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of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Norman Thomas</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="نورمان توماس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نورمان توماس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Tomas" title="Norman Tomas – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Norman Tomas" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="نورمن توماس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نورمن توماس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Norman Thomas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Norman Thomas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Norman Thomas" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Norman Thomas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="نورمان توماس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نورمان توماس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Norman Thomas" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Norman Thomas" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Thomas_(polityk)" title="Norman Thomas (polityk) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Norman Thomas (polityk)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81,_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Томас, Норман – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Томас, Норман" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Norman Thomas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Norman Thomas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Norman Thomas" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American Presbyterian minister and socialist politician (1884–1968)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Norman Thomas, see <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Norman Thomas (disambiguation)">Norman Thomas (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Norman Thomas</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Norman_Thomas_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Norman_Thomas_1937.jpg/220px-Norman_Thomas_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Norman_Thomas_1937.jpg/330px-Norman_Thomas_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Norman_Thomas_1937.jpg/440px-Norman_Thomas_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="1293" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Thomas in 1937</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Norman Mattoon Thomas</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1884-11-20</span>)</span>November 20, 1884<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Marion,_Ohio" title="Marion, Ohio">Marion, Ohio</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 19, 1968<span style="display:none">(1968-12-19)</span> (aged 84)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Huntington,_New_York" title="Huntington, New York">Huntington, New York</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bucknell_University" title="Bucknell University">Bucknell University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Union_Theological_Seminary_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Theological Seminary (New York City)">Union Theological Seminary</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Frances Stewart</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1910; died 1947)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Evan_Thomas" title="Evan Thomas">Evan Thomas</a>, grandson</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Norman Mattoon Thomas</b> (November 20, 1884 – December 19, 1968) was an American <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious minister">minister</a>, political activist, and <a href="/wiki/Perennial_candidate" title="Perennial candidate">perennial candidate</a> for president. He achieved fame as a <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifist</a>, and was the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a>'s candidate for president in six consecutive elections between <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a> and <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Thomas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thomas was the oldest of six children, born November 20, 1884, in <a href="/wiki/Marion,_Ohio" title="Marion, Ohio">Marion, Ohio</a>, to Emma Williams (née Mattoon) and Weddington Evans Thomas, a Presbyterian minister. Thomas had an uneventful Midwestern childhood and adolescence, helping to put himself through Marion High School as a paper carrier for <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Marion_Daily_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Marion Daily Star">Marion Daily Star</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other paper carriers, he reported directly to <a href="/wiki/Florence_Kling_Harding" class="mw-redirect" title="Florence Kling Harding">Florence Kling Harding</a>. "No pennies ever escaped her," said Thomas. The summer after he graduated from high school his father accepted a pastorate at <a href="/wiki/Lewisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Lewisburg, Pennsylvania">Lewisburg, Pennsylvania</a>, which allowed Norman to attend <a href="/wiki/Bucknell_University" title="Bucknell University">Bucknell University</a>. He left Bucknell after one year to attend <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, the beneficiary of the largesse of a wealthy uncle by marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas graduated magna cum laude from <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After some <a href="/wiki/Settlement_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement house">settlement house</a> work and a trip around the world, Thomas decided to follow in his father's footsteps and enrolled in <a href="/wiki/Union_Theological_Seminary_in_the_City_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York">Union Theological Seminary</a>. He graduated from the seminary and was ordained as a Presbyterian minister in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After assisting the <a href="/wiki/Henry_van_Dyke_Jr." title="Henry van Dyke Jr.">Rev. Henry Van Dyke</a> at the fashionable <a href="/wiki/Brick_Presbyterian_Church_(New_York_City)" title="Brick Presbyterian Church (New York City)">Brick Presbyterian Church</a> on <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue" title="Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a>, Thomas was appointed pastor of the East Harlem Presbyterian Church, ministering to Italian-American Protestants.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Union Theological Seminary had been at that time a center of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a> movement and liberal politics, and as a minister, Thomas preached against American participation in the First World War. This <a href="/wiki/Pacifist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifist">pacifist</a> stance led to his being shunned by many of his fellow alumni from Princeton, and opposed by some of the leadership of the Presbyterian Church in New York. When church funding of the American Parish's social programs was stopped, Thomas resigned his pastorate.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his resignation, Thomas did not formally leave the ministry until 1931, after his mother's death.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was Thomas's position as a <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objector</a> that drew him to the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a> (SPA), a staunchly <a href="/wiki/Antimilitarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimilitarist">antimilitarist</a> organization. When SPA leader <a href="/wiki/Morris_Hillquit" title="Morris Hillquit">Morris Hillquit</a> made his campaign for <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of New York">mayor of New York</a> in 1917 on an antiwar platform, Thomas wrote to him expressing his good wishes. To his surprise, Hillquit wrote back, encouraging the young minister to work for his campaign, which Thomas energetically did.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon thereafter he himself joined the Socialist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas was a <a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated191_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated191-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomas was the secretary (then an unpaid position) of the pacifist <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Reconciliation" title="Fellowship of Reconciliation">Fellowship of Reconciliation</a> even before the war. When the organization started a magazine called <a href="/wiki/The_World_Tomorrow_(magazine)" title="The World Tomorrow (magazine)"><i>The World Tomorrow</i></a> in January 1918, Thomas was employed as its paid editor. Together with <a href="/wiki/Devere_Allen" title="Devere Allen">Devere Allen</a>, Thomas helped to make <i>The World Tomorrow</i> the leading voice of liberal Christian social activism of its day.