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id="toc-Social_media_platforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_media_platforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Social media platforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_media_platforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Definition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile_social_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_social_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Mobile social media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_social_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elements_and_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elements_and_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Elements and function </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Elements_and_function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Elements and function subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Elements_and_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Virality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Virality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Bots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Patents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Platform_convergence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platform_convergence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Platform convergence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platform_convergence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Usage statistics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage_statistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Usage statistics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Usage_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage:_before_the_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage:_before_the_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Usage: before the pandemic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage:_before_the_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage:_during_the_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage:_during_the_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Usage: during the pandemic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage:_during_the_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_by_minors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_by_minors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Usage by minors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_by_minors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reasons_for_use_by_adults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reasons_for_use_by_adults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Reasons for use by adults </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reasons_for_use_by_adults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_by_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_by_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Use by organizations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_by_organizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Use by organizations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Use_by_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Law enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reputation_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reputation_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Reputation management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reputation_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Business </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Marketing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Activism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propaganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propaganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 Propaganda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propaganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recruiting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recruiting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Recruiting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recruiting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Academia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-School_admissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_admissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 School admissions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_admissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Court_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Court cases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_by_individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_by_individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Use by individuals </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_by_individuals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Use by individuals subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Use_by_individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-News_source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News_source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 News source </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News_source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_tool" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_tool"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Social tool </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_tool-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invidious_comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invidious_comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Invidious comparison </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invidious_comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adolescents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adolescents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4.1 Adolescents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adolescents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4.2 Pandemic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Addiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Addiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4.3 Addiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Addiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyberbullying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyberbullying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Cyberbullying </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyberbullying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleep_disturbance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleep_disturbance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Sleep disturbance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleep_disturbance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emotional_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emotional_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Emotional effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emotional_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Social impacts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_impacts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Social impacts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Social_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disparity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disparity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Disparity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disparity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_polarization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_polarization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Political polarization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_polarization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stereotyping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stereotyping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Stereotyping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stereotyping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Communication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation_by_government_authorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation_by_government_authorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Regulation by government authorities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regulation_by_government_authorities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Regulation by government authorities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Regulation_by_government_authorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Situation_by_geographical_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Situation_by_geographical_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Situation by geographical region </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Situation_by_geographical_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.2 Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.3 Thailand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.4 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.5 European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discussions_and_proposals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discussions_and_proposals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Discussions and proposals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discussions_and_proposals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Business models </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism,_debate_and_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism,_debate_and_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Criticism, debate and controversy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism,_debate_and_controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism, debate and controversy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism,_debate_and_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trustworthiness_and_reliability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trustworthiness_and_reliability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Trustworthiness and reliability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trustworthiness_and_reliability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Data_harvesting_and_data_mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_harvesting_and_data_mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1.1 Data harvesting and data mining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_harvesting_and_data_mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critique_of_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critique_of_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Critique of activism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critique_of_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Content ownership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Privacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Addiction_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Addiction_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5 Addiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Addiction_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate_over_use_by_young_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_over_use_by_young_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.6 Debate over use by young people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_over_use_by_young_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.7 Censorship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.7.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decentralization_and_open_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decentralization_and_open_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.8 Decentralization and open standards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decentralization_and_open_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deplatforming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deplatforming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.9 Deplatforming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deplatforming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threat_to_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threat_to_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.10 Threat to democracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threat_to_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extremist_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extremist_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.11 Extremist groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extremist_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deceased_users" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deceased_users"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Deceased users </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deceased_users-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Social media</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" > 86 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiale_media" title="Sosiale media – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sosiale media" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="وسائل تواصل اجتماعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وسائل تواصل اجتماعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medios_sociales" title="Medios sociales – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Medios sociales" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikickatatowipitcikana" title="Nikickatatowipitcikana – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Nikickatatowipitcikana" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosial_media" title="Sosial media – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sosial media" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سوسیال مدیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوسیال مدیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AE" title="সামাজিক যোগাযোগ মাধ্যম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সামাজিক যোগাযোগ মাধ্যম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Сацыяльныя медыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сацыяльныя медыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="सोशल मीडिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सोशल मीडिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Social media" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социална медия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Социална медия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soziale_Medien" title="Soziale Medien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Soziale Medien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%A1tveni_mediji" title="Društveni mediji – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Društveni mediji" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitj%C3%A0_de_comunicaci%C3%B3_social" title="Mitjà de comunicació social – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mitjà de comunicació social" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Social media" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_m%C3%A9dia" title="Sociální média – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sociální média" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociale_medier" title="Sociale medier – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sociale medier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soziale_Medien" title="Soziale Medien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Soziale Medien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotsiaalmeedia" title="Sotsiaalmeedia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sotsiaalmeedia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8D%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Μέσα κοινωνικής δικτύωσης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μέσα κοινωνικής δικτύωσης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medios_sociales" title="Medios sociales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Medios sociales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socia_retejo" title="Socia retejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Socia retejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedabide_sozialak" title="Hedabide sozialak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hedabide sozialak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="رسانه‌های اجتماعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رسانه‌های اجتماعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialir_mi%C3%B0lar" title="Sosialir miðlar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sosialir miðlar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dia_social" title="Média social – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Média social" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_me%C3%A1in_sh%C3%B3isialta" title="Na meáin shóisialta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Na meáin shóisialta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EC%85%9C_%EB%AF%B8%EB%94%94%EC%96%B4" title="소셜 미디어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소셜 미디어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandalin_Sada_Zumunta" title="Dandalin Sada Zumunta – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dandalin Sada Zumunta" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Սոցիալական մեդիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոցիալական մեդիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="सामाजिक मीडिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सामाजिक मीडिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%A1tveni_mediji" title="Društveni mediji – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Društveni mediji" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_sosial" title="Media sosial – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Media sosial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izinkundla_zokuxhumana" title="Izinkundla zokuxhumana – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Izinkundla zokuxhumana" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samf%C3%A9lagsmi%C3%B0ill" title="Samfélagsmiðill – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Samfélagsmiðill" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Social media" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מדיה חברתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדיה חברתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medyaya_civak%C3%AE" title="Medyaya civakî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Medyaya civakî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B7%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1" title="ສື່ສັງຄົມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສື່ສັງຄົມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_socialia" title="Media socialia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Media socialia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C4%81lais_medijs" title="Sociālais medijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sociālais medijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialin%C4%97_%C5%BEiniasklaida" title="Socialinė žiniasklaida – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Socialinė žiniasklaida" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_sosial" title="Media sosial – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Media sosial" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6z%C3%B6ss%C3%A9gi_m%C3%A9dia" title="Közösségi média – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Közösségi média" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="सामाजिक सञ्जाल – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सामाजिक सञ्जाल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Друштвени медиуми – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Друштвени медиуми" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="സമൂഹമാദ്ധ്യമങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സമൂഹമാദ്ധ്യമങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87" title="सामाजिक माध्यमे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सामाजिक माध्यमे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_sosial" title="Media sosial – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Media sosial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociale_media" title="Sociale media – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sociale media" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="सामाजिक सञ्जाल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सामाजिक सञ्जाल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2" title="ソーシャルメディア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソーシャルメディア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiale_medier" title="Sosiale medier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sosiale medier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiale_medium" title="Sosiale medium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sosiale medium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabaahimaa_hawaasaa" title="Sabaahimaa hawaasaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sabaahimaa hawaasaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਸਾਮਾਜਕ ਮੀਡੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਮਾਜਕ ਮੀਡੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%84_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سوشل میڈیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سوشل میڈیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%DB%90_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8D" title="ټولنيزې رسنۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټولنيزې رسنۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_spo%C5%82eczno%C5%9Bciowe" title="Media społecznościowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Media społecznościowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADdias_sociais" title="Mídias sociais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mídias sociais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociall%C4%B1q_media" title="Sociallıq media – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Sociallıq media" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_de_socializare" title="Media de socializare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Media de socializare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutukawsay_chawpin" title="Qutukawsay chawpin – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qutukawsay chawpin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Социальные медиа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социальные медиа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF" title="सामाजिकमाध्यमानि – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सामाजिकमाध्यमानि" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD" title="සමාජ ජාල – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සමාජ ජාල" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%BEbeni_mediji" title="Družbeni mediji – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Družbeni mediji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%DA%95%DB%95_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تۆڕە کۆمەڵایەتییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تۆڕە کۆمەڵایەتییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Друштвени медији – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Друштвени медији" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dia_sosial" title="Média sosial – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Média sosial" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiaalinen_media" title="Sosiaalinen media – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sosiaalinen media" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociala_medier" title="Sociala medier – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sociala medier" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatirang_pangmadla" title="Hatirang pangmadla – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hatirang pangmadla" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சமூக ஊடகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சமூக ஊடகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="సోషల్ మీడియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సోషల్ మీడియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1" title="สื่อสังคม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สื่อสังคม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyal_medya" title="Sosyal medya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sosyal medya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B0" title="Соціальні медіа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соціальні медіа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="سماجی ذرائع ابلاغ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سماجی ذرائع ابلاغ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ti%E1%BB%87n_truy%E1%BB%81n_th%C3%B4ng_m%E1%BA%A1ng_x%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i" title="Phương tiện truyền thông mạng xã hội – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phương tiện truyền thông mạng xã hội" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ctismeedi%C3%A4" title="Ütismeediä – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ütismeediä" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%A4%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93" title="社交媒体 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="社交媒体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%A4%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94" title="社交媒體 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="社交媒體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94" title="社群媒體 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="社群媒體" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasilah_silaturahmi" title="Wasilah 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Social_media.png/220px-Social_media.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Social_media.png/330px-Social_media.