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id="toc-Republican_Party_nomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_Party_nomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Republican Party nomination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_Party_nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_Candidates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Candidates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Other Candidates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Candidates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_Party_nomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_Party_nomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Democratic Party nomination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_Party_nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_candidates_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_candidates_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Other candidates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_candidates_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_candidates_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_candidates_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Other candidates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_candidates_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Socialist_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialist_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Socialist Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialist_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workers_(Communist)_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workers_(Communist)_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Workers (Communist) Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workers_(Communist)_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialist_Labor_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialist_Labor_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Socialist Labor Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialist_Labor_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prohibition_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prohibition_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Prohibition Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prohibition_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farmer-Labor_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farmer-Labor_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>Farmer-Labor Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farmer-Labor_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>General election</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-General_election-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle General election subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-General_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fall_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Fall campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geography_of_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_of_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Geography of results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography_of_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cartographic_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cartographic_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Cartographic gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cartographic_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results_by_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results_by_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Results by state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results_by_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-States_that_flipped_from_Democratic_to_Republican" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States_that_flipped_from_Democratic_to_Republican"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>States that flipped from Democratic to Republican</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States_that_flipped_from_Democratic_to_Republican-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-States_that_flipped_from_Progressive_to_Republican" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States_that_flipped_from_Progressive_to_Republican"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>States that flipped from Progressive to Republican</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States_that_flipped_from_Progressive_to_Republican-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-States_that_flipped_from_Republican_to_Democratic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States_that_flipped_from_Republican_to_Democratic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>States that flipped from Republican to Democratic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States_that_flipped_from_Republican_to_Democratic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Close_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Close_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Close states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Close_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1928 United States presidential election</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_1928" title="انتخابات الرئاسة الأمريكية 1928 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتخابات الرئاسة الأمريكية 1928" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A6sidentvalget_i_USA_1928" title="Præsidentvalget i USA 1928 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Præsidentvalget i USA 1928" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4sidentschaftswahl_in_den_Vereinigten_Staaten_1928" title="Präsidentschaftswahl in den Vereinigten Staaten 1928 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Präsidentschaftswahl in den Vereinigten Staaten 1928" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones_presidenciales_de_Estados_Unidos_de_1928" title="Elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 1928 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 1928" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_(%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B2%DB%B8)" title="انتخابات ریاست‌جمهوری ایالات متحده آمریکا (۱۹۲۸) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انتخابات ریاست‌جمهوری ایالات متحده آمریکا (۱۹۲۸)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lection_pr%C3%A9sidentielle_am%C3%A9ricaine_de_1928" title="Élection présidentielle américaine de 1928 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élection présidentielle américaine de 1928" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928%EB%85%84_%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EB%8C%80%ED%86%B5%EB%A0%B9_%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0" title="1928년 미국 대통령 선거 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1928년 미국 대통령 선거" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%84%D5%86_%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80_1928" title="ԱՄՆ նախագահական ընտրություններ 1928 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԱՄՆ նախագահական ընտրություններ 1928" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elezioni_presidenziali_negli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America_del_1928" title="Elezioni presidenziali negli Stati Uniti d'America del 1928 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elezioni presidenziali negli Stati Uniti d'America del 1928" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%91%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_1928" title="הבחירות לנשיאות ארצות הברית 1928 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הבחירות לנשיאות ארצות הברית 1928" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A8-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_(1928)" title="აშშ-ის საპრეზიდენტო არჩევნები (1928) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აშშ-ის საპრეზიდენტო არჩევნები (1928)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchaguzi_wa_Rais_wa_Marekani,_1928" title="Uchaguzi wa Rais wa Marekani, 1928 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uchaguzi wa Rais wa Marekani, 1928" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikaanse_presidentsverkiezingen_1928" title="Amerikaanse presidentsverkiezingen 1928 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amerikaanse presidentsverkiezingen 1928" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928%E5%B9%B4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99" title="1928年アメリカ合衆国大統領選挙 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1928年アメリカ合衆国大統領選挙" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidentvalget_i_USA_1928" title="Presidentvalget i USA 1928 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Presidentvalget i USA 1928" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wybory_prezydenckie_w_Stanach_Zjednoczonych_w_1928_roku" title="Wybory prezydenckie w Stanach Zjednoczonych w 1928 roku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wybory prezydenckie w Stanach Zjednoczonych w 1928 roku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_presidencial_nos_Estados_Unidos_em_1928" title="Eleição presidencial nos Estados Unidos em 1928 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eleição presidencial nos Estados Unidos em 1928" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90_(1928)" title="Президентские выборы в США (1928) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Президентские выборы в США (1928)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1928 United States presidential election" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A8%DA%98%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_(%D9%A1%D9%A9%D9%A2%D9%A8)" title="ھەڵبژاردنی سەرۆکایەتیی ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکانی ئەمریکا (١٩٢٨) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەڵبژاردنی سەرۆکایەتیی ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکانی ئەمریکا (١٩٢٨)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94_1928." title="Председнички избори у САД 1928. – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.ib-election .mw-file-description img{background-color:#f8f9fa}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><table class="infobox ib-election infobox-table vevent" style="width:350px"><caption class="infobox-title summary">1928 United States presidential election</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;width:20%;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;width:60%;" class=""><b>November 6, 1928</b></td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;width:20%;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a> →</td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><hr />531 members of the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a><br />266 electoral votes needed to win</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Turnout</th><td class="infobox-data">56.9%<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8.0 <a href="/wiki/Percentage_point" title="Percentage point">pp</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="background:transparent; color: inherit; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td>  </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #E81B23;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herbert_Hoover_-_NARA_-_532049.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Herbert_Hoover_-_NARA_-_532049.jpg/157px-Herbert_Hoover_-_NARA_-_532049.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Herbert_Hoover_-_NARA_-_532049.jpg/236px-Herbert_Hoover_-_NARA_-_532049.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Herbert_Hoover_-_NARA_-_532049.jpg/315px-Herbert_Hoover_-_NARA_-_532049.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2363" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span> </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #3333FF;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unsuccessful_1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Unsuccessful_1928.jpg/150px-Unsuccessful_1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Unsuccessful_1928.jpg/225px-Unsuccessful_1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Unsuccessful_1928.jpg/300px-Unsuccessful_1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="754" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:75px;text-align:left">Nominee </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:75px;text-align:left">Party </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Home state </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Running mate </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a></b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Taylor_Robinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Taylor Robinson">Joseph T. Robinson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Electoral vote </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b>444</b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">87 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">States carried </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b>40</b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">8 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Popular vote </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b>21,427,123</b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">15,015,464 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Percentage </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b>58.1%</b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">40.9% </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img 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coords="288,58,288,53,292,52,299,50,299,50,300,49,300,49,301,50,301,51,300,51,300,53,301,54,301,53,302,53,304,56,306,56,307,56,307,55,307,54,305,54,305,54,306,54,307,54,308,56,308,56,307,56,306,57,305,57,304,58,304,58,304,59,305,59,305,59,308,59,308,59,308,59,308,59,308,59,308,59,306,59,305,59,304,59,304,60,304,60,304,59,304,59,303,59,303,59,304,58,304,57,303,57,302,57,302,59,302,59,301,57,299,55,293,57" alt="1928 United States presidential election in Massachusetts" title="1928 United States presidential election in Massachusetts" /><area href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maryland" shape="rect" coords="301,98,326,104" alt="1928 United States presidential election in Maryland" title="1928 United States presidential election in Maryland" /><area href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Delaware" shape="rect" coords="304,90,324,97" alt="1928 United States presidential election in Delaware" title="1928 United States presidential election in Delaware" /><area href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey" shape="rect" coords="307,83,331,89" alt="1928 United States presidential election in New Jersey" title="1928 United States presidential election in New Jersey" /><area href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Connecticut" shape="rect" coords="313,72,333,78" alt="1928 United States presidential election in Connecticut" title="1928 United States presidential election in Connecticut" /><area href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Rhode_Island" shape="rect" coords="316,62,334,68" alt="1928 United States presidential election in Rhode Island" title="1928 United States presidential election in Rhode Island" /><area href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Massachusetts" shape="rect" coords="316,50,345,56" alt="1928 United States presidential election in Massachusetts" title="1928 United States presidential election in Massachusetts" /><area href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Vermont" shape="rect" coords="269,21,290,28" alt="1928 United States presidential election in Vermont" title="1928 United States presidential election in Vermont" /><area href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Hampshire" shape="rect" coords="273,14,296,20" alt="1928 United States presidential election in New Hampshire" title="1928 United States presidential election in New Hampshire" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div>Presidential election results map. <span style="color:red;">Red</span> denotes states won by Hoover/Curtis, <span style="color:blue;">blue</span> denotes those won by Smith/Robinson. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="background:transparent; color: inherit; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%; text-align:left;"><b>President before election</b><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </p> </td> <td style="width:50%; text-align:right;"><b>Elected President</b> <br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1928 United States presidential election</b> was the 36th quadrennial <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">presidential election</a>, held on Tuesday, November 6, 1928. <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> former Secretary of Commerce <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee, Governor <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> of New York. After President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> declined to seek reelection, Hoover emerged as the Republican party's frontrunner. As Hoover's party opponents failed to unite around a candidate, Hoover received a large majority of the vote at the <a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 Republican National Convention</a>. The strong state of the economy discouraged some Democrats from running, and Smith was nominated on the first ballot of the <a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 Democratic National Convention</a>. Hoover and Smith had been widely known as potential presidential candidates long before the 1928 campaign, and both were generally regarded as outstanding leaders. Both were newcomers to the presidential race and presented in their person and record an appeal of unknown potency to the electorate. Both faced serious discontent within their respective parties' membership, and both lacked the wholehearted support of their parties' organization.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Presidential_Vote_1932,_pg._24_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Presidential_Vote_1932,_pg._24-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_%28cropped%29.jpg/148px-Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_%28cropped%29.jpg/222px-Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_%28cropped%29.jpg/295px-Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbent</a> in 1928, Calvin Coolidge. His second term expired at noon on March 4, 1929.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the end, the Republicans were identified with the booming economy of the 1920s, and Smith, a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, suffered politically from <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United States">anti-Catholic</a> sentiment particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a>, his opposition to <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a>, and his association with the legacy of corruption by <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a>. Hoover won a third straight Republican <a href="/wiki/Landslide_victory" title="Landslide victory">landslide</a> and made substantial inroads in the traditionally-<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a> by winning several states that had not voted for a Republican since the end of <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a>. Smith carried the five states of the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>, his running mate's home state of Arkansas, and the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a> states of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. </p><p>Hoover's victory made him the first president born west of the Mississippi River, and he is the most recent former member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Cabinet">Cabinet</a> to win a presidential election. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> was elected vice president, becoming the first Native American and the first person with acknowledged non-European ancestry to reach that office, a feat that was not repeated until 2021, when <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> became vice president under President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>. Hoover would be the last Republican to win a presidential election until <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> defeated Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nominations">Nominations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_Party_nomination">Republican Party nomination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Republican Party nomination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 Republican National Convention</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Endorsements in the 1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">Endorsements in the 1928 Republican Party presidential primaries</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;" colspan="30"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)"><img alt="Republican Party (United States)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Republican_Disc.svg/65px-Republican_Disc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Republican_Disc.svg/98px-Republican_Disc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Republican_Disc.svg/130px-Republican_Disc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption>Republican Party (United States)</figcaption></figure><big><b>1928 Republican Party ticket</b></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#E81B23; width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000011-QINU`"'</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Herbert Hoover</span></a> </th> <th style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#E81B23; width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Charles Curtis</span></a> </th></tr> <tr style="color:#000; font-size:100%; background:#FFD0D7;"> <td style="width:3em; width:200px;"><i><b>for President</b></i> </td> <td style="width:3em; width:200px;"><i><b>for Vice President</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herbert_Hoover_-_NARA_-_532049.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Herbert_Hoover_-_NARA_-_532049.jpg/157px-Herbert_Hoover_-_NARA_-_532049.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Herbert_Hoover_-_NARA_-_532049.jpg/236px-Herbert_Hoover_-_NARA_-_532049.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Herbert_Hoover_-_NARA_-_532049.jpg/315px-Herbert_Hoover_-_NARA_-_532049.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2363" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Curtis-portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Charles_Curtis-portrait.jpg/153px-Charles_Curtis-portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Charles_Curtis-portrait.jpg/229px-Charles_Curtis-portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Charles_Curtis-portrait.jpg/306px-Charles_Curtis-portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1143" data-file-height="1494" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">U.S. Secretary of Commerce</a><br /><small>(1921–1928)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> <br /><small>(1907–1913 & 1915–1929)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b><abbr title="Instructed Delegates">ID</abbr>:</b><i><small> 208 votes</small><sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i><br /><b><abbr title="Highest Convention Vote">HCV</abbr>:</b><i><small> 837 votes</small></i><br /><small>2,045,928 votes</small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_Candidates">Other Candidates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other Candidates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="7" style="text-align:center; width:1400px; font-size:120%; color:white; background:#E81B23;"><i>Candidates in this section are sorted by their highest vote count on the nominating ballot</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Orren_Lowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Orren Lowden">Frank Orren Lowden</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/James_Eli_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="James Eli Watson">James Eli Watson</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Norris" title="George W. Norris">George W. Norris</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/Guy_D._Goff" title="Guy D. Goff">Guy D. Goff</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Willis" title="Frank B. Willis">Frank B. Willis</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_O_Lowden_portrait_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Frank_O_Lowden_portrait_%281%29.jpg/90px-Frank_O_Lowden_portrait_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Frank_O_Lowden_portrait_%281%29.jpg/135px-Frank_O_Lowden_portrait_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Frank_O_Lowden_portrait_%281%29.jpg/180px-Frank_O_Lowden_portrait_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Curtis-portrait_(cropped_3x4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Charles_Curtis-portrait_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg/90px-Charles_Curtis-portrait_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Charles_Curtis-portrait_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg/135px-Charles_Curtis-portrait_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Charles_Curtis-portrait_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg/180px-Charles_Curtis-portrait_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="1334" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Eli_Watson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/James_Eli_Watson.jpg/82px-James_Eli_Watson.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/James_Eli_Watson.jpg/123px-James_Eli_Watson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/James_Eli_Watson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NORRIS,_GEORGE_W._SENATOR_LCCN2016856729_(3x4a).