"6725",{"sys":487,"__typename":222,"name":149},{"id":301,"__typename":210},{"sys":489,"__typename":211,"title":491,"slug":492,"excerpt":493,"publishedOn":472,"categoriesCollection":494,"featuredMedia":498,"tagsCollection":500},{"id":490,"__typename":210},"4dPMhDTAOtalPjzlZkStBY","Time to grow a mustache: five Research Topics exploring men-related issues","five-research-topics-exploring-men-related-issues","Research Topics on men's reproductive health, advancements in prostate cancer detection and treatment, and more.",{"__typename":217,"items":495},[496],{"sys":497,"__typename":222,"name":149},{"id":301,"__typename":210},{"__typename":229,"description":105,"url":499},"https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6qlzdDVanr8sCm3TbQbbvm/926c8375aba3a041b5abd2ebcf1e92b1/Horizontal-Setting_the_pace._Shot_of_a_group_of_young_men_running_a_marathon..png",{"__typename":233,"items":501},[502],{"__typename":236,"name":307,"slug":197},{"sys":504,"__typename":211,"title":506,"slug":507,"excerpt":508,"publishedOn":509,"featuredMedia":510,"tagsCollection":513,"categoriesCollection":519},{"id":505,"__typename":210},"2MajMteN5UESmJvDnh5nTc","Giant rats could soon fight illegal wildlife trade by sniffing out elephant tusk and rhino horn","giant-rats-fight-illegal-wildlife-trade","Researchers trained African giant pouched rats to detect illegally trafficked wildlife species and remember targets for several months","2024-10-30T00:00:00.000Z",{"__typename":229,"description":511,"url":512},"A new study shows that African giant pouched rats to detect illegally trafficked wildlife, even when it has been concealed among other substances. Image: APOPO","https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/SHPCWV9329sVM9XzmOR7A/7f2aebb845a4f3a6bba5926d04921cce/small_zoom_CAT_3990_APOPO_Wildlife_detection_2023_rats__Betty_Nandera_Kate_Fei-Toto.jpg",{"__typename":233,"items":514},[515,516],{"__typename":236,"name":430,"slug":431},{"__typename":236,"name":517,"slug":518},"Animals","animals",{"__typename":217,"items":520},[521,523],{"sys":522,"__typename":222,"name":255},{"id":254,"__typename":210},{"sys":524,"__typename":222,"name":223},{"id":221,"__typename":210},{"sys":526,"__typename":211,"title":528,"slug":529,"tagsCollection":530,"excerpt":532,"publishedOn":533,"featuredMedia":534,"categoriesCollection":536},{"id":527,"__typename":210},"3ANQEpyXwWaWpA1AtwXbKH","Open Access Week 2024: embracing community over commercialization with fully open access partnerships ","open-access-week-2024-embracing-community-over-commercialization-with-fully",{"items":531,"__typename":233},[],"As we celebrate Open Access Week 2024, the theme of \"Community over Commercialization\" resonates deeply within the evolving landscape of academic publishing. Librarians, as key players in the academic ecosystem, have a crucial role to play in driving this shift towards a more open and equitable future. ","2024-10-25T00:00:00.000Z",{"__typename":229,"description":105,"url":535},"https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/62lFoDqCHja8Rxvkb6acNN/944072e215732361029f398f6c472ddb/Horizontal-Three_young_multicultural_employees_laughing_at_working_meeting_in_office_during_discussion_of_new_ideas_or_point.png",{"__typename":217,"items":537},[538],{"sys":539,"__typename":222,"name":161},{"id":540,"__typename":210},"743401393",{"sys":542,"__typename":211,"title":544,"slug":545,"excerpt":546,"publishedOn":547,"categoriesCollection":548,"featuredMedia":554,"tagsCollection":557},{"id":543,"__typename":210},"6nmUMGmNBBPCtDEpzwNU0v","Male flies with shorter eyestalks make up for being less attractive by fighting more fiercely ","selfish-gene-stalk-eyed-flies-fight-fiercely-frontiers-ethology","Male stalk-eyed flies with longer eyestalks are more attractive to females and more intimidating to males — but males with a genetic variant that causes shorter eyestalks are fiercer fighters.","2024-10-21T00:00:00.000Z",{"__typename":217,"items":549},[550,552],{"sys":551,"__typename":222,"name":223},{"id":221,"__typename":210},{"sys":553,"__typename":222,"name":255},{"id":254,"__typename":210},{"__typename":229,"description":555,"url":556},"Stalk-eyed flies fighting. Image by Gerald Wilkinson","https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/22mW6sDqoJwTpxrDSrivCp/454173c708c32c6d2d03665ca2500065/DSC_0068__1_.jpeg",{"__typename":233,"items":558},[559,562],{"__typename":236,"name":560,"slug":561},"Frontiers in Ethology","frontiers-in-ethology",{"__typename":236,"name":563,"slug":564},"Life Sciences","life-science",{"pageBlogPostCollection":566},{"total":567,"__typename":205,"items":568},20,[569,593,620,645,670,692,712,734,754,774,790,816,836,852,873],{"sys":570,"__typename":211,"title":572,"slug":573,"excerpt":574,"publishedOn":575,"tagsCollection":576,"featuredMedia":584,"categoriesCollection":587},{"id":571,"__typename":210},"5SG91z1ZDEBHfyyyOs4VGu","Pompeii skeleton discovery shows another natural disaster may have made Vesuvius eruption even more deadly","pompeii-skeleton-discovery-earthquake","Scientists think that skeletons of individuals trapped and killed inside buildings by earthquakes during the 79CE eruption of Vesuvius could provide a more complete history of destruction","2024-07-18T00:00:00.000Z",{"__typename":233,"items":577},[578,581],{"__typename":236,"name":579,"slug":580},"Frontiers in Earth