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class="Breadcrumbs__item__text">Science News</a></li><li class="Breadcrumbs__item"><div class="Breadcrumbs__separator"></div><a href="/news/category/featured-news" aria-label="Featured news" target="_self" data-event="breadcrumbs-item-a_featuredNews" class="Breadcrumbs__item__text">Featured news</a></li><li class="Breadcrumbs__item"><div class="Breadcrumbs__separator"></div><span class="Breadcrumbs__item__text">Pompeii skeleton discovery shows another natural disaster may have made Vesuvius eruption even more deadly</span></li></ul><div class="SearchBar__wrapper"><div class="SearchBar"><i class="SearchBar__prependIcon"></i><input class="SearchBar__input" type="text" placeholder="Search in all news" aria-describedby value></div><div id class="SearchBar__hint" role="alert">Type at least 3 characters</div></div><h1>Pompeii skeleton discovery shows another natural disaster may have made Vesuvius eruption even more deadly</h1><div class="FrontiersRichTextRenderer"><figure class="FrontiersImage Renderer__entry--img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/5kvAktdqU6qJWa3ZMVbDdM/f2865fd20230d779ce472a0b5452f8bd/Picture3.jpg?&w=380&fm=webp&q=80" media="(max-width: 767px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/5kvAktdqU6qJWa3ZMVbDdM/f2865fd20230d779ce472a0b5452f8bd/Picture3.jpg?&w=642&fm=webp&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/5kvAktdqU6qJWa3ZMVbDdM/f2865fd20230d779ce472a0b5452f8bd/Picture3.jpg?&w=824&fm=webp&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/5kvAktdqU6qJWa3ZMVbDdM/f2865fd20230d779ce472a0b5452f8bd/Picture3.jpg?&w=644&fm=webp&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/5kvAktdqU6qJWa3ZMVbDdM/f2865fd20230d779ce472a0b5452f8bd/Picture3.jpg?&w=672&fm=webp&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/5kvAktdqU6qJWa3ZMVbDdM/f2865fd20230d779ce472a0b5452f8bd/Picture3.jpg?&w=912&fm=webp&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/5kvAktdqU6qJWa3ZMVbDdM/f2865fd20230d779ce472a0b5452f8bd/Picture3.jpg?&w=912&fm=webp&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="lazy"></picture><figcaption>Scientists discovered two skeletons in the ruins of a Pompeii building and concluded that their deaths must have been caused by wall collapses triggered by earthquakes. Image: Pompeii Archaeological Park</figcaption></figure><p><strong>The death of inhabitants of Pompeii during the eruption of Vesuvius in 79CE is mostly attributed to volcanic causes, such as falling ashes and hot gas. This, however, may not be the full picture. In a recent study, volcanologists, geologists, and anthropologists teamed up to refocus attention on the effects of earthquake-related events. Examining two newly discovered skeletons, they concluded that their deaths must have been caused by wall collapses triggered by earthquakes, which greatly contributed to the destruction of the ancient city.</strong></p><p>Almost 2,000 years ago, Pliny the Younger wrote letters describing a shaking ground as Vesuvius erupted. Now, a collaborative study led by researchers from the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) and Pompeii Archaeological Park has shed light on the effects of seismicity associated with the 79CE eruption.</p><p>The study is the first to tackle the complex task of reporting on the effects of co-occurring earthquakes. This is tricky due to the possibility of volcanic and seismic effects happening concurrently or in quick succession, meaning volcanic effects can overshadow effects caused by earthquakes and vice versa.</p><p>“These complexities are like a jigsaw puzzle in which all the pieces must fit together to unravel the complete picture,” said Dr Domenico Sparice, a volcanologist at INGV-Osservatorio Vesuviano and first author of the <em>Frontiers in Earth Science</em> study. “We proved that seismicity during the eruption played a significant role in the destruction of Pompeii and, possibly, influenced the choices of the Pompeiians who faced an inevitable death.”</p><h2>Clues to a deadly collapse</h2><p>“Correctly recognizing the cause-effect relationship is essential to reconstruct the interplay between volcanic and seismic phenomena, and their effects on buildings and humans,” added co-author Dr Fabrizio Galadini, a geologist and senior researcher at INGV.</p><p>During excavations in the ‘Casa dei Pittori al Lavoro’, the researchers noticed something off about the collapsed buildings. “We found peculiar characteristics that were inconsistent with the effects of volcanic phenomena described in the volcanological literature devoted to Pompeii. There had to be a different explanation,” said co-author Dr Mauro Di Vito, a volcanologist and director of INGV-Osservatorio Vesuviano.