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Social_media.png/440px-Social_media.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Social media app icons on a smartphone screen</figcaption></figure> Social media are interactive technologies that facilitate the <a href="/wiki/Content_creation" title="Content creation">creation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_exchange" title="Information exchange">sharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/News_aggregator" title="News aggregator">aggregation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Content_(media)" class="mw-redirect" title="Content (media)">content</a> (such as ideas, interests, and other forms of expression) amongst <a href="/wiki/Virtual_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual communities">virtual communities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Network_virtualization" title="Network virtualization">networks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kietzmann-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-SMDefinition-2">[2]</a> Common features include:<a href="#cite_note-SMDefinition-2">[2]</a> <ul><li>Online platforms that enable users to create and share content and participate in social networking.<a href="#cite_note-SMDefinition-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-usersoftheworld-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fuchs-2017-4">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-generated_content" title="User-generated content">User-generated content</a>—such as text posts or comments, <a href="/wiki/Digital_photo" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital photo">digital photos</a> or <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">videos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> generated through <a href="/wiki/Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Online">online</a> interactions.<a href="#cite_note-SMDefinition-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-usersoftheworld-3">[3]</a></li> <li>Service-specific profiles that are designed and maintained by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_social_networking_services" title="List of social networking services">social media organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SMDefinition-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-boydEllison-5">[5]</a></li> <li>Social media helps the development of online <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social networks</a> by connecting a <a href="/wiki/User_profile" title="User profile">user's profile</a> with those of other individuals or groups.<a href="#cite_note-SMDefinition-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-boydEllison-5">[5]</a></li></ul> The term social in regard to media suggests platforms enable communal activity. Social media can enhance and extend human networks.<a href="#cite_note-Dijck-6">[6]</a> Users access social media through <a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">web-based apps</a> or custom apps on mobile devices. These interactive platforms allow individuals, communities, and organizations to share, co-create, discuss, participate in, and modify user-generated or self-curated content.<a href="#cite_note-Schivinski-2020-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-boydEllison-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kietzmann-1">[1]</a> Social media is used to document memories, learn, and form friendships.<a href="#cite_note-Schurgin-2011-8">[8]</a> They may be used to promote people, companies, products, and ideas.<a href="#cite_note-Schurgin-2011-8">[8]</a> Social media can be used to consume, publish, or share <a href="/wiki/News" title="News">news</a>. Popular social media platforms with over 100 million registered users include <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a>, <a href="/wiki/ShareChat" title="ShareChat">ShareChat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinterest" title="Pinterest">Pinterest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qzone" title="Qzone">QZone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weibo" title="Weibo">Weibo</a>, <a href="/wiki/VK_(service)" title="VK (service)">VK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baidu_Tieba" title="Baidu Tieba">Baidu Tieba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Threads_(social_network)" title="Threads (social network)">Threads</a> and <a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a>. Depending on interpretation, other popular platforms that are sometimes referred to as social media services include <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Letterboxd" title="Letterboxd">Letterboxd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tencent_QQ" title="Tencent QQ">QQ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quora" title="Quora">Quora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a>, <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Signal_(messaging_app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (messaging app)">Signal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Line_(software)" title="Line (software)">LINE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viber" title="Viber">Viber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discord" title="Discord">Discord</a>, and <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">Wikis</a> are examples of collaborative content creation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>] Social media outlets differ from <a href="/wiki/Old_media" title="Old media">old media</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_broadcaster" title="Television broadcaster">TV</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio broadcasting</a>) in many ways, including quality,<a href="#cite_note-qualitymedia-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reach_(advertising)" title="Reach (advertising)">reach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a>, usability, relevancy, and permanence.<a href="#cite_note-Tao-2016-10">[10]</a> Social media outlets operate in a <a href="/wiki/Dialogic" title="Dialogic">dialogic</a> transmission system (many sources to many receivers) while traditional media operate under a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/monologic#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:monologic">monologic</a> transmission model (one source to many receivers). For instance, a newspaper is delivered to many subscribers, and a radio station broadcasts the same programs to a city.<a href="#cite_note-Pavlik-2015-11">[11]</a> Social media has been criticized for a range of negative impacts on children and teenagers, including exposure to inappropriate content, exploitation by adults, sleep problems, attention problems, feelings of exclusion, and various mental health maladies.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-13">[13]</a> Social media has also received criticism as worsening <a href="/wiki/Political_polarization" title="Political polarization">political polarization</a> and undermining <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>. Major news outlets often have strong controls in place to avoid and fix false claims, but social media's unique qualities bring viral content with little to no oversight. "Algorithms that track user engagement to prioritize what is shown tend to favor content that spurs negative emotions like anger and outrage. Overall, most online misinformation originates from a small minority of “superspreaders,” but social media amplifies their reach and influence."<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_social_media" title="Timeline of social media">Timeline of social media</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_computing">Early computing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early computing">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/PLATO_(computer_system)" title="PLATO (computer system)">PLATO system</a> was launched in 1960 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign">University of Illinois</a> and subsequently commercially marketed by <a href="/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation" title="Control Data Corporation">Control Data Corporation</a>. It offered early forms of social media features with innovations such as Notes, PLATO's message-forum application; TERM-talk, its instant-messaging feature; <a href="/wiki/Talkomatic" title="Talkomatic">Talkomatic</a>, perhaps the first <a href="/wiki/Online_chat_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Online chat room">online chat room</a>; News Report, a <a href="/wiki/Crowdsourced" class="mw-redirect" title="Crowdsourced">crowdsourced</a> online newspaper, and blog and Access Lists, enabling the owner of a note file or other application to limit access to a certain set of users, for example, only friends, classmates, or co-workers. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_IMP_Log_The_Very_First_Message_Sent_on_the_Internet_(6293913865).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_IMP_Log_The_Very_First_Message_Sent_on_the_Internet_%286293913865%29.jpg/220px-The_IMP_Log_The_Very_First_Message_Sent_on_the_Internet_%286293913865%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_IMP_Log_The_Very_First_Message_Sent_on_the_Internet_%286293913865%29.jpg/330px-The_IMP_Log_The_Very_First_Message_Sent_on_the_Internet_%286293913865%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_IMP_Log_The_Very_First_Message_Sent_on_the_Internet_%286293913865%29.jpg/440px-The_IMP_Log_The_Very_First_Message_Sent_on_the_Internet_%286293913865%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>IMP log for the first message sent over the Internet, using ARPANET</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>, which came online in 1969, had by the late 1970s enabled exchange of non-government/business ideas and communication, as evidenced by the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET#Rules_and_etiquette" title="ARPANET">network etiquette</a> (or "<a href="/wiki/Netiquette" class="mw-redirect" title="Netiquette">netiquette</a>") described in a 1982 handbook on computing at <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>'s <a href="/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stacy-15">[15]</a> ARPANET evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-rfc675-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a>, conceived by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Truscott" title="Tom Truscott">Tom Truscott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Ellis_(computing)" title="Jim Ellis (computing)">Jim Ellis</a> in 1979 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>, was the first open social media app, established in 1980. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koala_Country_Doors_Menu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Koala_Country_Doors_Menu.jpg/220px-Koala_Country_Doors_Menu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Koala_Country_Doors_Menu.jpg/330px-Koala_Country_Doors_Menu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Koala_Country_Doors_Menu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="231" /></a><figcaption>A bulletin board system menu, featuring <a href="/wiki/Opinion_poll" title="Opinion poll">opinion polls</a> and a "Who's been on today?" query</figcaption></figure> A precursor of the electronic <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">bulletin board system</a> (BBS), known as <a href="/wiki/Community_Memory" title="Community Memory">Community Memory</a>, appeared by 1973. Mainstream BBSs arrived with the Computer Bulletin Board System in Chicago, which launched on February 16, 1978. Before long, most major US cities had more than one BBS, running on <a href="/wiki/TRS-80" title="TRS-80">TRS-80</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atari_8-bit_computers" title="Atari 8-bit computers">Atari 8-bit computers</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Research" title="Sinclair Research">Sinclair</a>, and others. <a href="/wiki/CompuServe" title="CompuServe">CompuServe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prodigy_(online_service)" title="Prodigy (online service)">Prodigy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> were three of the largest BBS companies and were the first to migrate to the Internet in the 1990s. Between the mid-1980s and the mid-1990s, BBSes numbered in the tens of thousands in North America alone.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards-2016-17">[17]</a> Message forums were the signature BBS phenomenon throughout the 1980s and early 1990s. In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> integrated <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> software with the Internet, creating the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>. This breakthrough led to an explosion of <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mailing_list" title="Mailing list">list servers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a> services. Message forums migrated to the web, and evolved into <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Internet forums</a>, supported by cheaper access as well as the ability to handle far more people simultaneously. These early text-based systems expanded to include images and video in the 21st century, aided by <a href="/wiki/Digital_cameras" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital cameras">digital cameras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camera_phones" class="mw-redirect" title="Camera phones">camera phones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-spinoff-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_media_platforms">Social media platforms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Social media platforms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SixDegrees.com_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SixDegrees.com_logo.png/220px-SixDegrees.com_logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/SixDegrees.com_logo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="80" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SixDegrees.com" title="SixDegrees.com">SixDegrees</a>, launched in 1997, is often regarded as the first social media site.</figcaption></figure> The evolution of online services progressed from serving as channels for networked communication to becoming interactive platforms for networked social interaction with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dijck-6">[6]</a> Social media started in the mid-1990s with the invention of platforms like <a href="/wiki/GeoCities" title="GeoCities">GeoCities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classmates.com" title="Classmates.com">Classmates.com</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SixDegrees.com" title="SixDegrees.com">SixDegrees.com</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ngak-2011-19">[19]</a> While instant messaging and chat clients existed at the time, SixDegrees was unique as it was the first online service designed for people to connect using their actual names instead of anonymously. It boasted features like profiles, friends lists, and school affiliations, making it "the very first social networking site".<a href="#cite_note-Ngak-2011-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kirkpatrick-2011-20">[20]</a> The platform's name was inspired by the "<a href="/wiki/Six_degrees_of_separation" title="Six degrees of separation">six degrees of separation</a>" concept, which suggests that every person on the planet is just six connections away from everyone else.<a href="#cite_note-Dewzilla-2020-21">[21]</a> In the early 2000s, social media platforms gained widespread popularity with the likes of <a href="/wiki/Friendster" title="Friendster">Friendster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB-2022-22">[22]</a> Research from 2015 reported that globally, users spent 22% of their online time on social networks,<a href="#cite_note-Nielsen-2022-23">[23]</a> likely fueled by the availability of smartphones.<a href="#cite_note-Sterling-2016-24">[24]</a> As of 2023 as many as 4.76 billion people used social media<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> some 59% of the global population. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> A 2015 review identified four features unique to social media services:<a href="#cite_note-SMDefinition-2">[2]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> Internet-based applications.<a href="#cite_note-SMDefinition-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-usersoftheworld-3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-generated_content" title="User-generated content">User-generated content</a><a href="#cite_note-SMDefinition-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-usersoftheworld-3">[3]</a></li> <li>User-created self profiles<a href="#cite_note-SMDefinition-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-boydEllison-5">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">Social networks</a> formed by connections between profiles,<a href="#cite_note-SMDefinition-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-boydEllison-5">[5]</a> such as followers, groups, and lists.</li></ul> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a> defined social media as "forms of electronic communication (such as websites for social networking and microblogging) through which users create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content (such as videos)."<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Services">Services</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Services">edit</a>]</div> Social media encompasses an expanding suite of services:<a href="#cite_note-IJMR_Article-27">[27]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogs</a> (ex. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boing_Boing" title="Boing Boing">Boing Boing</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_network_service" title="Professional network service">Business networks</a> (ex. <a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="/wiki/XING" title="XING">XING</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_collaboration" title="Open collaboration">Collaborative projects</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_social_networking" title="Enterprise social networking">Enterprise social networks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Yammer">Yammer</a>, <a href="/wiki/VMware#Acquisitions" title="VMware">Socialcast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slack_(software)" title="Slack (software)">Slack</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Forums</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaia_Online" title="Gaia Online">Gaia Online</a>, <a href="/wiki/IGN" title="IGN">IGN</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblogs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weibo" title="Weibo">Weibo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Photo sharing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pinterest" title="Pinterest">Pinterest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photobucket" title="Photobucket">Photobucket</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_site" title="Review site">Products/services review</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upwork" title="Upwork">Upwork</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_bookmarking" title="Social bookmarking">Social bookmarking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Delicious_(website)" title="Delicious (website)">Delicious</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinterest" title="Pinterest">Pinterest</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_game" title="Social network game">Social gaming</a> including <a href="/wiki/MMORPG" class="mw-redirect" title="MMORPG">MMORPGs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fortnite" title="Fortnite">Fortnite</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_of_Warcraft" title="World of Warcraft">World of Warcraft</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">Social network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baidu_Tieba" title="Baidu Tieba">Baidu Tieba</a>, <a href="/wiki/VK_(service)" title="VK (service)">VK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qzone" title="Qzone">QZone</a>, <a href="/wiki/ShareChat" title="ShareChat">ShareChat</a>, <a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Line_(software)" title="Line (software)">LINE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">Video sharing</a> (<a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vimeo" title="Vimeo">Vimeo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_world" title="Virtual world">Virtual worlds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_Life" title="Second Life">Second Life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twinity" title="Twinity">Twinity</a>)</li></ul> Some services offer more than one type of service.<a href="#cite_note-boydEllison-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mobile_social_media">Mobile social media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mobile social media">edit</a>]</div> Mobile social media refers to the use of social media on <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile devices</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablets</a>. It is distinguished by its ubiquity, since users no longer have to be at a desk in order to participate on a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>. Mobile services can further make use of the user's immediate location to offer information, connections, or services relevant to that location. According to <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Kaplan" title="Andreas Kaplan">Andreas Kaplan</a>, mobile social media activities fall among four types:<a href="#cite_note-mobileKaplan-28">[28]</a> <ul><li>Space-timers (location and time-sensitive): Exchange of messages with relevance for a specific location at a specific point in time (posting about a traffic jam)</li> <li>Space-locators (only location sensitive): Posts/messages with relevance for a specific location, read later by others (e.g. a restaurant review)</li> <li>Quick-timers (only time sensitive): Transfer of traditional social media <a href="/wiki/Mobile_apps" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile apps">mobile apps</a> to increase immediacy (e.g. posting status updates)</li> <li>Slow-timers (neither location nor time sensitive): Transfer of traditional social media applications to mobile devices (e.g. watching a video)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elements_and_function">Elements and function</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Elements and function">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virality">Virality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Virality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">Viral phenomenon</a></div> Certain <a href="/wiki/Content_creation" title="Content creation">content</a> has the potential to spread virally, an analogy for the way <a href="/wiki/Viral_disease" title="Viral disease">viral infections</a> spread contagiously from individual to individual. One user spreads a post across their network, which leads those users to follow suit. A post from a relatively unknown user can reach vast numbers of people within hours. Virality is not guaranteed; few posts make the transition. <a href="/wiki/Viral_marketing" title="Viral marketing">Viral marketing</a> campaigns are particularly attractive to <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">businesses</a> because they can achieve widespread advertising coverage at a fraction of the cost of traditional marketing campaigns. <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">Nonprofit organizations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">activists</a> may also attempt to spread content virally. Social media sites provide specific functionality to help users re-share content, such as <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">X</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>'s "like" option.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bots">Bots</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bots">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internet_bot" title="Internet bot">Internet bot</a></div> Bots are automated programs that operate on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> They automate many communication tasks. This has led to the creation of an industry of bot providers.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">Chatbots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_bot" title="Social bot">social bots</a> are programmed to mimic human interactions such as liking, commenting, and following.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Bots have also been developed to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Social_media_marketing" title="Social media marketing">social media marketing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Bots have led the <a href="/wiki/Marketing_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Marketing industry">marketing industry</a> into an analytical crisis, as bots make it difficult to differentiate between human interactions and bot interactions.<a href="#cite_note-Baym-2013-34">[34]</a> Some bots violate platforms' <a href="/wiki/Terms_of_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Terms of use">terms of use</a>, which can result in bans and campaigns to eliminate bots categorically.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Bots may even pose as real people to avoid prohibitions.<a href="#cite_note-cgwj-36">[36]</a> '<a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">Cyborgs</a>'—either bot-assisted humans or human-assisted bots<a href="#cite_note-cgwj-36">[36]</a>—are used for both legitimate and illegitimate purposes, from spreading <a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">fake news</a> to creating <a href="/wiki/Marketing_buzz" title="Marketing buzz">marketing buzz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> A common use claimed to be legitimate includes posting at a specific time.