Science","frontiers-in-earth-science",{"__typename":236,"name":582,"slug":583},"Volcanoes","volcanoes",{"__typename":229,"description":585,"url":586},"Scientists discovered two skeletons in the ruins of a Pompeii building and concluded that their deaths must have been caused by wall collapses triggered by earthquakes. Image: Pompeii Archaeological Park","https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/5kvAktdqU6qJWa3ZMVbDdM/f2865fd20230d779ce472a0b5452f8bd/Picture3.jpg",{"__typename":217,"items":588},[589],{"sys":590,"__typename":222,"name":592},{"id":591,"__typename":210},"16243","Earth science",{"sys":594,"__typename":211,"title":596,"slug":597,"excerpt":415,"publishedOn":598,"tagsCollection":599,"featuredMedia":613,"categoriesCollection":616},{"id":595,"__typename":210},"3fzpSqrzxe2f7xHuxlQ0w8","New dinosaur skeleton closes evolutionary gap: Here are five Frontiers articles you won’t want to miss","new-dinosaur-skeleton-closes-evolutionary-gap-here-are-five-frontiers","2024-03-11T00:00:00.000Z",{"__typename":233,"items":600},[601,602,603,604,607,610],{"__typename":236,"name":423,"slug":424},{"__typename":236,"name":579,"slug":580},{"__typename":236,"name":237,"slug":238},{"__typename":236,"name":605,"slug":606},"Frontiers in Veterinary Science","frontiers-in-veterinary-science",{"__typename":236,"name":608,"slug":609},"Frontiers in Psychology","frontiers-in-psychology",{"__typename":236,"name":611,"slug":612},"Frontiers in Neurology","frontiers-in-neurology",{"__typename":229,"description":614,"url":615},"Life reconstruction of Franconiasaurus brevispinus gen. et sp. nov. Copyright: 2024, Sachs, Eggmaier and Madzia. doi.org/10.3389/feart.2024.1341470. Artwork credit: Joschua Knüppe. ","https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/7pnaWWf5w1m3cp8JWW3rk3/b3ac6f64fd5ac46f3afabd33cfdad3d7/Life_reconstruction_of_Franconiasaurus_brevispinus_gen._et_sp._nov.__artwork_by_Joschua_Kn_ppe_.jpg",{"__typename":217,"items":617},[618],{"sys":619,"__typename":222,"name":592},{"id":591,"__typename":210},{"sys":621,"__typename":211,"title":623,"slug":624,"excerpt":625,"publishedOn":626,"tagsCollection":627,"featuredMedia":638,"categoriesCollection":641},{"id":622,"__typename":210},"6tBI3cR2AW8NBW6HbsNDDq","New ‘digital twin’ Earth could help predict water-based natural disasters before they strike","digital-twin-earth-predict-water-natural-disasters","Scientists demonstrate the use of next-generation satellite data and advanced modeling to build virtual replicas of the terrestrial water cycle that can track water resources and create detailed simulations of flooding and other extreme events.","2024-03-05T00:00:00.000Z",{"__typename":233,"items":628},[629,632,635],{"__typename":236,"name":630,"slug":631},"Frontiers in Science","frontiers-in-science",{"__typename":236,"name":633,"slug":634},"Water","water",{"__typename":236,"name":636,"slug":637},"Natural disasters","natural-disasters",{"__typename":229,"description":639,"url":640},"Image credit: MEEO | DTE Hydrology","https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6pKHVv2kteZndrGZoLkKCm/cff5a46e2650b64ad584c8b0bc60de26/FSCI_Hub_Digital_Twin_Earth_Brocca_Hub-card-min.png",{"__typename":217,"items":642},[643],{"sys":644,"__typename":222,"name":592},{"id":591,"__typename":210},{"sys":646,"__typename":211,"title":648,"slug":649,"excerpt":650,"publishedOn":651,"tagsCollection":652,"featuredMedia":664,"categoriesCollection":666},{"id":647,"__typename":210},"7gK0L7xQIPRiuJ4d67OrYq","Largest-ever study of ocean DNA has created essential catalog of marine life","largest-ever-study-ocean-dna-frontiers-in-science","From biotechnology innovation to tracking climate change impacts, the KMAP Global Ocean Gene Catalog 1.0 offers diverse applications for science and society.","2024-01-16T00:00:00.000Z",{"__typename":233,"items":653},[654,655,658,661],{"__typename":236,"name":630,"slug":631},{"__typename":236,"name":656,"slug":657},"Microbiology","microbiology",{"__typename":236,"name":659,"slug":660},"Marine biology","marine-biology",{"__typename":236,"name":662,"slug":663},"Biodiversity","biodiversity",{"__typename":229,"description":105,"url":665},"https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/63I2rXmnRBCDhEHezK3pbZ/3df252e88c5edaa6ad4d6737072b9f33/FSCI_Hub_Ocean-Genome_Laiolo_Hub-card.png",{"__typename":217,"items":667},[668],{"sys":669,"__typename":222,"name":592},{"id":591,"__typename":210},{"sys":671,"__typename":211,"title":673,"slug":674,"excerpt":675,"publishedOn":676,"tagsCollection":677,"featuredMedia":686,"categoriesCollection":688},{"id":672,"__typename":210},"52492","New study highlights need to address risk of continued global warming after net zero","cop28-new-study-highlights-need-to-address-risk-of-continued-global-warming-after-net-zero","by Liad Hollender, Frontiers science writer Image: Shutterstock.com The UN Climate Panel’s latest best estimate is that global warming will end once we reach net zero CO2 emissions – but a study in Frontiers in Science warns significant warming could still occur. Researchers including those from Imperial College London and University of Exeter assess factors controlling global temperatures post ‘net zero’ and offer a pioneering framework for better estimating climate change risks. These risks must inform climate mitigation and adaptation policies to protect future generations. From scorching heatwaves to torrential downpours and devastating storms, the disastrous effects of