</p><p>When the researchers found two skeletons with severe fracture and trauma injuries, they were even more motivated to figure out the reason. </p><figure class="FrontiersImage Renderer__entry--img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/5VYGaOzzWP4FJd2ZgQv9bK/0810e6cdd4903a9dfc7ebbc3007cca7e/Picture1.jpg?&w=380&fm=webp&q=80" media="(max-width: 767px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/5VYGaOzzWP4FJd2ZgQv9bK/0810e6cdd4903a9dfc7ebbc3007cca7e/Picture1.jpg?&w=642&fm=webp&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/5VYGaOzzWP4FJd2ZgQv9bK/0810e6cdd4903a9dfc7ebbc3007cca7e/Picture1.jpg?&w=824&fm=webp&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/5VYGaOzzWP4FJd2ZgQv9bK/0810e6cdd4903a9dfc7ebbc3007cca7e/Picture1.jpg?&w=644&fm=webp&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/5VYGaOzzWP4FJd2ZgQv9bK/0810e6cdd4903a9dfc7ebbc3007cca7e/Picture1.jpg?&w=672&fm=webp&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/5VYGaOzzWP4FJd2ZgQv9bK/0810e6cdd4903a9dfc7ebbc3007cca7e/Picture1.jpg?&w=912&fm=webp&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/5VYGaOzzWP4FJd2ZgQv9bK/0810e6cdd4903a9dfc7ebbc3007cca7e/Picture1.jpg?&w=912&fm=webp&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="lazy"></picture><figcaption>Location of the excavated rooms where the skeletons were found in Pompeii. Image: Pompeii Archaeological Park.</figcaption></figure><hr><p><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2024.1386960/full">Read and download the article</a></p><hr><h2>Painters at work </h2><p>The eruption caught Pompeiians in the midst of daily life. For about 18 hours, pumice lapilli – small rock and ash particles– fell on the city, causing people to seek shelter. When the eruption paused, inhabitants who’d survived may have thought themselves safe – until strong earthquakes started. </p><p>“The people who did not flee their shelters were possibly overwhelmed by earthquake-induced collapses of already overburdened buildings. This was the fate of the two individuals we recovered,” said co-author Dr Valeria Amoretti, an anthropologist who heads the Applied Research Laboratory of <a href="https://pompeiisites.org/en/">Pompeii Archaeological Park</a>.</p><p>The researchers found two male skeletons, both around 50 years of age. Their positioning suggests that ‘individual 1’ was suddenly crushed by the collapse of a large wall fragment, resulting in severe traumas causing immediate death. ‘Individual 2’, however, may have been aware of the danger and tried to protect himself with a round wooden object of which the researchers found faint traces in the volcanic deposits.</p><figure class="FrontiersImage Renderer__entry--img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/4hWIwa5Q9bQQgD8kI3GpG6/f058e82ab03bb1cade5b0e720df0d4e0/Picture5.jpg?&w=380&fm=webp&q=80" media="(max-width: 767px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/4hWIwa5Q9bQQgD8kI3GpG6/f058e82ab03bb1cade5b0e720df0d4e0/Picture5.jpg?&w=642&fm=webp&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/4hWIwa5Q9bQQgD8kI3GpG6/f058e82ab03bb1cade5b0e720df0d4e0/Picture5.jpg?&w=824&fm=webp&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/4hWIwa5Q9bQQgD8kI3GpG6/f058e82ab03bb1cade5b0e720df0d4e0/Picture5.jpg?&w=644&fm=webp&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/4hWIwa5Q9bQQgD8kI3GpG6/f058e82ab03bb1cade5b0e720df0d4e0/Picture5.jpg?&w=672&fm=webp&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/4hWIwa5Q9bQQgD8kI3GpG6/f058e82ab03bb1cade5b0e720df0d4e0/Picture5.jpg?&w=912&fm=webp&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/4hWIwa5Q9bQQgD8kI3GpG6/f058e82ab03bb1cade5b0e720df0d4e0/Picture5.jpg?&w=912&fm=webp&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="lazy"></picture><figcaption>Skeleton of ‘individual 1’, a male aged around 50 years. The positioning suggests he was suddenly crushed by the collapse of a large wall fragment, resulting in severe traumas causing immediate death. Image: Pompeii Archaeological Park.</figcaption></figure><figure class="FrontiersImage Renderer__entry--img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/20yCqiFdPG0hpnO7hcNdnV/819749afc05f433cb6ae60d5b1630b40/Picture4.jpg?&w=380&fm=webp&q=80" media="(max-width: 767px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/20yCqiFdPG0hpnO7hcNdnV/819749afc05f433cb6ae60d5b1630b40/Picture4.jpg?&w=642&fm=webp&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/20yCqiFdPG0hpnO7hcNdnV/819749afc05f433cb6ae60d5b1630b40/Picture4.jpg?