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated191_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated191-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1921, Thomas moved to secular journalism when he was employed as associate editor of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation_(U.S._periodical)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nation (U.S. periodical)">The Nation</a></i> magazine. In 1922 he became co-director of the <a href="/wiki/League_for_Industrial_Democracy" title="League for Industrial Democracy">League for Industrial Democracy</a>. Later, he was one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Liberties_Bureau" title="National Civil Liberties Bureau">National Civil Liberties Bureau</a>, the precursor of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_politics">Electoral politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Thomas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Electoral politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Leader_1927-10-29_Front_Page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/New_Leader_1927-10-29_Front_Page.jpg/220px-New_Leader_1927-10-29_Front_Page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/New_Leader_1927-10-29_Front_Page.jpg/330px-New_Leader_1927-10-29_Front_Page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/New_Leader_1927-10-29_Front_Page.jpg/440px-New_Leader_1927-10-29_Front_Page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5538" data-file-height="7488" /></a><figcaption>Front page of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Leader" title="The New Leader">The New Leader</a></i> featuring Thomas as an Aldermanic candidate, October 19, 1927</figcaption></figure> <p>Thomas ran for office five times in quick succession on the Socialist ticket—for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">governor of New York</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_state_election,_1924" class="mw-redirect" title="New York state election, 1924">1924</a>, for mayor of New York in <a href="/wiki/1925_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1925 New York City mayoral election">1925</a>, for <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Senate" title="New York State Senate">New York State Senate</a> in 1926, for <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Council" title="New York City Council">alderman</a> in 1927, and for mayor of New York again in 1929. In <a href="/wiki/New_York_state_election,_1934" class="mw-redirect" title="New York state election, 1934">1934</a>, he ran for the US Senate in New York and polled almost 200,000 votes, then the second-best result for a Socialist candidate in New York state elections; only <a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Steinmetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles P. Steinmetz">Charles P. Steinmetz</a> polled more votes, almost 300,000 in <a href="/wiki/New_York_state_election,_1922" class="mw-redirect" title="New York state election, 1922">1922</a> when he ran for <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Engineer_and_Surveyor" title="New York State Engineer and Surveyor">State Engineer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated191_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated191-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomas's political activity also included attempts at the US presidency. Following <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Debs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Debs">Eugene Debs</a>'s death in 1926, there was a leadership vacuum in the Socialist Party. Neither of the party's two top political leaders, <a href="/wiki/Victor_L._Berger" title="Victor L. Berger">Victor L. Berger</a> and Hillquit, was eligible to run for president because of their foreign birth. The third main figure, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hoan" title="Daniel Hoan">Daniel Hoan</a>, was occupied as mayor of <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee, Wisconsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated191_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated191-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Down to approximately 8,000 dues-paying members, the Socialist Party's options were limited, and the little-known minister from New York with oratorial skills and a pedigree in the movement became the choice of the 1928 National Convention of the Socialist Party. </p><p>The 1928 campaign was the first of Thomas's six consecutive campaigns as the presidential nominee of the Socialist Party. As an articulate and engaging spokesman for <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a>, Thomas had considerably greater influence than the typical <a href="/wiki/Perennial_candidate" title="Perennial candidate">perennial candidate</a>, but never achieved Debs's level of popularity, topping out at 2.23% of the vote in the <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">realignment election of 1932</a>. Although most upper- and middle-class Americans found socialism unsavory, the well-educated Thomas—who often wore three-piece suits and looked and talked like a president—gained grudging admiration. </p><p>Thomas frequently spoke on the difference between socialism, the movement he represented, and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>. His early admiration for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution</a> had turned into energetic <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">anti-Stalinism</a>. (Some revolutionaries thought him no better; <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> criticized Thomas on more than one occasion.)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He wrote several books, among them his passionate defense of World War I <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objectors</a>, <i>Is Conscience a Crime?</i>, and his statement of the 1960s <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a> consensus, <i>Socialism Re-examined</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Socialist_Party_politics">Socialist Party politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Thomas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Socialist Party politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Norman_Thomas" title="Special:EditPage/Norman Thomas">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Socialist_Candidates_1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Socialist_Candidates_1928.jpg/300px-Socialist_Candidates_1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Socialist_Candidates_1928.jpg/450px-Socialist_Candidates_1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Socialist_Candidates_1928.jpg/600px-Socialist_Candidates_1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6665" data-file-height="5058" /></a><figcaption>Norman Thomas and <a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">James H. Maurer</a> as candidates for President and Vice President, 1928</figcaption></figure> <p>At the 1932 Milwaukee convention, Thomas and his radical pacifist allies in the party joined forces with <a href="/wiki/Sewer_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sewer Socialism">constructive socialists from Wisconsin</a> and a faction of young Marxist intellectuals called the <a href="/wiki/Militant_faction" title="Militant faction">"Militants"</a> in backing a challenger to National Chairman Morris Hillquit. While Hillquit and his cohort retained control of the organization at this time, this action earned the lasting enmity of Hillquit's New York-based allies of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Old_Guard_faction" title="Old Guard faction">"Old Guard"</a>. The diplomatic party peacemaker Hillquit died of tuberculosis the following year, lessening the stability of his faction. </p><p>At the 1934 National Convention of the Socialist Party, Thomas's connection with the Militants deepened when he backed a radical <a href="/wiki/1934_Declaration_of_Principles" title="1934 Declaration of Principles">Declaration of Principles</a> authored by his longtime associate from the radical pacifist journal <i>The World Tomorrow</i>, <a href="/wiki/Devere_Allen" title="Devere Allen">Devere Allen</a>. The Militants swept to majority control of the party's governing National Executive Committee at this gathering, and the Old Guard retreated to their New York fortress and formalized their factional organization as the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Preservation_of_the_Socialist_Party" title="Committee for the Preservation of the Socialist Party">Committee for the Preservation of the