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/NORRIS%2C_GEORGE_W._SENATOR_LCCN2016856729_%283x4a%29.jpg/90px-NORRIS%2C_GEORGE_W._SENATOR_LCCN2016856729_%283x4a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/NORRIS%2C_GEORGE_W._SENATOR_LCCN2016856729_%283x4a%29.jpg/135px-NORRIS%2C_GEORGE_W._SENATOR_LCCN2016856729_%283x4a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/NORRIS%2C_GEORGE_W._SENATOR_LCCN2016856729_%283x4a%29.jpg/180px-NORRIS%2C_GEORGE_W._SENATOR_LCCN2016856729_%283x4a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4061" data-file-height="5411" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guy_Despard_Goff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Guy_Despard_Goff.jpg/89px-Guy_Despard_Goff.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Guy_Despard_Goff.jpg/134px-Guy_Despard_Goff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Guy_Despard_Goff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="161" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_%28cropped%29.jpg/91px-Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_%28cropped%29.jpg/136px-Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_%28cropped%29.jpg/181px-Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_B_Willis_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Frank_B_Willis_2.jpg/90px-Frank_B_Willis_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Frank_B_Willis_2.jpg/135px-Frank_B_Willis_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Frank_B_Willis_2.jpg/180px-Frank_B_Willis_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6176" data-file-height="8235" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Illinois" title="Governor of Illinois">Governor</a><br />of <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a><br /><small>(1917–1921)</small> </td> <td>U.S. Senator<br />from <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a><br /><small>(1924–1929)</small> </td> <td>U.S. Senator<br />from <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a><br /><small>(1916–1933)</small> </td> <td>U.S. Senator<br />from <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a><br /><small>(1913–1943)</small> </td> <td>U.S. Senator<br />from <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a><br /><small>(1925–1931)</small> </td> <td>U.S. President<br />from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a><br /><small>(1923–1929)</small> </td> <td>U.S. Senator<br />from <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a><br /><small>(1921–1928)</small> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td><b><abbr title="Instructed Delegates">ID</abbr>:</b><i><small> 111 votes</small></i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><abbr title="Withdrew">W</abbr>:</b><i><small> Before 1st Ballot</small></i><br /><b><abbr title="Highest Convention Vote">HCV</abbr>:</b><i><small> 74 votes</small></i><br /><small>1,317,799 votes</small> </td> <td><b><abbr title="Instructed Delegates">ID</abbr>:</b><i><small> 23 votes</small></i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><abbr title="Highest Convention Vote">HCV</abbr>:</b><i><small> 64 votes</small></i><br /><small>0 votes</small> </td> <td><b><abbr title="Instructed Delegates">ID</abbr>:</b><i><small> 33 votes</small></i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><abbr title="Highest Convention Vote">HCV</abbr>:</b><i><small> 45 votes</small></i><br /><small>228,795 votes</small> </td> <td><b><abbr title="Instructed Delegates">ID</abbr>:</b><i><small> 27 votes</small></i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><abbr title="Highest Convention Vote">HCV</abbr>:</b><i><small> 24 votes</small></i><br /><small>259,548 votes</small> </td> <td><b><abbr title="Instructed Delegates">ID</abbr>:</b><i><small> 0 votes</small></i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><abbr title="Highest Convention Vote">HCV</abbr>:</b><i><small> 18 votes</small></i><br /><small>128,429 votes</small> </td> <td><b><abbr title="Declined To Run">DTR</abbr></b><br /><b><abbr title="Instructed Delegates">ID</abbr>:</b><i><small> 10 votes</small></i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><abbr title="Highest Convention Vote">HCV</abbr>:</b><i><small> 17 votes</small></i><br /><small>12,985 votes</small> </td> <td><b><abbr title="Died">Died</abbr>:</b><small> <i>March 30</i></small><br /><small>84,461 votes</small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlie_Curtis_and_Herbert_Hoover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Charlie_Curtis_and_Herbert_Hoover.jpg/220px-Charlie_Curtis_and_Herbert_Hoover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Charlie_Curtis_and_Herbert_Hoover.jpg/330px-Charlie_Curtis_and_Herbert_Hoover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Charlie_Curtis_and_Herbert_Hoover.jpg/440px-Charlie_Curtis_and_Herbert_Hoover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> after winning the presidential and vice-presidential nominations</figcaption></figure> <p>With President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> <a href="/wiki/I_do_not_choose_to_run" title="I do not choose to run">choosing not to seek re-election</a>, the race for the nomination was wide open. The leading candidates were <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>, former Illinois Governor <a href="/wiki/Frank_Orren_Lowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Orren Lowden">Frank Orren Lowden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Senate Majority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a>. A movement to draft Coolidge failed to gain traction with party insiders or even persuade Coolidge himself.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the few primaries that mattered, Hoover did not perform as well as expected, leaving him with fewer than half the number of pledged delegates that he needed to win the nomination. Lowden in turn only had half the number of delegates that Hoover did, leaving it looking unlikely that the first rounds of voting would produce a majority for any candidate. Attempts were made to sound out Coolidge and Vice President <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a> as to whether they would be willing to enter the race and break a potential deadlock between Hoover and Lowden, but both Coolidge and Dawes remained aloof. The matter was unexpectedly resolved when the convention voted to adopt a platform that repudiated the <a href="/wiki/McNary%E2%80%93Haugen_Farm_Relief_Bill" title="McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill">McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill</a>, in turn causing Lowden to withdraw his candidacy in protest, and leaving no obvious challenger to Hoover. The only real competition that remained came from Senator Curtis, whose campaign was left with far too little time to win over the Lowden supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Republican Convention was held in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a> from June 12 to 15 and nominated Hoover on the first ballot. With Hoover disinclined to interfere in the selection of his running mate, the party leaders were at first partial to giving Dawes a shot at a second term, but when that information leaked, Coolidge sent an angry telegram that said that he would consider a second nomination for Dawes, whom he hated, a "personal affront".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To attract votes from farmers who were concerned about Hoover's pro-business orientation, the nomination was instead offered to Curtis. He accepted and was nominated overwhelmingly on the first ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curtis was the first candidate of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> ancestry nominated by a major party for national office. </p><p>In his acceptance speech eight weeks after the convention ended, Hoover said: "We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of this land... We shall soon with the help of God be in sight of the day when poverty will be banished from this land."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That sentence would haunt Hoover during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"> <caption>The Balloting </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Presidential Ballot</th> <th></th> <th>Vice Presidential Ballot</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></th> <th>837</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a></th> <th>1,052 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Frank_Orren_Lowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Orren Lowden">Frank Orren Lowden</a></th> <th>74</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Herman_Ekern" title="Herman Ekern">Herman Ekern</a></th> <th>19 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a></th> <th>64</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a></th> <th>13 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/James_Eli_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="James Eli Watson">James Eli Watson</a></th> <th>45</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hanford_MacNider" title="Hanford MacNider">Hanford MacNider</a></th> <th>2 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/George_W._Norris" title="George W. Norris">George W. Norris</a></th> <th>24</th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Guy_D._Goff" title="Guy D. Goff">Guy D. Goff</a></th> <th>18</th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a></th> <th>17</th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a></th> <th>4</th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a></th> <th>1</th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_Party_nomination">Democratic Party nomination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Democratic Party nomination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 Democratic National Convention</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Endorsements in the 1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Endorsements in the 1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;" colspan="30"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)"><img alt="Democratic Party (United States)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Democratic_Disc.svg/65px-Democratic_Disc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Democratic_Disc.svg/98px-Democratic_Disc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Democratic_Disc.svg/130px-Democratic_Disc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Democratic Party (United States)</figcaption></figure><big><b>1928 Democratic Party ticket </b></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#3333FF; width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Al Smith</span></a> </th> <th style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#3333FF; width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Taylor_Robinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Taylor Robinson"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Joseph T. Robinson</span></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; font-size:100%; color:#000; background:#C8EBFF; width:200px;"><i><b>for President</b></i> </td> <td style="width:3em; font-size:100%; color:#000; background:#C8EBFF; width:200px;"><i><b>for Vice President</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AlfredSmith_(3x4).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/AlfredSmith_%283x4%29.png/150px-AlfredSmith_%283x4%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/AlfredSmith_%283x4%29.png/225px-AlfredSmith_%283x4%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/AlfredSmith_%283x4%29.png/300px-AlfredSmith_%283x4%29.png 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_T._Robinson_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Joseph_T._Robinson_cropped.jpg/145px-Joseph_T._Robinson_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Joseph_T._Robinson_cropped.jpg/217px-Joseph_T._Robinson_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Joseph_T._Robinson_cropped.jpg/290px-Joseph_T._Robinson_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3396" data-file-height="4684" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of New York">42nd</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a><br /><small>(1919–1920 & 1923–1928)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a><br /><small>(1913–1937)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign"><b>Campaign</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b><abbr title="Instructed Delegates">ID</abbr>:</b><i><small> 410 votes</small></i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><abbr title="Highest Convention Vote">HCV</abbr>:</b><i><small> 849.19 votes</small></i><br /><small>515,389 votes</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_candidates_2">Other candidates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other candidates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 Democratic National Convention</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="7" style="text-align:center; width:1400px; font-size:120%; color:white; background:#3333FF;"><i>Candidates in this section are sorted by their highest vote count on the nominating ballot</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">Walter F. George</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Reed_(politician)" title="James A. Reed (politician)">James A. Reed</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/Atlee_Pomerene" title="Atlee Pomerene">Atlee Pomerene</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_H._Jones" title="Jesse H. Jones">Jesse H. Jones</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/Evans_Woollen" title="Evans Woollen">Evans Woollen</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/William_Augustus_Ayres" title="William Augustus Ayres">William A. Ayres</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hull-Cordell-LOC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hull-Cordell-LOC.jpg/81px-Hull-Cordell-LOC.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hull-Cordell-LOC.jpg/122px-Hull-Cordell-LOC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hull-Cordell-LOC.jpg/163px-Hull-Cordell-LOC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1429" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sen._Walter_F._George_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sen._Walter_F._George_%28cropped%29.jpg/91px-Sen._Walter_F._George_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sen._Walter_F._George_%28cropped%29.jpg/136px-Sen._Walter_F._George_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sen._Walter_F._George_%28cropped%29.jpg/182px-Sen._Walter_F._George_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="1426" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sen._Jas._A._Reed_LCCN2016848785_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sen._Jas._A._Reed_LCCN2016848785_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Sen._Jas._A._Reed_LCCN2016848785_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sen._Jas._A._Reed_LCCN2016848785_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-Sen._Jas._A._Reed_LCCN2016848785_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sen._Jas._A._Reed_LCCN2016848785_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Sen._Jas._A._Reed_LCCN2016848785_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1109" data-file-height="1478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AtleePomereneBakerPortrait1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/AtleePomereneBakerPortrait1.jpg/84px-AtleePomereneBakerPortrait1.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/AtleePomereneBakerPortrait1.jpg/126px-AtleePomereneBakerPortrait1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/AtleePomereneBakerPortrait1.jpg/169px-AtleePomereneBakerPortrait1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5937" data-file-height="8445" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JONES,_JESSE_H.,_HONORABLE_LCCN2016860069.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/JONES%2C_JESSE_H.%2C_HONORABLE_LCCN2016860069.jpg/96px-JONES%2C_JESSE_H.%2C_HONORABLE_LCCN2016860069.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/JONES%2C_JESSE_H.%2C_HONORABLE_LCCN2016860069.jpg/144px-JONES%2C_JESSE_H.%2C_HONORABLE_LCCN2016860069.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/JONES%2C_JESSE_H.%2C_HONORABLE_LCCN2016860069.jpg/192px-JONES%2C_JESSE_H.%2C_HONORABLE_LCCN2016860069.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8122" data-file-height="10135" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EvansWoollen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/EvansWoollen.png/82px-EvansWoollen.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/EvansWoollen.png/123px-EvansWoollen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/EvansWoollen.png/164px-EvansWoollen.png 2x" data-file-width="1539" data-file-height="2245" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WilliamAugustusAyres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/WilliamAugustusAyres.jpg/86px-WilliamAugustusAyres.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/WilliamAugustusAyres.jpg/128px-WilliamAugustusAyres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/WilliamAugustusAyres.jpg/171px-WilliamAugustusAyres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1654" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td>Congressman<br />from <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a><br /><small>(1923–1931)</small> </td> <td>U.S. Senator<br />from <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a><br /><small>(1922–1957)</small> </td> <td>U.S. Senator<br />from <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a><br /><small>(1911–1929)</small> </td> <td>U.S. Senator<br />from <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a><br /><small>(1911–1923)</small> </td> <td>Owner of the <i>Houston Chronicle</i><br />from <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td>Lawyer and Banker<br />from <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> </td> <td>Congressman<br />from <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a><br /><small>(1923–1934)</small> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td><b><abbr title="Instructed Delegates">ID</abbr>:</b><i><small> 24 votes</small></i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><abbr title="Highest Convention Vote">HCV</abbr>:</b><i><small> 71.84 votes</small></i><br /><small>0 votes</small> </td> <td><b><abbr title="Instructed Delegates">ID</abbr>:</b><i><small> 28 votes</small></i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><abbr title="Highest Convention Vote">HCV</abbr>:</b><i><small> 52.5 votes</small></i><br /><small>0 votes</small> </td> <td><b><abbr title="Instructed Delegates">ID</abbr>:</b><i><small> 36 votes</small></i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><abbr title="Highest Convention Vote">HCV</abbr>:</b><i><small> 52 votes</small></i><br /><small>207,799 votes</small> </td> <td><b><abbr title="Instructed Delegates">ID</abbr>:</b><i><small> 47 votes</small></i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><abbr title="Highest Convention Vote">HCV</abbr>:</b><i><small> 47 votes</small></i><br /><small>13,957 votes</small> </td> <td><b><abbr title="Instructed Delegates">ID</abbr>:</b><i><small> 0 votes</small></i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><abbr title="Highest Convention Vote">HCV</abbr>:</b><i><small> 43 votes</small></i><br /><small>0 votes</small> </td> <td><b><abbr title="Instructed Delegates">ID</abbr>:</b><i><small> 30 votes</small></i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><abbr title="Highest Convention Vote">HCV</abbr>:</b><i><small> 32 votes</small></i><br /><small>146,934 votes</small> </td> <td><b><abbr title="Instructed Delegates">ID</abbr>:</b><i><small> 20 votes</small></i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><abbr title="Highest Convention Vote">HCV</abbr>:</b><i><small> 20 votes</small></i><br /><small>0 votes</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/Pat_Harrison" title="Pat Harrison">Pat Harrison</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Watts" title="Richard C. Watts">Richard C. Watts</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Gilbert Hitchcock</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_T._Meredith" title="Edwin T. Meredith">Edwin T. Meredith</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Tureman_Allen" title="Henry Tureman Allen">Henry T. Allen</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Ritchie" title="Albert Ritchie">Albert Ritchie</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Walsh" title="Thomas J. Walsh">Thomas J. Walsh</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pat_Harrison_cph.3b17523.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pat_Harrison_cph.3b17523.jpg/82px-Pat_Harrison_cph.3b17523.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pat_Harrison_cph.3b17523.jpg/124px-Pat_Harrison_cph.3b17523.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pat_Harrison_cph.3b17523.jpg/165px-Pat_Harrison_cph.3b17523.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="1479" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_C._Watts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Richard_C._Watts.jpg/99px-Richard_C._Watts.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Richard_C._Watts.jpg/148px-Richard_C._Watts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Richard_C._Watts.jpg/198px-Richard_C._Watts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HITCHCOCK,_G.M._HONORABLE_LCCN2016857525_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/HITCHCOCK%2C_G.M._HONORABLE_LCCN2016857525_%28cropped%29.jpg/98px-HITCHCOCK%2C_G.M._HONORABLE_LCCN2016857525_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/HITCHCOCK%2C_G.M._HONORABLE_LCCN2016857525_%28cropped%29.jpg/147px-HITCHCOCK%2C_G.M._HONORABLE_LCCN2016857525_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/HITCHCOCK%2C_G.M._HONORABLE_LCCN2016857525_%28cropped%29.jpg/195px-HITCHCOCK%2C_G.M._HONORABLE_LCCN2016857525_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7551" data-file-height="9270" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:E.T._Meredith,_ggbain.29455u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/E.T._Meredith%2C_ggbain.29455u.jpg/88px-E.T._Meredith%2C_ggbain.29455u.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/E.T._Meredith%2C_ggbain.29455u.jpg/132px-E.T._Meredith%2C_ggbain.29455u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/E.T._Meredith%2C_ggbain.29455u.jpg/176px-E.T._Meredith%2C_ggbain.29455u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="5263" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gen._H.T._Allen_LCCN2014715333.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gen._H.T._Allen_LCCN2014715333.jpg/87px-Gen._H.T._Allen_LCCN2014715333.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gen._H.T._Allen_LCCN2014715333.jpg/130px-Gen._H.T._Allen_LCCN2014715333.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gen._H.T._Allen_LCCN2014715333.jpg/173px-Gen._H.T._Allen_LCCN2014715333.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6457" data-file-height="8931" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Ritchie,_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Albert_Ritchie%2C_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders.jpg/89px-Albert_Ritchie%2C_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Albert_Ritchie%2C_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders.jpg/133px-Albert_Ritchie%2C_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Albert_Ritchie%2C_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders.jpg/177px-Albert_Ritchie%2C_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3614" data-file-height="4891" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WALSH,_THOMAS_J._SENATOR_LCCN2016861395.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/WALSH%2C_THOMAS_J._SENATOR_LCCN2016861395.jpg/96px-WALSH%2C_THOMAS_J._SENATOR_LCCN2016861395.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/WALSH%2C_THOMAS_J._SENATOR_LCCN2016861395.jpg/144px-WALSH%2C_THOMAS_J._SENATOR_LCCN2016861395.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/WALSH%2C_THOMAS_J._SENATOR_LCCN2016861395.jpg/192px-WALSH%2C_THOMAS_J._SENATOR_LCCN2016861395.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8122" data-file-height="10169" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td>U.S. Senator<br />from <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a><br /><small>(1919–1941)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Supreme_Court" title="South Carolina Supreme Court">Chief Justice</a><br />of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a><br /><small>(1927–1930)</small> </td> <td>U.S. Senator<br />from <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a><br /><small>(1911–1923)</small> </td> <td>U.S. Secretary of Agriculture<br />from <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a><br /><small>(1920–1921)</small> </td> <td>Major General<br />from <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> </td> <td>Governor<br />of <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a><br /><small>(1920–1935)</small> </td> <td>U.S. Senator<br />from <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a><br /><small>(1913–1933)</small> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center"> <td><b><abbr title="Instructed Delegates">ID</abbr>:</b><i><small> 0 votes</small></i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><abbr title="Highest Convention Vote">HCV</abbr>:</b><i><small> 20 votes</small></i><br /><small>0 votes</small> </td> <td><b><abbr title="Instructed Delegates">ID</abbr>:</b><i><small> 0 votes</small></i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><abbr title="Highest Convention Vote">HCV</abbr>:</b><i><small> 18 votes</small></i><br /><small>0 votes</small> </td> <td><b><abbr title="Instructed Delegates">ID</abbr>:</b><i><small> 16 votes</small></i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><abbr title="Highest Convention Vote">HCV</abbr>:</b><i><small> 16 votes</small></i><br /><small>51,019 votes</small> </td> <td><b><abbr title="Instructed Delegates">ID</abbr>:</b><i><small> 2 votes</small></i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><abbr title="Highest Convention Vote">HCV</abbr>:</b><i><small> 0 votes</small></i><br /><small>57 votes</small> </td> <td><b><abbr title="Instructed Delegates">ID</abbr>:</b><i><small> 0 votes</small></i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><abbr title="Highest Convention Vote">HCV</abbr>:</b><i><small> 0 votes</small></i><br /><small>0 votes</small> </td> <td><b><abbr title="Instructed Delegates">ID</abbr>:</b><i><small> 16 votes</small></i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><abbr title="Withdrew">W</abbr>:</b><i><small> June 18</small></i><br /><small>0 votes</small> </td> <td><b><abbr title="Instructed Delegates">ID</abbr>:</b><i><small> 0 votes</small></i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><abbr title="Withdrew">W</abbr>:</b><i><small> May 5</small></i><br /><small>60,243 votes</small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Owing to the <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">economic prosperity</a> in the country and rapidly fading public memory of the <a href="/wiki/Teapot_Dome_scandal" title="Teapot Dome scandal">Teapot Dome scandal</a>, the Democratic Party's prospects looked dim. Most of the major Democratic leaders, such as <a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">William Gibbs McAdoo</a>, were therefore content to sit out the election.