&w=824&fm=webp&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/20yCqiFdPG0hpnO7hcNdnV/819749afc05f433cb6ae60d5b1630b40/Picture4.jpg?&w=644&fm=webp&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/20yCqiFdPG0hpnO7hcNdnV/819749afc05f433cb6ae60d5b1630b40/Picture4.jpg?&w=672&fm=webp&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/20yCqiFdPG0hpnO7hcNdnV/819749afc05f433cb6ae60d5b1630b40/Picture4.jpg?&w=912&fm=webp&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/20yCqiFdPG0hpnO7hcNdnV/819749afc05f433cb6ae60d5b1630b40/Picture4.jpg?&w=912&fm=webp&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="lazy"></picture><figcaption>Skeleton of ‘individual 2’, a male aged around 50 years, who may have been aware of the danger and tried to protect himself with a round wooden object. The researchers found faint traces of it in the volcanic deposits. Image: Pompeii Archaeological Park.</figcaption></figure><p>There are several hints that these individuals did not die from inhaling ash or extreme heat, such as their positioning on the pumice lapilli, rather than under it. This suggests both survived to first phase of the eruption and then were overwhelmed by collapsing walls during the temporary decline of the eruptive phenomena and before the arrival of the pyroclastic currents, the researchers said. </p><h2>Difficult choices</h2><p>While not everybody could make it into temporary safety, the numbers of victims recovered in the ash deposits makes people fleeing to the outside a plausible, albeit hopeless, scenario, the researchers said. There are no reliable estimations about how many people died from volcanic-related causes or due to damage caused by earthquakes.</p><p>“New insight into the destruction of Pompeii gets us very close to the experience of the people who lived here 2,000 years ago. The choices they made as well as the dynamics of the events, which remain a focus of our research, decided over life and death in the last hours of the city’s existence,” concluded co-author Dr Gabriel Zuchtriegel, director of the Pompeii Archaeological Park.</p><p><strong>REPUBLISHING GUIDELINES</strong>: Open access and sharing research is part of <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/about-frontiers">Frontiers’ mission</a>. Unless otherwise noted, you can republish articles posted in the Frontiers news site — as long as you include a link back to the original research. Selling the articles is not allowed. </p></div></main><section class="Layout__aside Layout__aside--post"><h1 class="acc-hidden">Post related info</h1><div class="SearchBar__wrapper"><div class="SearchBar"><i class="SearchBar__prependIcon"></i><input class="SearchBar__input" type="text" placeholder="Search in all news" aria-describedby value></div><div id class="SearchBar__hint" role="alert">Type at least 3 characters</div></div><p class="PublishedDate">July 18, 2024</p><a class="Author Author--sm" href="/news/author/deborah-pirchner"><div class="Avatar Avatar--size-48 Avatar--text Avatar--grey"><span>D</span><span>P</span></div><div class="Author__info"><h2 class="Author__name">Deborah Pirchner</h2><p class="Author__role">Editor</p></div></a><h2 class="Layout__aside__title"> Post categories </h2><div class="TagCloud"><h3 class="TagCloud__tag"><a href="/news/category/featured-news">Featured news</a></h3><h3 class="TagCloud__tag"><a href="/news/category/earth-science">Earth science</a></h3></div><h2 class="Layout__aside__title"> Related Subjects </h2><div class="TagCloud"><h3 class="TagCloud__tag"><a href="/news/tag/frontiers-in-earth-science">Frontiers in Earth Science</a></h3><h3 class="TagCloud__tag"><a href="/news/tag/volcanoes">Volcanoes</a></h3></div><h2 class="Layout__aside__title"> Related Content </h2><div class="AsidePosts"><a aria-label="‘Extraordinary’ 4,000-year-old Egyptian skull may show signs of attempts to treat cancer " href="/news/2024/05/29/4000-year-old-egyptian-skull-cutmarks-cancer"><figure class="FrontiersImage AsidePosts__image"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2PtfEAGeZA5ZyWVP7cXK4u/dff12dae9023daf038db5aadd281fe5a/skull_236.jpg?&w=106&h=106&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(max-width: 767px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2PtfEAGeZA5ZyWVP7cXK4u/dff12dae9023daf038db5aadd281fe5a/skull_236.jpg?&w=78&h=78&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2PtfEAGeZA5ZyWVP7cXK4u/dff12dae9023daf038db5aadd281fe5a/skull_236.jpg?&w=110&h=110&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2PtfEAGeZA5ZyWVP7cXK4u/dff12dae9023daf038db5aadd281fe5a/skull_236.jpg?