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> A human writes a post content and the bot posts it a specific time. In other cases, cyborgs spread <a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">fake news</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cgwj-36">[36]</a> Cyborgs may work as <a href="/wiki/Sock_puppet_account" title="Sock puppet account">sock puppets</a>, where one human pretends to be someone else, or operates multiple accounts, each pretending to be a person. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Patents">Patents</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Patents">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">Software patent</a></div> A multitude of <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> patents are related to social media, growing rapidly.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit">[update]</a>, over 5000 social media patent applications had been published in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Only slightly over 100 patents had been issued.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Platform_convergence">Platform convergence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Platform convergence">edit</a>]</div> As an instance of <a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">technological convergence</a>, various social media platforms adapted functionality beyond their original scope, increasingly overlapping with each other. Examples are the social hub site <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> launching an integrated <a href="/wiki/Video_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Video platform">video platform</a> in May 2007,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, whose original scope was low-resolution photo sharing, introducing the ability to share quarter-minute 640×640 pixel videos<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> (later extended to a minute with increased resolution). Instagram later implemented <a href="/wiki/Stories_(social_media)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stories (social media)">stories</a> (short videos self-destructing after 24 hours), a concept popularized by <a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/IGTV" title="IGTV">IGTV</a>, for seekable videos.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Stories were then adopted by <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">X</a>, whose original scope was text-based microblogging, later adopted photo sharing,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> then video sharing,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> then a media studio for business users, after YouTube's Creator Studio.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The discussion platform <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> added an integrated <a href="/wiki/Image_hosting_service" title="Image hosting service">image hoster</a> replacing the external image sharing platform <a href="/wiki/Imgur" title="Imgur">Imgur</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> and then an internal video hosting service,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> followed by image galleries (multiple images in a single post), known from Imgur.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Imgur implemented video sharing.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> rolled out a Community feature, for sharing text-only posts and <a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">polls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_statistics">Usage statistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Usage statistics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_social_platforms_with_at_least_100_million_active_users" title="List of social platforms with at least 100 million active users">List of social platforms with at least 100 million active users</a></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Statista" title="Statista">Statista</a>, it is estimated that, in 2022, around 3.96 billion people were using social media globally. This number is up from 3.6 billion in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The following is a list of the most popular <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking services</a> based on the number of active users as of January 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit">[update]</a> per <a href="/wiki/Statista" title="Statista">Statista</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Statista-2022-58">[58]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> Social networking services with the most users, January 2024<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>Network </th> <th>Number of users (millions) </th> <th>Country of origin </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> </td> <td>3,049 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> </td> <td>2,491 </td> <td>United States </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a> </td> <td>2,000 </td> <td>United States </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> </td> <td>2,000 </td> <td>United States </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a> </td> <td>1,526 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a> </td> <td>1,336 </td> <td>China </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Messenger_(software)" title="Messenger (software)">Facebook Messenger</a> </td> <td>979 </td> <td>United States </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a> </td> <td>800 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Douyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Douyin">Douyin</a> </td> <td>752 </td> <td>China </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a> </td> <td>750 </td> <td>United States </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuaishou" title="Kuaishou">Kuaishou</a> </td> <td>685 </td> <td>China </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> </td> <td>619 </td> <td>United States </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage:_before_the_pandemic">Usage: before the pandemic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Usage: before the pandemic">edit</a>]</div> A 2009 study suggested that individual differences may help explain who uses social media: <a href="/wiki/Extraversion_and_introversion" title="Extraversion and introversion">extraversion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Openness" title="Openness">openness</a> have a positive relationship with social media, while <a href="/wiki/Emotional_stability" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional stability">emotional stability</a> has a negative sloping relationship with social media.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> A 2015 study reported that people with a higher <a href="/wiki/Social_comparison_bias" title="Social comparison bias">social comparison</a> orientation appear to use social media more heavily than people with low social comparison orientation.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_Media" title="Common Sense Media">Common Sense Media</a> reported that children under age 13 in the United States use <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking services</a> although many social media sites require users to be 13 or older.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In 2017, the firm conducted a survey of parents of children from birth to age 8 and reported that 4% of children at this age used social media sites such as <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a>, or (now-defunct) <a href="/wiki/Musical.ly" title="Musical.ly">Musical.ly</a> "often" or "sometimes".<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Their 2019 survey surveyed Americans ages 8–16 and reported that about 31% of children ages 8–12 use social media.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In that survey, teens aged 16–18 were asked when they started using social media. the median age was 14, although 28% said they started to use it before reaching 13. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage:_during_the_pandemic">Usage: during the pandemic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Usage: during the pandemic">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Usage_by_minors">Usage by minors</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Usage by minors">edit</a>]</div> Social media played a role in communication during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In June 2020, a survey by <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">Cyberbullying</a> Research Center surveyed Americans <a href="/wiki/Preadolescence" title="Preadolescence">tweens</a> (ages 9–12) and reported that the most popular application was <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> (67%).<a href="#cite_note-Patchin-2020-66">[66]</a> (as age increased, tweens were more likely to have used social media apps and games.) Similarly, Common Sense Media's 2020 survey of Americans ages 13–18 reported that YouTube was the most popular (used by 86% of 13- to 18-year-olds).<a href="#cite_note-Robb-2020-67">[67]</a> As children aged, they increasingly utilized social media services and often used YouTube to consume content. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Apps used by U.S. tweens (ages 9–12), 2019-2020<a href="#cite_note-Patchin-2020-66">[66]</a>: 39–42  </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Platform </th> <th>Overall </th> <th>Boys </th> <th>Girls </th> <th>9-year-olds </th> <th>12-year-olds </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> </td> <td>67% </td> <td>68% </td> <td>66% </td> <td>53.6% </td> <td>74.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minecraft" title="Minecraft">Minecraft</a> </td> <td>48% </td> <td>61% </td> <td>35% </td> <td>43.6% </td> <td>49.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roblox" title="Roblox">Roblox</a> </td> <td>47% </td> <td>44% </td> <td>49% </td> <td>41.2% </td> <td>41.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Google_Classroom" title="Google Classroom">Google Classroom</a> </td> <td>45% </td> <td>48% </td> <td>41% </td> <td>39.6% </td> <td>49.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fortnite" title="Fortnite">Fortnite</a> </td> <td>31% </td> <td>43% </td> <td>20% </td> <td>22.2% </td> <td>38.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a> </td> <td>30% </td> <td>23% </td> <td>30% </td> <td>16.8% </td> <td>37% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Kids" title="YouTube Kids">YouTube Kids</a> </td> <td>26% </td> <td>24% </td> <td>28% </td> <td>32.7% </td> <td>22.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a> </td> <td>16% </td> <td>11% </td> <td>21% </td> <td>5.6% </td> <td>22.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Messenger_Kids" title="Messenger Kids">Facebook Messenger Kids</a> </td> <td>15% </td> <td>12% </td> <td>18% </td> <td>19.1% </td> <td>10.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> </td> <td>15% </td> <td>12% </td> <td>19% </td> <td>3% </td> <td>28.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Discord" title="Discord">Discord</a> </td> <td>8% </td> <td>11% </td> <td>5% </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>14.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> </td> <td>8% </td> <td>6% </td> <td>9% </td> <td>2.2% </td> <td>15% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Twitch_(service)" title="Twitch (service)">Twitch</a> </td> <td>5% </td> <td>7% </td> <td>2% </td> <td>1.0% </td> <td>9.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>None of the above </td> <td>5% </td> <td>6% </td> <td>5% </td> <td>9.6% </td> <td>3.3% </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Social media platforms used by U.S. kids in 2020 (ages 13–18) and 2017 (ages 10–18)<a href="#cite_note-Robb-2020-67">[67]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Platform </th> <th>2020 </th> <th>2017 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> </td> <td>86% </td> <td>70% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> </td> <td>69% </td> <td>60% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a> </td> <td>68% </td> <td>59% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a> </td> <td>47% </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> </td> <td>43% </td> <td>63% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> </td> <td>28% </td> <td>36% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> </td> <td>14% </td> <td>6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Another <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking service</a> </td> <td>2% </td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Do not use social networking service </td> <td>4% </td> <td>6% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reasons_for_use_by_adults">Reasons for use by adults</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reasons for use by adults">edit</a>]</div> While adults were using social media before the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, more started using it to stay socially connected and to get pandemic updates. <blockquote>"Social media have become popularly use to seek for medical information and have fascinated the general public to collect information regarding corona virus pandemics in various perspectives. During these days, people are forced to stay at home and the social media have connected and supported awareness and pandemic updates."<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></blockquote><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare workers">Healthcare workers</a> and systems became more aware of social media as a place people were getting health information:<blockquote>"During the COVID-19 pandemic, social media use has accelerated to the point of becoming a ubiquitous part of modern healthcare systems."<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></blockquote>This also led to the spread of <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a>. On December 11, 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a> put out a "Call to Action: Managing the <a href="/wiki/Infodemic" title="Infodemic">Infodemic</a>".<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Some healthcare organizations used hashtags as interventions and published articles on their <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> data:<a href="#cite_note-Kudchadkar-2020-71">[71]</a> <blockquote>"Promotion of the joint usage of #PedsICU and #COVID19 throughout the international pediatric critical care community in tweets relevant to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and pediatric critical care."<a href="#cite_note-Kudchadkar-2020-71">[71]</a> </blockquote>However others in the medical community were concerned about social media addiction, as it became an increasingly important context and therefore "source of social validation and reinforcement" and were unsure whether increased social media use was harmful.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_by_organizations">Use by organizations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Use by organizations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> Governments may use social media to (for example):<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <ul><li>inform their opinions to public</li> <li>interact with citizens</li> <li>foster citizen participation</li> <li>further <a href="/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">open government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">analyze/monitor</a> public opinion and activities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_in_health_awareness" title="Social media use in health awareness">educate the public about risks and public health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Law enforcement">edit</a>]</div> Social media has been used extensively <a href="/wiki/Use_of_social_network_websites_in_investigations" title="Use of social network websites in investigations">in civil and criminal investigations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> It has also been used to search for missing persons.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Police departments often make use of official social media accounts to engage with the public, publicize police activity, and burnish law enforcement's image;<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schneider-78">[78]</a> conversely, video footage of citizen-documented <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Police_misconduct" title="Police misconduct">misconduct</a> has sometimes been posted to social media.<a href="#cite_note-Schneider-78">[78]</a> In the United States, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a> identifies and track individuals via social media, and has apprehended some people via social media-based sting operations.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a> (also known as CPB) and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">United States Department of Homeland Security</a> use social media data as influencing factors during the <a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">visa</a> process, and monitor individuals after they have entered the country.<a href="#cite_note-Patel-2020-80">[80]</a> CPB officers have also been documented performing searches of electronics and social media behavior at the border, searching both citizens and non-citizens without first obtaining a warrant.<a href="#cite_note-Patel-2020-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reputation_management">Reputation management</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Reputation management">edit</a>]</div> As social media gained momentum among the younger generations, governments began using it to improve their image, especially among the youth. In January 2021, Egyptian authorities were reported to be using <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> influencers as part of its media ambassadors program. The program was designed to revamp <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>'s image and to counter the bad press Egypt had received because of the country's <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> record. Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates participated in similar programs.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Similarly, Dubai has extensively relied on social media and influencers to promote tourism. However, Dubai laws have kept these influencers within limits to not offend the authorities, or to criticize the city, politics or religion. The content of these foreign influencers is controlled to make sure that nothing portrays Dubai in a negative light.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business">Business</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Business">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_by_businesses" title="Social media use by businesses">Social media use by businesses</a></div> Many businesses use social media for <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">branding</a>,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a>, communication, <a href="/wiki/Sales_promotion" title="Sales promotion">sales promotions</a>, informal <a href="/wiki/Organizational_learning" title="Organizational learning">employee-learning/organizational development</a>, competitive analysis, recruiting, relationship management/<a href="/wiki/Loyalty_program" title="Loyalty program">loyalty programs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mobileKaplan-28">[28]</a> and <a href="/wiki/E-Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="E-Commerce">e-Commerce</a>. Companies use <a href="/wiki/Social_media_monitoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Social media monitoring">social-media monitoring</a> tools to monitor, track, and analyze conversations to aid in their marketing, sales and other programs. Tools range from free, basic applications to subscription-based, tools. Social media offers information on industry trends. Within the finance industry, companies use social media as a tool for analyzing market sentiment. These range from marketing financial products, market trends, and as a tool to identify insider trading.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> To exploit these opportunities, businesses need guidelines for use on each platform.<a href="#cite_note-usersoftheworld-3">[3]</a> Business use of social media is complicated by the fact that the business does not fully control its social media presence. Instead, it makes its case by participating in the "conversation".<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Business uses social media<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> on a customer-organizational level; and an intra-organizational level. Social media can encourage entrepreneurship and innovation, by highlighting successes, and by easing access to resources that might not otherwise be readily available/known.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marketing">Marketing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Marketing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_media_marketing" title="Social media marketing">Social media marketing</a></div> Social media marketing can help promote a product or service and establish connections with customers. Social media marketing can be divided into paid media, earned media, and owned media.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Using paid social media firms run advertising on a social media platform. Earned social media appears when firms do something that impresses stakeholders and they spontaneously post content about it. Owned social media is the platform markets itself by creating/promoting content to its users.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Primary uses are to create <a href="/wiki/Brand_awareness" title="Brand awareness">brand awareness</a>, engage customers by conversation (e.g., customers provide feedback on the firm) and providing access to <a href="/wiki/Customer_service" title="Customer service">customer service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Social media's peer-to-peer communication shifts power from the organization to consumers, since consumer content is widely visible and not controlled by the company.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet_celebrity" title="Internet celebrity">Social media personalities</a>, often referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Influencers" class="mw-redirect" title="Influencers">influencers</a>", are Internet celebrities who are <a href="/wiki/Sponsored_post" title="Sponsored post">sponsored</a> by marketers to promote products and companies online. Research reports that these <a href="/wiki/Influencer_marketing" title="Influencer marketing">endorsements</a> attract the attention of users who have not settled on which products/services to buy,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> especially <a href="/wiki/Digital_native" title="Digital native">younger consumers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The practice of harnessing influencers to market or promote a product or service to their following is commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Influencer_marketing" title="Influencer marketing">influencer marketing</a>. In 2013, the United Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Advertising_Standards_Authority_(United_Kingdom)" title="Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)">Advertising Standards Authority</a> (ASA) began advising celebrities to make it clear whether they had been paid to recommend a product or service by using the hashtag #spon or #<a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">ad</a> when endorsing. The US <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> issued similar guidelines.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Social media platforms also enable <a href="/wiki/Targeted_advertising" title="Targeted advertising">targeting specific audiences with advertising</a>. Users of social media can share, and comment on the advertisement, turning passive consumers into active promoters and even producers.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Targeting requires extra effort by advertisers to understand how to reach the right users.<a href="#cite_note-usersoftheworld-3">[3]</a> Companies can use humor (such as <a href="/wiki/Shitposting" title="Shitposting">shitposting</a>) to poke fun at competitors.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Advertising can even inspire <a href="/wiki/Fan_art" title="Fan art">fanart</a> which can engage new audiences.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hashtags" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashtags">Hashtags</a> (such as #ejuice and #eliquid) are one way to target interested users.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> User content can trigger <a href="/wiki/Social_multiplier_effect" title="Social multiplier effect">peer effects</a>, increasing consumer interest even without influencer involvement. A 2012 study focused on this communication reported that communication among peers can affect purchase intentions: direct impact through encouraging <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a>, and an indirect impact by increasing product engagement. This study claimed that peer communication about a product increased product engagement.<a href="#cite_note-Wang2011-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_in_politics" title="Social media use in politics">Social media use in politics</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_YouTube" title="Social impact of YouTube">Social impact of YouTube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Use_of_social_media_in_the_Wisconsin_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Use of social media in the Wisconsin protests">Use of social media in the Wisconsin protests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_political_communication_in_the_United_States" title="Social media and political communication in the United States">Social media and political communication in the United States</a></div> Social media have a range of uses in <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Politicians use social media to spread their messages and <a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_in_politics#Impact_on_elections" title="Social media use in politics">influence voters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Dounoucos et al. reported that <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> use by candidates was unprecedented during the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_elections" title="2016 United States elections">US 2016 election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dounoucos-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The public increased its reliance on social-media sites for political information.