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One who did not do so was New York Governor <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a>, who had previously made two attempts to secure the Democratic nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 Democratic National Convention</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas, on June 26 to 28, and Smith became the candidate on the first ballot. </p><p>The leadership asked the delegates to nominate Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Taylor_Robinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Taylor Robinson">Joseph Taylor Robinson</a> of Arkansas, in many ways Smith's political polar opposite, to be his running mate, and Robinson was nominated for vice-president.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith was the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> to gain a major party's nomination for president, and his religion became an issue during the campaign. Many Protestants feared that Smith would take orders from church leaders in the Vatican in making decisions affecting the country.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"> <caption>The Balloting </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Presidential Ballot</th> <th>1st Before Shifts</th> <th>1st After Shifts</th> <th>Vice Presidential Ballot</th> <th>1st </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a></th> <th>724.67</th> <th>849.19</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Taylor_Robinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Taylor Robinson">Joseph Taylor Robinson</a></th> <th>1,035.17 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></th> <th>71.84</th> <th>50.84</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a></th> <th>77 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._George" title="Walter F. George">Walter F. George</a></th> <th>52.5</th> <th>52.5</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Tayloe_Ross" title="Nellie Tayloe Ross">Nellie Tayloe Ross</a></th> <th>31 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/James_A._Reed_(politician)" title="James A. Reed (politician)">James A. Reed</a></th> <th>48</th> <th>52</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Henry_Tureman_Allen" title="Henry Tureman Allen">Henry Tureman Allen</a></th> <th>28 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Atlee_Pomerene" title="Atlee Pomerene">Atlee Pomerene</a></th> <th>47</th> <th>3</th> <th><a href="/wiki/George_L._Berry" title="George L. Berry">George L. Berry</a></th> <th>17.5 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jesse_H._Jones" title="Jesse H. Jones">Jesse H. Jones</a></th> <th>43</th> <th>43</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dan_Moody" title="Dan Moody">Dan Moody</a></th> <th>9.33 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Evans_Woollen" title="Evans Woollen">Evans Woollen</a></th> <th>32</th> <th>7</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Duncan_U._Fletcher" title="Duncan U. Fletcher">Duncan U. Fletcher</a></th> <th>7 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pat_Harrison" title="Pat Harrison">Pat Harrison</a></th> <th>20</th> <th>8.5</th> <th><a href="/wiki/John_H._Taylor_(Mormon)" title="John H. Taylor (Mormon)">John H. Taylor</a></th> <th>6 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/William_A._Ayres" class="mw-redirect" title="William A. Ayres">William A. Ayres</a></th> <th>20</th> <th>3</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Stevenson_(politician)" title="Lewis Stevenson (politician)">Lewis Stevenson</a></th> <th>4 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Watts" title="Richard C. Watts">Richard C. Watts</a></th> <th>18</th> <th>18</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Evans_Woollen" title="Evans Woollen">Evans Woollen</a></th> <th>2 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Gilbert Hitchcock</a></th> <th>16</th> <th>2</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Patrick_Tumulty" title="Joseph Patrick Tumulty">Joseph Patrick Tumulty</a></th> <th>1 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/A._Victor_Donahey" class="mw-redirect" title="A. Victor Donahey">A. Victor Donahey</a></th> <th>5</th> <th>5</th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Houston Thompson</th> <th>2</th> <th>2</th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Theodore_G._Bilbo" title="Theodore G. Bilbo">Theodore G. Bilbo</a></th> <th>0</th> <th>1</th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_candidates_3">Other candidates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other candidates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Socialist_Party">Socialist Party</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Socialist Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;" colspan="30"><big><b>1928 Socialist Party ticket</b></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#8B0000; width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Norman Thomas</span></a> </th> <th style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#8B0000; width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">James H. Maurer</span></a> </th></tr> <tr style="color:#000; font-size:100%; background:#F08080;"> <td style="width:3em; width:200px;"><i><b>for President</b></i> </td> <td style="width:3em; width:200px;"><i><b>for Vice President</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norman_Thomas_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Norman_Thomas_1937.jpg/155px-Norman_Thomas_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Norman_Thomas_1937.jpg/233px-Norman_Thomas_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Norman_Thomas_1937.jpg/310px-Norman_Thomas_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="1293" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Hudson_Maurer_in_1918_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/James_Hudson_Maurer_in_1918_%28cropped%29.jpg/146px-James_Hudson_Maurer_in_1918_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/James_Hudson_Maurer_in_1918_%28cropped%29.jpg/219px-James_Hudson_Maurer_in_1918_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/James_Hudson_Maurer_in_1918_%28cropped%29.jpg/293px-James_Hudson_Maurer_in_1918_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="887" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Presbyterian Minister<br />from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td>State Representative<br />from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a><br /><small>(1915–1919)</small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Held in the Finnish Socialist Hall in New York City, the eighth Socialist Party Convention met on the thirteenth of April. <a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">James Maurer</a>, a former State Representative, President of the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">Pennsylvania Federation of Labor</a> and then Councilman for the city of <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading</a>, was widely considered the frontrunner in the months before the convention met. For his boomers however, Maurer stood that his duties as councilman precluded the possibility of any national tour that would be required of his nomination for the presidency, and this was declination was made definitive on April tenth.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a>, a Presbyterian minister who had been one of Maurer's boomers and had himself made it known that he was not a candidate for the Socialist nomination rather swiftly became the new frontrunner, and plans were made for a draft effort. Thomas and Maurer were nominated unanimously for president and vice president respectively, with both men accepting their nominations. The only trouble arose on the question of Prohibition, where there remained a split in the party between those who supported the Eighteenth Amendment and those, like Convention Chair <a href="/wiki/Victor_L._Berger" title="Victor L. Berger">Victor Berger</a>, who preferred that it be handled on a state-by-state basis. In the end it was agreed that the party remain silent on the issue of Prohibition.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Workers_(Communist)_Party"><span id="Workers_.28Communist.29_Party"></span>Workers (Communist) Party</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Workers (Communist) Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;" colspan="30"><big><b>1928 Workers Party ticket</b></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#D50000; width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">William Z. Foster</span></a> </th> <th style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#D50000; width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Benjamin Gitlow</span></a> </th></tr> <tr style="color:#000; font-size:100%; background:#ff3333;"> <td style="width:3em; width:200px;"><i><b>for President</b></i> </td> <td style="width:3em; width:200px;"><i><b>for Vice President</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Z._Foster,_cropped.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/William_Z._Foster%2C_cropped.PNG/158px-William_Z._Foster%2C_cropped.PNG" decoding="async" width="158" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/William_Z._Foster%2C_cropped.PNG/236px-William_Z._Foster%2C_cropped.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/William_Z._Foster%2C_cropped.PNG/315px-William_Z._Foster%2C_cropped.PNG 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gitlow-benjamin-1928_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gitlow-benjamin-1928_%28cropped%29.jpg/155px-Gitlow-benjamin-1928_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gitlow-benjamin-1928_%28cropped%29.jpg/233px-Gitlow-benjamin-1928_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Gitlow-benjamin-1928_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chairman of the party<br />from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> </td> <td>State Assemblyman<br />from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a><br /><small>(1918–1918)</small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Held in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Center" title="New York City Center">Mecca Temple</a> in New York City, the second Workers' Party Convention met on the twenty-fifth of May. <a href="/wiki/Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Jay Lovestone</a> served as the convention's keynote speaker, denouncing the Democratic, Republican and Socialist Parties and claiming that the Communists would turn the next "imperialist war" into a civil war. Party Chair <a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Foster</a> was named as the party's candidate for the presidency while <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow">Benjamin Gitlow</a>, a former opponent of Foster's within the party, was named as its candidate for vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scott_Nearing" title="Scott Nearing">Scott Nearing</a> was also considered a possible contender for either position on ticket.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A platform was adopted which, in addition to calling for American workers to overthrow the capitalistic system of government, also demanded the enactment of social insurance, the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act, a five-hour workday, the withdrawal of troops from Nicaragua and China, and the recognition of the Soviet Union. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Socialist_Labor_Party">Socialist Labor Party</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Socialist Labor Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;" colspan="30"><big><b>1928 Socialist Labor Party ticket</b></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#DD051D; width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Verne_L._Reynolds" title="Verne L. Reynolds"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Verne L. Reynolds</span></a> </th> <th style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#DD051D; width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_D._Crowley" title="Jeremiah D. Crowley"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Jeremiah D. Crowley</span></a> </th></tr> <tr style="color:#000; font-size:100%; background:#e3364a;"> <td style="width:3em; width:200px;"><i><b>for President</b></i> </td> <td style="width:3em; width:200px;"><i><b>for Vice President</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Steamfitter<br />from <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> </td> <td>Activist<br />from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Held in New York City, the tenth Socialist Labor Party Convention met on the twelfth of May. Initially the ticket was a duplicate of the one nominated four years prior, <a href="/wiki/Frank_T._Johns" title="Frank T. Johns">Frank Johns</a> of Oregon for the presidency and <a href="/wiki/Verne_L._Reynolds" title="Verne L. Reynolds">Verne Reynolds</a> of Michigan for Vice President; however Johns, while campaigning in <a href="/wiki/Bend,_Oregon" title="Bend, Oregon">Bend, Oregon</a>, died while attempting to rescue a young boy who had fallen into the river shortly after one of his opening campaign events.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With their standard-bearer having passed, the executive committee of the party tendered the presidential nomination to Reynolds, with the place of vice presidential nominee being filled by <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_D._Crowley" title="Jeremiah D. Crowley">Jeremiah Crowley</a> of New York. Speaking of the "decay of the Capitalistic System", Reynolds campaigned on the idea of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prohibition_Party">Prohibition Party</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prohibition Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;" colspan="30"><big><b>1928 Prohibition Party ticket</b></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#FF00FF; width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/William_F._Varney" title="William F. Varney"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">William F. Varney</span></a> </th> <th style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#FF00FF; width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Edgerton" title="James A. Edgerton"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">James A. Edgerton</span></a> </th></tr> <tr style="color:#000; font-size:100%; background:#ffa6ff;"> <td style="width:3em; width:200px;"><i><b>for President</b></i> </td> <td style="width:3em; width:200px;"><i><b>for Vice President</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_F._Varney.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/William_F._Varney.png/164px-William_F._Varney.png" decoding="async" width="164" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/William_F._Varney.png/246px-William_F._Varney.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/William_F._Varney.png/328px-William_F._Varney.png 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_A._Edgerton.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/James_A._Edgerton.png/164px-James_A._Edgerton.png" decoding="async" width="164" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/James_A._Edgerton.png/246px-James_A._Edgerton.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/James_A._Edgerton.png/328px-James_A._Edgerton.png 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Insurance Agent<br />from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td>Poet and Philosopher<br />from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Held at the <a href="/wiki/La_Salle_Hotel" title="La Salle Hotel">La Salle Hotel</a> in Chicago, the fifteenth Prohibition Party Convention met on the tenth of July. Dr. <a href="/wiki/D._Leigh_Colvin" title="D. Leigh Colvin">D. Leigh Colvin</a> and other Prohibitionists had found both the Republican and Democratic planks regarding Prohibition as unsatisfactory, and there was open discussion of nominating a ticket despite the continued reversals the party had suffered since 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of former Governor <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Pinchot" title="Gifford Pinchot">Gifford Pinchot</a> of Pennsylvania was bandied about as a potential contender, though there were those like Colvin who wanted to take advantage of the Democrat's nomination of a Wet Catholic by nominating a Dry Southern Democrat to the head of the ticket in the hopes of carrying one of the Southern states; <a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">William Gibbs McAdoo</a>, Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Owen" title="Robert L. Owen">Robert Owen</a> of Oklahoma, and former <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Internal_Revenue" title="Commissioner of Internal Revenue">IRS Commissioner</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Roper" title="Daniel C. Roper">Daniel Roper</a> were other names considered for a draft.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A merger with the Farmer-Labor Party was contemplated for a time, and a committee was appointed which named a potential ticket of Gifford Pinchot for President and former Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Sweet" title="William Ellery Sweet">William Ellery Sweet</a> of Colorado for Vice President; however neither man responded to inquiries whether they would accept the nomination, and eventually both the Prohibition and Farmer-Labor Parties tabled motions calling for fusion.<sup id="cite_ref-timesmachine.nytimes.com_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesmachine.nytimes.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There remained immense pressure within the party to name <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> as their choice for president despite his dithering on the issue of Prohibition enforcement in the eyes of the stricter Drys, and indeed when the balloting for the presidential nomination commenced Hoover was found to be the second most popular choice of the delegates. Those opposed to Hoover rallied on the second ballot however behind frontrunner <a href="/wiki/William_F._Varney" title="William F. Varney">William Varnery</a>, an insurance salesman and party regular from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>. <a href="/wiki/James_A._Edgerton" title="James A. Edgerton">James Edgerton</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginian</a> native who had headed the Jefferson-Lincoln League in the failed effort to fuse the Prohibition and Farmer-Labor Parties, was nominated for the vice presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An olive branch was still offered to Hoover however, with the Prohibition Party promising to withdraw their ticket and endorse his candidacy were he make a public declaration in favor of Prohibition, that they would uphold the Volstead Act, and that they would present legislation to better enforce both during their term as president.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, there remained a concerted effort to withdraw the ticket from the race, resulting in a meeting by the Party National Executive Committee on whether Varney should drop out. Varney himself was opposed to this plan, and in a narrow vote, four to three, the effort to effectively endorse Hoover for the presidency failed.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, there remained a concern that the ticket might potentially spoil the race and accidentally result in Smith's election to the presidency, and so care was taken to avoid any repeat of <a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>; Prohibition Party electors were not filed in New York, and Varney and Edgerton were to confine their campaigning to the Solid South and the Border States, reasoning that many Dry Democrats there might still vote for Smith unless they were given a third option.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Farmer-Labor_Party">Farmer-Labor Party</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Farmer-Labor Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#f1f1f1;" colspan="30"><big><b>1928 Farmer-Labor Party ticket</b></big> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#36a236; width:200px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_E._Webb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank E. Webb (page does not exist)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Frank E. Webb</span></a> </th> <th style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#36a236; width:200px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=LeRoy_R._Tillman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LeRoy R. Tillman (page does not exist)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">LeRoy R. Tillman</span></a> </th></tr> <tr style="color:#000; font-size:100%; background:#66FF99;"> <td style="width:3em; width:200px;"><i><b>for President</b></i> </td> <td style="width:3em; width:200px;"><i><b>for Vice President</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_Elbridge_Webb,_1931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Frank_Elbridge_Webb%2C_1931.jpg/150px-Frank_Elbridge_Webb%2C_1931.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Frank_Elbridge_Webb%2C_1931.jpg/225px-Frank_Elbridge_Webb%2C_1931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Frank_Elbridge_Webb%2C_1931.jpg/300px-Frank_Elbridge_Webb%2C_1931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="1375" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colonel<br />from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td> <td>Businessman<br />from <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Held in Chicago, the third Farmer-Labor Party Convention met on the tenth of July. A merger with the Prohibition Party was contemplated for a time, and a committee was appointed which named a potential ticket of <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Pinchot" title="Gifford Pinchot">Gifford Pinchot</a> for president and former Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Sweet" title="William Ellery Sweet">William Ellery Sweet</a> of Colorado for Vice President; however neither man responded to inquiries whether they would accept the nomination, and eventually both the Farmer-Labor and Prohibition Parties tabled motions calling for fusion.<sup id="cite_ref-timesmachine.nytimes.com_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesmachine.nytimes.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially the party had nominated Senator <a href="/wiki/George_W._Norris" title="George W. Norris">George Norris</a> of Nebraska for President, but Norris adhered to an earlier declaration that he had made where he felt that the political machinery necessary to wage a successful campaign for the presidency was not possible to establish so late in the campaigning season.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To run alongside Norris the party had named <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Vereen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William J. Vereen (page does not exist)">William J. Vereen</a> of Georgia, a cotton textile manufacturer, but refused to consider his nomination under any circumstances once the press had brought it to his attention. Some months later the presidential nomination was tendered to Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_E._Webb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank E. Webb (page does not exist)">Frank Elbridge Webb</a> of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, with the vice presidential nomination being offered to Senator <a href="/wiki/James_A._Reed_(politician)" title="James A. Reed (politician)">James Reed</a> of <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> after Webb rejected the idea of potentially running with Senator <a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Heflin" class="mw-redirect" title="James Thomas Heflin">James Heflin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>; as with Vereen, Reed had no prior knowledge of his impending nomination and wholly rejected it. A third man, Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Quincy_Alexander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Quincy Alexander (page does not exist)">Henry Alexander</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> was then nominated in Reed's stead, but on September 25 Alexander requested that his name be withdrawn from the ticket and that he would be endorsing Al Smith for the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At some point after <a href="/w/index.php?title=LeRoy_R._Tillman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LeRoy R. Tillman (page does not exist)">LeRoy Tillman</a>, a nephew of the late Senator <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tillman" title="Benjamin Tillman">Benjamin Tillman</a> of South Carolina, was nominated in Alexander's stead.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_election">General election</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: General election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_campaign">Fall campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fall campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United States">Anti-Catholicism</a> was a significant burden for Smith's campaign. Protestant ministers warned that he would take orders from the Pope, whom many Americans sincerely believed would move to the United States to rule the country from a fortress in Washington, DC. A popular joke of the time was that Smith sent a one-word telegram after the election to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> saying, "Unpack."