&w=48&h=48&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2PtfEAGeZA5ZyWVP7cXK4u/dff12dae9023daf038db5aadd281fe5a/skull_236.jpg?&w=56&h=56&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2PtfEAGeZA5ZyWVP7cXK4u/dff12dae9023daf038db5aadd281fe5a/skull_236.jpg?&w=80&h=80&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2PtfEAGeZA5ZyWVP7cXK4u/dff12dae9023daf038db5aadd281fe5a/skull_236.jpg?&w=80&h=80&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="lazy"></picture><figcaption>Skull and mandible 236, dating from between 2687 and 2345 BCE, belonged to a male individual aged 30 to 35. 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srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6FVRt3tRjyQhT9QjhWhwWE/3baeb9657d8e1a919bf3b66cd8740f67/Image_9_by_KelseyWilliamson_small.jpg?&w=80&h=80&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6FVRt3tRjyQhT9QjhWhwWE/3baeb9657d8e1a919bf3b66cd8740f67/Image_9_by_KelseyWilliamson_small.jpg?&w=80&h=80&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="lazy"></picture><figcaption>Killer whales surface to breath before taking whale shark down and delivering a rapid, final blow. 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srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/4lp9E1FJlXcdAE58ldn5dn/f4a24fa8694014817dcf93e2bb8aa7dc/Horizontal-Close_up_focus_on_red_ribbon_in_female_hands__woman_standing_indoor_promote_annual_regular_health_check_up__suppo.png?&w=78&h=78&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/4lp9E1FJlXcdAE58ldn5dn/f4a24fa8694014817dcf93e2bb8aa7dc/Horizontal-Close_up_focus_on_red_ribbon_in_female_hands__woman_standing_indoor_promote_annual_regular_health_check_up__suppo.png?&w=110&h=110&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/4lp9E1FJlXcdAE58ldn5dn/f4a24fa8694014817dcf93e2bb8aa7dc/Horizontal-Close_up_focus_on_red_ribbon_in_female_hands__woman_standing_indoor_promote_annual_regular_health_check_up__suppo.png?&w=48&h=48&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/4lp9E1FJlXcdAE58ldn5dn/f4a24fa8694014817dcf93e2bb8aa7dc/Horizontal-Close_up_focus_on_red_ribbon_in_female_hands__woman_standing_indoor_promote_annual_regular_health_check_up__suppo.png?&w=56&h=56&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/4lp9E1FJlXcdAE58ldn5dn/f4a24fa8694014817dcf93e2bb8aa7dc/Horizontal-Close_up_focus_on_red_ribbon_in_female_hands__woman_standing_indoor_promote_annual_regular_health_check_up__suppo.png?&w=80&h=80&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/4lp9E1FJlXcdAE58ldn5dn/f4a24fa8694014817dcf93e2bb8aa7dc/Horizontal-Close_up_focus_on_red_ribbon_in_female_hands__woman_standing_indoor_promote_annual_regular_health_check_up__suppo.png?&w=80&h=80&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="lazy"></picture></figure></a><a href="/news/2024/11/29/research-topics-hiv-aids"><h3 class="AsidePosts__title">HIV/AIDS: Three Research Topics exploring latest discoveries, treatments, and prevention</h3></a></div><div class="AsidePosts"><a aria-label="The evolving US publishing landscape in the era of open access " href="/news/2024/11/27/the-evolving-us-publishing-landscape-in-the-era-of-open-access"><figure class="FrontiersImage AsidePosts__image"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6KYTeWUneCE486yvxwhhA1/73b7620b580e88215ed40823f803f2a8/20241112_173209.jpg?&w=106&h=106&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(max-width: 767px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6KYTeWUneCE486yvxwhhA1/73b7620b580e88215ed40823f803f2a8/20241112_173209.jpg?&w=78&h=78&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6KYTeWUneCE486yvxwhhA1/73b7620b580e88215ed40823f803f2a8/20241112_173209.jpg?&w=110&h=110&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6KYTeWUneCE486yvxwhhA1/73b7620b580e88215ed40823f803f2a8/20241112_173209.jpg?&w=48&h=48&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6KYTeWUneCE486yvxwhhA1/73b7620b580e88215ed40823f803f2a8/20241112_173209.jpg?&w=56&h=56&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6KYTeWUneCE486yvxwhhA1/73b7620b580e88215ed40823f803f2a8/20241112_173209.jpg?&w=80&h=80&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6KYTeWUneCE486yvxwhhA1/73b7620b580e88215ed40823f803f2a8/20241112_173209.jpg?&w=80&h=80&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="lazy"></picture><figcaption>Vision board at the 2024 Charleston Conference focused on the future of libraries – a collaborative display of ideas from librarians, showcasing aspirations for innovative spaces, digital inclusion, community engagement, sustainable practices, cutting-edge technology, and a strong focus on lifelong learning and accessibility.