Socialist Party</a>, complete with a shadow Provisional Executive Committee and an office in New York City. </p><p>Thomas favored work to establish a broad Farmer–Labor Party upon the model of the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Commonwealth_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative Commonwealth Federation">Cooperative Commonwealth Federation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but remained supportive of the Militants and their vision of an "all-inclusive party", which welcomed members of dissident communist organizations (including <a href="/wiki/Lovestoneites" title="Lovestoneites">Lovestoneites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trotskyists" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyists">Trotskyists</a>) and worked together with the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> in joint <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Front">Popular Front</a> activities. The party descended into a maelstrom of factionalism in the interval, with the New York Old Guard leaving to establish themselves as the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Federation_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Democratic Federation (U.S.)">Social Democratic Federation of America</a>, taking with them control of party property, such as the <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish-language</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Daily_Forward" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jewish Daily Forward">The Jewish Daily Forward</a></i>, the English-language <i><a href="/wiki/New_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="New Leader">New Leader</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Rand_School_of_Social_Science" title="Rand School of Social Science">Rand School of Social Science</a>, and the party's summer camp in Pennsylvania. </p><p>In 1937, Thomas returned from Europe determined to restore order in the Socialist Party. He and his followers in the party teamed up with the Clarity majority of the National Executive Committee and gave the green light to the New York Right Wing to expel the Appeal faction from the organization. These expulsions led to the departure of virtually the whole of the party's youth section, who affiliated to the new Trotskyist <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a>. Demoralization set in and the Socialist Party withered, its membership level below that of 1928. </p><p>In April 1938, Thomas was the center of national controversy when he came to <a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City, New Jersey</a> to defend labor organizers' free speech and challenge the political machine of Mayor <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hague" title="Frank Hague">Frank Hague</a>. Hague was a close ally of Franklin Roosevelt and controlled federal patronage in the state. Though denied a permit for political reasons, Thomas came anyway to speak at an outdoor rally. The police arrested him as soon as he got out of his car. As the officers prepared to expel him from the city, Thomas quipped, "So this is Jersey justice". People across the political spectrum, including the 1932 and 1936 Republican presidential nominees, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_M._Landon" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred M. Landon">Alfred M. Landon</a>, criticized Hague for his suppression of free speech and Roosevelt for his silence about the incident. Thomas and Landon became good friends as a result of the incident.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Thomas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norman_Thomas_speaking_at_an_outdoor_STFU_meeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Norman_Thomas_speaking_at_an_outdoor_STFU_meeting.jpg/300px-Norman_Thomas_speaking_at_an_outdoor_STFU_meeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Norman_Thomas_speaking_at_an_outdoor_STFU_meeting.jpg/450px-Norman_Thomas_speaking_at_an_outdoor_STFU_meeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Norman_Thomas_speaking_at_an_outdoor_STFU_meeting.jpg/600px-Norman_Thomas_speaking_at_an_outdoor_STFU_meeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2568" data-file-height="1722" /></a><figcaption>Thomas speaking at a <a href="/wiki/Southern_Tenant_Farmers_Union" title="Southern Tenant Farmers Union">STFU</a> meeting in 1937 (by <a href="/wiki/Louise_Boyle" title="Louise Boyle">Louise Boyle</a>) </figcaption></figure> <p>Thomas was initially as outspoken in opposing <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">the Second World War</a> as he had been with regard to the First World War. Upon returning from a European tour in 1937, he formed the Keep America Out of War Congress, and spoke against war, thereby sharing a platform with the non-interventionist <a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1940 presidential campaign he said Republican <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> was the candidate of "the Wall Street war machine" and that he "would take us to war about as fast and about on the same terms as Mr. Roosevelt".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In testimony to Congress in January 1941 he opposed the proposed <a href="/wiki/Lend_Lease" class="mw-redirect" title="Lend Lease">Lend Lease</a> program of sending military supplies to Great Britain, calling it "a bill to authorize undeclared war in the name of peace, and dictatorship in the name of defending democracy". He said that the survival of the British Empire was not vital to the security of the United States, but added that he favored helping Britain to defend herself against aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor</a> on December 7, 1941, a bitter split took place in the Socialist Party regarding support for the war; Thomas reluctantly supported it, though he thought it could have been honorably avoided. His brother and many others continued their pacifist opposition to all wars.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas later wrote self-critically that he had "overemphasized both the sense in which it was a continuance of World War I and the capacity of nonfascist Europe to resist the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazis</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomas was one of the few public figures to oppose <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">President Roosevelt's</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_American_Internment" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese American Internment">incarceration of Japanese Americans</a> following the attack on Pearl Harbor. He accused the ACLU of "dereliction of duty" when the organization supported the forced mass removal and incarceration.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas also campaigned against <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a>, environmental depletion, and anti-labor laws and practices, and in favor of opening the United States to Jewish victims of Nazi persecution in the 1930s. </p><p>Thomas was an early proponent of birth control. The birth-control advocate <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a> recruited him to write "Some Objections to Birth Control Considered" in <i>Religious and Ethical Aspects of Birth Control</i>, edited and published by Sanger in 1926. Thomas accused the Catholic Church of hypocritical opinions on sex, such as requiring priests to be celibate and maintaining that laypeople should have sex only to reproduce. "This doctrine of unrestricted procreation is strangely inconsistent on the lips of men who practice celibacy and preach continence."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomas also deplored the secular objection to birth control because it originated from "racial and national" group-think. "The white race, we are told, our own nation—whatever that nation may be—is endangered by practicing birth control. Birth control is something like disarmament—a good thing if effected by international agreement, but otherwise dangerous to us in both a military and economic sense. If we are not to be overwhelmed by the 'rising tide of color' we must breed against the world. If our nation is to survive, it must have more cannon and more babies as prospective food for the cannon."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomas was also very critical of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Israeli-Arab_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli-Arab conflict">Israel's policies toward the Arabs</a> in the postwar years (especially after the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>) and often collaborated with the <a href="/wiki/American_Council_for_Judaism" title="American Council for Judaism">American Council for Judaism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Thomas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1945, Thomas sought to make the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">anti-Stalinist left</a> the leader of social reform, in collaboration with labor leaders like <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a>. In 1961, he released an album, <i>The Minority Party in America: Featuring an Interview with Norman Thomas</i>, on <a href="/wiki/Folkways_Records" title="Folkways Records">Folkways Records</a>, which focused on the role of the third party.