<sup id="cite_ref-osullivan2006_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osullivan2006-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-slayton2001_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slayton2001-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond the conspiracy theories, a survey of 8,500 <a href="/wiki/Southern_Methodist_Church" title="Southern Methodist Church">Southern Methodist Church</a> ministers found only four who supported Smith, and the northern Methodists, Southern Baptists, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Disciples of Christ</a> were similar in their opposition. Many voters who sincerely rejected bigotry and the anti-Catholic <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>, which had declined during the 1920s until the 1928 campaign revived it, justified their opposition to Smith on their belief that the Catholic Church was an "un-American" and "alien culture" that opposed freedom and democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-slayton2001_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slayton2001-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example was a statement issued in September 1928 by the National Lutheran Editors' and Managers' Association that opposed Smith's election. The manifesto, written by Dr. Clarence Reinhold Tappert, warned about "the peculiar relation in which a faithful Catholic stands and the absolute allegiance he owes to a 'foreign sovereign' who does not only 'claim' supremacy also in secular affairs as a matter of principle and theory but who, time and again, has endeavored to put this claim into practical operation." The Catholic Church, the manifesto asserted, was hostile to American principles of separation of church and state and of religious toleration.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groups circulated a million copies of a counterfeit oath, claiming that fourth-degree <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus" title="Knights of Columbus">Knights of Columbus</a> members swore to exterminate Freemasons and Protestants and to commit violence against anyone if the church ordered.<sup id="cite_ref-time19280903_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time19280903-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith's opposition to Prohibition, a key reform promoted by Protestants, also lost him votes, as did his association with <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a>. Because many anti-Catholics used the issues to cover for their religious prejudices, Smith's campaign had difficulty denouncing anti-Catholicism as <a href="/wiki/Bigotry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bigotry">bigotry</a> without offending others who favored Prohibition or disliked Tammany corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-slayton2001_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slayton2001-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scott Farris notes that the anti-Catholicism of the American society was the sole reason behind Smith's defeat, as even contemporary Prohibition activists would admit that their main problem with the Democratic candidate was his faith and not any political view - <a href="/wiki/Bob_Jones_Sr." title="Bob Jones Sr.">Bob Jones Sr.</a>, a prominent Protestant pastor in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, said: "I'll tell you, brother, that the big issue we've got to face ain't the liquor question. I'd rather see a saloon on every corner of the South than see the foreigners elect Al Smith president."<sup id="cite_ref-farris_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farris-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Methodist newspaper in Georgia called Catholicism "a degenerate type of Christianity," while Southern Baptist churches ordered their followers to vote against Smith, claiming that he would close down Protestant churches, end freedom of worship and prohibit reading the Bible. Charles Hillman Fountain, a Protestant writer, insisted that Catholics should be barred from holding any office. Farris states that "More disturbing than the ridiculous and the dangerous was the respectable anti-Catholicism", as contemporary newspapers and Protestant churches tried to mask their anti-Catholicism as genuine concern. Protestant activists insisted that Catholicism represented an alien culture and medieval mentality, claiming that Catholicism was incompatible with American democracy and institutions. Catholics were portrayed as reactionary despite being more left-wing than mainstream American Protestant congregations at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-farris_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farris-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Allen_White" title="William Allen White">William Allen White</a>, a renowned newspaper editor, warned that Catholicism would erode the moral standards of America, saying that "the whole Puritan civilization which has built a sturdy, orderly nation is threatened by Smith." While <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> avoided raising the issue of Catholicism on the campaign trail, he defended the Protestant actions in a private letter: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There are many people of intense Protestant faith to whom Catholicism is a grievous sin, and they have as much right to vote against a man for public office because of that belief. That is not persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-farris_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farris-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Those issues made Smith lose several states of the <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a> that had been carried by Democrats since <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era of the United States">Reconstruction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in many southern states with sizable African American populations, the vast majority of whom could not vote due to poll taxes, restricted primaries, and hostile local election officials, it was widely believed that Hoover supported integration or at least was not committed to maintaining <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregation</a>. This overcame opposition to Smith's campaign in areas with large nonvoting black populations. Mississippi Governor <a href="/wiki/Theodore_G._Bilbo" title="Theodore G. Bilbo">Theodore G. Bilbo</a> claimed that Hoover had met with a black member of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a> and danced with her. Hoover's campaign quickly denied the "untruthful and ignoble assertion".<sup id="cite_ref-hachten19281020_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hachten19281020-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith's religion helped him with Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> immigrants, especially Irish-Americans and Italian-Americans, which may have explained his narrow victories in traditionally-Republican Massachusetts and Rhode Island and his narrow loss in his home state of New York, where previous Democratic presidential candidates had lost by double digits, but Smith lost by only 2%.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PresidentialCounty1928MarginColorbrewer.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/PresidentialCounty1928MarginColorbrewer.gif/400px-PresidentialCounty1928MarginColorbrewer.gif" decoding="async" width="400" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/PresidentialCounty1928MarginColorbrewer.gif/600px-PresidentialCounty1928MarginColorbrewer.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/PresidentialCounty1928MarginColorbrewer.gif/800px-PresidentialCounty1928MarginColorbrewer.gif 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>Results by county explicitly indicating the margin of victory for the winning candidate. Shades of red are for Hoover (Republican) and shades of blue are for Smith (Democratic), and shades of green are for "Other(s)" (Non-Democratic/Non-Republican), gray indicates zero recorded votes, and white indicates territories not elevated to statehood.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The total vote exceeded that of <a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a> by nearly eight million, which was nearly twice the vote cast in <a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a> and nearly three times that of <a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a>. Every section in the Union increased its vote although the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain States">Mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_South_Central_States" class="mw-redirect" title="East South Central States">East South Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_States" class="mw-redirect" title="West South Central States">West South Central</a> States did so least of all. The greatest increases were in the heavily populated <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">(Northeastern)</a> <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic states">Mid-Atlantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_North_Central_States" class="mw-redirect" title="East North Central States">East North Central</a> States, where more than 4,250,000 more votes were cast, more than half of the nationwide increase. There was an increase of over a million each in New York and Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-robinson1932_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robinson1932-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the increase could be attributed to women voting in ever increasing numbers since gaining the national vote in 1920. </p><p>Hoover won 200 counties in the Southern United States while Smith won 122 traditionally Republican counties in the Northern United States, with 77 of those counties being majority Catholic. <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> had won in all twelve cities with populations above 500,000 in the <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 election</a>, but Smith won in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, and lost in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> by less than 10,000 votes. Hoover won in the traditionally Democratic <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>. Smith was the first Democratic nominee in the 20th century to win a majority of the twelve largest cities in the country. The net vote totals in the twelve largest cities shifted from Republican to Democratic with Harding having won by 1,540,000 in 1920, Coolidge by 1,308,000 in 1924, while Smith won by 210,000. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lubell" title="Samuel Lubell">Samuel Lubell</a> wrote in <i>The Future of American Politics</i> that <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s victory in the <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932 election</a> was preceded by Smith's increased vote totals in urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-book_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith's results in the cities in the election improved upon <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a>' results in the 1924 election. The Democratic vote in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> rose from 35.5% to 66.8%, in <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a> from 9.7% to 53.7%, in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a> from 10.1% to 51.2%, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> from 6.4% to 49.4%, in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a> from 9.1% to 45.6%, in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> from 20.3% to 46.5%, in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> from 8.7% to 42.4%, in Philadelphia from 12.1% to 39.5%, in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a> from 6.3% to 38.8%, in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> from 7.1% to 36.8%, and in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> from 6.6% to 31.9%. In the boroughs of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> the vote percentages rose from 33.6% to 67.7% in <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a>, 39.6% to 60.8% in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, 31.9% to 59.5% in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, 31% to 53.4% in <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>, and 42% to 53.4% in <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a>. He improved in all of those cities from <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a>'s results in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-book_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoover won the election by a wide margin on pledges to continue the economic boom of the Coolidge years. He received more votes than any previous candidate of the Republican Party in every state except five: Rhode Island, Iowa, North Dakota, South Carolina, and Tennessee.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hoover vote was greater than the Coolidge vote in 2,932 counties; it was less in 143 of the comparable counties.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 21,400,000 votes cast for Hoover also touched the high-water mark for all votes for a presidential candidate until then and were an increase of more than 5,500,000 over the Coolidge vote four years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Presidential_Vote_1932,_pg._24_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Presidential_Vote_1932,_pg._24-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republican ticket made substantial inroads in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>: the heaviest Democratic losses were in the three Southern sections (<a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_States" class="mw-redirect" title="South Atlantic States">South Atlantic</a>, East South Central, West South Central). The losses included 215 counties that had never before supported a Republican presidential candidate, distributed as follows: Alabama (14), Arkansas (5), Florida (22), Georgia (4), Kentucky (28), Maryland (3), Mississippi (1), Missouri (10), North Carolina (16), Tennessee (3), Texas (64), Virginia (26), West Virginia (4). In Georgia, eight counties recorded more votes cast for "anti-Smith" electors than either major-party candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-robinson1932_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robinson1932-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>7.48% of Hoover's votes came from the eleven states of the former Confederacy, with him taking 47.41% of the vote in that region. This was the best showing for a Republican in that region at that point in time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherman1973263_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1973263-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electoral votes of North Carolina and Virginia had not been awarded to a Republican since <a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872</a>, and Florida had not been carried by a Republican since the heavily disputed election of <a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election_in_Florida" title="1876 United States presidential election in Florida">1876</a>. Texas was carried by a Republican for the first time in its history, which left Georgia as the only remaining state never carried by a Republican presidential candidate. Georgia would not be won by a Republican until <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Georgia" title="1964 United States presidential election in Georgia">1964</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> carried the state. Smith also carried staunchly Democratic Alabama by barely 7,000 votes. In all, Smith carried only six of the eleven states of the former <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>, the fewest carried by a Democratic candidate since the end of <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era of the United States">Reconstruction</a>. </p><p>Smith polled more votes than had any previous Democratic candidate in 30 of the 48 states, all but Alabama, Colorado, Delaware, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and Washington. In only four of them (Tennessee, Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico) did Smith receive fewer votes than Davis had in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-robinson1932_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robinson1932-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Allan_Lichtman" title="Allan Lichtman">Allan Lichtman</a> notes that since the sole defining issue of the election was anti-Catholicism, it radically realigned states' voting patterns. Hoover carried Texas, Florida, North Carolina, and Virginia — none of which had backed a post-Reconstruction Republican, while Smith carried historically-Republican Massachusetts and Rhode Island despite the national Republican landslide. In doing so, Smith became the first Democrat to ever win a majority of the vote in Massachusetts, and the first since 1852 to win a majority in Rhode Island. Lichtman further proves this by pointing out that Smith and Hoover had very similar political views save for religion and Prohibition, and yet the 1928 election had a turnout of 57%, despite previous 1920s American elections having their turnouts below 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-farris_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farris-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith received nearly as many votes as Coolidge had in 1924, and his vote exceeded Davis's by more than 6,500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-robinson1932_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robinson1932-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Democratic vote was greater than in 1924 in 2080 counties and fell in 997 counties. In only one section did the Democratic vote drop below 38%, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific States">Pacific</a>, which was the only one in which the Republican vote exceeded 60%. However, the Democrats made gains in five sections; of those counties, fourteen had never been Democratic and seven had been Democratic only once. The size and the nature of the distribution of the Democratic vote illustrated Smith's strengths and weaknesses as a candidate. Despite evidence of an increased Democratic vote, Smith's overwhelming defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_college_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral college (United States)">electoral college</a> and the retention of so few Democratic counties reflected Hoover's greater appeal. Smith won the electoral votes of only the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a> of the Democratic <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a>, Robinson's home state of Arkansas, and the <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> states of Massachusetts and Rhode Island, both of which had a large proportion of Catholic voters. His 87 electoral votes were the fewest that a Democratic candidate had won since the 80 votes earned by <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a> in <a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">1868</a>. Hoover even carried Smith's home state of New York by a narrow margin. Smith carried 914 counties, the fewest in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a>. The Republican total leaped to 2,174 counties, a larger number than even the 1920 landslide.<sup id="cite_ref-robinson1932_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robinson1932-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Third-party support sank almost to the vanishing point, as the election of 1928 proved to be a two-party contest to a greater extent than any other in the Fourth Party System. Until the major split before the <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948 election</a> in the Democratic Party between <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a> and the more liberal Northern faction, no further significant third-party candidacies as seen in 1912 and 1924 were to occur. All "other" votes totaled only 1.08 percent of the national popular vote. The <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a> vote sank to 267,478, and in seven states, there were no Socialist votes.<sup id="cite_ref-robinson1932_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robinson1932-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was the last election in which the Republicans won North Carolina until 1968, the last in which they won Kentucky and West Virginia until 1956, the last in which they won Arizona, California, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and Washington until 1952, the last in which they won Maryland, New Jersey, New York, and Oregon until 1948, and the last in which they won Ohio, Wisconsin, and Wyoming until 1944. </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Electoral_College_1928.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/United_States_Electoral_College_1928.svg/360px-United_States_Electoral_College_1928.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/United_States_Electoral_College_1928.svg/540px-United_States_Electoral_College_1928.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/United_States_Electoral_College_1928.svg/720px-United_States_Electoral_College_1928.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Electoral results </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Presidential candidate </th> <th rowspan="2">Party </th> <th rowspan="2">Home state </th> <th colspan="2">Popular vote </th> <th rowspan="2">Electoral<br />vote </th> <th colspan="3">Running mate </th></tr> <tr> <th>Count </th> <th>Percentage </th> <th>Vice-presidential candidate </th> <th>Home state </th> <th>Electoral vote </th></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td>California </td> <td style="text-align:right;">21,427,123 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">58.11% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">444 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a></b> </td> <td>Kansas </td> <td style="text-align:right;">444 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td>New York </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,015,464 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">40.90% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">87 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Joseph T. Robinson</a></b> </td> <td>Arkansas </td> <td style="text-align:right;">87 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a> </td> <td>New York </td> <td style="text-align:right;">267,478 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.73% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">James H. Maurer</a></b> </td> <td>Pennsylvania </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist</a> </td> <td>Massachusetts </td> <td style="text-align:right;">47,351 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.12% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow">Benjamin Gitlow</a></b> </td> <td>New York </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Verne_L._Reynolds" title="Verne L. Reynolds">Verne L. Reynolds</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor</a> </td> <td>Michigan </td> <td style="text-align:right;">21,589 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.06% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_D._Crowley" title="Jeremiah D. Crowley">Jeremiah D. Crowley</a></b> </td> <td>New York </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/William_F._Varney" title="William F. Varney">William F. Varney</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a> </td> <td>New York </td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,095 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.05% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td><b> <a href="/wiki/James_A._Edgerton" title="James A. Edgerton">James A. Edgerton</a></b> </td> <td>Virginia </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> Frank Webb</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmer–Labor Party (United States)">Farmer-Labor</a> </td> <td>California </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,591 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.03% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td><b> LeRoy R. Tillman</b> </td> <td>Georgia </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><b>Other</b> </td> <td>321 </td> <td>0.00% </td> <td>— </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><b>Other</b> </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <th colspan="3">Total </th> <td>36,807,012 </td> <td>100% </td> <td>531 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>531 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <th colspan="5">Needed to win </th> <td>266 </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>266 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Source (Popular Vote):</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLeip" class="citation web cs1">Leip, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1928&f=0&off=0&elect=0">"1928 Presidential Election Results"</a>. <i>Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dave+Leip%27s+Atlas+of+U.S.