<a href="#cite_note-Dounoucos-102">[102]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, social media amplified political messages.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Foreign-originated social-media campaigns attempt to influence political opinion in another country.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Activism">Activism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Activism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_the_Arab_Spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Social media and the Arab Spring">Social media and the Arab Spring</a></div> Social media was influential in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERainieWellman2012207-110">[110]</a> However, debate persists about the extent to which social media facilitated this.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Activists have used social media to report the abuse of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bahrain" title="Human rights in Bahrain">human rights in Bahrain</a>. They publicized the brutality of government authorities, who they claimed were <a href="/wiki/Detention_(imprisonment)" title="Detention (imprisonment)">detaining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tortured" class="mw-redirect" title="Tortured">torturing</a> and threatening individuals. Conversely, Bahrain's government used social media to track and target activists. The government stripped citizenship from over 1,000 activists as punishment.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">Militant</a> groups use social media as an organizing and recruiting tool.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> (also known as ISIS) used social media. In 2014, #AllEyesonISIS went viral on Arabic <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">X</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Propaganda">Propaganda</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Propaganda">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_Internet_propaganda" title="State-sponsored Internet propaganda">State-sponsored Internet propaganda</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State-sponsored_Internet_propaganda&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_Internet_propaganda" title="State-sponsored Internet propaganda">State-sponsored Internet propaganda</a> is <a href="/wiki/Internet_manipulation" title="Internet manipulation">Internet manipulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> that is sponsored by a <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>. States have used the Internet, particularly social media to influence elections, sow distrust in institutions, spread rumors, spread <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a>, typically using <a href="/wiki/Internet_bot" title="Internet bot">bots</a> to create and spread contact. Propaganda is used internally to control populations, and externally to influence other societies.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recruiting">Recruiting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Recruiting">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_in_hiring" title="Social media use in hiring">Social media use in hiring</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_media_use_in_hiring&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_in_hiring" title="Social media use in hiring">Social media use in hiring</a> refers to the examination by employers of <a href="/wiki/Job_applicant" class="mw-redirect" title="Job applicant">job applicants</a>' (public) social media profiles as part of the <a href="/wiki/Recruitment" title="Recruitment">hiring</a> assessment. For example, the vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> companies use social media as a tool to screen prospective employees and as a tool for talent acquisition.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> This practice raises ethical questions. Employers and recruiters note that they have access only to information that applicants choose to make public. Many Western-European countries restrict employer's use of social media in the workplace. States including Arkansas, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maryland, Michigan, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, Utah, Washington, and Wisconsin protect applicants and employees from surrendering usernames and passwords for social media accounts.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Use of social media as caused significant problems for some applicants who are active on social media. A 2013 survey of 17,000 young people in six countries found that one in ten people aged 16 to 34 claimed to have been rejected for a job because of social media activity.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Social media services have been reported to affect <a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">deception</a> in resumes. While these services do not affect deception frequency, it does increase deception about interests and hobbies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Science">edit</a>]</div> Scientists use social media to share their scientific knowledge and research on platforms such as <a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>, <a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">X</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Academia.edu" title="Academia.edu">Academia.edu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The most common platforms are X and blogs. The use of social media reportedly has improved the interaction between scientists, reporters, and the general public.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Over 495,000 opinions were shared on X related to science between September 1, 2010, and August 31, 2011.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Science related blogs respond to and motivate public interest in learning, following, and discussing science. Posts can be written quickly and allow the reader to interact in real time with authors.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> One study in the context of climate change reported that climate scientists and scientific institutions played a minimal role in <a href="/wiki/Online_deliberation" title="Online deliberation">online debate</a>, exceeded by <a href="/wiki/Nongovernmental_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Nongovernmental organizations">nongovernmental organizations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academia">Academia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Academia">edit</a>]</div> Academicians use social media activity to assess <a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">academic publications</a>,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> to measure public sentiment,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> identify influencer accounts,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> or crowdsource ideas or solutions.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Social media such as Facebook, X are also combined to predict elections via sentiment analysis.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Additional social media (e.g. YouTube, <a href="/wiki/Google_Trends" title="Google Trends">Google Trends</a>) can be combined to reach a wider segment of the voting population, minimise media-specific bias, and inexpensively estimate electoral predictions which are on average half of a percentage point off the real vote share.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="School_admissions">School admissions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: School admissions">edit</a>]</div> In some places, students have been forced to surrender their social media passwords to school administrators.<a href="#cite_note-ACLU1-129">[129]</a> Few laws protect student's social media privacy. Organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/ACLU" class="mw-redirect" title="ACLU">ACLU</a> call for more privacy protection. They urge students who are pressured to give up their account information to resist.<a href="#cite_note-ACLU2-130">[130]</a> Colleges and universities may access applicants' internet services including social media profiles as part of their admissions process. According to <a href="/wiki/Kaplan,_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaplan, Inc">Kaplan, Inc</a>, a corporation that provides higher education preparation, in 2012 27% of admissions officers used <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> to learn more about an applicant, with 26% checking <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Students whose social media pages include questionable material may be disqualified from admission processes.<blockquote>"One survey in July 2017, by the American Association of College Registrars and Admissions Officers, reported that 11 percent of respondents said they had refused to admit an applicant based on social media content. This includes 8 percent of public institutions, where the First Amendment applies. The survey reported that 30 percent of institutions acknowledged reviewing the personal social media accounts of applicants at least some of the time."<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Court_cases">Court cases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Court cases">edit</a>]</div> Social media comments and images have been used in court cases including employment law, child custody/child support, and disability claims. After an <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> employee criticized his employer on <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, he was fired. When the former employee sued Apple for unfair dismissal, the court, after examining the employee's Facebook posts, reported in favor of Apple, stating that the posts breached Apple's policies.<a href="#cite_note-BlogHerald-133">[133]</a> After a couple broke up, the man posted song lyrics "that talked about fantasies of killing the rapper's ex-wife" and made threats. A court reported him guilty.<a href="#cite_note-BlogHerald-133">[133]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] In a disability claims case, a woman who fell at work claimed that she was permanently injured; the employer used her social media posts to counter her claims.<a href="#cite_note-BlogHerald-133">[133]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] Courts do not always admit social media evidence, in part, because screenshots can be faked or tampered with.<a href="#cite_note-Raymer-134">[134]</a> Judges may consider <a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">emojis</a> into account to assess statements made on social media; in one Michigan case where a person alleged that another person had defamed them in an online comment, the judge disagreed, noting that an emoji after the comment that indicated that it was a joke.<a href="#cite_note-Raymer-134">[134]</a> In a 2014 case in Ontario against a police officer regarding alleged assault of a protester during the G20 summit, the court rejected the Crown's application to use a digital photo of the protest that was anonymously posted online, because it included no <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> verifying its provenance.<a href="#cite_note-Raymer-134">[134]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] On April 9, 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Spirit_Lake_Tribe" title="Spirit Lake Tribe">Spirit Lake Tribe</a> in North Dakota and <a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee Indian Tribe</a> of Wisconsin have sued social media companies (Meta Platforms-<a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, Instagram; Snapchat, <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>, YouTube, and Google) companies accused of ‘deliberate misconduct’. Their lawsuit describes “a sophisticated and intentional effort that has caused a continuing, substantial, and longterm burden to the Tribe and its members,” leaving scarce resources for education, cultural preservation and other social programs.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_by_individuals">Use by individuals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Use by individuals">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="News_source">News source</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: News source">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Social_media_as_a_news_source" title="Social media as a news source">Social media as a news source</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_media_as_a_news_source&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Social_media_as_a_news_source" title="Social media as a news source">Social media as a news source</a> is the use of online social media platforms rather than moreover <a href="/wiki/Old_media" title="Old media">traditional media platforms</a> to obtain news. Just as television turned a nation of people who listened to media content into watchers of media content in the 1950s to the 1980s, the emergence of social media has created a nation of media <a href="/wiki/Content_creation" title="Content creation">content creators</a>. Almost half of Americans use social media as a news source, according to the Pew Research Center.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> As a participatory platform that allows for <a href="/wiki/User-generated_content" title="User-generated content">user-generated content</a><a href="#cite_note-Social_media_as_a_news_source_SMDefinition3-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Social_media_as_a_news_source_Kaplan2-138">[138]</a> and sharing content within one's own virtual network,<a href="#cite_note-Social_media_as_a_news_source_Kietzmann-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Social_media_as_a_news_source_SMDefinition3-137">[137]</a> using social media as a news source allows users to engage with news in a variety of ways,<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> including: <ul><li>Consume news</li> <li>Discover news</li> <li>Share or repost news</li> <li>Post their own photos, videos, or reports of news (i.e., engage in <a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">citizen or participatory journalism</a>)</li> <li>Comment on news</li></ul> Using social media as a news source has become an increasingly more popular way for old and young adults alike to obtain information. There are ways that social media positively affects the world of news and journalism but it is important to acknowledge that there are also ways in which social media has a negative effect on the news that people consume such as false news, biased news, and disturbing content. A 2019 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> poll reported that Americans are wary about the ways that social media sites share news and certain content.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> This wariness of accuracy grew as awareness that social media sites could be exploited by bad actors who concoct false narratives and fake news.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_tool">Social tool</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Social tool">edit</a>]</div> Social media are used to socialize with friends and family<a href="#cite_note-Aichner-2021-143">[143]</a> pursue romance and flirt,<a href="#cite_note-Aichner-2021-143">[143]</a> but not all social needs can be fulfilled by social media.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> For example, a 2003 article reported that lonely individuals are more likely to use the Internet for emotional support than others.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> A 2018 survey from Common Sense Media reported that 40% of American teens ages 13–17 thought that social media was "extremely" or "very" important for them to connect with their friends.<a href="#cite_note-Rideout-2018-146">[146]</a> The same survey reported that 33% of teens said social media was extremely or very important to conduct meaningful conversations with close friends, and 23% of teens said social media was extremely or very important to document and share their lives.<a href="#cite_note-Rideout-2018-146">[146]</a> A 2020 Gallup poll reported that 53% of adult social media users in the United States thought that social media was a very or moderately important way to keep in touch with people during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In Alone Together <a href="/wiki/Sherry_Turkle" title="Sherry Turkle">Sherry Turkle</a> considered how people confuse social media usage with authentic communication.<a href="#cite_note-Turkle2012-148">[148]</a> She claimed that people act differently online and are less concerned about hurting others' feelings. Some online encounters can cause stress and anxiety, due to the difficulty purging online posts, fear of getting hacked, or of universities and employers exploring social media pages. Turkle speculated that many people prefer texting to face-to-face communication, which can contribute to loneliness.<a href="#cite_note-Turkle2012-148">[148]</a> Surveys from 2019 reported evidence among teens in the United States<a href="#cite_note-Rideout-2018-146">[146]</a> and Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Some researchers reported that exchanges that involved direct communication and reciprocal messages correlated with less loneliness.<a href="#cite_note-Burke2011-150">[150]</a> In social media "<a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">stalking</a>" or "creeping" refers to looking at someone's "timeline, status updates, <a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">tweets</a>, and online bios" to find information about them and their activities.<a href="#cite_note-Walker-151">[151]</a> A sub-category of creeping is creeping ex-partners after a breakup.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Catfishing" title="Catfishing">Catfishing</a> (creating a false identity) allows bad actors to exploit the lonely.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invidious_comparison">Invidious comparison</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Invidious comparison">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Impression_management" title="Impression management">Self-presentation theory</a> proposes that people consciously manage their <a href="/wiki/Self-image" title="Self-image">self-image</a> or identity related information in social contexts.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> One aspect of social media is the time invested in customizing a personal profile.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Some users segment their audiences based on the image they want to present, pseudonymity and use of multiple accounts on the same platform offer that opportunity.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> A 2016 study reported that teenage girls manipulate their self-presentation on social media to appear beautiful as viewed by their peers.<a href="#cite_note-Chua_190–197-157">[157]</a> Teenage girls attempt to earn regard and acceptance (likes, comments, and shares). When this does not go well, self-confidence and self-satisfaction can decline.<a href="#cite_note-Chua_190–197-157">[157]</a> A 2018 survey of American teens ages 13–17 by Common Sense Media reported that 45% said likes are at least somewhat important, and 26% at least somewhat agreed that they feel bad about themselves if nobody responds to their photos.<a href="#cite_note-Rideout-2018-146">[146]</a> Some evidence suggests that perceived rejection may lead to emotional pain,<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> and some may resort to online bullying.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> according to a 2016 study, users' reward circuits in their brains are more active when their photos are liked by more peers.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> A 2016 review concluded that social media can trigger a negative feedback loop of viewing and uploading photos, self-comparison, disappointment, and disordered body perception when social success is not achieved.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> One 2016 study reported that Pinterest is directly associated with disordered dieting behavior.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> People portray themselves on social media in the most appealing way.<a href="#cite_note-Chua_190–197-157">[157]</a> However, upon seeing one person's curated persona, other people may question why their own lives are not as exciting or fulfilling. One 2017 study reported that problematic social media use (i.e., feeling addicted to social media) was related to lower life satisfaction and self-esteem.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Studies have reported that social media comparisons can have dire effects on physical and mental health.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> In one study, women reported that social media was the most influential source of their body image satisfaction; while men reported them as the second biggest factor.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> While monitoring the lives of celebrities long predates social media, the ease and immediacy of direct comparisons of pictures and stories with one's own may increase their impact. A 2021 study reported that 87% of women and 65% of men compared themselves to others on social media.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Efforts to combat such negative effects focused promoting <a href="/wiki/Body_positivity" title="Body positivity">body positivity</a>. In a related study, women aged 18–30 were reported posts that contained side-by-side images of women in the same clothes and setting, but one image was enhanced for Instagram, while the other was an unedited, "realistic" version. Women who participated in this experiment reported a decrease in body dissatisfaction.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cyberpsychology#Social_media_and_cyberpsychological_behavior" title="Cyberpsychology">Cyberpsychology § Social media and cyberpsychological behavior</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_identity" title="Social media and identity">Social media and identity</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adolescents">Adolescents</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Adolescents">edit</a>]</div> Social media can offer a support system for adolescent health, because it allows them to mobilize around health issues that they deem relevant.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> For example, in a clinical study among adolescent patients undergoing <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> treatment, participants' claimed that social media allowed them to access personalized <a href="/wiki/Weight-loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight-loss">weight-loss</a> content as well as social support among other adolescents with obesity.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-media_and_eating_disorders-171">[171]</a> While social media can provide health information, it typically has no mechanism for ensuring the quality of that information.<a href="#cite_note-media_and_eating_disorders-171">[171]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Eating_Disorders_Association" title="National Eating Disorders Association">National Eating Disorders Association</a> reported a high correlation between weight loss content and disorderly eating among women who have been influenced by inaccurate content.<a href="#cite_note-media_and_eating_disorders-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Self-presentation_in_digital_media-172">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Health_literacy" title="Health literacy">Health literacy</a> offers skills to allow users to spot/avoid such content. Efforts by governments and public health organizations to advance health literacy reportedly achieved limited success.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Social media such as <a href="/wiki/Pro-ana" title="Pro-ana">pro-anorexia</a> sites reportedly increase risk of harm by reinforcing damaging health-related behaviors through social media, especially among adolescents.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ransom-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pandemic">Pandemic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Pandemic">edit</a>]</div> During the coronavirus pandemic, inaccurate information from all sides spread widely via social media.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Topics subject to distortion included treatments, avoiding infection, vaccination, and public policy. Simultaneously, governments and others influenced social media platforms to suppress both accurate and inaccurate information in support of public policy.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Heavier social media use was reportedly associated with more acceptance of conspiracy theories, leading to worse mental health<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> and less compliance with public health recommendations.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Addiction">Addiction</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Addiction">edit</a>]</div> Social media platforms can serve as a breeding ground for addiction-related behaviors, with studies report that excessive use can lead to addiction-like symptoms. These symptoms include compulsive checking, mood modification, and withdrawal when not using social media, which can result in decreased face-to-face social interactions and contribute to the deterioration of interpersonal relationships and a sense of loneliness.