global warming are sweeping across the world. Being the predicted outcome of burning fossil fuels, our best and only plan to limit warming is to reduce CO2 emissions from human activities to ‘net zero’ – where the amount of CO2 we emit into the atmosphere is equal to the amount we remove from it. To keep within the 1.5°C limit of the 2015 Paris Agreement, this needs to happen as soon as possible. Though the scientific community’s current best estimate from models is that global warming will stop at net zero, an article published in Frontiers in Science raises a red flag. […]\n","2023-11-14T10:25:00.000Z",{"__typename":233,"items":678},[679,682,685],{"__typename":236,"name":680,"slug":681},"Climate change","climate-change",{"__typename":236,"name":683,"slug":684},"Environmental impact","environmental-impact",{"__typename":236,"name":630,"slug":631},{"__typename":229,"description":12,"url":687},"https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/52493/1e7605f41fd305255efc63218e7a8c7c/FSCI_Net-zero_Palazzo-Corner_News-blog-image.png",{"__typename":217,"items":689},[690],{"sys":691,"__typename":222,"name":592},{"id":591,"__typename":210},{"sys":693,"__typename":211,"title":695,"slug":696,"excerpt":697,"publishedOn":698,"tagsCollection":699,"featuredMedia":706,"categoriesCollection":708},{"id":694,"__typename":210},"48369","New low-cost camera could help scientists forecast volcano eruptions affecting millions","camera-forecast-volcano-eruptions","By Deborah Pirchner, Frontiers science writer Image: Shutterstock.com Monitoring emissions from volcanoes – particularly sulfur dioxide (SO2) using specialized cameras – is important for hazard forecasting. Gathering long-term time series datasets is critical because volcanoes can exhibit significant changes in activity over time. Now, researchers have developed a cheap and low-power SO2 camera suited for long-term measuring. The tool could have significant implications for millions of people worldwide who live close to active volcanoes, they say. Gas emissions are the manifestation of activity occurring beneath the surface of a volcano. Measuring them lets researchers see what can’t be seen from the surface. This knowledge is vital for hazard monitoring and the prediction of future eruptions. Since the mid-2000s, ultraviolet SO2 cameras have become important tools to measure emissions. The measurement campaigns, however, must be accompanied by a user, making SO2 cameras unsuitable for acquiring long-term datasets. Building and operating this type of camera can cost upwards of $20,000, resulting in very few cameras being installed permanently. To get better long-term monitoring data, an international team of researchers has developed an SO2 camera to continually measure emission rates from volcanoes. They have now published an article about the camera design and two […]\n","2023-04-04T06:00:00.000Z",{"__typename":233,"items":700},[701,702,703],{"__typename":236,"name":579,"slug":580},{"__typename":236,"name":636,"slug":637},{"__typename":236,"name":704,"slug":705},"Technology","technology",{"__typename":229,"description":12,"url":707},"https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/48370/37a500b74021fc19cf60014700c5dbd3/Horizontal-Volcano-on-the-Big-Island-Hawaii.png",{"__typename":217,"items":709},[710],{"sys":711,"__typename":222,"name":592},{"id":591,"__typename":210},{"sys":713,"__typename":211,"title":715,"slug":716,"excerpt":717,"publishedOn":718,"tagsCollection":719,"featuredMedia":728,"categoriesCollection":730},{"id":714,"__typename":210},"46854","Rare fossilized feathers reveal secrets of paleontology hotspot during Cretaceous period","rare-fossilized-feathers-reveal-secrets-of-paleontology-hotspot-during-cretaceous-period","by Angharad Brewer Gillham, Frontiers science writer Fossil STM 15-36, photographed by Xuwei Yin at the Shangdong Tianyu Museum of Natural History. Photograph courtesy of the authors. Rare preserved soft tissue – feathers from early Cretaceous birds at Jehol Biota – sheds new light on the world in which they died, millions of years ago. The site of Jehol Biota in China is famous for stunning fossils which preserve soft tissue – skin, organs, feathers, and fur. These fossils offer rare insights into the evolution of characteristics like flight, but they need careful interpretation to understand what the soft tissue looked and behaved like in life, and how decomposition may have affected it. A study published in Frontiers in Earth Science analyzed five fossils of an early Cretaceous bird, Sapeornis chaoyangensis, in order to study how the environment they were buried in changed the preservation of their soft tissue. “Jehol Biota provides the most informative source for understanding Mesozoic ecology,” said corresponding author Dr Yan Zhao, based at the Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Linyi University. “Better understanding of the diverse taphonomy of Jehol terrestrial vertebrates can help us finally understand more about the past and future of biological evolution.” […]\n","2023-01-17T06:00:00.000Z",{"__typename":233,"items":720},[721,724,725],{"__typename":236,"name":722,"slug":723},"Evolution","evolution",{"__typename":236,"name":579,"slug":580},{"__typename":236,"name":726,"slug":727},"Paleontology","paleontology",{"__typename":229,"description":12,"url":729},"https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/46863/f16a022d2b3b53c23a2bcd09a76b18b4/15-36-2.png",{"__typename":217,"items":731},[732],{"sys":733,"__typename":222,"name":592},{"id":591,"__typename":210},{"sys":735,"__typename":211,"title":737,"slug":738,"excerpt":739,"publishedOn":740,"tagsCollection":741,"featuredMedia":748,"categoriesCollection":750},{"id":736,"__typename":210},"45555","WWII