+Presidential+Elections&rft.atitle=1928+Presidential+Election+Results&rft.aulast=Leip&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fnational.php%3Fyear%3D1928%26f%3D0%26off%3D0%26elect%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span> </p><p><b>Source (Electoral Vote):</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/electoral-college/1928#certificates">"Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electoral+College+Box+Scores+1789%E2%80%931996&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Felectoral-college%2F1928%23certificates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <table style="margin:0; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="notheme barbox" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:600px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Popular vote</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:410px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><b>Hoover</b></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#E81B23; width:58.21%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">58.21%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Smith</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#3333FF; width:40.80%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">40.80%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Thomas</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#CD3700; width:0.73%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.73%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#777777; width:0.26%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.26%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin:0; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="notheme barbox" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:600px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Electoral vote</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:410px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><b>Hoover</b></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#E81B23; width:83.62%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">83.62%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Smith</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#3333FF; width:16.38%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">16.38%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography_of_results">Geography of results</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Geography of results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1928_Electoral_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/1928_Electoral_Map.png/650px-1928_Electoral_Map.png" decoding="async" width="650" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/1928_Electoral_Map.png/975px-1928_Electoral_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/1928_Electoral_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1629px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 535px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 530px; height: 347px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1928_United_States_presidential_election_results_map_by_county.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote"><img alt="Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/1928_United_States_presidential_election_results_map_by_county.svg/500px-1928_United_States_presidential_election_results_map_by_county.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/1928_United_States_presidential_election_results_map_by_county.svg/750px-1928_United_States_presidential_election_results_map_by_county.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/1928_United_States_presidential_election_results_map_by_county.svg/1000px-1928_United_States_presidential_election_results_map_by_county.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="352" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cartographic_gallery">Cartographic gallery</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cartographic gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 187px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of presidential election results by county"><img alt="Map of presidential election results by county" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/PresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.gif/200px-PresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/PresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.gif/300px-PresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/PresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.gif/400px-PresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.gif 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of presidential election results by county</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 187px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RepublicanPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Republican presidential election results by county"><img alt="Map of Republican presidential election results by county" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/RepublicanPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.gif/200px-RepublicanPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/RepublicanPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.gif/300px-RepublicanPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/RepublicanPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.gif/400px-RepublicanPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.gif 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of Republican presidential election results by county</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 187px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DemocraticPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Democratic presidential election results by county"><img alt="Map of Democratic presidential election results by county" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/DemocraticPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png/200px-DemocraticPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/DemocraticPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png/300px-DemocraticPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/DemocraticPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png/400px-DemocraticPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of Democratic presidential election results by county</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 187px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OtherPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of "other" presidential election results by county"><img alt="Map of "other" presidential election results by county" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/OtherPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.gif/200px-OtherPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/OtherPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.gif/300px-OtherPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/OtherPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.gif/400px-OtherPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.gif 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of "other" presidential election results by county</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 187px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CartogramPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cartogram of presidential election results by county"><img alt="Cartogram of presidential election results by county" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CartogramPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png/200px-CartogramPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CartogramPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png/300px-CartogramPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CartogramPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png/400px-CartogramPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cartogram" title="Cartogram">Cartogram</a> of presidential election results by county</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 187px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CartogramRepublicanPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county"><img alt="Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/CartogramRepublicanPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png/200px-CartogramRepublicanPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/CartogramRepublicanPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png/300px-CartogramRepublicanPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/CartogramRepublicanPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png/400px-CartogramRepublicanPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 187px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CartogramDemocraticPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county"><img alt="Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/CartogramDemocraticPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png/200px-CartogramDemocraticPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/CartogramDemocraticPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png/300px-CartogramDemocraticPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/CartogramDemocraticPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png/400px-CartogramDemocraticPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 187px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CartogramOtherPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cartogram of "other" presidential election results by county"><img alt="Cartogram of "other" presidential election results by county" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/CartogramOtherPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png/200px-CartogramOtherPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/CartogramOtherPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png/300px-CartogramOtherPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/CartogramOtherPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png/400px-CartogramOtherPresidentialCounty1928Colorbrewer.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cartogram of "other" presidential election results by county</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Results_by_state">Results by state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Results by state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td>States/districts won by <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Taylor_Robinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Taylor Robinson">Robinson</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td>States/districts won by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="3">Herbert Hoover<br />Republican </th> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="3">Al Smith<br />Democratic </th> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="3">Norman Thomas<br />Socialist </th> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="3">William Foster<br />Communist </th> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="3">Verne Reynolds<br />Socialist Labor </th> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="2">Margin </th> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="2">State Total </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center">State </th> <th style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number">electoral<br />votes </th> <th style="text-align:center;" data-sort-=""># </th> <th style="text-align:center;" data-sort-="">% </th> <th style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number">electoral<br />votes </th> <th style="text-align:center;" data-sort-=""># </th> <th style="text-align:center;" data-sort-="">% </th> <th style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number">electoral<br />votes </th> <th style="text-align:center;" data-sort-=""># </th> <th style="text-align:center;" data-sort-="">% </th> <th style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number">electoral<br />votes </th> <th style="text-align:center;" data-sort-=""># </th> <th style="text-align:center;" data-sort-="">% </th> <th style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number">electoral<br />votes </th> <th style="text-align:center;" data-sort-=""># </th> <th style="text-align:center;" data-sort-="">% </th> <th style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number">electoral<br />votes </th> <th style="text-align:center;" data-sort-=""># </th> <th style="text-align:center;" data-sort-="">% </th> <th style="text-align:center; font-size: 60%" data-sort-type="number"># </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1928 United States presidential election in Alabama">Alabama</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12 </td> <td>120,725 </td> <td>48.49 </td> <td>- </td> <td>127,797 </td> <td>51.33 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>460 </td> <td>0.18 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>-7,072 </td> <td>-2.84 </td> <td>248,982 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">AL </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Arizona" title="1928 United States presidential election in Arizona">Arizona</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td>52,533 </td> <td>57.57 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>38,537 </td> <td>42.23 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>184 </td> <td>0.20 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>13,996 </td> <td>15.34 </td> <td>91,254 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">AZ </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Arkansas" title="1928 United States presidential election in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9 </td> <td>77,751 </td> <td>39.33 </td> <td>- </td> <td>119,196 </td> <td>60.29 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>429 </td> <td>0.22 </td> <td>- </td> <td>317 </td> <td>0.16 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>-41,445 </td> <td>-20.96 </td> <td>197,693 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">AR </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1928 United States presidential election in California">California</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">13 </td> <td>1,162,323 </td> <td>64.69 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>614,365 </td> <td>34.19 </td> <td>- </td> <td>19,595 </td> <td>1.09 </td> <td>- </td> <td>112 </td> <td>0.01 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>547,958 </td> <td>30.50 </td> <td>1,796,656 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">CA </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Colorado" title="1928 United States presidential election in Colorado">Colorado</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td>253,872 </td> <td>64.72 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>133,131 </td> <td>33.94 </td> <td>- </td> <td>3,472 </td> <td>0.89 </td> <td>- </td> <td>675 </td> <td>0.17 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>120,741 </td> <td>30.78 </td> <td>392,242 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">CO </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Connecticut" title="1928 United States presidential election in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7 </td> <td>296,614 </td> <td>53.63 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>252,040 </td> <td>45.57 </td> <td>- </td> <td>3,019 </td> <td>0.55 </td> <td>- </td> <td>730 </td> <td>0.13 </td> <td>- </td> <td>622 </td> <td>0.11 </td> <td>- </td> <td>44,574 </td> <td>8.06 </td> <td>553,031 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">CT </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Delaware" title="1928 United States presidential election in Delaware">Delaware</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td>68,860 </td> <td>65.03 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>36,643 </td> <td>34.60 </td> <td>- </td> <td>329 </td> <td>0.31 </td> <td>- </td> <td>59 </td> <td>0.06 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>32,217 </td> <td>30.42 </td> <td>105,891 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">DE </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Florida" title="1928 United States presidential election in Florida">Florida</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td>144,168 </td> <td>56.83 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>101,764 </td> <td>40.12 </td> <td>- </td> <td>4,036 </td> <td>1.59 </td> <td>- </td> <td>3,704 </td> <td>1.46 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>42,404 </td> <td>16.72 </td> <td>253,672 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">FL </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Georgia" title="1928 United States presidential election in Georgia">Georgia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">14 </td> <td>99,369 </td> <td>43.36 </td> <td>- </td> <td>129,602 </td> <td>56.56 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>124 </td> <td>0.05 </td> <td>- </td> <td>64 </td> <td>0.03 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>-30,233 </td> <td>-13.19 </td> <td>229,159 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">GA </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Idaho" title="1928 United States presidential election in Idaho">Idaho</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td>97,322 </td> <td>64.22 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>52,926 </td> <td>34.93 </td> <td>- </td> <td>1,293 </td> <td>0.85 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>44,396 </td> <td>29.30 </td> <td>151,541 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">ID </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Illinois" title="1928 United States presidential election in Illinois">Illinois</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">29 </td> <td>1,769,141 </td> <td>56.93 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>1,313,817 </td> <td>42.28 </td> <td>- </td> <td>19,138 </td> <td>0.62 </td> <td>- </td> <td>3,581 </td> <td>0.12 </td> <td>- </td> <td>1,812 </td> <td>0.06 </td> <td>- </td> <td>455,324 </td> <td>14.65 </td> <td>3,107,489 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">IL </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Indiana" title="1928 United States presidential election in Indiana">Indiana</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">15 </td> <td>848,290 </td> <td>59.68 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>562,691 </td> <td>39.59 </td> <td>- </td> <td>3,871 </td> <td>0.27 </td> <td>- </td> <td>321 </td> <td>0.02 </td> <td>- </td> <td>645 </td> <td>0.05 </td> <td>- </td> <td>285,599 </td> <td>20.09 </td> <td>1,421,314 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">IN </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Iowa" title="1928 United States presidential election in Iowa">Iowa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">13 </td> <td>623,570 </td> <td>61.77 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>379,311 </td> <td>37.57 </td> <td>- </td> <td>2,960 </td> <td>0.29 </td> <td>- </td> <td>328 </td> <td>0.03 </td> <td>- </td> <td>230 </td> <td>0.02 </td> <td>- </td> <td>244,259 </td> <td>24.20 </td> <td>1,009,489 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">IA </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas" title="1928 United States presidential election in Kansas">Kansas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">10 </td> <td>513,672 </td> <td>72.02 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>193,003 </td> <td>27.06 </td> <td>- </td> <td>6,205 </td> <td>0.87 </td> <td>- </td> <td>320 </td> <td>0.04 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>320,669 </td> <td>44.96 </td> <td>713,200 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">KS </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kentucky" title="1928 United States presidential election in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">13 </td> <td>558,064 </td> <td>59.33 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>381,070 </td> <td>40.51 </td> <td>- </td> <td>837 </td> <td>0.09 </td> <td>- </td> <td>293 </td> <td>0.03 </td> <td>- </td> <td>340 </td> <td>0.04 </td> <td>- </td> <td>176,994 </td> <td>18.82 </td> <td>940,604 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">KY </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1928 United States presidential election in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">10 </td> <td>51,160 </td> <td>23.70 </td> <td>- </td> <td>164,655 </td> <td>76.29 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>-113,495 </td> <td>-52.58 </td> <td>215,833 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">LA </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maine" title="1928 United States presidential election in Maine">Maine</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td>179,923 </td> <td>68.63 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>81,179 </td> <td>30.96 </td> <td>- </td> <td>1,068 </td> <td>0.41 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>98,744 </td> <td>37.66 </td> <td>262,171 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">ME </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maryland" title="1928 United States presidential election in Maryland">Maryland</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td>301,479 </td> <td>57.06 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>223,626 </td> <td>42.33 </td> <td>- </td> <td>1,701 </td> <td>0.32 </td> <td>- </td> <td>636 </td> <td>0.12 </td> <td>- </td> <td>906 </td> <td>0.17 </td> <td>- </td> <td>77,853 </td> <td>14.74 </td> <td>528,348 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">MD </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1928 United States presidential election in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">18 </td> <td>775,566 </td> <td>49.15 </td> <td>- </td> <td>792,758 </td> <td>50.24 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>6,262 </td> <td>0.40 </td> <td>- </td> <td>2,461 </td> <td>0.16 </td> <td>- </td> <td>772 </td> <td>0.05 </td> <td>- </td> <td>-17,192 </td> <td>-1.09 </td> <td>1,577,823 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">MA </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan" title="1928 United States presidential election in Michigan">Michigan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">15 </td> <td>965,396 </td> <td>70.36 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>396,762 </td> <td>28.92 </td> <td>- </td> <td>3,516 </td> <td>0.26 </td> <td>- </td> <td>2,881 </td> <td>0.21 </td> <td>- </td> <td>799 </td> <td>0.06 </td> <td>- </td> <td>568,634 </td> <td>41.44 </td> <td>1,372,082 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">MI </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1928 United States presidential election in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12 </td> <td>560,977 </td> <td>57.77 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>396,451 </td> <td>40.83 </td> <td>- </td> <td>6,774 </td> <td>0.70 </td> <td>- </td> <td>4,853 </td> <td>0.50 </td> <td>- </td> <td>1,921 </td> <td>0.20 </td> <td>- </td> <td>164,526 </td> <td>16.94 </td> <td>970,976 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">MN </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi" title="1928 United States presidential election in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">10 </td> <td>27,153 </td> <td>17.90 </td> <td>- </td> <td>124,539 </td> <td>82.10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>-97,386 </td> <td>-64.20 </td> <td>151,692 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">MS </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1928 United States presidential election in Missouri">Missouri</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">18 </td> <td>834,080 </td> <td>55.58 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>662,562 </td> <td>44.15 </td> <td>- </td> <td>3,739 </td> <td>0.25 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>340 </td> <td>0.02 </td> <td>- </td> <td>171,518 </td> <td>11.43 </td> <td>1,500,721 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">MO </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1928 United States presidential election in Montana">Montana</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td>113,300 </td> <td>58.37 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>78,578 </td> <td>40.48 </td> <td>- </td> <td>1,667 </td> <td>0.86 </td> <td>- </td> <td>563 </td> <td>0.29 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>34,722 </td> <td>17.89 </td> <td>194,108 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">MT </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Nebraska" title="1928 United States presidential election in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td>345,745 </td> <td>63.19 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>197,959 </td> <td>36.18 </td> <td>- </td> <td>3,434 </td> <td>0.63 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>147,786 </td> <td>27.01 </td> <td>547,144 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">NE </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Nevada" title="1928 United States presidential election in Nevada">Nevada</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td>18,327 </td> <td>56.54 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>14,090 </td> <td>43.46 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>4,237 </td> <td>13.07 </td> <td>32,417 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">NV </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Hampshire" title="1928 United States presidential election in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td>115,404 </td> <td>58.65 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>80,715 </td> <td>41.02 </td> <td>- </td> <td>465 </td> <td>0.24 </td> <td>- </td> <td>173 </td> <td>0.09 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>34,689 </td> <td>17.63 </td> <td>196,757 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">NH </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey" title="1928 United States presidential election in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">14 </td> <td>925,285 </td> <td>59.77 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>616,162 </td> <td>39.80 </td> <td>- </td> <td>4,866 </td> <td>0.31 </td> <td>- </td> <td>1,240 </td> <td>0.08 </td> <td>- </td> <td>488 </td> <td>0.03 </td> <td>- </td> <td>309,123 </td> <td>19.97 </td> <td>1,548,195 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">NJ </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Mexico" title="1928 United States presidential election in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td>69,645 </td> <td>59.01 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>48,211 </td> <td>40.85 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>158 </td> <td>0.13 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>21,434 </td> <td>18.16 </td> <td>118,014 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">NM </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1928 United States presidential election in New York">New York</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">45 </td> <td>2,193,344 </td> <td>49.79 </td> <td>45 </td> <td>2,089,863 </td> <td>47.44 </td> <td>- </td> <td>107,332 </td> <td>2.44 </td> <td>- </td> <td>10,876 </td> <td>0.25 </td> <td>- </td> <td>4,211 </td> <td>0.10 </td> <td>- </td> <td>103,481 </td> <td>2.35 </td> <td>4,405,626 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">NY </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_North_Carolina" title="1928 United States presidential election in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12 </td> <td>348,923 </td> <td>54.94 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>286,227 </td> <td>45.06 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>62,696 </td> <td>9.87 </td> <td>635,150 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">NC </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_North_Dakota" title="1928 United States presidential election in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td>131,441 </td> <td>54.80 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>106,648 </td> <td>44.46 </td> <td>- </td> <td>936 </td> <td>0.39 </td> <td>- </td> <td>842 </td> <td>0.35 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>24,793 </td> <td>10.34 </td> <td>239,867 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">ND </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio" title="1928 United States presidential election in Ohio">Ohio</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">24 </td> <td>1,627,546 </td> <td>64.89 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>864,210 </td> <td>34.45 </td> <td>- </td> <td>8,683 </td> <td>0.35 </td> <td>- </td> <td>2,836 </td> <td>0.11 </td> <td>- </td> <td>1,515 </td> <td>0.06 </td> <td>- </td> <td>763,336 </td> <td>30.43 </td> <td>2,508,346 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">OH </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oklahoma" title="1928 United States presidential election in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">10 </td> <td>394,046 </td> <td>63.72 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>219,174 </td> <td>35.44 </td> <td>- </td> <td>3,924 </td> <td>0.63 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>174,872 </td> <td>28.28 </td> <td>618,427 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">OK </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oregon" title="1928 United States presidential election in Oregon">Oregon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td>205,341 </td> <td>64.18 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>109,223 </td> <td>34.14 </td> <td>- </td> <td>2,720 </td> <td>0.85 </td> <td>- </td> <td>1,094 </td> <td>0.34 </td> <td>- </td> <td>1,564 </td> <td>0.49 </td> <td>- </td> <td>96,118 </td> <td>30.04 </td> <td>319,942 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">OR </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Pennsylvania" title="1928 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">38 </td> <td>2,055,382 </td> <td>65.24 </td> <td>38 </td> <td>1,067,586 </td> <td>33.89 </td> <td>- </td> <td>18,647 </td> <td>0.59 </td> <td>- </td> <td>4,726 </td> <td>0.15 </td> <td>- </td> <td>380 </td> <td>0.01 </td> <td>- </td> <td>987,796 </td> <td>31.35 </td> <td>3,150,610 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">PA </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Rhode_Island" title="1928 United States presidential election in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td>117,522 </td> <td>49.55 </td> <td>- </td> <td>118,973 </td> <td>50.16 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>283 </td> <td>0.12 </td> <td>- </td> <td>416 </td> <td>0.18 </td> <td>- </td> <td>-1,451 </td> <td>-0.61 </td> <td>237,194 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">RI </td></tr> <tr style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Carolina" title="1928 United States presidential election in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9 </td> <td>5,858 </td> <td>8.54 </td> <td>- </td> <td>62,700 </td> <td>91.39 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>47 </td> <td>0.07 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>-56,842 </td> <td>-82.85 </td> <td>68,605 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">SC </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Dakota" title="1928 United States presidential election in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td>157,603 </td> <td>60.18 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>102,660 </td> <td>39.20 </td> <td>- </td> <td>443 </td> <td>0.17 </td> <td>- </td> <td>232 </td> <td>0.09 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>54,943 </td> <td>20.98 </td> <td>261,865 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">SD </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Tennessee" title="1928 United States presidential election in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12 </td> <td>195,388 </td> <td>53.76 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>167,343 </td> <td>46.04 </td> <td>- </td> <td>631 </td> <td>0.17 </td> <td>- </td> <td>111 </td> <td>0.03 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>28,045 </td> <td>7.72 </td> <td>363,473 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">TN </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Texas" title="1928 United States presidential election in Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">20 </td> <td>367,036 </td> <td>51.77 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>341,032 </td> <td>48.10 </td> <td>- </td> <td>722 </td> <td>0.10 </td> <td>- </td> <td>209 </td> <td>0.03 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>26,004 </td> <td>3.67 </td> <td>708,999 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">TX </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Utah" title="1928 United States presidential election in Utah">Utah</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td>94,618 </td> <td>53.58 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>80,985 </td> <td>45.86 </td> <td>- </td> <td>954 </td> <td>0.54 </td> <td>- </td> <td>46 </td> <td>0.03 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>13,633 </td> <td>7.72 </td> <td>176,603 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">UT </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Vermont" title="1928 United States presidential election in Vermont">Vermont</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td>90,404 </td> <td>66.87 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>44,440 </td> <td>32.87 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>45,964 </td> <td>34.00 </td> <td>135,191 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">VT </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Virginia" title="1928 United States presidential election in Virginia">Virginia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12 </td> <td>164,609 </td> <td>53.91 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>140,146 </td> <td>45.90 </td> <td>- </td> <td>250 </td> <td>0.08 </td> <td>- </td> <td>173 </td> <td>0.06 </td> <td>- </td> <td>180 </td> <td>0.06 </td> <td>- </td> <td>24,463 </td> <td>8.01 </td> <td>305,358 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">VA </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Washington_(state)" title="1928 United States presidential election in Washington (state)">Washington</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7 </td> <td>335,844 </td> <td>67.06 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>156,772 </td> <td>31.30 </td> <td>- </td> <td>2,615 </td> <td>0.52 </td> <td>- </td> <td>1,541 </td> <td>0.31 </td> <td>- </td> <td>4,068 </td> <td>0.81 </td> <td>- </td> <td>179,072 </td> <td>35.75 </td> <td>500,840 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">WA </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_West_Virginia" title="1928 United States presidential election in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td>375,551 </td> <td>58.43 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>263,784 </td> <td>41.04 </td> <td>- </td> <td>1,313 </td> <td>0.20 </td> <td>- </td> <td>401 </td> <td>0.06 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>111,767 </td> <td>17.39 </td> <td>642,752 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">WV </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Wisconsin" title="1928 United States presidential election in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">13 </td> <td>544,205 </td> <td>53.52 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>450,259 </td> <td>44.28 </td> <td>- </td> <td>18,213 </td> <td>1.79 </td> <td>- </td> <td>1,528 </td> <td>0.15 </td> <td>- </td> <td>381 </td> <td>0.04 </td> <td>- </td> <td>93,946 </td> <td>9.24 </td> <td>1,016,831 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">WI </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Wyoming" title="1928 United States presidential election in Wyoming">Wyoming</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td>52,748 </td> <td>63.68 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>29,299 </td> <td>35.37 </td> <td>- </td> <td>788 </td> <td>0.95 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>23,449 </td> <td>28.31 </td> <td>82,835 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">WY </td></tr> <tr> <th>TOTALS: </th> <th>531 </th> <th>21,427,123 </th> <th>58.21 </th> <th>444 </th> <th>15,015,464 </th> <th>40.80 </th> <th>87 </th> <th>267,478 </th> <th>0.73 </th> <th>- </th> <th>48,551 </th> <th>0.13 </th> <th>- </th> <th>21,590 </th> <th>0.06 </th> <th>- </th> <th>6,411,659 </th> <th>17.42 </th> <th>36,807,012 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">US </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="States_that_flipped_from_Democratic_to_Republican">States that flipped from Democratic to Republican</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: States that flipped from Democratic to Republican"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="States_that_flipped_from_Progressive_to_Republican">States that flipped from Progressive to Republican</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: States that flipped from Progressive to Republican"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="States_that_flipped_from_Republican_to_Democratic">States that flipped from Republican to Democratic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: States that flipped from Republican to Democratic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Close_states">Close states</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Close states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Margin of victory less than 1% (5 electoral votes): </p> <ol><li><span style="color:blue;"><b>Rhode Island, 0.61% (1,451 votes)</b></span></li></ol> <p>Margin of victory less than 5% (95 electoral votes): </p> <ol><li><span style="color:blue;"><b>Massachusetts, 1.09% (17,192 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:red;"><b>New York, 2.35% (103,481 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:blue;"><b>Alabama, 2.84% (7,072 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:red;"><b>Texas, 3.67% (26,004 votes)</b></span></li></ol> <p>Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (60 electoral votes): </p> <ol><li><span style="color:red;"><b>Utah, 7.72% (13,633 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:red;"><b>Tennessee, 7.72% (28,045 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:red;"><b>Virginia, 8.01% (24,463 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:red;"><b>Connecticut, 8.06% (44,574 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:red;"><b>Wisconsin, 9.24% (93,946 votes)</b></span></li> <li><span style="color:red;"><b>North Carolina, 9.87% (62,696 votes)</b></span></li></ol> <p>Tipping point state: </p> <ol><li><span style="color:red;"><b>Illinois, 14.65% (455,324 votes)</b></span></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Statistics">Statistics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican) </p> <ol><li><b><span style="color:red;"><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Kentucky" title="Jackson County, Kentucky">Jackson County, Kentucky</a> 96.52%</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="color:red;"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_County,_Kentucky" title="Leslie County, Kentucky">Leslie County, Kentucky</a> 94.51%</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="color:red;"><a href="/wiki/Alpine_County,_California" title="Alpine County, California">Alpine County, California</a> 94.23%</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="color:red;"><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County,_Tennessee" title="Johnson County, Tennessee">Johnson County, Tennessee</a> 93.74%</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="color:red;"><a href="/wiki/Sevier_County,_Tennessee" title="Sevier County, Tennessee">Sevier County, Tennessee</a> 92.57%</span></b></li></ol> <p>Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic) </p> <ol><li><b><span style="color:blue;"><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Jackson Parish, Louisiana">Jackson Parish, Louisiana</a> 100.00%</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="color:blue;"><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_County,_South_Dakota" title="Armstrong County, South Dakota">Armstrong County, South Dakota</a> 100.00%</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="color:blue;"><a href="/wiki/Humphreys_County,_Mississippi" title="Humphreys County, Mississippi">Humphreys County, Mississippi</a> 99.90%</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="color:blue;"><a href="/wiki/Edgefield_County,_South_Carolina" title="Edgefield County, South Carolina">Edgefield County, South Carolina</a> 99.67%</span></b></li> <li><b><span style="color:blue;"><a href="/wiki/Bamberg_County,_South_Carolina" title="Bamberg County, South Carolina">Bamberg County, South Carolina</a> 99.49%</span></b></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1918%E2%80%931945)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (1918–1945)">History of the United States (1918–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Inauguration of Herbert Hoover">Inauguration of Herbert Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1928 United States House of Representatives elections">1928 United States House of Representatives elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1928 United States Senate elections">1928 United States Senate elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign">Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwfw.electproject.org/national-1789-present">"National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present"</a>. <i>United States Election Project</i>. <a href="/wiki/CQ_Press" title="CQ Press">CQ Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Election+Project&rft.atitle=National+General+Election+VEP+Turnout+Rates%2C+1789-Present&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwfw.electproject.org%2Fnational-1789-present&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Presidential_Vote_1932,_pg._24-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Presidential_Vote_1932,_pg._24_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Presidential_Vote_1932,_pg._24_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Presidential Vote, 1896–1932, Edgar E. Robinson, pg. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/355105717">"How Delegates To Conventions Of Both Parties Are Lined Up"</a>. <i>The Chicago Tribune</i>. May 17, 1928<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=How+Delegates+To+Conventions+Of+Both+Parties+Are+Lined+Up&rft.date=1928-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F355105717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutland1996" class="citation book cs1">Rutland, Robert Allen (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicansfroml00rutl_0/page/176"><i>The Republicans</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicansfroml00rutl_0/page/176">176</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1090-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1090-6"><bdi>978-0-8262-1090-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republicans&rft.pages=176&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1090-6&rft.aulast=Rutland&rft.aufirst=Robert+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frepublicansfroml00rutl_0%2Fpage%2F176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2006" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Niall A. (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twentiesamericap00palm"><i>The twenties in America</i></a></span>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twentiesamericap00palm/page/n134">128</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2037-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2037-1"><bdi>978-0-7486-2037-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+twenties+in+America&rft.pages=128&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2037-1&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Niall+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwentiesamericap00palm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalch1997" class="citation book cs1">Walch, Timothy (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atpresidentsside00walc/page/36"><i>At the President's side</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atpresidentsside00walc/page/36">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1133-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1133-0"><bdi>978-0-8262-1133-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+the+President%27s+side&rft.pages=36&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1133-0&rft.aulast=Walch&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatpresidentsside00walc%2Fpage%2F36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenckenGeorge_Jean_Nathan1929" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken, Henry Louis</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_Jean_Nathan" title="George Jean Nathan">George Jean Nathan</a> (1929). <i>The American mercury</i>. p. 404.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+mercury&rft.pages=404&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Mencken&rft.aufirst=Henry+Louis&rft.au=George+Jean+Nathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMieczkowskiMark_Christopher_Carnes2001" class="citation book cs1">Mieczkowski, Yanek; Mark Christopher Carnes (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/routledgehistori0000miec/page/94"><i>The Routledge historical atlas of presidential elections</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/routledgehistori0000miec/page/94">94</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92133-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92133-6"><bdi>978-0-415-92133-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+historical+atlas+of+presidential+elections&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92133-6&rft.aulast=Mieczkowski&rft.aufirst=Yanek&rft.au=Mark+Christopher+Carnes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froutledgehistori0000miec%2Fpage%2F94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090130033819/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,881167,00.html?iid=chix-sphere">"Hoover's Speech"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. August 20, 1928. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,881167,00.html?iid=chix-sphere">the original</a> on January 30, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Hoover%27s+Speech&rft.date=1928-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C881167%2C00.html%3Fiid%3Dchix-sphere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulson2000" class="citation book cs1">Paulson, Arthur C. (2000). <i>Realignment and party revival</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96865-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96865-6"><bdi>978-0-275-96865-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Realignment+and+party+revival&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96865-6&rft.aulast=Paulson&rft.aufirst=Arthur+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinningLarry_Eugene_EsterlyPaul_A._Sracic1999" class="citation book cs1">Binning, William C.; Larry Eugene Esterly; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sracic" title="Paul Sracic">Paul A. Sracic</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam0000binn/page/135"><i>Encyclopedia of American parties, campaigns, and elections</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam0000binn/page/135">135</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30312-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30312-8"><bdi>978-0-313-30312-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+parties%2C+campaigns%2C+and+elections&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30312-8&rft.aulast=Binning&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft.au=Larry+Eugene+Esterly&rft.au=Paul+A.+Sracic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofam0000binn%2Fpage%2F135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLedbetter2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Ledbetter,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Calvin Ledbetter, Jr.">Ledbetter, Cal</a> (August 24, 2008). "Joe T. Robinson and the 1928 presidential election". <i>Arkansas Democrat-Gazette (Little Rock)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arkansas+Democrat-Gazette+%28Little+Rock%29&rft.atitle=Joe+T.+Robinson+and+the+1928+presidential+election&rft.date=2008-08-24&rft.aulast=Ledbetter&rft.aufirst=Cal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlayton2001" class="citation book cs1">Slayton, Robert A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empirestatesmanr00robe/page/304"><i>Empire statesman</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empirestatesmanr00robe/page/304">304</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86302-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86302-3"><bdi>978-0-684-86302-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+statesman&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-684-86302-3&rft.aulast=Slayton&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempirestatesmanr00robe%2Fpage%2F304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger1990" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.">Schlesinger, Arthur Jr.</a> (February 2, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/02/opinion/o-connor-vaughan-cuomo-al-smith-jfk.html">"O'Connor, Vaughan, Cuomo, Al Smith, J.F.K."</a> <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=O%27Connor%2C+Vaughan%2C+Cuomo%2C+Al+Smith%2C+J.F.K.&rft.date=1990-02-02&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F02%2F02%2Fopinion%2Fo-connor-vaughan-cuomo-al-smith-jfk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/04/11/95566851.html?pageNumber=3">"Thomas Again Urged To Run For Socialists; Withdrawal of J.H. Maurer as Candidate Puts Him to Front --Convention Friday"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. April 11, 1928.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Thomas+Again+Urged+To+Run+For+Socialists%3B+Withdrawal+of+J.H.+Maurer+as+Candidate+Puts+Him+to+Front+--Convention+Friday&rft.date=1928-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1928%2F04%2F11%2F95566851.html%3FpageNumber%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/04/16/91499470.html?pageNumber=18">"Thomas Is Slated To Lead Socialists; Convention to Name Its Ticket Today, with Maurer Likely to be Running Mate. Berger Again Is Chairman; Fights on Platform Planks Expected --Young Peoples League Gets Funds to Push Its Work"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. April 16, 1928.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Thomas+Is+Slated+To+Lead+Socialists%3B+Convention+to+Name+Its+Ticket+Today%2C+with+Maurer+Likely+to+be+Running+Mate.+Berger+Again+Is+Chairman%3B+Fights+on+Platform+Planks+Expected+--Young+Peoples+League+Gets+Funds+to+Push+Its+Work&rft.date=1928-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1928%2F04%2F16%2F91499470.html%3FpageNumber%3D18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/05/28/91518565.html?pageNumber=25">"Communists Choose Foster For President; Workers' Party Picks Gitlow as Running Mate at First National Convention Here"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. May 28, 1928.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Communists+Choose+Foster+For+President%3B+Workers%27+Party+Picks+Gitlow+as+Running+Mate+at+First+National+Convention+Here&rft.date=1928-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1928%2F05%2F28%2F91518565.html%3FpageNumber%3D25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/05/27/95580345.html?pageNumber=27">"Give Communist Platform; Delegates Stress Capital-Labor Struggle and Assail Dry Law"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. May 27, 1928.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Give+Communist+Platform%3B+Delegates+Stress+Capital-Labor+Struggle+and+Assail+Dry+Law&rft.date=1928-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1928%2F05%2F27%2F95580345.html%3FpageNumber%3D27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/05/22/91514421.html?pageNumber=11">"Frank T. Johns.; Socialist-Labor Presidential Nominee of 1924 Fails to Save Boy"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. May 22, 1918.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Frank+T.+Johns.%3B+Socialist-Labor+Presidential+Nominee+of+1924+Fails+to+Save+Boy&rft.date=1918-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1928%2F05%2F22%2F91514421.html%3FpageNumber%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/10/09/95629974.html?pageNumber=10">"Labor Party Starts Drive; V.L. Reynolds, Presidential Nominee, Speaks at Open Air Rally"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. October 9, 1928.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Labor+Party+Starts+Drive%3B+V.L.+Reynolds%2C+Presidential+Nominee%2C+Speaks+at+Open+Air+Rally&rft.date=1928-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1928%2F10%2F09%2F95629974.html%3FpageNumber%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/07/01/94144765.html?pageNumber=3">"Prohibitionists To Meet.; Convention Will be Held in Chicago July 10"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. July 1, 1928.