</figcaption></figure></a><a href="/news/2024/11/27/the-evolving-us-publishing-landscape-in-the-era-of-open-access"><h3 class="AsidePosts__title">The evolving US publishing landscape in the era of open access </h3></a></div><div class="AsidePosts"><a aria-label="Social fish with low status are so stressed out it impacts their brains" href="/news/2024/11/26/social-fish-low-status-stressed-impacts-brains-frontiers-behavioral-neuroscience"><figure class="FrontiersImage AsidePosts__image"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6HOlPW6pQgEYyEOHKHskGp/8538d2d6e311c0b3c4954755c03469e4/burtoni-square_centered-JORDAN_lab_copy_1.jpg?&w=106&h=106&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(max-width: 767px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6HOlPW6pQgEYyEOHKHskGp/8538d2d6e311c0b3c4954755c03469e4/burtoni-square_centered-JORDAN_lab_copy_1.jpg?&w=78&h=78&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6HOlPW6pQgEYyEOHKHskGp/8538d2d6e311c0b3c4954755c03469e4/burtoni-square_centered-JORDAN_lab_copy_1.jpg?&w=110&h=110&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6HOlPW6pQgEYyEOHKHskGp/8538d2d6e311c0b3c4954755c03469e4/burtoni-square_centered-JORDAN_lab_copy_1.jpg?&w=48&h=48&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6HOlPW6pQgEYyEOHKHskGp/8538d2d6e311c0b3c4954755c03469e4/burtoni-square_centered-JORDAN_lab_copy_1.jpg?&w=56&h=56&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6HOlPW6pQgEYyEOHKHskGp/8538d2d6e311c0b3c4954755c03469e4/burtoni-square_centered-JORDAN_lab_copy_1.jpg?&w=80&h=80&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/6HOlPW6pQgEYyEOHKHskGp/8538d2d6e311c0b3c4954755c03469e4/burtoni-square_centered-JORDAN_lab_copy_1.jpg?&w=80&h=80&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="lazy"></picture><figcaption>A dominant and a subordinate male cichlid (Astatotilapia burtoni). Image courtesy of Dr Alex Jordan, Behavioural Evolution Lab, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behaviour.</figcaption></figure></a><a href="/news/2024/11/26/social-fish-low-status-stressed-impacts-brains-frontiers-behavioral-neuroscience"><h3 class="AsidePosts__title">Social fish with low status are so stressed out it impacts their brains</h3></a></div><div class="AsidePosts"><a aria-label=" Viking colonizers of Iceland and nearby Faroe Islands had very different origins, study finds " href="/news/2024/11/25/viking-colonizers-of-iceland-and-nearby-faroe-islands-had-very-different"><figure class="FrontiersImage AsidePosts__image"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2OizH9CBxBYXFkeWsVDvFK/b59a9d5ccdbc3f04b339af40f835ab4f/frontiers-genetics-faroe-islands-landscape.jpg?&w=106&h=106&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(max-width: 767px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2OizH9CBxBYXFkeWsVDvFK/b59a9d5ccdbc3f04b339af40f835ab4f/frontiers-genetics-faroe-islands-landscape.jpg?&w=78&h=78&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 768px and max-width: 1023px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2OizH9CBxBYXFkeWsVDvFK/b59a9d5ccdbc3f04b339af40f835ab4f/frontiers-genetics-faroe-islands-landscape.jpg?&w=110&h=110&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1024px and max-width: 1279px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2OizH9CBxBYXFkeWsVDvFK/b59a9d5ccdbc3f04b339af40f835ab4f/frontiers-genetics-faroe-islands-landscape.jpg?&w=48&h=48&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1280px and max-width: 1439px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2OizH9CBxBYXFkeWsVDvFK/b59a9d5ccdbc3f04b339af40f835ab4f/frontiers-genetics-faroe-islands-landscape.jpg?&w=56&h=56&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1440px and max-width: 1919px)"><source srcset="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2OizH9CBxBYXFkeWsVDvFK/b59a9d5ccdbc3f04b339af40f835ab4f/frontiers-genetics-faroe-islands-landscape.jpg?&w=80&h=80&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" media="(min-width: 1920px)"><img src="https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/2OizH9CBxBYXFkeWsVDvFK/b59a9d5ccdbc3f04b339af40f835ab4f/frontiers-genetics-faroe-islands-landscape.jpg?