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyberbullying">Cyberbullying</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Cyberbullying">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">Cyberbullying</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyberbullying&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">Cyberbullying</a> (cyberharassment or online bullying) is a form of <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a> or <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a> using <a href="/wiki/Electronic_communication_network" title="Electronic communication network">electronic</a> means. Since the 2000s, it has become increasingly common, especially among teenagers and <a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">adolescents</a>, due to young people's increased use of social media.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Related issues include online harassment and <a href="/wiki/Internet_troll" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet troll">trolling</a>. In 2015, according to cyberbullying statistics from the i–Safe Foundation, over half of adolescents and teens had been bullied online, and about the same number had engaged in cyberbullying.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Both the bully and the victim are negatively affected, and the intensity, duration, and frequency of bullying are three aspects that increase the negative effects on both of them.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sleep_disturbance">Sleep disturbance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sleep disturbance">edit</a>]</div> A 2017 study reported on a link between sleep disturbance and the use of social media. It concluded that blue light from computer/phone displays—and the frequency rather than the duration of time spent, predicted disturbed sleep, termed "obsessive 'checking'".<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> The association between social media use and sleep disturbance has clinical ramifications for young adults.<a href="#cite_note-Levenson_36–41-186">[186]</a> A recent study reported that people in the highest quartile for weekly social media use experienced the most sleep disturbance. The median number of minutes of social media use per day was 61. Females were more likely to experience high levels of sleep disturbance.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Many teenagers suffer from sleep deprivation from long hours at night on their phones, and this left them tired and unfocused in school.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> A 2011 study reported that time spent on Facebook was negatively associated with <a href="/wiki/Grading_in_education" title="Grading in education">GPA</a>, but the association with sleep disturbance was not established.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emotional_effects">Emotional effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Emotional effects">edit</a>]</div> One studied effect of social media is 'Facebook depression', which affects adolescents who spend too much time on social media.<a href="#cite_note-Schurgin-2011-8">[8]</a> This may lead to reclusiveness, which can increase loneliness and low self-esteem.<a href="#cite_note-Schurgin-2011-8">[8]</a> Social media curates content to encourage users to keep scrolling.<a href="#cite_note-Levenson_36–41-186">[186]</a> Studies report children's self-esteem is positively affected by positive comments and negatively affected by negative or lack of comments. This affected self-perception.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> A 2017 study of almost 6,000 adolescent students reported that those who self-reported addiction-like symptoms of social media use were more likely to report low self-esteem and high levels of depressive symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> A second emotional effect is social media burnout, defined as ambivalence, emotional exhaustion, and <a href="/wiki/Depersonalization" title="Depersonalization">depersonalization</a>. Ambivalence is confusion about the benefits from using social media. Emotional exhaustion is stress from using social media. Depersonalization is emotional detachment from social media. The three burnout factors negatively influence the likelihood of continuing on social media.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> A third emotional effect is "<a href="/wiki/Fear_of_missing_out" title="Fear of missing out">fear of missing out</a>" (FOMO), which is the "pervasive apprehension that others might be having rewarding experiences from which one is absent."<a href="#cite_note-Przybylski,_Andrew_K._2013-193">[193]</a> It is associated with increased scrutiny of friends on social media.<a href="#cite_note-Przybylski,_Andrew_K._2013-193">[193]</a> Social media can also offer support as <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> has done for the medical community.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> X facilitated academic discussion among health professionals and students, while providing a supportive community for these individuals by and allowing members to support each other through likes, comments, and posts.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Access to social media offered a way to keep older adults connected, after the deaths of partners and geographical distance between friends and loved ones.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_suicide" title="Social media and suicide">Social media and suicide</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_media_and_suicide&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> Researchers study <a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_suicide" title="Social media and suicide">social media and suicide</a> to find if a correlation exists between the two. Some research has shown that there may be a correlation.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_impacts">Social impacts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Social impacts">edit</a>]</div> Media critic <a href="/wiki/Siva_Vaidhyanathan" title="Siva Vaidhyanathan">Siva Vaidhyanathan</a> refers to social media as 'anti-social media' in reference to its negative impacts including on loneliness and political polarization.<a href="#cite_note-:3-197">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Tang" title="Audrey Tang">Audrey Tang</a> also uses the term antisocial in reference to its impact on democracy.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disparity">Disparity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Disparity">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_divide&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> The <a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">digital divide</a> is the unequal access to <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">digital technology</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>, tablets, <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptops</a>, and the internet.<a href="#cite_note-Digital_divide_:6-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Digital_divide_ZhouLeidig2015-200">[200]</a> The digital divide worsens inequality around access to information and resources. In the <a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a>, people without access to the Internet and other technology are at a disadvantage, for they are unable or less able to connect with others, find and apply for jobs, shop, and learn.<a href="#cite_note-Digital_divide_:6-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> People who are <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homeless</a>, living in poverty, elderly people, and those living in rural communities may have limited access to the Internet; in contrast, urban middle class and upper-class people have easy access to the Internet. Another divide is between producers and consumers of Internet content,<a href="#cite_note-Digital_divide_Graham2-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-Digital_divide_Reilley2-203">[203]</a> which could be a result of educational disparities.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> While social media use varies across age groups, a US 2010 study reported no racial divide.<a href="#cite_note-Digital_divide_KontosEmmons2010-205">[205]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_polarization">Political polarization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Political polarization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Threat_to_democracy">Social media § Threat to democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Media_bias#social_media" title="Media bias">Media bias § social media</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rage-baiting" title="Rage-baiting">Rage-baiting</a></div>Many critics point to studies showing social media algorithms elevate more partisan and inflammatory content.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Because of <a href="/wiki/Recommendation_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Recommendation algorithm">recommendation algorithms</a> that filter and display news content that matches users' political preferences, one potential impact is an increase in <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarization (politics)">political polarization</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Selective_exposure_theory" title="Selective exposure theory">selective exposure</a>. Political polarization is the divergence of political attitudes towards <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideological</a> extremes. Selective exposure occurs when an individual favors information that supports their beliefs and avoids information that conflicts with them.<a href="#cite_note-:1-208">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Haidt" title="Jonathan Haidt">Jonathan Haidt</a> compared the impact of social media to the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a> and the chaos it unleashed as a result.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-13">[13]</a> Aviv Ovadya argues that these algorithms incentivize the creation of divisive content in addition to promoting existing divisive content,<a href="#cite_note-:5-211">[211]</a> but could be designed to reduce polarization instead.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> In 2017, Facebook gave its new emoji reactions five times the weight in its algorithms as its like button, which data scientists at the company in 2019 confirmed had disproportionately boosted toxicity, misinformation and low-quality news.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Some popular ideas for how to combat selective exposure have had no or opposite impacts.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-Volfovsky-2018-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-211">[211]</a> Some advocate for <a href="/wiki/Media_literacy" title="Media literacy">media literacy</a> as a solution.<a href="#cite_note-Mihailidis-2017-216">[216]</a> Others argue that less social media,<a href="#cite_note-:1-208">[208]</a> or more <a href="/wiki/Local_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Local journalism">local journalism</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> could help address political polarization. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stereotyping">Stereotyping</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Stereotyping">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a></div> A 2018 study reported that social media increases the power of stereotypes.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Stereotypes can have both negative and positive connotations. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, youth were accused of responsibility for spreading the disease.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> Elderly people get stereotyped as lacking knowledge of proper behavior on social media.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Communication">edit</a>]</div> Social media allows for mass <a href="/wiki/Cultural_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural exchange">cultural exchange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intercultural_communication" title="Intercultural communication">intercultural communication</a>, despite different ways of communicating in various cultures.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Social media has affected the way youth communicate, by introducing new forms of language.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> Novel acronyms save time, as illustrated by "<a href="/wiki/LOL" title="LOL">LOL</a>", which is the ubiquitous shortcut for "laugh out loud". The <a href="/wiki/Hashtag" title="Hashtag">hashtag</a> was created to simplify searching for information and to allow users to highlight topics of interest in the hope of attracting the attention of others. Hashtags can be used to advocate for a movement, mark content for future use, and allow other users to contribute to a discussion.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> For some young people, social media and texting have largely replaced in person communications, made worse by pandemic isolation, delaying the development of conversation and other social skills.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> What is socially acceptable is now heavily based on social media.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics" title="American Academy of Pediatrics">American Academy of Pediatrics</a> reported that bullying, the making of non-inclusive friend groups, and sexual experimentation have increased cyberbullying, privacy issues, and sending sexual images or messages. <a href="/wiki/Sexting" title="Sexting">Sexting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revenge_porn" title="Revenge porn">revenge porn</a> became rampant, particularly among minors, with legal implications and resulting trauma risk.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> However, adolescents can learn basic social and technical skills online.<a href="#cite_note-center4research.org-232">[232]</a> Social media, can strengthen relationships just by keeping in touch, making more friends, and engaging in community activities.<a href="#cite_note-Schurgin-2011-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation_by_government_authorities">Regulation by government authorities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Regulation by government authorities">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Situation_by_geographical_region">Situation by geographical region</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Situation by geographical region">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (July 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> In July 2014, in response to <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a>' release of a secret suppression order made by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Victoria" title="Supreme Court of Victoria">Victorian Supreme Court</a>, media lawyers were quoted in the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> media to the effect that "anyone who tweets a link to the WikiLeaks report, posts it on Facebook, or shares it in any way online could also face charges".<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Egypt">Egypt</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Egypt">edit</a>]</div> On 27 July 2020, in Egypt, two women were sentenced to two years of imprisonment for posting <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a> videos, which the government claimed as "violating family values".<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Thailand">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2014 Thai coup d'état">2014 Thai coup d'état</a>, the public was explicitly instructed not to 'share' or 'like' dissenting views on social media or face prison.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> Historically, platforms were responsible for moderating the content that they presented. They set rules for what was allowable, decided which content to promote and which to ignore. The US enacted the <a href="/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act" title="Communications Decency Act">Communications Decency Act</a> in 1996. <a href="/wiki/Section_230" title="Section 230">Section 230</a> of that act exempted internet platforms from legal liability for content authored by third parties. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider." (47 U.S.C. § 230(c)(1)).<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>US Congress, Communications Decency Act Section 230</cite></div></blockquote>In 2024, legislation was enacted in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> requiring social media companies to verify the age of people with accounts, and to prohibit holding an account for people aged under 14, and between 14 and 16 in the absence of parental approval.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_Union">European Union</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: European Union">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> initially took a similar approach.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> However, in 2020, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> presented two legislative proposals: The <a href="/wiki/Digital_Services_Act" title="Digital Services Act">Digital Services Act (DSA)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Markets_Act" title="Digital Markets Act">Digital Markets Act (DMA)</a>. Both proposals were enacted in July 2022. The DSA entered into force on 17 February 2024, the DMA in March 2024.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> This legislation can be summarized in the following four objectives, articulated by <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">MEPs</a>: <ul><li>"What is illegal offline must also be illegal online".<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a></li> <li>"Very large online platforms" must therefore, among other things <ul><li>delete illegal content (propaganda, election interference, hate crimes and online harms such as harassment and child abuse) and better protect fundamental rights</li> <li>redesign their systems to ensure a "high level of privacy, security and protection of minors", by prohibiting advertising based on personal data, designing recommender systems to minimize risks for children and demonstrating this to the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> via a risk assessment, and</li> <li>not use sensitive personal data such as race, gender and religion to target advertising.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a></li></ul></li></ul> Violators could face a complete ban in Europe or fines of up to 6% of global sales. Such content moderation requires extensive investment by platform providers.<a href="#cite_note-Puig_Larrauri-2023-241">[241]</a> Enforcement resources may not be sufficient to ensure compliance.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> The DSA allows a country to require information to be deleted that is illegal only in that jurisdiction. According to Patrick Breyer from the <a href="/wiki/German_Pirate_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="German Pirate Party">German Pirate Party</a>, a problem could arise from the Hungarian government requesting a video to be deleted that is critical of Victor Orban, as he foresaw the potential for such determinations to be applied EU-wide.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discussions_and_proposals">Discussions and proposals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Discussions and proposals">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">2018 Nobel Laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Romer" title="Paul Romer">Paul Romer</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> advocated taxing negative externalities of social media platforms.<a href="#cite_note-Puig_Larrauri-2023-241">[241]</a> Similar to a carbon tax – negative social effects could be compensated for by a financial levy on the platforms.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> Assuming that the tax did not deter the actions that produced the externalities, the revenue raised could be used to address them. However, consensus has yet to emerge on how to measure or mitigate the harms, nor to craft a tax, . Another proposal is to invoke <a href="/wiki/European_Union_competition_law" title="European Union competition law">competition law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> The idea is to restrict the platforms' market power by controlling mergers <a href="/wiki/Ex_ante" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex ante">ex ante</a> and tightening the law. This would be achieved through a supranational enforcement mechanism and the deterrent effect of high fines. In a 2024 opinion piece, Megan Moreno and Jenny Radesky, professors of pediatrics, wrote about the need for "nuanced" policy.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> They regarded access which is contingent upon parental consent as harmful. They commented that a focus on increasing age restrictions "may serve to distract from making sure platforms are following guidelines and best practices for all ages".<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> In June 2024, US Surgeon General <a href="/wiki/Vivek_Murthy" title="Vivek Murthy">Vivek Murthy</a> called for social media platforms to contain a warning about the impact they have on the mental health of young people.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_models">Business models</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Business models">edit</a>]</div> The business model of most social media platforms is based on selling slots to advertisers. Platforms provide access to data about each user, which allows them to deliver adds that are individually relevant to them. This strongly incents platforms to arrange their content so that users view as much content as possible, increasing the number of ads that they see. Platforms such as X add paid user subscriptions in part to reduce their dependence on advertising revenues.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism,_debate_and_controversy">Criticism, debate and controversy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Criticism, debate and controversy">edit</a>]</div> The enormous reach and impact of social media has naturally led to a stream of criticism, debate, and controversy. Criticisms include platform capabilities, content moderation and reliability,<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> impact on concentration, mental health,<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> content ownership, and the meaning of interactions, and poor cross-platform <a href="/wiki/Interoperability" title="Interoperability">interoperability</a>,<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> decrease in face-to-face interactions, <a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">cyberbullying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_predator" title="Sexual predator">sexual predation</a>, particularly of children, and <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> In 2007 <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Keen" title="Andrew Keen">Andrew Keen</a> wrote, "Out of this anarchy, it suddenly became clear that what was governing the infinite monkeys now inputting away on the Internet was the law of digital Darwinism, the survival of the loudest and most opinionated. Under these rules, the only way to intellectually prevail is by infinite filibustering."<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trustworthiness_and_reliability">Trustworthiness and reliability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Trustworthiness and reliability">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Disinformation_Project" title="The Disinformation Project">The Disinformation Project</a></div> Social media has become a regular source of news and information. A 2021 Pew Research Center poll reported roughly 70% of users regularly get news from social media,<a href="#cite_note-Fuchs-2017-4">[4]</a> despite the presence of <a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">fake news</a> and misinformation. Platforms typically do not take responsibility for content accuracy, and many do not vet content at all, although in some cases, content the platform finds problematic is deleted or access to it is reduced.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> Content distribution algorithms otherwise typically ignore substance, responding instead to the contents' virality. In 2018, researchers reported that fake news spread almost 70% faster than truthful news on X.<a href="#cite_note-Schivinski-2020-7">[7]</a> Social media bots on social media increase the reach of both true and false content and if wielded by bad actors misinformation can reach many more users.<a href="#cite_note-Tao-2016-10">[10]</a> Some platforms attempt to discover and block bots, with limited success.<a href="#cite_note-Pavlik-2015-11">[11]</a> Fake news seems to receive more user engagement, possibly because it is relatively novel, engaging users' curiosity and increasing spread.<a href="#cite_note-Sterling-2016-24">[24]</a> Fake news often propagates in the immediate aftermath of an event, before conventional media are prepared to publish.<a href="#cite_note-Dewzilla-2020-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-2016-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Data_harvesting_and_data_mining">Data harvesting and data mining</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Data harvesting and data mining">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Social_media_mining" title="Social media mining">Social media mining</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_media_mining&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Social_media_mining" title="Social media mining">Social media mining</a> is the process of obtaining data from <a href="/wiki/User-generated_content" title="User-generated content">user-generated content</a> on social media in order to extract actionable patterns, form conclusions about users, and act upon the information. Mining supports targeting advertising to users or academic research. The term is an analogy to the process of <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> for minerals. Mining companies sift through raw ore to find the valuable minerals; likewise, social media mining sifts through social media data in order to discern patterns and trends about matters such as social media usage, online behaviour, content sharing, connections between individuals, buying behaviour. These patterns and trends are of interest to companies, governments and not-for-profit organizations, as such organizations can use the analyses for tasks such as design strategies, introduce programs, products, processes or services. Social media mining uses concepts from <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>. Mining is based on <a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">social network analysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Network_science" title="Network science">network science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnography</a>, optimization and mathematics. It attempts to formally represent, measure and model patterns from social media data.