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomas actively campaigned for <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> in the 1964 presidential election. He was critical of Johnson's foreign policy, but praised his work on civil rights and poverty. Thomas called Johnson's opponent <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> a "personable man with good stands on domestic issues" but also described him as "the greatest evil" due to his views on foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomas's 80th birthday in 1964 was marked by a well-publicized gala at the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Astor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel Astor">Hotel Astor</a> in Manhattan. At the event Thomas called for a cease-fire in Vietnam and read birthday telegrams from <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> He also received a check for $17,500 (equivalent to $171,900 in 2023) in donations from supporters. "It won't last long," he said of the check, "because every organization I'm connected with is going bankrupt."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, the conservative journalist and writer <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley,_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Buckley, Jr">William F. Buckley, Jr</a> chose Thomas to be the third guest on Buckley's new television interview show, <i><a href="/wiki/Firing_Line_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Firing Line (TV series)">Firing Line</a></i>. In 1968, Thomas signed the "<a href="/wiki/Writers_and_Editors_War_Tax_Protest" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers and Editors War Tax Protest">Writers and Editors War Tax Protest</a>" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 1966, Thomas traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> along with future Congressman <a href="/wiki/Allard_K._Lowenstein" title="Allard K. Lowenstein">Allard K. Lowenstein</a> to observe that country's <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_general_election,_1966" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican Republic general election, 1966">general election</a>. The two were leaders of the "Committee on free elections in the Dominican Republic", an organization based in the U.S. that monitored the election, in which <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bosch_(politician)" title="Juan Bosch (politician)">Juan Bosch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Revolutionary_Party" title="Dominican Revolutionary Party">Dominican Revolutionary Party</a>, affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a>, was beaten closely but decisively by the conservative ex-president <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Balaguer" title="Joaquín Balaguer">Joaquín Balaguer</a>. Balaguer continued to govern the country on and off for the next 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Forman1972_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forman1972-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the autumn of that year, Thomas received the second <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs_Award" title="Eugene V. Debs Award">Eugene V. Debs Award</a> for his work in promoting world peace.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Thomas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1910,<sup id="cite_ref-NYTWedding_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTWedding-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas married Frances Violet Stewart (1881–1947),<sup id="cite_ref-PrincetonWeekly_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrincetonWeekly-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/John_Aikman_Stewart" title="John Aikman Stewart">John Aikman Stewart</a>, financial adviser to Presidents <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, and a trustee of Princeton for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-PrincetonUMattoon_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrincetonUMattoon-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together, they had three daughters and two sons:<sup id="cite_ref-PrincetonWeekly_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrincetonWeekly-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Mary "Polly" Thomas (1914–2010),<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who married Herbert C. Miller Jr,<sup id="cite_ref-PrincetonWeekly_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrincetonWeekly-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a professor and chairman of pediatrics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Frances Thomas (1915–2015), who married John W. Gates, Jr. (died 2006)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rebekah Thomas (1918–1986),<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who married John D. Friebely<sup id="cite_ref-PrincetonWeekly_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrincetonWeekly-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>William Stewart Thomas (1912–1988)</li> <li>Evan Welling Thomas II (1920–1999),<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who married Anna Davis (née Robins) in 1943<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evan_Thomas" title="Evan Thomas">Evan Welling Thomas III</a> (b. 1951)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Thomas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thomas died at the age of 84 on December 19, 1968, at a nursing home in <a href="/wiki/Huntington,_New_York" title="Huntington, New York">Huntington, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitman_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitman-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pursuant to his wishes, he was cremated and his ashes were scattered on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Thomas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas_High_School" title="Norman Thomas High School">Norman Thomas High School</a> (formerly known as Central Commercial High School) in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> and the Norman Thomas '05 Library at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Forbes_College" title="Forbes College">Forbes College</a> are named after him, as is the assembly hall at the <a href="/wiki/Three_Arrows_Cooperative_Society" title="Three Arrows Cooperative Society">Three Arrows Cooperative Society</a>, where he was a frequent visitor. He is also the grandfather of <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i> columnist <a href="/wiki/Evan_Thomas" title="Evan Thomas">Evan Thomas</a> and the great-grandfather of writer <a href="/wiki/Louisa_Thomas" title="Louisa Thomas">Louisa Thomas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A plaque in the Norman Thomas '05 Library reads: Norman M. Thomas, class of 1905. "I am not the champion of lost causes, but the champion of causes not yet won."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Thomas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><i>The Conquest of War</i>. New York: Fellowship Press, 1917.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://debs.indstate.edu/t459w2_1917.pdf"><i>War's Heretics : A Plea for the Conscientious Objector</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190827001024/http://debs.indstate.edu/t459w2_1917.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-08-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Chicago: American Liberty Defense League, 1917.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924027819113"><i>The case of the Christian Pacifists at Los Angeles, Cal.</i></a> New York City: <a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Liberties_Bureau" title="National Civil Liberties Bureau">National Civil Liberties Bureau</a> 1918</li> <li><i>The Conscientious Objector in America</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/B._W._Huebsch" title="B. W. Huebsch">B. W. Huebsch</a>, 1923.</li> <li><i>The League of Nations and the Imperialist Principle: A Criticism</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy_Association" title="Foreign Policy Association">Foreign Policy Association</a>, 1923.</li> <li><i>What Is Industrial Democracy?</i> New York: <a href="/wiki/League_for_Industrial_Democracy" title="League for Industrial Democracy">League for Industrial Democracy</a>, 1925.