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Prohibitionists+To+Meet.%3B+Convention+Will+be+Held+in+Chicago+July+10&rft.date=1928-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1928%2F07%2F01%2F94144765.html%3FpageNumber%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/07/03/91534603.html?pageNumber=2">"Prohibition Leader Assails Dry League; Chairman Colvin Declares Asheville Meeting Designed toMinimize Party"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. July 3, 1928.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Prohibition+Leader+Assails+Dry+League%3B+Chairman+Colvin+Declares+Asheville+Meeting+Designed+toMinimize+Party&rft.date=1928-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1928%2F07%2F03%2F91534603.html%3FpageNumber%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timesmachine.nytimes.com-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-timesmachine.nytimes.com_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timesmachine.nytimes.com_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/07/12/94148743.html?pageNumber=4">"Farm-Laborites Nominate Norris; Convention in Chicago Selects Nebraskan as Candidate for Presidency. Acceptance Is Unlikely; Group with Prohibitionists Had Asked Pinchot and Sweet to Lead Third Party. Farm-Laborites Nominate Norris; Table the Proposal for Fusion. Prohibition Platform Debated. Says Saloon is Now in Home; Norris's Course In Doubt. He Has Questioned the Desirability, of a Third Party Movement"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. July 12, 1928.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Farm-Laborites+Nominate+Norris%3B+Convention+in+Chicago+Selects+Nebraskan+as+Candidate+for+Presidency.+Acceptance+Is+Unlikely%3B+Group+with+Prohibitionists+Had+Asked+Pinchot+and+Sweet+to+Lead+Third+Party.+Farm-Laborites+Nominate+Norris%3B+Table+the+Proposal+for+Fusion.+Prohibition+Platform+Debated.+Says+Saloon+is+Now+in+Home%3B+Norris%27s+Course+In+Doubt.+He+Has+Questioned+the+Desirability%2C+of+a+Third+Party+Movement&rft.date=1928-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1928%2F07%2F12%2F94148743.html%3FpageNumber%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/07/13/94149556.html?pageNumber=3">"Long Island Man Heads Dry Ticket; Prohibitionists Name William F. Varney of Rockville Centre as Presidential Candidate. Reject Hoover and Smith; Governor's Nomination Starts Hubbub in Chicago Convention--Virginian Gets Second Place. Smith's Name Starts Hub-bub. Calls Smith "Man We Love." Mr. Varney's Children Pleased"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. July 13, 1928.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Long+Island+Man+Heads+Dry+Ticket%3B+Prohibitionists+Name+William+F.+Varney+of+Rockville+Centre+as+Presidential+Candidate.+Reject+Hoover+and+Smith%3B+Governor%27s+Nomination+Starts+Hubbub+in+Chicago+Convention--Virginian+Gets+Second+Place.+Smith%27s+Name+Starts+Hub-bub.+Calls+Smith+%22Man+We+Love.%22+Mr.+Varney%27s+Children+Pleased.&rft.date=1928-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1928%2F07%2F13%2F94149556.html%3FpageNumber%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/07/15/91692481.html?pageNumber=4">"Explains Dry Ticket Aim.; Edgerton Says Prohibitionists Protest Lax Enforcement of Law"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. July 15, 1928.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Explains+Dry+Ticket+Aim.%3B+Edgerton+Says+Prohibitionists+Protest+Lax+Enforcement+of+Law&rft.date=1928-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1928%2F07%2F15%2F91692481.html%3FpageNumber%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/09/01/95601699.html?pageNumber=1">"Prohibition Party Refuses to Aid Hoover; Varney Will Stay in Race on 'Principle'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. September 1, 1928.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Prohibition+Party+Refuses+to+Aid+Hoover%3B+Varney+Will+Stay+in+Race+on+%27Principle%27&rft.date=1928-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1928%2F09%2F01%2F95601699.html%3FpageNumber%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/09/02/105201379.html?pageNumber=3">"Will Try To Weaken Smith In South; Prohibition Candidates Will Avoid States Where They Might Injure Hoover"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. September 2, 1928.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Will+Try+To+Weaken+Smith+In+South%3B+Prohibition+Candidates+Will+Avoid+States+Where+They+Might+Injure+Hoover&rft.date=1928-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1928%2F09%2F02%2F105201379.html%3FpageNumber%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/07/11/94147991.html?pageNumber=2">"Prohibition Party Is In a Quandary; All Delegates in Chicago Convention Against Smith--Many Oppose Hoover. May Join Farm-Laborites; One Delegate Advocates Election of Heflin, 'Even if There Must Be Bloodshed.' Seek Farmer-Labor Policy. Opposes Governor Smith. Wouldn't Balk at Bloodshed. Norris Against a Third Party"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. July 11, 1928.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Prohibition+Party+Is+In+a+Quandary%3B+All+Delegates+in+Chicago+Convention+Against+Smith--Many+Oppose+Hoover.+May+Join+Farm-Laborites%3B+One+Delegate+Advocates+Election+of+Heflin%2C+%27Even+if+There+Must+Be+Bloodshed.%27+Seek+Farmer-Labor+Policy.+Opposes+Governor+Smith.+Wouldn%27t+Balk+at+Bloodshed.+Norris+Against+a+Third+Party&rft.date=1928-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1928%2F07%2F11%2F94147991.html%3FpageNumber%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/07/13/94149573.html?pageNumber=4">"Norris Won't Head Third Party Ticket; Senator, in Refusing Farmer Labor Nomination, Calls Power Issue "Paramount." Denounces Major Parties; Nebraskan Declares Trust Forced Both to Silence on Monopoly That Robs People of Rights.; Calls Power Issue "Paramount."; Sees Democracy "Crippled."; Delay of Boulder Dam Charged.; Refuses to Run as Vice President"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. July 13, 1928.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Norris+Won%27t+Head+Third+Party+Ticket%3B+Senator%2C+in+Refusing+Farmer+Labor+Nomination%2C+Calls+Power+Issue+%22Paramount.%22+Denounces+Major+Parties%3B+Nebraskan+Declares+Trust+Forced+Both+to+Silence+on+Monopoly+That+Robs+People+of+Rights.%3B+Calls+Power+Issue+%22Paramount.%22%3B+Sees+Democracy+%22Crippled.%22%3B+Delay+of+Boulder+Dam+Charged.%3B+Refuses+to+Run+as+Vice+President&rft.date=1928-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1928%2F07%2F13%2F94149573.html%3FpageNumber%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/147641322">"Webb Is Given Running-Mate"</a>. Reno Gazette-Journal. September 11, 1928<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Webb+Is+Given+Running-Mate&rft.date=1928-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F147641322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/09/26/95838671.html?pageNumber=3">"Farmer-Laborite to Back Smith"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. September 26, 1928.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Farmer-Laborite+to+Back+Smith&rft.date=1928-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1928%2F09%2F26%2F95838671.html%3FpageNumber%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/701078790">"S.F. Man Named Standard-Bearer By Farmer-Labor"</a>. The Fresno Bee. September 5, 1928<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=S.F.+Man+Named+Standard-Bearer+By+Farmer-Labor&rft.date=1928-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F701078790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osullivan2006-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-osullivan2006_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Sullivan2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Sullivan_(columnist)" title="John O'Sullivan (columnist)">O'Sullivan, John</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EnMVq0jcIUEC&pg=PA110"><i>The president, the Pope, and the prime minister: three who changed the world</i></a>. Regnery. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59698-016-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-59698-016-8"><bdi>1-59698-016-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+president%2C+the+Pope%2C+and+the+prime+minister%3A+three+who+changed+the+world&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Regnery&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-59698-016-8&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEnMVq0jcIUEC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slayton2001-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slayton2001_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slayton2001_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slayton2001_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlayton2001" class="citation book cs1">Slayton, Robert A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bOahalX-CxQC&pg=PA309"><i>Empire statesman: the rise and redemption of Al Smith</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 309–313, 317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-86302-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-86302-2"><bdi>0-684-86302-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+statesman%3A+the+rise+and+redemption+of+Al+Smith&rft.pages=309-313%2C+317&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-684-86302-2&rft.aulast=Slayton&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbOahalX-CxQC%26pg%3DPA309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas C. Strange, "Lutherans and Presidential Politics: The National Lutheran Editors' and Managers' Association Statement of 1928," <i>Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly,</i> Winter 1968, Vol. 41 Issue 4, pp 168-172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-time19280903-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-time19280903_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080401043436/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,928041,00.html">"Great & Fake Oath"</a>. <i>Time</i>. September 3, 1928. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,928041,00.html">the original</a> on April 1, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Great+%26+Fake+Oath&rft.date=1928-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C928041%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-farris-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-farris_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-farris_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-farris_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-farris_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarris2012" class="citation book cs1">Farris, Scott (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4j1OBwAAQBAJ"><i>Almost President: The Men Who Lost The Race But Changed The Nation</i></a>. Ottawa: Lyons Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762763788" title="Special:BookSources/9780762763788"><bdi>9780762763788</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almost+President%3A+The+Men+Who+Lost+The+Race+But+Changed+The+Nation&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=Lyons+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780762763788&rft.aulast=Farris&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4j1OBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Allan_J._Lichtman" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan J. Lichtman">Allan J. Lichtman</a>, <i>Prejudice and the Old Politics: The Presidential Election of 1928</i> (1979)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hachten19281020-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hachten19281020_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHachten1928" class="citation news cs1">Hachten, Arthur (October 20, 1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Z9U_AAAAIBAJ&pg=5134%2C3003841">"Hoover Spikes Dance Slander"</a>. <i>Milwaukee Sentinel</i>. p. 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Milwaukee+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Hoover+Spikes+Dance+Slander&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1928-10-20&rft.aulast=Hachten&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DZ9U_AAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5134%252C3003841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1972" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Arnold S. (1972). <i>The Ku Klux Klan in American Politics</i>. Haskell House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8383-1427-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8383-1427-2"><bdi>978-0-8383-1427-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ku+Klux+Klan+in+American+Politics&rft.pub=Haskell+House+Publishers&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-8383-1427-2&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Arnold+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9WaaAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Presidential Vote, 1896–1932 – Google Books</i></a>. Stanford University Press. 1934. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804716963" title="Special:BookSources/9780804716963"><bdi>9780804716963</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidential+Vote%2C+1896%E2%80%931932+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1934&rft.isbn=9780804716963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9WaaAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-robinson1932-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-robinson1932_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-robinson1932_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-robinson1932_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-robinson1932_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-robinson1932_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-robinson1932_42-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1947" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Edgar Eugene (January 1, 1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9WaaAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Presidential Vote 1896–1932</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1696-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1696-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-1696-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidential+Vote+1896%E2%80%931932&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1947-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1696-3&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Edgar+Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9WaaAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-book-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-book_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1974" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Paul (1974). <i>Political Parties In American History, Volume 3, 1890-present</i>. <a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">G. P. Putnam's Sons</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Parties+In+American+History%2C+Volume+3%2C+1890-present&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Presidential Vote, 1896–1932, Edgar E. Robinson, pg. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Presidential Vote, 1896–1932, Edgar E. Robinson, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1973263-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherman1973263_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSherman1973">Sherman 1973</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year=1928&datatype=national&def=1&f=0&off=0&elect=0">"1928 Presidential General Election Data – National"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1928+Presidential+General+Election+Data+%E2%80%93+National&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fdata.php%3Fyear%3D1928%26datatype%3Dnational%26def%3D1%26f%3D0%26off%3D0%26elect%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman1973" class="citation book cs1">Sherman, Richard (1973). <i>The Republican Party and Black America From McKinley to Hoover 1896-1933</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Press" title="University of Virginia Press">University of Virginia Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813904676" title="Special:BookSources/0813904676"><bdi>0813904676</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republican+Party+and+Black+America+From+McKinley+to+Hoover+1896-1933&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0813904676&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1928+United+States+presidential+election" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_elections#Further_reading" title="1920 United States elections">1920 United States elections § Further reading</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kristi_Andersen" title="Kristi Andersen">Andersen, Kristi</a>. <i>The Creation of a Democratic Majority: 1928–1936.</i> (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997)</li> <li>Bornet, Vaughn Davis. "The Communist Party in the Presidential Election of 1928," <i>Western Political Quarterly,</i> (1958), 11#3 pp. 514–538. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/444564">In JSTOR</a></li> <li>Bornet, Vaughn Davis. <i>Labor Politics in a Democratic Republic: Moderation, Division, and Disruption in the Presidential Election of 1928</i> (1964)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/?GCOI=80140100831140">Chiles, Robert. 2018. <i>The Revolution of '28: Al Smith, American Progressivism, and the Coming of the New Deal</i>. Cornell University Press.</a></li> <li>Coffman, Elesha. "The 'Religious Issue' in Presidential Politics." <i>American Catholic Studies</i> (2008) 119#4 pp 1–20</li> <li>Craig, Douglas B. <i>After Wilson: The Struggle for Control of the Democratic Party, 1920–1934.</i> (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993)</li> <li>Doherty, Herbert J. "Florida and the Presidential Election of 1928." The Florida Historical Quarterly 26.2 (1947): 174–186.</li> <li>Goldberg, David Joseph. <i>Discontented America: The United States in the 1920s.</i> (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999)</li> <li>Hostetler, Michael J. "Gov. Al Smith Confronts the Catholic Question: The Rhetorical Legacy of the 1928 Campaign" <i>Communication Quarterly</i>, Vol. 46, 1998.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Lichtman" title="Allan Lichtman">Lichtman, Allan</a>, <i>Prejudice and the Old Politics: The Presidential Election of 1928.</i> Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1979.</li> <li>Moore, Edmund A. <i>A Catholic Runs for President: The Campaign of 1928.</i> Ronald Press, 1956.</li> <li>Rulli, Daniel F. "Campaigning in 1928: Chickens in Pots and Cars in Backyards," <i>Teaching History: A Journal of Methods,</i> Vol. 31, no. 1 (2006), pp. 42+</li> <li>Slayton, Robert A. <i>Empire Statesman: The Rise and Redemption of Al Smith.</i> New York: Free Press, 2001.</li> <li>Sweeney, James R. "Rum, Romanism, and Virginia Democrats: The Party Leaders and the Campaign of 1928." <i>Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</i> 90 (1982): 403–31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4248587">in JSTOR</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hoover, Herbert. <i>The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: The Cabinet and the Presidency</i>, 1920–1933 (1952),</li> <li>Smith, Alfred E. <i>Campaign Addresses</i> 1929.</li> <li>Chester, Edward W <i>A guide to political platforms</i> (1977) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetopolitical0000ches">online</a></li> <li>Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. <i>National party platforms, 1840-1964</i> (1965) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationalpartypla00port">online 1840-1956</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_United_States_presidential_election&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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presidential election">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_United_States_presidential_election" title="2028 United States presidential election"><i>2028</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_by_participation_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of states by participation in United States presidential elections">Elections by state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Alabama" title="United States presidential elections in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Alaska" title="United States presidential elections in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Arizona" title="United States presidential elections in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Arkansas" title="United States presidential elections in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_California" title="United States presidential elections in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Colorado" title="United States presidential elections in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Connecticut" title="United States presidential elections in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Delaware" title="United States presidential elections in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States presidential elections in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Florida" title="United States presidential elections in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Georgia" title="United States presidential elections in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Hawaii" title="United States presidential elections in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Idaho" title="United States presidential elections in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Illinois" title="United States presidential elections in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Indiana" title="United States presidential elections in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Iowa" title="United States presidential elections in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Kansas" title="United States presidential elections in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Kentucky" title="United States presidential elections in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Louisiana" title="United States presidential elections in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Maine" title="United States presidential elections in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Maryland" title="United States presidential elections in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Massachusetts" title="United States presidential elections in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Michigan" title="United States presidential elections in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Minnesota" title="United States presidential elections in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Mississippi" title="United States presidential elections in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Missouri" title="United States presidential elections in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Montana" title="United States presidential elections in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Nebraska" title="United States presidential elections in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Nevada" title="United States presidential elections in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Hampshire" title="United States presidential elections in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Jersey" title="United States presidential elections in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Mexico" title="United States presidential elections in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_York" title="United States presidential elections in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_North_Carolina" title="United States presidential elections in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_North_Dakota" title="United States presidential elections in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Ohio" title="United States presidential elections in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Oklahoma" title="United States presidential elections in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Oregon" title="United States presidential elections in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Pennsylvania" title="United States presidential elections in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Rhode_Island" title="United States presidential elections in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_South_Carolina" title="United States presidential elections in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_South_Dakota" title="United States presidential elections in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Tennessee" title="United States presidential elections in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Texas" title="United States presidential elections in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Utah" title="United States presidential elections in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Vermont" title="United States presidential elections in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Virginia" title="United States presidential elections in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Washington_(state)" title="United States presidential elections in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_West_Virginia" title="United States presidential elections in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Wisconsin" title="United States presidential elections in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Wyoming" title="United States presidential elections in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">Primaries and caucuses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_caucuses" title="Iowa caucuses">Iowa caucuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_presidential_primary" title="New Hampshire presidential primary">New Hampshire presidential primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_presidential_caucuses" title="Nevada presidential caucuses">Nevada presidential caucuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_presidential_primary" title="South Carolina presidential primary">South Carolina presidential primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">Nominating conventions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_nominating_conventions_in_the_United_States" title="List of presidential nominating conventions in the United States">List of nominating conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokered_convention" title="Brokered convention">Brokered convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_bounce" title="Convention bounce">Convention bounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a><br />and popular vote</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Results <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_summary" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election summary">summary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote" title="List of United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote">elections in which the winner lost the popular vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_Electoral_College_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin">Electoral College margins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_election_results_by_state" title="List of United States presidential election results by state">Electoral College results by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_vote_changes_between_United_States_presidential_elections" title="Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections">electoral vote changes between elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_received_an_electoral_vote_in_the_United_States_Electoral_College" title="List of people who received an electoral vote in the United States Electoral College">electoral vote recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates_by_number_of_votes_received" title="List of United States presidential candidates by number of votes received">popular votes received</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">popular-vote margins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Count_Act" title="Electoral Count Act">Electoral Count Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_ascertainment" title="Certificate of ascertainment">Certificate of ascertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Certificate of vote">Certificate of vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">Contingent election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithless_elector" title="Faithless elector">Faithless elector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unpledged_elector" title="Unpledged elector">Unpledged elector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="Voter turnout in United States presidential elections">Voter turnout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._presidential_campaign_slogans" title="List of U.S. presidential campaign slogans">Campaign slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections" title="Polling for United States presidential elections">Historical election polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_major_party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States major party presidential tickets">Major party tickets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States">Major party losers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_debates" title="United States presidential debates">Presidential debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_surprise" title="October surprise">October surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">Swing state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping-point_state" title="Tipping-point state">Tipping-point state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_recount" title="Election recount">Election recount</a> (<a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_straw_polls_in_Guam" title="United States presidential straw polls in Guam">Guam straw poll</a></li> <li>Vice presidential confirmations: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973_United_States_vice_presidential_confirmation" title="1973 United States vice presidential confirmation">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_vice_presidential_confirmation" title="1974 United States vice presidential confirmation">1974</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="Template:United States House of Representatives elections">House elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Senate_elections" title="Template:United States Senate elections">Senate elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="Template:United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1924)_1928_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1932)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1928 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1928 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1928 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1924)_1928_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1932)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">← 1924</a>) <a class="mw-selflink selflink">1928 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">→ 1932</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_D._Goff" title="Guy D. Goff">Guy D. Goff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Orren_Lowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Orren Lowden">Frank O. Lowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Norris" title="George W. Norris">George W. Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Willis" title="Frank B. Willis">Frank B. Willis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Joseph T. Robinson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlee_Pomerene" title="Atlee Pomerene">Atlee Pomerene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Reed_(politician)" title="James A. Reed (politician)">James A. Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evans_Woollen" title="Evans Woollen">Evans Woollen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third_party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow">Benjamin Gitlow</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_F._Varney" title="William F. Varney">William F. Varney</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">James H. Maurer</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Frank_T._Johns" title="Frank T. Johns">Frank T. Johns</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Verne_L._Reynolds" title="Verne L. Reynolds">Verne L. Reynolds</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Independents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">William Dudley Pelley</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1928 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1928 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1928 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_and_district_results_of_the_1928_United_States_presidential_election" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:State_results_of_the_1928_U.S._presidential_election" title="Template:State results of the 1928 U.S. presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:State_results_of_the_1928_U.S._presidential_election" title="Template talk:State results of the 1928 U.S. presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:State_results_of_the_1928_U.S._presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:State results of the 1928 U.S. presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_and_district_results_of_the_1928_United_States_presidential_election" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State and district results of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">1928 United States presidential election</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alabama" title="1928 United States presidential election in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Arizona" title="1928 United States presidential election in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Arkansas" title="1928 United States presidential election in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1928 United States presidential election in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Colorado" title="1928 United States presidential election in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Connecticut" title="1928 United States presidential election in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Delaware" title="1928 United States presidential election in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Florida" title="1928 United States presidential election in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Georgia" title="1928 United States presidential election in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Idaho" title="1928 United States presidential election in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Illinois" title="1928 United States presidential election in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Indiana" title="1928 United States presidential election in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Iowa" title="1928 United States presidential election in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas" title="1928 United States presidential election in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kentucky" title="1928 United States presidential election in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1928 United States presidential election in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maine" title="1928 United States presidential election in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maryland" title="1928 United States presidential election in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1928 United States presidential election in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Michigan" title="1928 United States presidential election in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Minnesota" title="1928 United States presidential election in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Mississippi" title="1928 United States presidential election in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Missouri" title="1928 United States presidential election in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Montana" title="1928 United States presidential election in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Nebraska" title="1928 United States presidential election in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Nevada" title="1928 United States presidential election in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Hampshire" title="1928 United States presidential election in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Jersey" title="1928 United States presidential election in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Mexico" title="1928 United States presidential election in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1928 United States presidential election in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_North_Carolina" title="1928 United States presidential election in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_North_Dakota" title="1928 United States presidential election in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio" title="1928 United States presidential election in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oklahoma" title="1928 United States presidential election in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Oregon" title="1928 United States presidential election in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Pennsylvania" title="1928 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Rhode_Island" title="1928 United States presidential election in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Carolina" title="1928 United States presidential election in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_South_Dakota" title="1928 United States presidential election in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Tennessee" title="1928 United States presidential election in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Texas" title="1928 United States presidential election in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Utah" title="1928 United States presidential election in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Vermont" title="1928 United States presidential election in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Virginia" title="1928 United States presidential election in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Washington_(state)" title="1928 United States presidential election in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_West_Virginia" title="1928 United States presidential election in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Wisconsin" title="1928 United States presidential election in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Wyoming" title="1928 United States presidential election in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left:1.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1928.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Electoral map, 1928 election"><img alt="Electoral map, 1928 election" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/ElectoralCollege1928.svg/150px-ElectoralCollege1928.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/ElectoralCollege1928.svg/225px-ElectoralCollege1928.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/ElectoralCollege1928.svg/300px-ElectoralCollege1928.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialist_Party_of_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Template:Socialist Party of America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Template talk:Socialist Party of America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialist Party of America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialist_Party_of_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential tickets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ben_Hanford" title="Ben Hanford">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ben_Hanford" title="Ben Hanford">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Seidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allan_L._Benson" title="Allan L. Benson">Benson</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Ross_Kirkpatrick" title="George Ross Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Seymour_Stedman" title="Seymour Stedman">Stedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>, Endorsed <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive Party ticket</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1928</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_A._Nelson" title="George A. Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Maynard_C._Krueger" title="Maynard C. Krueger">Krueger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Darlington_Hoopes" title="Darlington Hoopes">Hoopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tucker_P._Smith" title="Tucker P. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darlington_Hoopes" title="Darlington Hoopes">Hoopes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Friedman" title="Samuel H. Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darlington_Hoopes" title="Darlington Hoopes">Hoopes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Friedman" title="Samuel H. Friedman">Friedman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties by state<br />and territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="State" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_California" title="Socialist Party of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Colorado" title="Socialist Party of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Socialist Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Florida" title="Socialist Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Kansas" title="Socialist Party of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Socialist Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Maine" title="Socialist Party of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Massachusetts" title="Socialist Party of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Michigan" title="Socialist Party of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Socialist Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Missouri" title="Socialist Party of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_New_Jersey" title="Socialist Party of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_New_York" title="Socialist Party of New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_North_Carolina" title="Socialist Party of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_North_Dakota" title="Socialist Party of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Ohio" title="Socialist Party of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Oklahoma" title="Socialist Party of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Oregon" title="Socialist Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Pennsylvania" title="Socialist Party of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Texas" title="Socialist Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Washington" title="Socialist Party of Washington">Washington (state)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social-Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Social-Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">History of the socialist movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Federation_(United_States)" title="Social Democratic Federation (United States)">Social Democratic Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Preservation_of_the_Socialist_Party" title="Committee for the Preservation of the Socialist Party">Committee for the Preservation of the Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Organizing_Committee" title="Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee">Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats,_USA" title="Social Democrats, USA">Social Democrats, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_People%27s_Socialist_League_(1907)" title="Young People's Socialist League (1907)">Young People's Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-language_press_of_the_Socialist_Party_of_America" title="English-language press of the Socialist Party of America">English-language press of the Socialist Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-English_press_of_the_Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Non-English press of the Socialist Party of America">Non-English press of the Socialist Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Herbert_Hoover" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Herbert_Hoover" title="Template:Herbert Hoover"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Herbert_Hoover" title="Template talk:Herbert Hoover"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Herbert_Hoover" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Herbert Hoover"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Herbert_Hoover" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">31st</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1929–1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">3rd <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">United States Secretary of Commerce</a> (1921–1928)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidential transition of Herbert Hoover">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Inauguration of Herbert Hoover">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Foreign policy of Herbert Hoover">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam" title="Hoover Dam">Hoover Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Marketing_Act_of_1929" title="Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929">Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Farm_Board" title="Federal Farm Board">Federal Farm Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reapportionment_Act_of_1929" title="Reapportionment Act of 1929">Reapportionment Act of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act" title="Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act">Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Funds_Act" title="Cooperative Funds Act">Economy Act of 1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1932" title="Revenue Act of 1932">Revenue Act of 1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Repatriation" title="Mexican Repatriation">Mexican Repatriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Home_Loan_Bank_Act" title="Federal Home Loan Bank Act">Federal Home Loan Bank Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Home_Loan_Bank_Board" title="Federal Home Loan Bank Board">Federal Home Loan Bank Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Home_Loan_Banks" title="Federal Home Loan Banks">Federal Home Loan Banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooverville" title="Hooverville">Hooverville</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonus_Army" title="Bonus Army">Bonus Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">U.S. occupation of Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">U.S. occupation of Haiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Moratorium" title="Hoover Moratorium">Hoover Moratorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimson_Doctrine" title="Stimson Doctrine">Stimson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Administration_and_cabinet" title="Herbert Hoover">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Ball_Cabinet" title="Medicine Ball Cabinet">Medicine Ball Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooverball" title="Hooverball">Hooverball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1929 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address, 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1930 State of the Union Address">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Herbert_Hoover" title="List of federal judges appointed by Herbert Hoover">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Herbert Hoover Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Herbert_Hoover" title="List of executive actions by Herbert Hoover">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_desk" title="Hoover desk">Hoover desk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Gwalia#History" title="Sons of Gwalia">Sons of Gwalia mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Zinc" title="Consolidated Zinc">Zinc Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Relief_in_Belgium" title="Commission for Relief in Belgium">Commission for Relief in Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_Foundation" title="University Foundation">University Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_American_Educational_Foundation" title="Belgian American Educational Foundation">Belgian American Educational Foundation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Relief_Administration" title="American Relief Administration">American Relief Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Famine_Relief_Act" title="Russian Famine Relief Act">Russian Famine Relief Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Food_Administration" title="United States Food Administration">U.S. Food Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Polish_Relief" title="Commission for Polish Relief">Commission for Polish Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Relief_Fund" title="Finnish Relief Fund">Finnish Relief Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Commission" title="Hoover Commission">Hoover Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Family_background_and_early_life" title="Herbert Hoover">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover_National_Historic_Site" title="Herbert Hoover National Historic Site">Birthplace and childhood home National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover%E2%80%93Minthorn_House" title="Hoover–Minthorn House">Hoover–Minthorn House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Henry_Hoover_House" title="Lou Henry Hoover House">Lou Henry Hoover House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapidan_Camp" title="Rapidan Camp">Rapidan Camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Bibliography of Herbert Hoover">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution_Library_and_Archives" title="Hoover Institution Library and Archives">Hoover Institution Library and Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Tower" title="Hoover Tower">Hoover Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover_Building" title="Herbert C. Hoover Building">Herbert C. Hoover Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Medal" title="Hoover Medal">Hoover Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Chair" title="Hoover Chair">Hoover Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Field" title="Hoover Field">Hoover Field</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Backstairs_at_the_White_House" title="Backstairs at the White House">Backstairs at the White House</a></i> (1979 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Angel_of_Pennsylvania_Avenue" title="The Angel of Pennsylvania Avenue">The Angel of Pennsylvania Avenue</a></i> (1996 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Freedom Betrayed</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_metallica" title="De re metallica">English translation of <i>De re metallica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Electoral history of Herbert Hoover">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention, 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1928 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Henry_Hoover" title="Lou Henry Hoover">Lou Henry Hoover</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover_Jr." title="Herbert Hoover Jr.">Herbert Hoover Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hoover" title="Allan Hoover">Allan Hoover</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Margaret Hoover</a> (great-granddaughter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">← Calvin Coolidge</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Herbert_Hoover" title="Category:Herbert Hoover">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q699380#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2010108118">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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