<a href="#cite_note-Social_media_mining_Zafarani-260">[260]</a> In the 2010s, major corporations, governments and not-for-profit organizations began mining to learn about customers, clients and others. Platforms such as Google, Facebook (partnered with <a href="/wiki/Datalogix" class="mw-redirect" title="Datalogix">Datalogix</a> and <a href="/wiki/BlueKai" title="BlueKai">BlueKai</a>) conduct mining to <a href="/wiki/Targeted_advertising" title="Targeted advertising">target users with advertising</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> Scientists and <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> researchers extract insights and design product features.<a href="#cite_note-Social_media_mining_Sumbaly-2013-262">[262]</a> Users may not understand how platforms use their data.<a href="#cite_note-Social_media_mining_Shvalb-2022-263">[263]</a> Users tend to click through <a href="/wiki/Terms_of_service" title="Terms of service">Terms of Use</a> agreements without reading them, leading to ethical questions about whether platforms adequately protect users' privacy. During the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential election</a>, Facebook allowed <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Analytica" title="Cambridge Analytica">Cambridge Analytica</a>, a political consulting firm linked to the <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a> campaign, to analyze the data of an estimated 87 million Facebook users to profile voters, creating controversy when this was revealed.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critique_of_activism">Critique of activism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Critique of activism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Social_media_activism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social media activism">Social media activism</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Gladwell" title="Malcolm Gladwell">Malcolm Gladwell</a> considers the role of social media in revolutions and protests to be overstated. He concluded that while social media makes it easier for <a href="/wiki/Digital_rhetoric" title="Digital rhetoric">activists</a> to express themselves, that expression likely has no impact beyond social media. What he called "high-risk activism" involves strong relationships, coordination, commitment, high risks, and sacrifice.<a href="#cite_note-Gladwell_2010-10-04-265">[265]</a> Gladwell claimed that social media are built around weak ties and argues that "social networks are effective at increasing participation—by lessening the level of motivation that participation requires."<a href="#cite_note-Gladwell_2010-10-04-265">[265]</a> According to him, "Facebook activism succeeds not by motivating people to make a real sacrifice, but by motivating them to do the things that people do when they are not motivated enough to make a real sacrifice."<a href="#cite_note-Gladwell_2010-10-04-265">[265]</a> Disputing Gladwell's theory, a 2018 survey reported that people who are politically expressive on social media are more likely to participate in offline political activity.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content_ownership">Content ownership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Content ownership">edit</a>]</div> Social media content is generated by users. However, content ownership is defined by the Terms of Service to which users agree. Platforms control access to the content, and may make it available to third parties.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-267">[267]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_Media.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Social_Media.jpg/220px-Social_Media.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Social_Media.jpg/330px-Social_Media.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Social_Media.jpg/440px-Social_Media.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Different social media platforms.</figcaption></figure> Although platform's terms differ, generally they all give permission to utilize users' copyrighted works at the platform's discretion.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> After its acquisition by Facebook in 2012, Instagram revealed it intended to use content in ads without seeking permission from or paying its users.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> It then reversed these changes, with then-CEO <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Systrom" title="Kevin Systrom">Kevin Systrom</a> promising to update the terms of service.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privacy">Privacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Privacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Privacy_concerns_with_social_networking_services" title="Privacy concerns with social networking services">Privacy concerns with social networking services</a></div> Privacy rights advocates warn users about the collection of their personal data. Information is captured without the user's knowing <a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">consent</a>. Data may be applied to law enforcement or other governmental purposes.<a href="#cite_note-Auer2011-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jones-267">[267]</a> Information may be offered for third party use. Young people are prone to sharing personal information that can attract predators.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> While social media users claim to want to keep their data private, their behavior does not reflect that concern, as many users expose significant personal data on their profiles. In addition, platforms collect data on user behaviors that are not part of their personal profiles. This data is made available to third parties for purposes that include targeted advertising.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> A 2014 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> survey reported that 91% of Americans "agree" or "strongly agree" that people have lost control over how personal information is collected and used. Some 80% of social media users said they were concerned about advertisers and businesses accessing the data they share on social media platforms, and 64% said the government should do more to regulate advertisers.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> In 2019, UK legislators criticized Facebook for not protecting certain aspects of user data.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> In 2019 the <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">Pentagon</a> issued guidance to the military, Coast Guard and other government agencies that identified "the potential risk associated with using the TikTok app and directs appropriate action for employees to take in order to safeguard their personal information."<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> As a result, the military, Coast Guard, <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">Transportation Security Administration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> banned the installation and use of TikTok on government devices.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> In 2020 The US government attempted to ban <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a> and <a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a> from the States over national security concerns. However, a federal court blocked the move.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> In 2024, the US Congress passed a law directing TikTok's parent company <a href="/wiki/ByteDance" title="ByteDance">ByteDance</a> to divest the service or see the service banned from operating in the US. The company sued, challenging the constitutionality of the ban.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Addiction_2">Addiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Addiction">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Problematic_social_media_use" title="Problematic social media use">Problematic social media use</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Internet_addiction_disorder" title="Internet addiction disorder">Internet addiction disorder</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_addiction_disorder&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Internet_addiction_disorder" title="Internet addiction disorder">Internet addiction "disorder"</a> (IAD), also known as problematic internet use, or pathological internet use, is a problematic compulsive use of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>, particularly on <a href="/wiki/Problematic_social_media_use" title="Problematic social media use">social media</a>, that impairs an individual's function over a prolonged period of time. Young people are at particular risk of developing internet addiction disorder,<a href="#cite_note-Internet_addiction_disorder_:11-282">[282]</a> with case studies highlighting students whose academic performance declines as they spend more time online.<a href="#cite_note-Internet_addiction_disorder_:14-283">[283]</a> Some experience health consequences from loss of sleep<a href="#cite_note-Internet_addiction_disorder_Internet_Addiction_and_Sleep_Proble-284">[284]</a> as they stay up to continue <a href="/wiki/Doomscrolling" title="Doomscrolling">scrolling</a>, chatting, and gaming.<a href="#cite_note-Internet_addiction_disorder_:15-285">[285]</a> Excessive Internet use is not recognized as a disorder by the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>'s <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a> or the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>'s <a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">ICD-11</a>.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Gaming_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaming disorder">gaming disorder</a> appears in the ICD-11.<a href="#cite_note-Internet_addiction_disorder_:22-287">[287]</a> Controversy around the diagnosis includes whether the disorder is a separate clinical entity, or a manifestation of underlying psychiatric disorders. Definitions are not standardized or agreed upon, complicating the development of evidence-based recommendations. Many different theoretical models have been developed and employed for many years in order to better explain predisposing factors to this disorder. Models such as the cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet have been used to explain IAD for more than 20 years. Newer models, such as the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution model, have been developed more recently and are starting to be applied in more clinical studies.<a href="#cite_note-Internet_addiction_disorder_:23-288">[288]</a> In 2011 the term "Facebook addiction disorder" (FAD) emerged.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> FAD is characterized by compulsive use of <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>. A 2017 study investigated a correlation between excessive use and <a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">narcissism</a>, reporting "FAD was significantly positively related to the personality trait narcissism and to negative mental health variables (<a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">stress</a> symptoms)".<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> In 2020, the documentary <a href="/wiki/The_Social_Dilemma" title="The Social Dilemma">The Social Dilemma</a>, reported concerns of mental health experts and former employees of social media companies over social media's pursuit of addictive use. For example, when a user has not visited Facebook for some time, the platform varies its notifications, attempting to lure them back. It also raises concerns about the correlation between social media use and child and teen suicidality.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> Additionally in 2020, studies have shown that there has been an increase in the prevalence of IAD since the COVID-19 pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-Internet_addiction_disorder_:05-293">[293]</a> Studies highlighting the possible relationship between COVID-19 and IAD have looked at how forced isolation and its associated stress may have lead to higher usage levels of the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-Internet_addiction_disorder_:05-293">[293]</a> Turning off social media notifications may help reduce social media use.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> For some users, changes in web browsing can be helpful in compensating for self-regulatory problems. For instance, a study involving 157 online learners on <a href="/wiki/Massive_open_online_course" title="Massive open online course">massive open online courses</a> examined the impact of such an intervention. The study reported that providing support in self-regulation was associated with a reduction in time spent online, particularly on entertainment.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debate_over_use_by_young_people">Debate over use by young people</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Debate over use by young people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_education" title="Social media in education">Social media in education</a></div> Whether to restrict the use of phones and social media among young people has been debated since smartphones became ubiquitous.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> A study of Americans aged 12–15, reported that teenagers who used social media over three hours/day doubled their risk of negative mental health outcomes, including depression and anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> Platforms have not tuned their algorithms to prevent young people from viewing inappropriate content. A 2023 study of Australian youth reported that 57% had seen disturbingly violent content, while nearly half had regular exposure to sexual images.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> Further, youth are prone to misuse social media for <a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">cyberbullying</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> As result, phones have been banned from some schools, and some schools in the US have blocked social media websites.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censorship">Censorship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Censorship">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet censorship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China" title="Internet censorship in China">Internet censorship in China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_India" title="Internet censorship in India">Internet censorship in India</a></div> Social media often features in political struggles. In some countries, <a href="/wiki/Internet_police" title="Internet police">Internet police</a> or <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a> monitor or control citizens' use of social media. For example, in 2013 some social media was banned in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> after the Taksim <a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests" title="Gezi Park protests">Gezi Park protests</a>. Both X and YouTube were temporarily suspended in the country by a court's decision. A law granted immunity to Telecommunications Directorate (TİB) personnel. The TİB was also given the authority to block access to specific websites without a court order.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> Yet TİB's 2014 blocking of <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">X</a> was ruled by the constitutional court to violate free speech.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_2">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_United_States" title="Internet censorship in the United States">Internet censorship in the United States</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_censorship_in_the_United_States&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_United_States" title="Internet censorship in the United States">Internet censorship in the United States</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Information_suppression" class="mw-redirect" title="Information suppression">suppression of information</a> published or viewed on the <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">Internet in the United States</a>. The <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_of_the_United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="First Amendment of the United States Constitution">First Amendment of the United States Constitution</a> protects <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> and expression against federal, state, and local government censorship. Free speech protections allow little government-mandated Internet content restrictions. However, the Internet is highly regulated, supported by a complex set of legally binding and privately mediated mechanisms.<a href="#cite_note-Internet_censorship_in_the_United_States_ONIRO-NorthAmerica-303">[303]</a> Gambling, <a href="/wiki/Cyber_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber security">cyber security</a>, and the dangers to children who frequent social media are important ongoing debates. Significant public resistance to proposed content restriction policies has prevented measures used in some other countries from taking hold in the US<a href="#cite_note-Internet_censorship_in_the_United_States_ONIRO-NorthAmerica-303">[303]</a> Many government-mandated attempts to regulate content have been barred, often after lengthy legal battles.<a href="#cite_note-Internet_censorship_in_the_United_States_Cybersieves-304">[304]</a> However, the government has exerted pressure indirectly. With the exception of <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a>, content restrictions tend to rely on platforms to remove/suppress content, following state encouragement or the threat of legal action.<a href="#cite_note-Internet_censorship_in_the_United_States_law.wustl.edu-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-Internet_censorship_in_the_United_States_ONIRO-NorthAmerica-303">[303]</a> <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a> protections yielded a system that predictably removes infringing materials.<a href="#cite_note-Internet_censorship_in_the_United_States_ONIRO-NorthAmerica-303">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-Internet_censorship_in_the_United_States_eff.org-306">[306]</a> The US also seizes domains and computers, at times without notification.<a href="#cite_note-Internet_censorship_in_the_United_States_NYT71212-307">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-Internet_censorship_in_the_United_States_DOJ_PR-308">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-Internet_censorship_in_the_United_States_WTKTJV-309">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-Internet_censorship_in_the_United_States_3NewsNZ5March2012-310">[310]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decentralization_and_open_standards">Decentralization and open standards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Decentralization and open standards">edit</a>]</div> While the dominant social media platforms are not interoperable, open source protocols such as <a href="/wiki/ActivityPub" title="ActivityPub">ActivityPub</a> have been adopted by platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Mastodon_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastodon (software)">Mastodon</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU_social" title="GNU social">GNU social</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_(social_network)" title="Diaspora (social network)">Diaspora</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Friendica" title="Friendica">Friendica</a>. They operate as a loose federation of mostly volunteer-operated servers, called the <a href="/wiki/Fediverse" title="Fediverse">Fediverse</a>. However, in 2019, Mastodon blocked <a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a> from connecting to it, claiming that it spread violent, right-wing extremism.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> In December 2019, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">X</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dorsey" title="Jack Dorsey">Jack Dorsey</a> advocated an "open and decentralized standard for social media". He joined <a href="/wiki/Bluesky_(social_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluesky (social network)">Bluesky</a> to bring it to reality.<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Deplatforming">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Twitter_suspensions" title="Twitter suspensions">Twitter suspensions</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deplatforming&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a>, also called no-platforming, is a form of Internet censorship of an individual or group by preventing them from posting on the platforms they use to share their information/ideas. This typically involves suspension, outright bans, or reducing spread (shadow banning).<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deplatforming_Reynolds2-314">[314]</a> As early as 2015, platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> began to enforce selective bans based, for example, on <a href="/wiki/Terms_of_service" title="Terms of service">terms of service</a> that prohibit "<a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Deplatforming_ACM2-315">[315]</a> A famous example of deplatforming was <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter's</a> ban of then-US President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> shortly after the <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 United States Capitol attack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threat_to_democracy">Threat to democracy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Threat to democracy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Democratic backsliding</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Social_Dilemma" title="The Social Dilemma">The Social Dilemma</a></div> A number of commentators and experts have argued that social media companies have incentives that to maximize user engagement with <a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">sensational</a>, emotive and controversial material that discourages a healthy discourse that democracies depend on.<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> Zack Beauchamp of <a href="/wiki/Vox_Media" title="Vox Media">Vox Media</a> calls it an authoritarian medium because of how it is incentivized to stir up hate and division that benefits aspiring autocrats.<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> describes social media as vulnerable to manipulation by autocrats.<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> Informed dialogue, a shared sense of reality, mutual consent and participation can all suffer due to the business model of social media.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Political_polarization">Political polarization</a> can be one byproduct.<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> This can have implications for the likelihood of <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-208">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/Siva_Vaidhyanathan" title="Siva Vaidhyanathan">Siva Vaidhyanathan</a> argues for a range of solutions including privacy protections and enforcing anti-trust laws.<a href="#cite_note-:3-197">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Leonard" title="Andrew Leonard">Andrew Leonard</a> describes <a href="/wiki/Pol.is" title="Pol.is">Pol.is</a> as one possible solution to the divisiveness of traditional discourse on social media that has damaged democracies, citing the use of its algorithm to instead prioritize finding consensus.<a href="#cite_note-:2-325">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-326">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extremist_groups">Extremist groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Extremist groups">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_social_media" title="Terrorism and social media">Terrorism and social media</a></div> According to LikeWar: The Weaponization of Social Media,<a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a> the use of effective social media marketing techniques includes not only celebrities, corporations, and governments, but also extremist groups.<a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a> The use of social media by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> has been used to influence public opinion where it operates and gain the attention of sympathizers. Social media platforms and encrypted-messaging applications have been used to recruit members, both locally and internationally.<a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a> Platforms have endured backlash for <a href="/wiki/Use_of_social_media_by_the_Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Use of social media by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">allowing this content</a>. Extreme nationalist groups, and more prominently, US <a href="/wiki/Right_wing_extremist" class="mw-redirect" title="Right wing extremist">right-wing extremists</a> have used similar online tactics. As many traditional social media platforms banned <a href="/wiki/Online_hate_speech" title="Online hate speech">hate speech</a>, several platforms became popular among right-wing extremists to carry out planning and communication including of events; these application became known as "<a href="/wiki/Alt-tech" title="Alt-tech">Alt-tech</a>". Platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a> were used during the <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 United States Capitol attack</a>, to coordinate attacks.