shipwreck has leaked many pollutants into the sea, changing the ocean floor around it","wwii-shipwreck-has-leaked-many-pollutants-into-the-sea-changing-the-ocean-floor-around-it","By Suzanna Burgelman, Frontiers science writer Torn deck plating of the V 1302 John Mahn that was damaged by the bomb that hit amidships. Image: Flanders Marine Institute/VLIZ Researchers have discovered that an 80 year old historic World War II shipwreck is still influencing the microbiology and geochemistry of the ocean floor where it rests. In Frontiers in Marine Science, they show how the wreck is leaking hazardous pollutants, such as explosives and heavy metals, into the ocean floor sediment of the North Sea, influencing the marine microbiology around it. The seabed of the North Sea is covered in thousands of ship and aircraft wrecks, warfare agents, and millions of tons of conventional munition such as shells and bombs. Wrecks contain hazardous substances (such as petroleum and explosives) that may harm the marine environment. Yet, there is a lack of information about the location of the wrecks, and the effect they might have on the environment. “The general public is often quite interested in shipwrecks because of their historical value, but the potential environmental impact of these wrecks is often overlooked,” said PhD candidate Josefien Van Landuyt, of Ghent University. For example, it is estimated that World War I and […]\n","2022-10-18T06:00:00.000Z",{"__typename":233,"items":742},[743,744,745],{"__typename":236,"name":402,"slug":403},{"__typename":236,"name":659,"slug":660},{"__typename":236,"name":746,"slug":747},"Pollution","pollution",{"__typename":229,"description":12,"url":749},"https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/45558/c92f6ab263672d1628c3ad9582f36168/frontiers-in-marine-science-world-war-shipwreck-polluting-microbiome-north-sea.png",{"__typename":217,"items":751},[752],{"sys":753,"__typename":222,"name":592},{"id":591,"__typename":210},{"sys":755,"__typename":211,"title":757,"slug":758,"excerpt":759,"publishedOn":760,"tagsCollection":761,"featuredMedia":768,"categoriesCollection":770},{"id":756,"__typename":210},"44332","Traces of 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill still detectable in 2020","traces-of-2010-deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-still-detectable-in-2020","By K.E.D. Coan, science writer Image: Breck P. Kent/Shutterstock.com Small amounts of highly weathered oil residues from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon disaster were still present in the surroundings ten years later, shows a new report. Crude oil is a complex mixture with many components that undergo chemical reactions in the environment. These transformed chemicals, as well as longer persisting oil products, can impact local ecosystems and a better understanding of the fates of these molecules can help future clean-up efforts. The oil spilled during the Deepwater Horizon disaster in 2010 was largely transformed by the end of that summer, reports a new study in Frontiers in Marine Science. But some small quantities of chemical residues still persisted in the environment even ten years later. This latest study follows the varied fates of the leaked petroleum components, providing important insights for future spills and clean-up efforts. “The better we understand the chemicals and their chemical reactive properties as well as their physical properties, the better we will be able to mitigate oil spills and understand and detect environmental damages from oil spills,” said first author Prof Edward Overton of Louisiana State University. “Our paper describes the most abundant chemicals that make […]\n","2022-08-09T06:00:00.000Z",{"__typename":233,"items":762},[763,764,767],{"__typename":236,"name":402,"slug":403},{"__typename":236,"name":765,"slug":766},"Marine conservation","marine-conservation",{"__typename":236,"name":746,"slug":747},{"__typename":229,"description":12,"url":769},"https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/44335/42df5552fc1aa99b732ee1c073f14d34/frontiers-in-marine-science-deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-effects-natural-disaster.jpg",{"__typename":217,"items":771},[772],{"sys":773,"__typename":222,"name":592},{"id":591,"__typename":210},{"sys":775,"__typename":211,"title":777,"slug":778,"excerpt":779,"publishedOn":780,"tagsCollection":781,"featuredMedia":784,"categoriesCollection":786},{"id":776,"__typename":210},"42502","Last of the giant camels and archaic humans lived together in Mongolia until 27,000 years ago","frontiers-earth-science-camelus-knoblochi-giant-camel-last-refuge-pleistocene-mongolia","By Mischa Dijkstra, Frontiers science writer Camelus knoblochi would have dwarfed the modern domestic Bactrian camel, Camelus bactrianus, which also has two humps. Image credit: Bandurka/Shutterstock.com This is the first report of fossils of a species of giant camel, Camelus knoblochi, from today’s Mongolia. The author show that the species’ last refuge in the world was in Mongolia until 27,000 years