&w=80&h=80&fm=webp&f=center&fit=fill&q=80" class="is-inside-mask" alt loading="lazy"></picture><figcaption>Today's landscape on the Faroe Islands. Image credit: Eyðfinn Magnussen</figcaption></figure></a><a href="/news/2024/11/25/viking-colonizers-of-iceland-and-nearby-faroe-islands-had-very-different"><h3 class="AsidePosts__title"> Viking colonizers of Iceland and nearby Faroe Islands had very different origins, study finds </h3></a></div></section></div><div class="FloatingShareButton"><button class="FloatingShareButton__btn"><span class="FloatingShareButton__btn--text">Share News</span></button></div></div><section class="Newsletter"><h1 class="acc-hidden">Newsletter</h1><div class="Newsletter__signup"><div class="Newsletter__heading"><p class="Newsletter__title">Get the latest research updates, subscribe to our newsletter</p></div><div class="FormContainer FormContainer--blue"><form class="Newsletter__form"><fieldset class="Newsletter__fieldset"><div class="Newsletter__fieldgroup"><div class="Input"><span class="Input__labelWrapper"><label for="subscriberFirstName" class="Input__label">Name</label></span><input 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Frontiers press office website",{"text":178,"url":179,"target":11,"ariaLabel":180},"Sustainability","https://www.frontiersin.orgabout/sustainability","link to information about Frontiers' sustainability",{"text":74,"url":75,"target":43,"ariaLabel":182},"this link will take you to the Frontiers careers website",{"text":184,"url":68,"target":11,"ariaLabel":185},"Contact us","this link will take you to the help pages to contact our support team","Sections",[],[189,191],{"text":190,"url":33,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"All journals",{"text":192,"url":27,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"All articles",[194,196,198],{"text":26,"url":195,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"articles",{"text":149,"url":197,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"research-topics",{"text":199,"url":200,"target":11,"ariaLabel":12},"Editorial board","editors",{"text":60,"url":61,"target":43,"ariaLabel":60},{"pageBlogPostCollection":203},{"__typename":204,"items":205},"PageBlogPostCollection",[206],{"sys":207,"__typename":210,"title":211,"slug":212,"publishedOn":213,"excerpt":214,"autoInjectFeaturedImage":215,"author":216,"categoriesCollection":221,"tagsCollection":231,"featuredMedia":241,"content":245,"relatedContentCollection":487},{"publishedAt":208,"__typename":209},"2024-07-18T04:00:03.361Z","Sys","PageBlogPost","Pompeii skeleton discovery shows another natural disaster may have made Vesuvius eruption even more deadly","pompeii-skeleton-discovery-earthquake","2024-07-18T00:00:00.000Z","Scientists think that skeletons of individuals trapped and killed inside buildings by earthquakes during the 79CE eruption of Vesuvius could provide a more complete history of destruction",false,{"__typename":217,"name":218,"slug":219,"role":220,"image":12},"Author","Deborah Pirchner","deborah-pirchner","Editor",{"__typename":222,"items":223},"PageBlogPostCategoriesCollection",[224,228],{"__typename":225,"slug":226,"name":227},"Category","featured-news","Featured news",{"__typename":225,"slug":229,"name":230},"earth-science","Earth science",{"__typename":232,"items":233},"PageBlogPostTagsCollection",[234,238],{"__typename":235,"name":236,"slug":237},"Tag","Frontiers in Earth Science","frontiers-in-earth-science",{"__typename":235,"name":239,"slug":240},"Volcanoes","volcanoes",{"__typename":242,"url":243,"description":244},"Asset","https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/5kvAktdqU6qJWa3ZMVbDdM/f2865fd20230d779ce472a0b5452f8bd/Picture3.jpg","Scientists discovered two skeletons in the ruins of a Pompeii building and concluded that their deaths must have been caused by wall collapses triggered by earthquakes. Image: Pompeii Archaeological Park",{"json":246,"__typename":462,"links":463},{"data":247,"content":248,"nodeType":461},{},[249,256,267,274,281,297,305,312,319,326,332,336,354,357,364,371,390,397,403,409,416,423,430,437],{"data":250,"content":254,"nodeType":255},{"target":251},{"sys":252},{"id":253,"type":81,"linkType":242},"5kvAktdqU6qJWa3ZMVbDdM",[],"embedded-asset-block",{"data":257,"content":258,"nodeType":266},{},[259],{"data":260,"marks":261,"value":264,"nodeType":265},{},[262],{"type":263},"bold","The death of inhabitants of Pompeii during the eruption of Vesuvius in 79CE is mostly attributed to volcanic causes, such as falling ashes and hot gas. This, however, may not be the full picture. In a recent study, volcanologists, geologists, and anthropologists teamed up to refocus attention on the effects of earthquake-related events. Examining two newly discovered skeletons, they concluded that their deaths must have been caused by wall collapses triggered by earthquakes, which greatly contributed to the destruction of the ancient city.","text","paragraph",{"data":268,"content":269,"nodeType":266},{},[270],{"data":271,"marks":272,"value":273,"nodeType":265},{},[],"Almost 2,000 years ago, Pliny the Younger