<a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a> Members shared tips on how to avoid law enforcement and their plans on carrying out their objectives; some users called for killing law enforcement officers and politicians.<a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deceased_users">Deceased users</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Deceased users">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_the_Internet" title="Death and the Internet">Death and the Internet</a></div> Social media content, persists unless the user deletes it. After a user dies, unless the platform is notified, their content remains.<a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a> Each platform has created guidelines for this situation.<a href="#cite_note-Beyond-2017-333">[333]</a> In most cases on social media, the platforms require a next-of-kin to prove that the user is deceased, and give them the option of closing the account or maintaining it in a 'legacy' status. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Guidelines for users who have died, by platform<a href="#cite_note-Beyond-2017-333">[333]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Platform </th> <th>Guideline </th></tr> <tr> <td>X<a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a> </td> <td>The company works with an immediate family member to deactivate the account. Additionally, X will not give the account to any other person, regardless of the relationship. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Facebook </td> <td>Users have the option of having their account permanently deleted after death. Users can identify a 'legacy contact' who would take over the account after. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Instagram<a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a> </td> <td>Users can have the account memorialized or deleted with proof of death. </td></tr> <tr> <td>LinkedIn<a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a> </td> <td>A family member can request that the account be deleted. The family member must identify the account, submit proof of relationship, the user's email address, date of death, a link to the obituary, and the name of the last company the deceased worked for. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pinterest </td> <td>Must email the company with the URL of the account along with a death certificate or a link to the obituary, as well as proof of relationship to the deceased. </td></tr> <tr> <td>YouTube<a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a> </td> <td>A representative can close the account, transfer payments from the account to an immediate family member and legal representative of the user's estate, and can provide the data in the account to a family member. All three capabilities require the requestor's government-issued ID or driver's license, the decedent's death certificate, and additional supporting documentation. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a> </td> <td>The heir must supply the user's death certificate, authentication of family relationship. The successor can then obtain the assets. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_inequality" title="Attention inequality">Attention inequality</a> – Term used to explain attention distribution across social media</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_media" title="Citizen media">Citizen media</a> – Journalistic content produced by private citizens who are not professional journalists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectivism" title="Connectivism">Connectivism</a> – Theory of learning in a digital age</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectivity_(media)" title="Connectivity (media)">Connectivity (media)</a> – Connections forged through social media</li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_aggregator" title="News aggregator">Content aggregator</a> – Client software that aggregates syndicated web content</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a> – Form of protest to subvert media culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_detox" title="Digital detox">Digital detox</a> – Process of not using digital devices</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_bookmarking_websites" title="List of social bookmarking websites">List of social bookmarking websites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_networking_services" title="List of social networking services">List of social networking services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metcalfe%27s_law" title="Metcalfe's law">Metcalfe's law</a> – Value of a communication network is proportional the square of the number of pairwise connections</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_learning" title="Networked learning">Networked learning</a> – process of developing and maintaining connections with people and informationPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a> – Forms of media native to computers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_presence_management" title="Online presence management">Online presence management</a> – Promoting a person or business online</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_research_community" title="Online research community">Online research community</a> – market researchPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_media" title="Participatory media">Participatory media</a> – Communication media where the audience can play an active role</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_effects_of_Internet_use" title="Psychological effects of Internet use">Psychological effects of Internet use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence_bias" title="Social influence bias">Social influence bias</a> – Herd behaviours in online social media</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_psychology" title="Social media and psychology">Social media and psychology</a> – Interaction between usage of social media and psychology of social media users</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_education" title="Social media in education">Social media in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_mining" title="Social media mining">Social media mining</a> – Obtaining data from a social media user's content</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_optimization" title="Social media optimization">Social media optimization</a> – Form of optimization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_surgery" title="Social media surgery">Social media surgery</a> – gathering at which volunteers with expertise in using web tools, chiefly social media, offer free advice in using such tools, to representatives of non-profit organisations, community groups etc.Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">Social networking service</a> – Online platform that</li></ul> facilitates the building of relations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_medium_is_the_message" title="The medium is the message">The medium is the message</a> – Communication theory phrase</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kietzmann-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kietzmann_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kietzmann_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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The Hype Machine: How Social Media Disrupts Our Elections, Our Economy, and Our Health—and How We Must Adapt. Currency. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-525-57451-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-525-57451-4"><bdi>978-0-525-57451-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hype+Machine%3A+How+Social+Media+Disrupts+Our+Elections%2C+Our+Economy%2C+and+Our+Health%E2%80%94and+How+We+Must+Adapt&rft.pub=Currency&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-525-57451-4&rft.aulast=Aral&rft.aufirst=Sinan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuchs2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Fuchs_(sociologist)" title="Christian Fuchs (sociologist)">Fuchs, Christian</a> (2014). Social Media: A Critical Introduction. London: Sage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4462-5731-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4462-5731-9"><bdi>978-1-4462-5731-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Media%3A+A+Critical+Introduction&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4462-5731-9&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+media" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_media&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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aria-labelledby="Social_networking_services" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_networking_services" title="Template:Social networking services"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_networking_services" title="Template talk:Social networking services"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_networking_services" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social networking services"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_networking_services" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">Social networking services</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_networking_services" title="List of social networking services">Personal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/23snaps" title="23snaps">23snaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amikumu" title="Amikumu">Amikumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anobii" title="Anobii">anobii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Are.na" title="Are.na">Are.na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ask.fm" title="Ask.fm">Ask.fm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badoo" title="Badoo">Badoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeReal" title="BeReal">BeReal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluesky" title="Bluesky">Bluesky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BharatMatrimony" title="BharatMatrimony">BharatMatrimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondee" title="Bondee">Bondee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumble" title="Bumble">Bumble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cara_(app)" title="Cara (app)">Cara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clubhouse_(app)" title="Clubhouse (app)">Clubhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohost" title="Cohost">Cohost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoz" title="Convoz">Convoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyworld" title="Cyworld">Cyworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_(social_network)" title="Diaspora (social network)">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_(social_network)" title="Display (social network)">display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douban" title="Douban">Douban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draugiem.lv" title="Draugiem.lv">Draugiem.lv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foursquare_City_Guide" title="Foursquare City Guide">Foursquare City Guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foursquare_Swarm" title="Foursquare Swarm">Foursquare Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendica" title="Friendica">Friendica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gapo" title="Gapo">Gapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_(app)" title="Gas (app)">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_social" title="GNU social">GNU social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi5" title="Hi5">Hi5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hive_Social" title="Hive Social">Hive Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huddles_(app)" title="Huddles (app)">Huddles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idka" title="Idka">Idka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IGTV" title="IGTV">IGTV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRC-Galleria" title="IRC-Galleria">IRC-Galleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaishou" title="Kuaishou">Kuaishou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumu_(social_network)" title="Kumu (social network)">Kumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterboxd" title="Letterboxd">Letterboxd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likee" title="Likee">Likee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiveJournal" title="LiveJournal">LiveJournal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeevansathi.com" title="Jeevansathi.com">Jeevansathi.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrimony.com" title="Matrimony.com">Matrimony.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_(app)" title="Marco Polo (app)">Marco Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastodon_(social_network)" title="Mastodon (social network)">Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Meet_Group" title="The Meet Group">The Meet Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meetup" title="Meetup">Meetup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeWe" title="MeWe">MeWe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaopai" title="Miaopai">Miaopai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro.blog" title="Micro.blog">micro.blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minds_(social_network)" title="Minds (social network)">Minds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixi" title="Mixi">Mixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MX_Player#MX_TakaTak" title="MX Player">MX TakaTak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_World@Mail.Ru" title="My World@Mail.Ru">My World@Mail.Ru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nextdoor" title="Nextdoor">Nextdoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odnoklassniki" title="Odnoklassniki">Odnoklassniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peach_(social_network)" title="Peach (social network)">Peach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinterest" title="Pinterest">Pinterest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixnet" title="Pixnet">Pixnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleroma_(software)" title="Pleroma (software)">Pleroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurk" title="Plurk">Plurk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promo.com" title="Promo.com">Promo.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qzone" title="Qzone">Qzone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readgeek" title="Readgeek">Readgeek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renren" title="Renren">Renren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaadi.com" title="Shaadi.com">Shaadi.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ShareChat" title="ShareChat">ShareChat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_(app)" title="Snow (app)">SNOW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaces_(social_network)" title="Spaces (social network)">Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagged_(website)" title="Tagged (website)">Tagged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Canal" title="Tal Canal">Tal Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threads_(social_network)" title="Threads (social network)">Threads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinder_(app)" title="Tinder (app)">Tinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triller_(app)" title="Triller (app)">Triller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_Social" title="Truth Social">Truth Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuenti" title="Tuenti">Tuenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Time" title="TV Time">TV Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untappd" title="Untappd">Untappd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_(app)" title="Vero (app)">Vero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VK_(service)" title="VK (service)">VK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weibo" title="Weibo">Weibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisper_(app)" title="Whisper (app)">Whisper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaohongshu" title="Xiaohongshu">Xiaohongshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yik_Yak" title="Yik Yak">Yik Yak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_network_service" title="Professional network service">Professional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academia.edu" title="Academia.edu">Academia.edu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behance" title="Behance">Behance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainly" title="Brainly">Brainly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCL_Connections" title="HCL Connections">HCL Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moodle" title="Moodle">Moodle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaborate" title="Solaborate">Solaborate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viadeo" title="Viadeo">Viadeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XING" title="XING">XING</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Yammer">Yammer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_social_networking_services" title="List of defunct social networking services">Defunct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/App.net" title="App.net">App.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AsianAve" title="AsianAve">AsianAve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatars_United" title="Avatars United">Avatars United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebo" title="Bebo">Bebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_(website)" title="Bolt (website)">Bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BranchOut" title="BranchOut">BranchOut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capazoo" title="Capazoo">Capazoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloob" title="Cloob">Cloob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EConozco" title="EConozco">eConozco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmodo" title="Edmodo">Edmodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ello_(social_network)" title="Ello (social network)">Ello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emojli" title="Emojli">Emojli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EWorld" title="EWorld">eWorld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyegroove" title="Eyegroove">Eyegroove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FitFinder" title="FitFinder">FitFinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FriendFeed" title="FriendFeed">FriendFeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_Reunited" title="Friends Reunited">Friends Reunited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendster" title="Friendster">Friendster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Buzz" title="Google Buzz">Google Buzz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Currents_(social_app)" title="Google Currents (social app)">Google Currents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grono.net" title="Grono.net">Grono.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heello" title="Heello">Heello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hello_(social_network)" title="Hello (social network)">Hello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlight_(application)" title="Highlight (application)">Highlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houseparty_(app)" title="Houseparty (app)">Houseparty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyves" title="Hyves">Hyves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IdeaPlane" title="IdeaPlane">IdeaPlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Ping" title="ITunes Ping">iTunes Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IWiW" title="IWiW">iWiW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaiku" title="Jaiku">Jaiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keek" title="Keek">Keek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koo_(social_network)" title="Koo (social network)">Koo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeknot" title="Lifeknot">Lifeknot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LunarStorm" title="LunarStorm">LunarStorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me2day" title="Me2day">Me2day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerkat_(app)" title="Meerkat (app)">Meerkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miiverse" title="Miiverse">Miiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MixBit" title="MixBit">MixBit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobli" title="Mobli">Mobli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugshot_(website)" title="Mugshot (website)">Mugshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiply_(website)" title="Multiply (website)">Multiply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical.ly" title="Musical.ly">Musical.ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natter_(social_network)" title="Natter (social network)">Natter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netlog" title="Netlog">Netlog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NK.pl" title="NK.pl">NK.pl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkut" title="Orkut">Orkut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_(social_network)" title="Path (social network)">Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periscope_(service)" title="Periscope (service)">Periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheed" title="Pheed">Pheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piczo" title="Piczo">Piczo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlanetAll" title="PlanetAll">PlanetAll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterous" title="Posterous">Posterous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pownce" title="Pownce">Pownce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaiku" title="Qaiku">Qaiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciencescape" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciencescape">Sciencescape</a> (Metaα)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SixDegrees.com" title="SixDegrees.com">SixDegrees.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyrock_(social_network_site)" title="Skyrock (social network site)">Skyrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So.cl" title="So.cl">So.cl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotify_Live" title="Spotify Live">Spotify Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring.me" title="Spring.me">Spring.me</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streetlife_(website)" title="Streetlife (website)">Streetlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StudiVZ" title="StudiVZ">StudiVZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfbook" title="Surfbook">Surfbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talkbits" title="Talkbits">Talkbits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taringa!" title="Taringa!">Taringa!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbh" title="Tbh">tbh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Community" title="Tea Party Community">Tea Party Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Voice" title="Third Voice">Third Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tout_(company)" title="Tout (company)">Tout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe.net" title="Tribe.net">tribe.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvtag" title="Tvtag">tvtag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine_(service)" title="Vine (service)">Vine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Live_Spaces" title="Windows Live Spaces">Windows Live Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wretch_(website)" title="Wretch (website)">Wretch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanga" title="Xanga">Xanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_360%C2%B0" title="Yahoo 360°">Yahoo! 