</li> <li><i>The Challenge of War: An Economic Interpretation</i>. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1927.</li> <li><i>Is Conscience a Crime?</i> New York: <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Press" title="Vanguard Press">Vanguard Press</a>, 1927.</li> <li><i>In the League and Out</i>. New York: Foreign Policy Association, 1930.</li> <li><i>America's Way Out: A Program for Democracy</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishers (United States)">Macmillan</a>, 1931.</li> <li><i>Socialism and the Individual</i>. Girard, KS: <a href="/wiki/Haldeman-Julius_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Haldeman-Julius Publications">Haldeman-Julius Publications</a>, 1931.</li> <li><i>The Socialist Cure for a Sick Society</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/John_Day_Company" title="John Day Company">John Day Company</a>, 1932.</li> <li><i>As I See It</i>. New York: Macmillan, 1932.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/WhyIAmASocialist_327"><i>Why I Am a Socialist</i></a>. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1932.</li> <li><i>What Socialism Is and Is Not</i>. Chicago: Socialist Party of America, 1932.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatsmatterwithn00thomrich"><i>What's the Matter with New York: A National Problem</i></a>. With Paul Blanshard. New York: Macmillan, 1932.</li> <li><i>A Socialist Looks at the New Deal</i>. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1933.</li> <li><i>The New Deal: A Socialist Analysis</i>. Chicago: Committee on Education and Research of the Socialist Party of America, 1934.</li> <li><i>Human Exploitation in the United States</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_A._Stokes" title="Frederick A. Stokes">Frederick A. Stokes</a>, 1934.</li> <li><i>The Choice Before Us</i>. New York: Macmillan, 1934. (UK title: <i>Fascism or Socialism?</i>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ThePlightOfTheShare-cropper"><i>The Plight of the Share Cropper</i></a>. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1934.</li> <li><i>War – No Glory, No Profit, No Need</i>. New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1935.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/WarAsASocialistSeesIt"><i>War As a Socialist Sees It</i></a>. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1936.</li> <li><i>After the New Deal – What?</i> New York: Macmillan, 1936.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitool.fcla.edu/R/3HBST5E1QCGHXD5YGBR84GEMIIEJQNV7XVY71YMXFFI6XGA9HF-02953?func=results-jump-full&set_entry=000008&set_number=001564&base=GEN01"><i>Debate: Which Road for American Workers – Socialist or Communist?</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> New York: Socialist Call, 1936.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100712163131/http://www.chicagodsa.org/thomasnewdeal.html"><i>Is the New Deal Socialism? An Answer to Al Smith and the American Liberty League</i></a>. New York: National Office, Socialist Party, n.d. [c. 1936].</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/WhyIAmASocialist_415"><i>Why I Am a Socialist</i></a>. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1936.</li> <li><i>Shall labor support Roosevelt?</i> Chicago : Labor League for Thomas and Nelson, 1936.</li> <li><i>Emancipate youth from toil, old age from fear</i>, Chicago: Socialist Party, 1936.</li> <li><i>You Can't Cure Tuberculosis with Cough Drops</i>. New York: Socialist Party, n.d. [1936]. <small> – leaflet </small></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DemocracyVersusDictatorship&reCache=1"><i>Democracy versus dictatorship</i></a> New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1937.</li> <li><i>Socialism on the Defensive</i>. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1938.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/JusticeTriumpsInSpainJusticeTriumphsInSpainALetterAboutTheTrial"><i>Justice Triumphs in Spain! A Letter about the Trial of the POUM</i></a>. With <a href="/wiki/Devere_Allen" title="Devere Allen">Devere Allen</a>. Chicago: Socialist Party, n.d. [c. 1938].</li> <li><i>Collective Security Means War</i>. Chicago: Socialist Party, 1938.</li> <li><i>Keep America Out of War: A Program</i>. With Bertram D. Wolfe. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1939.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitool.fcla.edu/R/U3648D1HUTUK369UQR628F57HXGII7SSMGQFVVBIC63P3RREYM-01744?func=results-jump-full&set_entry=000002&set_number=000723&base=GEN01-FCL01"><i>Russia: Democracy or Dictatorship?</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> With <a href="/wiki/Joel_Seidman" class="mw-redirect" title="Joel Seidman">Joel Seidman</a>. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1939.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/THR-CF6.PDF"><i>What's Behind the "Christian Front"?</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020143744/http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/THR-CF6.PDF">Archived</a> 2020-10-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> New York: <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Defense_League" title="Workers' Defense League">Workers' Defense League</a>, 1939.</li> <li><i>Stop the Draft : An Appeal to the American People</i>. New York: Socialist National Headquarters, 1940.</li> <li><i>We Have a Future</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1941.</li> <li><i>World Federation: What Are the Difficulties?</i> New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Post_War_World_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Post War World Council (page does not exist)">Post War World Council</a>, 1942.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/AmRad/democracyjapanese.pdf"><i>Democracy and Japanese Americans</i></a>. New York: Post War World Council, 1942.</li> <li><i>Martin Dies and Socialism</i>. New York: Socialist Party, n.d. [c. 1943].</li> <li><i>Victory's Victims? The Negro's Future</i>. With A. Philip Randolph. Socialist Party, n.d. [c. 1943].</li> <li><i>What Is Our Destiny?</i> Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1944.</li> <li><i>Conscription: The Test of Peace</i>. New York: Post War World Council, 1944.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitool.fcla.edu/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=2683763&custom_att_2=direct">Russia: Promise and Performance.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></i> New York: Socialist Party, 1945.</li> <li><i>A socialist looks at the United Nations</i> Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1945.</li> <li><i>An Appeal to the Nations</i>. New York: Socialist Party, 1947.</li> <li><i>The One Hope of Peace: Universal Disarmament Under International Control</i>. New York: Post War World Council, 1947.</li> <li><i>Why I am a candidate</i> New York: Socialist Party, 1948.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002927020">How Can the Socialist Party Best Serve Socialism? An Argument in Support of the Position of the Majority of the National Executive Committee Concerning Electoral Activities.</a></i> [New York]: [Socialist Party], 1949.</li> <li><i>A Socialist's Faith</i>. New York: W. W. Norton, 1951.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitool.fcla.edu///exlibris/dtl/d3_1/apache_media/L2V4bGlicmlzL2R0bC9kM18xL2FwYWNoZV9tZWRpYS8yNjgzNjM2.pdf">Democratic Socialism: A New Appraisal.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></i> New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1953.</li> <li><i>The Test of Freedom</i>. New York: W. W. Norton, 1954.</li> <li><i>Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen... Reflections on Public Speaking</i>. New York: Hermitage House, 1955.</li> <li><i>The Prerequisites for Peace</i>. New York: W. W. Norton, 1959.</li> <li><i>Great Dissenters</i>. New York: W.W. Norton, 1961.</li> <li><i>Eugene V. Debs in the Light of History</i>. Terre Haute, IN: Eugene V. Debs Foundation, 1964.</li> <li><i>Socialism Re-Examined</i>. New York: W. W. Norton, 1963.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Thomas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kauffman" title="Bill Kauffman">Kauffman, Bill</a> (2010-08-01) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amconmag.com/article/2010/aug/01/00050/">Up Against the Wall</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110518180811/http://amconmag.com/article/2010/aug/01/00050/">Archived</a> 2011-05-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David A. Shannon, <i>The Socialist Party of America: A History</i>. New York: Macmillan, 1955; p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnpoll, Bernard K. <i>Pacifist's Progress: Norman Thomas and the Decline of American Socialism</i>. Quadrangle Books, 1970. p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shannon, <i>The Socialist Party of America</i>, pp. 189–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Current Biography 1945</i>, pp. 688–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Current Biography 1945</i>, p. 688.