wrote letters describing a shaking ground as Vesuvius erupted. Now, a collaborative study led by researchers from the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) and Pompeii Archaeological Park has shed light on the effects of seismicity associated with the 79CE eruption.",{"data":275,"content":276,"nodeType":266},{},[277],{"data":278,"marks":279,"value":280,"nodeType":265},{},[],"The study is the first to tackle the complex task of reporting on the effects of co-occurring earthquakes. This is tricky due to the possibility of volcanic and seismic effects happening concurrently or in quick succession, meaning volcanic effects can overshadow effects caused by earthquakes and vice versa.",{"data":282,"content":283,"nodeType":266},{},[284,288,293],{"data":285,"marks":286,"value":287,"nodeType":265},{},[],"“These complexities are like a jigsaw puzzle in which all the pieces must fit together to unravel the complete picture,” said Dr Domenico Sparice, a volcanologist at INGV-Osservatorio Vesuviano and first author of the ",{"data":289,"marks":290,"value":236,"nodeType":265},{},[291],{"type":292},"italic",{"data":294,"marks":295,"value":296,"nodeType":265},{},[]," study. “We proved that seismicity during the eruption played a significant role in the destruction of Pompeii and, possibly, influenced the choices of the Pompeiians who faced an inevitable death.”",{"data":298,"content":299,"nodeType":304},{},[300],{"data":301,"marks":302,"value":303,"nodeType":265},{},[],"Clues to a deadly collapse","heading-2",{"data":306,"content":307,"nodeType":266},{},[308],{"data":309,"marks":310,"value":311,"nodeType":265},{},[],"“Correctly recognizing the cause-effect relationship is essential to reconstruct the interplay between volcanic and seismic phenomena, and their effects on buildings and humans,” added co-author Dr Fabrizio Galadini, a geologist and senior researcher at INGV.",{"data":313,"content":314,"nodeType":266},{},[315],{"data":316,"marks":317,"value":318,"nodeType":265},{},[],"During excavations in the ‘Casa dei Pittori al Lavoro’, the researchers noticed something off about the collapsed buildings. “We found peculiar characteristics that were inconsistent with the effects of volcanic phenomena described in the volcanological literature devoted to Pompeii. There had to be a different explanation,” said co-author Dr Mauro Di Vito, a volcanologist and director of INGV-Osservatorio Vesuviano.",{"data":320,"content":321,"nodeType":266},{},[322],{"data":323,"marks":324,"value":325,"nodeType":265},{},[],"When the researchers found two skeletons with severe fracture and trauma injuries, they were even more motivated to figure out the reason. ",{"data":327,"content":331,"nodeType":255},{"target":328},{"sys":329},{"id":330,"type":81,"linkType":242},"5VYGaOzzWP4FJd2ZgQv9bK",[],{"data":333,"content":334,"nodeType":335},{},[],"hr",{"data":337,"content":338,"nodeType":266},{},[339,342,351],{"data":340,"marks":341,"value":105,"nodeType":265},{},[],{"data":343,"content":345,"nodeType":350},{"uri":344},"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2024.1386960/full",[346],{"data":347,"marks":348,"value":349,"nodeType":265},{},[],"Read and download the article","hyperlink",{"data":352,"marks":353,"value":105,"nodeType":265},{},[],{"data":355,"content":356,"nodeType":335},{},[],{"data":358,"content":359,"nodeType":304},{},[360],{"data":361,"marks":362,"value":363,"nodeType":265},{},[],"Painters at work ",{"data":365,"content":366,"nodeType":266},{},[367],{"data":368,"marks":369,"value":370,"nodeType":265},{},[],"The eruption caught Pompeiians in the midst of daily life. For about 18 hours, pumice lapilli – small rock and ash particles– fell on the city, causing people to seek shelter. When the eruption paused, inhabitants who’d survived may have thought themselves safe – until strong earthquakes started. ",{"data":372,"content":373,"nodeType":266},{},[374,378,386],{"data":375,"marks":376,"value":377,"nodeType":265},{},[],"“The people who did not flee their shelters were possibly overwhelmed by earthquake-induced collapses of already overburdened buildings. This was the fate of the two individuals we recovered,” said co-author Dr Valeria Amoretti, an anthropologist who heads the Applied Research Laboratory of ",{"data":379,"content":381,"nodeType":350},{"uri":380},"https://pompeiisites.org/en/",[382],{"data":383,"marks":384,"value":385,"nodeType":265},{},[],"Pompeii Archaeological Park",{"data":387,"marks":388,"value":389,"nodeType":265},{},[],".",{"data":391,"content":392,"nodeType":266},{},[393],{"data":394,"marks":395,"value":396,"nodeType":265},{},[],"The researchers