ago. There, they coexisted with archaic humans and the much smaller wild Bactrian camel C. ferus. Climate changing leading to desertification and possibly hunting by humans and competition with C. ferus drove C. knoblochi into extinction. A species of giant two-humped camel, Camelus knoblochi, is known to have lived for approximately a quarter of a million years in Central Asia. A new study in Frontiers in Earth Science shows that C. knoblochi’s last refuge was in Mongolia, until approximately 27,000 years ago. In Mongolia, the last of the species coexisted with anatomically modern humans and maybe the extinct Neanderthals or Denisovans. While the main cause of C. knoblochi’s extinction seems to have been climate change, hunting by archaic humans may also have played a role. “Here we show that the extinct camel Camelus knoblochi persisted in Mongolia until climatic […]\n","2022-03-25T12:00:00.000Z",{"__typename":233,"items":782},[783],{"__typename":236,"name":579,"slug":580},{"__typename":229,"description":12,"url":785},"https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/42527/79cff3c815a82f6ee9a795c7e571ab95/frontiers-earth-science-giant-camelus-mongolia.jpg",{"__typename":217,"items":787},[788],{"sys":789,"__typename":222,"name":592},{"id":591,"__typename":210},{"sys":791,"__typename":211,"title":793,"slug":794,"excerpt":795,"publishedOn":796,"tagsCollection":797,"featuredMedia":810,"categoriesCollection":812},{"id":792,"__typename":210},"41810","5 fascinating Frontiers articles you may have missed in January 2022","fascinating-articles-frontiers-january-2022","By Colm Gorey, Science Communications Manager A newly born desert tortoise. Image: K. Kristina Drake/ USGS. At Frontiers, we bring some of the world’s best research to a worldwide audience. But with tens of thousands of articles published each year, many often fly under the radar. Now, as part of new series each month, Frontiers will highlight just some of those amazing papers you may have missed. 1: Too hot to nest? In a hot summer, one tortoise can switch from nesting to developing eggs internally Researchers from Australia and South Africa published an article in Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution identifying what may be a novel reproductive strategy in Chersina angulate tortoises that has the potential to enhance the resilience of species to global warming. After observing a captive colony of in Cape Town, South Africa and checking back through historical data, Gerald Kuchling of The University of Western Australia and Margaretha Hofmeyr of the University of Western Cape found that local ambient temperature altered how females deposited their last clutch of eggs. Periods of unusual heat may result in females switching from depositing their eggs in a nest to develop(oviposition), to growing the egg in their body […]\n","2022-02-08T09:00:00.000Z",{"__typename":233,"items":798},[799,800,801,804,807],{"__typename":236,"name":423,"slug":424},{"__typename":236,"name":353,"slug":354},{"__typename":236,"name":802,"slug":803},"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution","frontiers-in-ecology-and-evolution",{"__typename":236,"name":805,"slug":806},"Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems","frontiers-in-sustainable-food-systems",{"__typename":236,"name":808,"slug":809},"Frontiers in Virtual Reality","frontiers-in-virtual-reality",{"__typename":229,"description":12,"url":811},"https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/41813/f658029a57909d14dcd06844bdf59edf/16490346262_ff549577eb_k-edited.jpg",{"__typename":217,"items":813},[814],{"sys":815,"__typename":222,"name":592},{"id":591,"__typename":210},{"sys":817,"__typename":211,"title":819,"slug":820,"excerpt":821,"publishedOn":822,"tagsCollection":823,"featuredMedia":830,"categoriesCollection":832},{"id":818,"__typename":210},"39708","Secret to speediness of ancient bipedal reptile has been revealed","eudibamus-cursoris-speediness-secret-revealed","By Clarissa Wright, Frontiers science writer Close-up of a reptile eye, but not the ancient Eudibamus cursoris. Image Aedka Studio/Shutterstock.com The Early Permian marked a time of major seasonal changes on the planet, as reptiles rapidly diversified. A key innovation is seen in bolosaurids with the ability to run at high speeds on two legs. Scientists from California State University and Carnegie Museum of Natural History in the US and University of Toronto Mississauga, Canada, collaborated in a study recently published to Frontiers presenting the first comprehensive description of the earliest known bipedal reptile from the Early Permian – a type of bolosaurid called Eudibamus cursoris. For the first time, its unique style of locomotion that achieved high running speeds on two legs has been revealed. The Permian period (between 298.9m and 252.2m years ago) was the last period of the Paleozoic Era. The Earth was warming out of an ice age, while weather intensified. Remnants of carboniferous rainforests disappeared, replaced by open desert. Facing these environmental changes, reptiles rapidly diversified and showed remarkable innovations during the Permian. Bolosaurids are the oldest family belonging to the ancient group of extinct reptiles known as Parareptilla (or parareptiles), and are considered a […]\n","2021-08-16T14:00:00.000Z",{"__typename":233,"items":824},[825,826,827],{"__typename":236,"name":802,"slug":803},{"__typename":236,"name":726,"slug":727},{"__typename":236,"name":828,"slug":829},"Prehistory","prehistory",{"__typename":229,"description":12,"url":831},"https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/39721/92b72f894163b902b013866415f4e86c/shutterstock_187407182-edited.jpg",{"__typename":217,"items":833},[834],{"sys":835,"__typename":222,"name":592},{"id":591,"__typename":210},{"sys":837,"__typename":211,"title":839,"slug":840,"excerpt":841,"publishedOn":842,"tagsCollection":843,"featuredMedia":846,"categoriesCollection":848},{"id":838,"__typename":210},"39265","Biogeoscience Chief Editor is the Recipient of the 2021 R. Berner Lectureship","biogeoscience-chief-editor-is-the-recipient-of-the-2021-r-berner-lectureship","Dr. Alexandra Turchyn We are honored to announce that Dr. Alexandra (Sasha) Turchyn, Co-Chief Editor of the Biogeoscience section of Frontiers in Earth Science is a recipient of the 2021 R. Berner Lectureship for her important contributions in the field of global geochemical cycles. Recipients of this Lectureship are selected for their ‘exceptional ability to define globally important biogeochemical processes, develop new understandings, and significantly advance the corresponding area of research.’ Dr. Turchyn was presented the lectureship at the Goldschmidt 2021 conference, where she gave a Keynote Lecture on the topic of ‘Exploring the biogeochemical sulfur cycle over the past 150 million years’. Dr. Turchyn graduated from Harvard University in 2005, and is currently a Reader in Biogeochemistry at the University of Cambridge. Her present research field includes understanding how the ocean’s chemistry has changed over time. It focuses on how interrelated biogeochemical cycles have responded to changes in climate on earth. Check out the Biogeoscience section The R. Berner Lectureship was established in 2017 to commemorate the late Robert Berner who was known for his outstanding contributions in the field of Geochemistry, including his contributions to modeling the carbon cycle. It is a joint program of the Geochemical Society […]\n","2021-07-15T15:52:43.000Z",{"__typename":233,"items":844},[845],{"__typename":236,"name":579,"slug":580},{"__typename":229,"description":12,"url":847},"https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/39267/af192b33fb52ad3f4c63d834ef3b2673/picture2.jpg",{"__typename":217,"items":849},[850],{"sys":851,"__typename":222,"name":592},{"id":591,"__typename":210},{"sys":853,"__typename":211,"title":855,"slug":856,"excerpt":857,"publishedOn":858,"tagsCollection":859,"featuredMedia":866,"categoriesCollection":869},{"id":854,"__typename":210},"37055","Jingmai O’Connor: ‘I think people imagine we spend far more time digging up fossils than we actually do’","jingmai-oconnor-field-museum-paleontology-frontier-scientists","By Colm Gorey, Frontiers science writer/Jingmai O’Connor Jingmai O’Connor, associate curator of fossil reptiles at Chicago’s Field Museum. Image: Jesse Goldberg Jingmai O’Connor, associate curator of fossil reptiles at Chicago’s Field Museum, discusses a recent ‘bizarre’ ancient digestive discovery and the issue of diversity in paleontology. In a recently published study to Frontiers in Earth Science, researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Field Museum in the US published findings on the discovery of quartz crystals in the stomach of a fossilized bird that lived alongside the dinosaurs. According to Jingmai O’Connor, the associate curator of fossil reptiles at Chicago’s Field Museum who contributed to the paper, it appeared to be “some kind of bizarre form of soft tissue preservation that we’ve never seen before”. She added: “Figuring out what’s in this bird’s stomach can help us understand what it ate and what role it played in its ecosystem.” O’Connor is an American paleontologist whose research focuses on the dinosaur-bird transition and the Mesozoic evolution of birds and other flying dinosaurs. Her research includes studies of exceptional soft tissues, such as lung and ovary traces preserved in specimens from Jehel Biota between 130 million and 130 million years ago. […]\n","2021-02-22T15:00:00.000Z",{"__typename":233,"items":860},[861,864,865],{"__typename":236,"name":862,"slug":863},"Frontier Scientists","frontier-scientists",{"__typename":236,"name":579,"slug":580},{"__typename":236,"name":726,"slug":727},{"__typename":229,"description":867,"url":868},"Jingmai O'Connor crossing her arms and leaning on a table while looking at fossilized remains of a bird.","https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/37060/0cecab8a1d4b0ec8b5b63c00aa591e96/img_4188.jpg",{"__typename":217,"items":870},[871],{"sys":872,"__typename":222,"name":592},{"id":591,"__typename":210},{"sys":874,"__typename":211,"title":876,"slug":877,"excerpt":878,"publishedOn":879,"tagsCollection":880,"featuredMedia":884,"categoriesCollection":886},{"id":875,"__typename":210},"36817","Strange creatures accidentally discovered beneath Antarctica’s ice shelves","strange-creatures-antarctica-discovered-frontiers-marine-science","Prior research has suggested that the watery depths below the Antarctic ice shelves are too cold and nutrient poor to sustain much life. But a new study from British Antarctic Survey reveals the discovery of a colony of sponges and other animals attached to a boulder on the sea floor – challenging researchers’ understanding about the existence of