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shannon, <i>The Socialist Party of America</i>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shannon, <i>The Socialist Party of America</i>, pp. 190–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated191-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated191_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated191_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated191_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated191_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shannon, <i>The Socialist Party of America</i>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLeon_Trotsky1938" class="citation web cs1">Leon Trotsky (June 1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1938/morals/morals.htm">"Their Morals and Ours"</a>. The New International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2018</span>. <q>The drawing-room socialist, Thomas, is [...] only a bourgeois with a socialist 'ideal'. [...] His personal life, interests, ties, moral criteria exist outside the party. With hostile astonishment he looks down upon the Bolshevik to whom the party is a weapon for the revolutionary reconstruction of society, including also its morality." [...] "This righteous man expelled the American 'Trotskyists' from his party precisely as the GPU shot down their co-thinkers in the U.S.S.R. and in Spain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Their+Morals+and+Ours&rft.pub=The+New+International&rft.date=1938-06&rft.au=Leon+Trotsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1938%2Fmorals%2Fmorals.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Thomas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnpoll, <i>Pacifist's Progress</i>, pp. 138–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeito2023" class="citation book cs1">Beito, David T. (2023). <i>The New Deal's War on the Bill of Rights: The Untold Story of FDR's Concentration Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance</i> (First ed.). Oakland: Independent Institute. pp. <span class="nowrap">63–</span>68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598133561" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598133561"><bdi>978-1598133561</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Deal%27s+War+on+the+Bill+of+Rights%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+FDR%27s+Concentration+Camps%2C+Censorship%2C+and+Mass+Surveillance&rft.place=Oakland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Independent+Institute&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1598133561&rft.aulast=Beito&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Thomas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Thomas, <i>A Socialist's Faith</i>. (1951); pp. 312–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Facts on File: World News Digest</i> November 5, 1940</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Facts on File: World News Digest</i>, January 28, 1941.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swanberg, <i>Norman Thomas</i>, p. 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, <i>A Socialist's Faith</i>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The ACLU national board supported the government and tried to stop a rogue chapter on the West Coast from going to court. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.densho.org/American_Civil_Liberties_Union/">"American Civil Liberties Union," <i>Densho Encyclopedia</i> (2013)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more detail see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_Walker1999" class="citation book cs1">Samuel Walker (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hdkrBVJ37I4C&pg=PA139"><i>In Defense of American Liberties: A History of the ACLU</i></a>. SIU Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">139–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809322701" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809322701"><bdi>978-0809322701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Defense+of+American+Liberties%3A+A+History+of+the+ACLU&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.pub=SIU+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0809322701&rft.au=Samuel+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhdkrBVJ37I4C%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Thomas" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Abortion rights controversy in America, A Legal Reader,</i> edited by N.E.H. Hull, William James Hoffer and Peter Charles Hoffer, 2004. p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Abortion Rights Controversy, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://folkways.si.edu/norman-thomas/the-minority-party-in-america-featuring-an-interview-with/american-history/music/album/smithsonian">"The Minority Party in America: Featuring an Interview with Norman Thomas"</a>. folkways.si.edu. 2020-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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March 28, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Paid+Notice%3A+Deaths+Thomas%2C+Anne+Davis+Robins&rft.date=2004-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F03%2F28%2Fclassified%2Fpaid-notice-deaths-thomas-anne-davis-robins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Thomas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitman-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whitman_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitman1968" class="citation news cs1">Whitman, Aiden (December 20, 1968). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/12/20/76945486.html">"Norman Thomas, Socialist, Dies; He Ran for President Six Times"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Norman+Thomas%2C+Socialist%2C+Dies%3B+He+Ran+for+President+Six+Times&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1968-12-20&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=Aiden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1968%2F12%2F20%2F76945486.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorman+Thomas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKthomas.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061231160323/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKthomas.htm">Archived</a> December 31, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Thomas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fleischmann, Harry, <i>Norman Thomas: A Biography</i>. New York, Norton & Co., 1964.</li> <li>Hyfler, Robert, <i>Prophets of the Left: American Socialist Thought in the Twentieth Century</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984.</li> <li>Gregory, Raymond F., <i>Norman Thomas: The Great Dissenter.</i> Sanford, NC: Algora Publishing, 2008.</li> <li>Johnpoll, Bernard K., <i>Pacifists Progress: Norman Thomas and the Decline of American Socialism</i>. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1970.</li> <li>Seidler, Murray B., <i>Norman Thomas: Respectable Rebel</i>. Binghamton, New York, Syracuse University Press, 1967. Second Edition.</li> <li>Swanberg, W. A., <i>Norman Thomas: The Last Idealist</i>. New York, Charles Scribner and Sons, 1976.</li> <li>Thomas, Louisa, <i>Conscience: Two Soldiers, Two Pacifists, One Family – A Test of Will and Faith in World War I</i>. New York, The Penguin Press, 2011.</li> <li>Venkataramani, M.S., "Norman Thomas, Arkansas Sharecroppers, and the Roosevelt Agricultural Policies, 1933–1937", <i>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i>, vol. 47, no. 2 (Sept. 1960), pp. 225–46. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1891708">1891708</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Thomas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Norman_Thomas" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>A film clip <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.95979">"Longines Chronoscope with Dr. Norman Thomas"</a> is available for viewing at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/571.PDF">Letter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516165813/http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/571.PDF">Archived</a> 2021-05-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from Thomas to <a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah Bitar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CuarentaAosDeComunismoPromesasYRealidades">Thomas, Norman. <i>Cuarenta anos de comunismo: promesas y realidades</i> New York: Instituto de Investigaciones Internacionales del Trabajo,1957</a></li> <li>Norman Thomas's <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> files, hosted at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foia_Thomas_Norman_M.