found two male skeletons, both around 50 years of age. Their positioning suggests that ‘individual 1’ was suddenly crushed by the collapse of a large wall fragment, resulting in severe traumas causing immediate death. ‘Individual 2’, however, may have been aware of the danger and tried to protect himself with a round wooden object of which the researchers found faint traces in the volcanic deposits.",{"data":398,"content":402,"nodeType":255},{"target":399},{"sys":400},{"id":401,"type":81,"linkType":242},"4hWIwa5Q9bQQgD8kI3GpG6",[],{"data":404,"content":408,"nodeType":255},{"target":405},{"sys":406},{"id":407,"type":81,"linkType":242},"20yCqiFdPG0hpnO7hcNdnV",[],{"data":410,"content":411,"nodeType":266},{},[412],{"data":413,"marks":414,"value":415,"nodeType":265},{},[],"There are several hints that these individuals did not die from inhaling ash or extreme heat, such as their positioning on the pumice lapilli, rather than under it. This suggests both survived to first phase of the eruption and then were overwhelmed by collapsing walls during the temporary decline of the eruptive phenomena and before the arrival of the pyroclastic currents, the researchers said. ",{"data":417,"content":418,"nodeType":304},{},[419],{"data":420,"marks":421,"value":422,"nodeType":265},{},[],"Difficult choices",{"data":424,"content":425,"nodeType":266},{},[426],{"data":427,"marks":428,"value":429,"nodeType":265},{},[],"While not everybody could make it into temporary safety, the numbers of victims recovered in the ash deposits makes people fleeing to the outside a plausible, albeit hopeless, scenario, the researchers said. There are no reliable estimations about how many people died from volcanic-related causes or due to damage caused by earthquakes.",{"data":431,"content":432,"nodeType":266},{},[433],{"data":434,"marks":435,"value":436,"nodeType":265},{},[],"“New insight into the destruction of Pompeii gets us very close to the experience of the people who lived here 2,000 years ago. The choices they made as well as the dynamics of the events, which remain a focus of our research, decided over life and death in the last hours of the city’s existence,” concluded co-author Dr Gabriel Zuchtriegel, director of the Pompeii Archaeological Park.",{"data":438,"content":439,"nodeType":266},{},[440,445,449,457],{"data":441,"marks":442,"value":444,"nodeType":265},{},[443],{"type":263},"REPUBLISHING GUIDELINES",{"data":446,"marks":447,"value":448,"nodeType":265},{},[],": Open access and sharing research is part of ",{"data":450,"content":452,"nodeType":350},{"uri":451},"https://www.frontiersin.org/about/about-frontiers",[453],{"data":454,"marks":455,"value":456,"nodeType":265},{},[],"Frontiers’ mission",{"data":458,"marks":459,"value":460,"nodeType":265},{},[],". Unless otherwise noted, you can republish articles posted in the Frontiers news site — as long as you include a link back to the original research. Selling the articles is not allowed. ","document","PageBlogPostContent",{"__typename":464,"entries":465,"assets":469},"PageBlogPostContentLinks",{"__typename":466,"inline":467,"block":468},"PageBlogPostContentEntries",[],[],{"__typename":470,"block":471},"PageBlogPostContentAssets",[472,475,479,483],{"sys":473,"__typename":242,"url":243,"description":244,"contentType":474},{"id":253,"__typename":209},"image/jpeg",{"sys":476,"__typename":242,"url":477,"description":478,"contentType":474},{"id":330,"__typename":209},"https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/5VYGaOzzWP4FJd2ZgQv9bK/0810e6cdd4903a9dfc7ebbc3007cca7e/Picture1.jpg","Location of the excavated rooms where the skeletons were found in Pompeii. Image: Pompeii Archaeological Park.",{"sys":480,"__typename":242,"url":481,"description":482,"contentType":474},{"id":401,"__typename":209},"https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/4hWIwa5Q9bQQgD8kI3GpG6/f058e82ab03bb1cade5b0e720df0d4e0/Picture5.jpg","Skeleton of ‘individual 1’, a male aged around 50 years. The positioning suggests he was suddenly crushed by the collapse of a large wall fragment, resulting in severe traumas causing immediate death. Image: Pompeii Archaeological Park.",{"sys":484,"__typename":242,"url":485,"description":486,"contentType":474},{"id":407,"__typename":209},"https://images.ctfassets.net/mrbo2ykgx5lt/20yCqiFdPG0hpnO7hcNdnV/819749afc05f433cb6ae60d5b1630b40/Picture4.jpg","Skeleton of ‘individual 2’, a male aged around 50 years, who may have been aware of the danger and tried to protect himself with a round wooden object. The researchers found faint traces of it in the volcanic deposits. 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