life in extreme environments. British Antarctic survey camera travelling down the 900-meter-long bore hole in the Filchner-Ronne ice shelf. (marine creature pictured is unrelated to the discovery) CREDIT: Dr Huw Griffiths/British Antarctic Survey By K.E.D Coan, science writer/British Antarctic Survey Far underneath the ice shelves of the Antarctic, there’s more life than expected, finds a recent study in the journal Frontiers in Marine Science. During an exploratory survey, researchers drilled through 900 meters of ice in the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, situated on the south eastern Weddell Sea. At a distance of 260km away from the open ocean, under complete darkness and with temperatures of -2.2°C, very few animals have ever been observed in these conditions. But this study is the first to discover the existence of stationary animals – similar to sponges and potentially several previously unknown species – attached to a boulder […]\n","2021-02-15T06:00:00.000Z",{"__typename":233,"items":881},[882,883],{"__typename":236,"name":402,"slug":403},{"__typename":236,"name":659,"slug":660},{"__typename":229,"description":12,"url":885},"https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/36823/d7957ebf58f14be26590d53855bd4007/bore-hole.jpg",{"__typename":217,"items":887},[888],{"sys":889,"__typename":222,"name":592},{"id":591,"__typename":210},{},{},{"$ssite-config":893},{"_context":894,"url":900,"defaultLocale":901,"trailingSlash":902,"titleSeparator":903,"name":904,"indexable":85,"debug":902},{"url":895,"defaultLocale":896,"trailingSlash":896,"titleSeparator":896,"name":897,"indexable":898,"debug":899},"nitro:init","defaults","package.json","system","nuxt:config:site","https://science-news-2023.frontiersin.org/","en",false,"|","science-news-2023",{"footer":12,"ibar":12,"9nkmFSvTCF":12,"PJpbMdt6g6":12},"/news/category/earth-science/",{"main":908},{"ibar":104,"footer":3,"categoryList":909,"postTotalResult":567,"postListPageSize":1038,"landingPage":1039},[910,918,921,925,929,936,939,941,946,948,951,956,961,965,968,971,976,979,982,984,988,992,997,1002,1006,1007,1009,1014,1019,1023,1027,1031,1034],{"name":443,"slug":911,"order":12,"parent":912,"isEligibleForPosts":85},"climate-action",{"__typename":222,"name":913,"slug":914,"parent":915},"Earth and beyond","earth-and-beyond",{"__typename":222,"name":916,"slug":917},"Research news","research-news",{"name":913,"slug":914,"order":919,"parent":920,"isEligibleForPosts":12},2,{"__typename":222,"name":916,"slug":917,"parent":12},{"name":592,"slug":922,"order":12,"parent":923,"isEligibleForPosts":85},"earth-science",{"__typename":222,"name":913,"slug":914,"parent":924},{"__typename":222,"name":916,"slug":917},{"name":478,"slug":479,"order":12,"parent":926,"isEligibleForPosts":85},{"__typename":222,"name":927,"slug":928,"parent":12},"Open science","open-science",{"name":930,"slug":931,"order":12,"parent":932,"isEligibleForPosts":85},"Engineering","engineering",{"__typename":222,"name":933,"slug":934,"parent":935},"Future tech","future-tech",{"__typename":222,"name":916,"slug":917},{"name":342,"slug":356,"order":12,"parent":937,"isEligibleForPosts":85},{"__typename":222,"name":913,"slug":914,"parent":938},{"__typename":222,"name":916,"slug":917},{"name":223,"slug":940,"order":12,"parent":12,"isEligibleForPosts":85},"featured-news",{"name":320,"slug":942,"order":12,"parent":943,"isEligibleForPosts":85},"frontiers-announcements",{"__typename":222,"name":944,"slug":945,"parent":12},"Frontiers updates","frontiers-updates",{"name":944,"slug":945,"order":947,"parent":12,"isEligibleForPosts":902},4,{"name":933,"slug":934,"order":949,"parent":950,"isEligibleForPosts":12},3,{"__typename":222,"name":916,"slug":917,"parent":12},{"name":346,"slug":358,"order":12,"parent":952,"isEligibleForPosts":85},{"__typename":222,"name":953,"slug":954,"parent":955},"Mind and body","mind-and-body",{"__typename":222,"name":916,"slug":917},{"name":957,"slug":958,"order":12,"parent":959,"isEligibleForPosts":85},"Humanities","humanities",{"__typename":222,"name":953,"slug":954,"parent":960},{"__typename":222,"name":916,"slug":917},{"name":962,"slug":963,"order":12,"parent":964,"isEligibleForPosts":85},"Impact analysis","impact-analysis",{"__typename":222,"name":944,"slug":945,"parent":12},{"name":161,"slug":966,"order":12,"parent":967,"isEligibleForPosts":85},"institutional-partnership",{"__typename":222,"name":944,"slug":945,"parent":12},{"name":255,"slug":564,"order":12,"parent":969,"isEligibleForPosts":85},{"__typename":222,"name":953,"slug":954,"parent":970},{"__typename":222,"name":916,"slug":917},{"name":972,"slug":973,"order":12,"parent":974,"isEligibleForPosts":85},"Microbiome","microbiome",{"__typename":222,"name":953,"slug":954,"parent":975},{"__typename":222,"name":916,"slug":917},{"name":953,"slug":954,"order":977,"parent":978,"isEligibleForPosts":12},1,{"__typename":222,"name":916,"slug":917,"parent":12},{"name":227,"slug":240,"order":12,"parent":980,"isEligibleForPosts":85},{"__typename":222,"name":953,"slug":954,"parent":981},{"__typename":222,"name":916,"slug":917},{"name":927,"slug":928,"order":983,"parent":12,"isEligibleForPosts":12},5,{"name":985,"slug":986,"order":12,"parent":987,"isEligibleForPosts":85},"Open science and peer review","open-science-and-peer-review",{"__typename":222,"name":927,"slug":928,"parent":12},{"name":989,"slug":990,"order":12,"parent":991,"isEligibleForPosts":85},"Open