360°</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Kickstart" title="Yahoo Kickstart">Yahoo! Kickstart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Mash" title="Yahoo Mash">Yahoo! Mash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Meme" title="Yahoo Meme">Yahoo! Meme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo_(app)" title="Yo (app)">Yo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_social_networking_software" title="Comparison of social networking software">Software comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-label_product" title="White-label product">White-label</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ning_(website)" title="Ning (website)">Ning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall.fm" title="Wall.fm">Wall.fm</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis_software" title="Social network analysis software">Analysis software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_(social_network)" title="Diaspora (social network)">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_2.0_Suicide_Machine" title="Web 2.0 Suicide Machine">Web 2.0 Suicide Machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_inequality" title="Attention inequality">Attention inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessions_page" title="Confessions page">Confessions page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersectarianism" title="Cybersectarianism">Cybersectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fediverse" title="Fediverse">Fediverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_identity" title="Online identity">Online identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-world_experiment" title="Small-world experiment">Small-world experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-world_network" title="Small-world network">Small-world network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">Social network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirst_trap" title="Thirst trap">Thirst trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_profile" title="User profile">User profile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_community" title="Virtual community">Virtual community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_virtual_communities_with_more_than_1_million_users" title="List of virtual communities with more than 1 million users">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_exchange_service" title="Hospitality exchange service">Hospitality exchange service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_social_network" title="Mobile social network">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_dating" title="Online dating">Online dating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_online_dating_services" title="Comparison of online dating services">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_advertising" title="Social network advertising">Social network advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_hosting_service" title="Social network hosting service">Social network hosting service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_profiling" title="Social profiling">Social profiling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">User interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity_stream" title="Activity stream">Activity stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_page" title="Brand page">Brand page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_(online_social_networking)" title="Group (online social networking)">Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashtag" title="Hashtag">Hashtag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Like_button" title="Like button">Like button</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_petition" title="Online petition">Online petitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-access_poll" title="Open-access poll">Polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reblogging" title="Reblogging">Reblogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_(social_media)" title="Story (social media)">Story</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Issues_relating_to_social_networking_services" title="Issues relating to social networking services">Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_concerns_with_social_networking_services" title="Privacy concerns with social networking services">Privacy concerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problematic_social_media_use" title="Problematic social media use">Problematic social media use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_social_network_websites_in_investigations" title="Use of social network websites in investigations">Use in investigations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_in_politics" title="Social media use in politics">Use in politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_social_network_service_use" title="Gender differences in social network service use">User gender differences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActivityPub" title="ActivityPub">ActivityPub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT_Protocol" title="AT Protocol">AT Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_Social_Networking_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized Social Networking Protocol">Decentralized Social Networking Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Social_Networking_Protocol" title="Distributed Social Networking Protocol">Distributed Social Networking Protocol</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micropub_(protocol)" title="Micropub (protocol)">Micropub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostr" title="Nostr">Nostr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSocial" title="OpenSocial">OpenSocial</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OStatus" title="OStatus">OStatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump.io" title="Pump.io">Pump.io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer-mediated_communication" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer-mediated_communication" title="Template:Computer-mediated communication"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer-mediated_communication" title="Template talk:Computer-mediated communication"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer-mediated_communication" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer-mediated communication"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer-mediated_communication" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">Computer-mediated communication</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_chat" title="Online chat">Online chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_discussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Online discussion">Online discussion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_software" title="Communication software">Communication software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_software" title="Collaborative software">Collaborative software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Social network service">Social network service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_learning_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual learning environment">Virtual learning environment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_conferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Asynchronous conferencing">Asynchronous conferencing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mailing list">Electronic mailing list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Internet forum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textboard" title="Textboard">Textboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imageboard" title="Imageboard">Imageboard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">Bulletin board system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guestbook" title="Guestbook">Online guestbook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_conferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous conferencing">Synchronous conferencing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_conferencing" title="Data conferencing">Data conferencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">Internet Relay Chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAN_messenger" title="LAN messenger">LAN messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talker" title="Talker">Talker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videoconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferencing">Videoconferencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">Voice over IP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voice_chat_in_online_gaming" title="Voice chat in online gaming">Voice chat in online gaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Web chat">Web chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_conferencing" title="Web conferencing">Web conferencing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">Wiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_culture" title="Template:Media culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_culture" title="Template talk:Media culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">24-hour news cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">Electronic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_media" title="Independent media">Independent media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_media" title="Lost media">Lost media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">Mainstream media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_media" title="Old media">Old media</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">State media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_development" title="Media development">Media development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_policy" title="Media policy">Media policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Media independence">Media independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_pluralism" title="Media pluralism">Media pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Media transparency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisanship_as_an_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipartisanship as an ideology">Bipartisanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pens%C3%A9e_unique" title="Pensée unique">Pensée unique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Media circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Media event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperation_(politics)" title="Recuperation (politics)">Recuperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">Viral phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing the news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Jacques Rancière</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_satire" title="Political satire">Political satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_bomb" title="Review bomb">Review bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Influence of mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatization_(media)" title="Mediatization (media)">Mediatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_democracy" title="Semiotic democracy">Semiotic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lonely_Crowd" title="The Lonely Crowd">The Lonely Crowd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Concentration of media ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_women_in_mass_media" title="Exploitation of women in mass media">Exploitation of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_violence_in_mass_media" title="Effects of violence in mass media">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synonyms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_society" title="Mass society">Mass society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Fordism" title="Post-Fordism">Post-Fordism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacle_(critical_theory)" title="Spectacle (critical theory)">Society of the Spectacle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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3.96% 174.563 24 Template:Annotated_link"," 3.83% 168.914 36 Template:Cite_news"," 3.59% 158.396 1 Template:Ref_RFC"," 3.33% 146.698 28 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.216","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19423249,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAgichteinCastilloDonatoGionis2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAichnerGrünfelderMaurerJegeni2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAichnerJacob2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAjbaili2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexander2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersonJiang2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersonTechnica2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAral2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAuer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAwan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarisioneMichailidou2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaym2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeauchamp2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckmann\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackford\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoydEllison2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrenner2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruntyHelenek2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurkeKrautMarlow2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBányaiZsilaKirályMaraz2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCashmore2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastronovoHuang2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaffeyEllis-Chadwick2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChanjuanJiajuBinLiang2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChauhanSharnaSikka2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenZhangJahanshahiAlvarez-Risco2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChuGianvecchioWangJajodia2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChuaChang2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColls2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorreaHinsley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCottenSchusterSeifert2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCriddle2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDebDonohueGlaisyer2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDijck2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDounoucosHillygusCarlson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuPrawAxner1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunawayDarrHitt2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunkley2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDíaz-Fernándezdel-Real-Castrillo2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFians2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFidlerWells2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlaniginMetzger2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranch2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuchs2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuchs2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFullerAllen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFunk2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGal2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGesser-EdelsburgShir-Raz2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiangreco2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGladwell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGladwell2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoffman1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoo2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreene-ColozziWintersBlaskoJeglic2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardy2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatterAndrews2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaustein2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawiSamaha2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenshawDarjeeClough2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinchiffe2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollandTiggerman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmbergBergDahlgrenLissner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmbergBergHillmanLissner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouse\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowardMcIntireAndersonStewart2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHull2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutchinson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngram2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJargon2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesSoltren2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJunco2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKATELLA2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamdar2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKang2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplanHaenlein2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufmannGlatthard2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKietzmannHermkens2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirkpatrick2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKist2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlepper2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnightJauffret-RoustideBolducCoulard2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKowalskiLimberAgatston2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKudchadkarCarroll2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKwakLaneWeeksKim2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFL2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLalli2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonard2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevensonShensaSidaniColditz2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLewallenBehm-Morawitz2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis-Kraus2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeyva2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiangSuYeoScheufele2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiao2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinneaWahlPokhrelCho2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiuWoo2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLivesay2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoMonte2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLugmayr2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaddenLenhartCortesiGasser2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManheimGesser-Edelsburg2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinez_RodrigoJacques-García2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazúrPatakyová2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCormackOrtiz2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCullagh2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCullaghTam\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerrillOremus2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeskeStieglitz2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichaelson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichaelsonSafi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMihailidisViotty2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinoff2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirNovasSeymour2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMolla2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMondalParvanovSinglaRayan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorahan-MartinSchumacher2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorenoRadesky2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurdock2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurthy2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Academies_Of_SciencesDivision_of_Behavioral_Social_Sciences_EducationCommittee_on_the_Science_of_Science_Communication:_A_Research_Agenda2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaughton2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNg2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNgak2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNielsen_Company2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brien2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Carroll2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObarWildman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOremus2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsterday2015–2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvadya2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPaatMarkham2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParr2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatchinHinduja2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatelLevinson-WaldmanKorehDenUyl2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPattonSawyerSantelliRoss2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaulBakerCochran2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPavlikMacIntoch2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerez2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhippenBrennan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPilon2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPragmatic_Grizzly2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrzybylskiMurayamaDeHaanGladwell2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuig_Larrauri2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadeskyMoreno2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRainie2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRainieWellman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRansomLa_GuardiaWoodyBoyd2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaymer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRideout2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRideoutRobb2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRideoutRobb2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRishel2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitcher2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitter2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobb2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobbBayVennegaard2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRochade_MouraDesidériode_Oliveira2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodriguez2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomero2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRutledge\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantre2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarıkaya2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaudMashudIda2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSaxtonNiyiroraGuoWaters2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchivinskiBrzozowska-WośStansburySatel2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlag2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSchneider2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchreckinger2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchurgin_O\u0026#039;KeeffeClarke-Pearson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchäfer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeymour2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShermanPaytonHernandezGreenfield2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShirky2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShu-Chuan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghDixitJoshi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSorescuFrambachSinghRangaswamy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSottek2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpillane2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStacy1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStefanoneLackaffRosen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephenGalak2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSterling2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone-GrossHolzStringhiniVigna2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaoHuangMuXie2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeamYouTube2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTiggemannAnderberg2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurkle,_S.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVogelRoseOkdieEckles2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolfovskyMerhoutMannLee2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangLiangMahtoDeng2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangTchernevSolloway2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangYuWei2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatercutter\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilsonPeeblesHardyLitt2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWongHoOlusanyaAntonini2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWriter2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYangLinBatchellerZhou2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangGraf-VlachyKimSu2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFeSafety_Commissioner2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_Nagel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"Censorship_incidents\"] = 1,\n [\"Criticisms\"] = 1,\n [\"Political_effects\"] = 1,\n [\"Scope_expansion_and_feature_merge\"] = 1,\n [\"Social_impacts_of_social_media\"] = 1,\n [\"Social_media_in_politics\"] = 1,\n [\"Use_in_politics\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 5,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"According to whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Additional citations needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 5,\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 24,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite arXiv\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 25,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 93,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 31,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite tweet\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 121,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Computer-mediated communication\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 10,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Google books\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 11,\n [\"Media culture\"] = 1,\n [\"Online social networking\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref RFC\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"Scholia\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 10,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Toclimit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikinews\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","560","17.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","400","12.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","280","8.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","6.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","220","6.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","180","5.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","120","3.7"],["init \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Date_validation\u003E","80","2.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:706\u003E","60","1.9"],["[others]","1000","30.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-m4ftb","timestamp":"20241125143101","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Social media","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_media","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q202833","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q202833","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-07-09T21:26:52Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T08:21:56Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e2\/Social_media.png","headline":"virtual online 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