science policy","open-science-policy",{"__typename":222,"name":927,"slug":928,"parent":12},{"name":993,"slug":994,"order":12,"parent":995,"isEligibleForPosts":85},"Psychiatry","psychiatry",{"__typename":222,"name":953,"slug":954,"parent":996},{"__typename":222,"name":916,"slug":917},{"name":998,"slug":999,"order":12,"parent":1000,"isEligibleForPosts":85},"Psychology","psychology",{"__typename":222,"name":953,"slug":954,"parent":1001},{"__typename":222,"name":916,"slug":917},{"name":1003,"slug":1004,"order":12,"parent":1005,"isEligibleForPosts":85},"Publishing partnerships","publishing-partnerships",{"__typename":222,"name":944,"slug":945,"parent":12},{"name":916,"slug":917,"order":12,"parent":12,"isEligibleForPosts":902},{"name":149,"slug":197,"order":12,"parent":1008,"isEligibleForPosts":85},{"__typename":222,"name":927,"slug":928,"parent":12},{"name":1010,"slug":1011,"order":12,"parent":1012,"isEligibleForPosts":85},"Robotics and AI","robotics-and-ai",{"__typename":222,"name":933,"slug":934,"parent":1013},{"__typename":222,"name":916,"slug":917},{"name":1015,"slug":1016,"order":12,"parent":1017,"isEligibleForPosts":85},"Social science","social-science",{"__typename":222,"name":953,"slug":954,"parent":1018},{"__typename":222,"name":916,"slug":917},{"name":1020,"slug":1021,"order":12,"parent":1022,"isEligibleForPosts":85},"Society journal news","society-journal-news",{"__typename":222,"name":944,"slug":945,"parent":12},{"name":278,"slug":1024,"order":12,"parent":1025,"isEligibleForPosts":85},"space-sciences-astronomy",{"__typename":222,"name":913,"slug":914,"parent":1026},{"__typename":222,"name":916,"slug":917},{"name":178,"slug":1028,"order":12,"parent":1029,"isEligibleForPosts":85},"sustainability",{"__typename":222,"name":913,"slug":914,"parent":1030},{"__typename":222,"name":916,"slug":917},{"name":1032,"slug":1033,"order":12,"parent":12,"isEligibleForPosts":85},"Top news","top-news",{"name":1035,"slug":1036,"order":12,"parent":1037,"isEligibleForPosts":85},"Young Minds","young-minds",{"__typename":222,"name":927,"slug":928,"parent":12},15,{"__typename":1040,"seo":1041,"mainHeaderImage":1048,"mainHeaderImagesCollection":1050},"LandingPage",{"__typename":1042,"title":1043,"description":1044,"keywords":12,"noindex":902,"nofollow":902,"image":1045},"Seo","Frontiers | Science news","The latest science & research news from Frontiers - Publishing the most cited open-access journals in their fields",{"__typename":229,"title":1046,"description":12,"url":1047},"Frontiers-science-open-access-publishing-news","https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/26661/20157d88cd60cc16a1451549e62a358d/frontiers-science-open-access-publishing-news.png",{"__typename":229,"url":1049,"description":105},"https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6woX8abhPNQ7okL9S5aXF2/1a1d96c9b0478dd3201ec7ab84874cb4/WebsiteWebP_XL-A_businessman_using_a_mobile_device_to_check_market_data..png",{"__typename":1051,"items":1052},"AssetCollection",[1053,1055,1057,1059,1061,1063,1065],{"__typename":229,"url":1054,"description":105},"https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/3zhsxELbANqB5bbqvVFVlp/9ad9241805388251dce5552f7b531003/01.png",{"__typename":229,"url":1056,"description":105},"https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/1ruzUb50w7ZukCFUtsfjWn/0f47495a313421c961643f8f1403949a/02.png",{"__typename":229,"url":1058,"description":105},"https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6kgsCFHkDibrgeLONQePa/bf7c2d7f1f4fa48ea17947d1b0ae85f6/03.png",{"__typename":229,"url":1060,"description":105},"https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/5ihIy0l6qiELL1ojISqEbC/f2f068acb4df7bfe703c793a59c2d564/04.png",{"__typename":229,"url":1062,"description":105},"https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/5UgUr7jZgZoJE4aXoI7wPr/775b6755114d97fd597e4dc6bb6230bf/05.png",{"__typename":229,"url":1064,"description":105},"https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/58JfOOG9Aj6y0VNHrm4brP/0bf6645c16385ff4c306fdb2ce12dd22/06.png",{"__typename":229,"url":1066,"description":105},"https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/WLtZpl3rxhpU2o66q6R1R/2b9163ce8a6e68c78404ca0c2a963ec6/07.png"]</script><script>window.__NUXT__={};window.__NUXT__.config={public:{gtmId:"GTM-55799X7",gtmAuth:"wu4zNXypdxbpNvFCndDH_A",gtmPreview:"env-1",gtmServerUrl:"https://tag-manager.frontiersin.org",baseUrl:"https://www.frontiersin.org",appName:"science-news-2023",spaceId:1,spaceName:"Frontiers",domain:"frontiersin.org",loopUrl:"https://loop.frontiersin.org",ssMainDomain:"frontiersin.org",journalsPagesUrl:"https://www.frontiersin.org/api/v3/journals",faviconSize16:"https://brand.frontiersin.org/m/ed3f9ce840a03d7/favicon_16-tenantFavicon-Frontiers.png",faviconSize32:"https://brand.frontiersin.org/m/ed3f9ce840a03d7/favicon_32-tenantFavicon-Frontiers.png",faviconSize180:"https://brand.frontiersin.org/m/ed3f9ce840a03d7/favicon_180-tenantFavicon-Frontiers.png",site:{_context:{defaultLocale:"defaults",trailingSlash:"defaults",titleSeparator:"defaults",name:"package.json",indexable:"system",debug:"nuxt:config:site"},defaultLocale:"en",trailingSlash:false,titleSeparator:"|",name:"science-news-2023",indexable:true,debug:false}},app:{baseURL:"/",buildAssetsDir:"science-news/_nuxt",cdnURL:""}}</script><script type="module" src="/science-news/_nuxt/entry.127103e1.js" crossorigin></script></body> </html>