-HQ-1">Part 1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foia_Thomas_Norman_M.-HQ-1A">Part 1A</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foia_Thomas_Norman_M.-HQ-2">Part 2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foia_Thomas_Norman_M.-HQ-14">Part 14</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/036033">Newspaper clippings about Norman Thomas</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/tam_423/">Norman Thomas Papers, Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives at New York University Special Collections</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/16830">Works by Norman Thomas</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.nypl.org/mss/2975">Norman Thomas papers, 1904-1967, held by the Manuscripts and Archives Division, The New York Public Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.nypl.org/mss/186408">Norman Thomas family correspondence, 1903-1974, held by the Manuscripts and Archives Division, The New York Public Library</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Endorsed</span></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a> nominee for President of the United States </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a>, <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>, <a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>, <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>, <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Darlington_Hoopes" title="Darlington Hoopes">Darlington Hoopes</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Debs">Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ben_Hanford" title="Ben Hanford">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ben_Hanford" title="Ben Hanford">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Seidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allan_L._Benson" title="Allan L. Benson">Benson</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Ross_Kirkpatrick" title="George Ross Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Seymour_Stedman" title="Seymour Stedman">Stedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>, Endorsed <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive Party ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_A._Nelson" title="George A. Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Maynard_C._Krueger" title="Maynard C. Krueger">Krueger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Darlington_Hoopes" title="Darlington Hoopes">Hoopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tucker_P._Smith" title="Tucker P. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darlington_Hoopes" title="Darlington Hoopes">Hoopes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Friedman" title="Samuel H. Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darlington_Hoopes" title="Darlington Hoopes">Hoopes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Friedman" title="Samuel H. Friedman">Friedman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties by state<br />and territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="State5" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_California" title="Socialist Party of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Colorado" title="Socialist Party of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Socialist Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Florida" title="Socialist Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Kansas" title="Socialist Party of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Socialist Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Maine" title="Socialist Party of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Massachusetts" title="Socialist Party of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Michigan" title="Socialist Party of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Socialist Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Missouri" title="Socialist Party of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_New_Jersey" title="Socialist Party of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_New_York" title="Socialist Party of New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_North_Carolina" title="Socialist Party of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_North_Dakota" title="Socialist Party of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Ohio" title="Socialist Party of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Oklahoma" title="Socialist Party of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Oregon" title="Socialist Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Pennsylvania" title="Socialist Party of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Texas" title="Socialist Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Washington" title="Socialist Party of Washington">Washington (state)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social-Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Social-Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">History of the socialist movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Federation_(United_States)" title="Social Democratic Federation (United States)">Social Democratic Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Preservation_of_the_Socialist_Party" title="Committee for the Preservation of the Socialist Party">Committee for the Preservation of the Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Organizing_Committee" title="Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee">Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats,_USA" title="Social Democrats, USA">Social Democrats, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_People%27s_Socialist_League_(1907)" title="Young People's Socialist League (1907)">Young People's Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-language_press_of_the_Socialist_Party_of_America" title="English-language press of the Socialist Party of America">English-language press of the Socialist Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-English_press_of_the_Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Non-English press of the Socialist Party of America">Non-English press of the Socialist Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_left-wing_third-party_U.S._presidential_tickets795" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_left-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Template:Historical left-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_left-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Template talk:Historical left-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_left-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical left-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_left-wing_third-party_U.S._presidential_tickets795" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_left-wing_politics_in_the_United_States" title="History of left-wing politics in the United States">Historical left-wing third-party U.S. presidential tickets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>This group includes only pre-1996 parties that fielded a candidate that won greater 0.1% of the popular vote in at least one presidential election</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential<br />tickets that<br />won at least<br />one percent of<br />the national<br />popular vote<br /> (candidate(s) / <br /> running mate(s))</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fenton_Cary" title="Samuel Fenton Cary">Samuel F. Cary</a> (<a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a>/<a href="/wiki/Barzillai_J._Chambers" title="Barzillai J. Chambers">Barzillai J. Chambers</a> (<a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Benjamin Butler</a>/<a href="/wiki/Absolom_M._West" title="Absolom M. West">Absolom M. West</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_19th_century)" title="Labor Party (United States, 19th century)">Union Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alson_Streeter" title="Alson Streeter">Alson Streeter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Cunningham" title="Charles E. Cunningham">Charles E. Cunningham</a> (<a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_G._Field" title="James G. Field">James G. Field</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Thomas E. Watson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ben_Hanford" title="Ben Hanford">Ben Hanford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a> and <a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Emil Seidel</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_L._Benson" title="Allan L. Benson">Allan L. Benson</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Ross_Kirkpatrick" title="George Ross Kirkpatrick">George R. Kirkpatrick</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Seymour_Stedman" title="Seymour Stedman">Seymour Stedman</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norman Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">James H. Maurer</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Bull Moose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Hiram Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive (1924)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a>/<a href="/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler" title="Burton K. Wheeler">Burton K. Wheeler</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive (1948)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a>/<a href="/wiki/Glen_H._Taylor" title="Glen H. Taylor">Glen H. Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other notable<br />left-wing parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(United_States)" title="Independence Party (United States)">Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1932)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1932)">Liberty Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party" title="New Alliance Party">New Alliance Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Third-party performances in presidential elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressivism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">Socialism in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1924)_1928_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1932)537" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1928 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1928 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1928 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1924)_1928_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1932)537" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">← 1924</a>) <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">→ 1932</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_D._Goff" title="Guy D. Goff">Guy D. Goff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Orren_Lowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Orren Lowden">Frank O. Lowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Norris" title="George W. Norris">George W. Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Willis" title="Frank B. Willis">Frank B. Willis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Joseph T. Robinson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlee_Pomerene" title="Atlee Pomerene">Atlee Pomerene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Reed_(politician)" title="James A. Reed (politician)">James A. Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evans_Woollen" title="Evans Woollen">Evans Woollen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third_party_and_independent_candidates273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow">Benjamin Gitlow</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_F._Varney" title="William F. Varney">William F. Varney</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norman Thomas</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">James H. Maurer</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Frank_T._Johns" title="Frank T. Johns">Frank T. Johns</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Verne_L._Reynolds" title="Verne L. Reynolds">Verne L. Reynolds</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Independents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">William Dudley Pelley</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1928 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1928 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1928 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1928)_1932_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1936)661" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1932 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1932 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1932 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1928)_1932_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1936)661" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">← 1928</a>) <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">→ 1936</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> · <a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Murray" title="William H. Murray">William H. Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Reed_(politician)" title="James A. Reed (politician)">James A. Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Ritchie" title="Albert Ritchie">Albert Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1932_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1932 presidential campaign">campaign</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> · <a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></b> (incumbent)</li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a></b> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Blaine" title="John J. Blaine">John J. Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I._France" title="Joseph I. France">Joseph I. France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Wadsworth_Jr." title="James W. Wadsworth Jr.">James W. Wadsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third_party_and_independent_candidates273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_W._Ford" title="James W. Ford">James W. Ford</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_David_Upshaw" class="mw-redirect" title="William David Upshaw">William David Upshaw</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norman Thomas</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">James H. Maurer</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Verne_L._Reynolds" title="Verne L. Reynolds">Verne L. Reynolds</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Aiken" title="John W. Aiken">John W. Aiken</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Independents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Renshaw_Cox" title="James Renshaw Cox">James Renshaw Cox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/William_Hope_Harvey" title="William Hope Harvey">William Hope Harvey</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1932 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1932 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1932 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1932)_1936_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1940)425" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1936 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1936 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1936 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1932)_1936_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1940)425" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">← 1932</a>) <a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">→ 1940</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></b></li> <li><b>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Skillman_Breckinridge" title="Henry Skillman Breckinridge">Henry S. Breckinridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Frank Knox</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/William_Borah" title="William Borah">William Borah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Day" title="Stephen A. Day">Stephen A. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._J._Dickinson" title="L. J. Dickinson">L. J. Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Green" title="Warren Green">Warren Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Frank Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Steiwer" title="Frederick Steiwer">Frederick Steiwer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates362" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_W._Ford" title="James W. Ford">James W. Ford</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/D._Leigh_Colvin" title="D. Leigh Colvin">D. Leigh Colvin</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Watson" title="Claude A. Watson">Claude A. Watson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norman Thomas</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_A._Nelson" title="George A. Nelson">George A. Nelson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #7F3300;"><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Union Party (United States)">Union Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_Lemke" title="William Lemke">William Lemke</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._O%27Brien" title="Thomas C. O'Brien">Thomas C. O'Brien</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Aiken" title="John W. Aiken">John W. Aiken</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_F._Teichert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emil F. Teichert (page does not exist)">Emil F. Teichert</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(United_States,_1930s)" title="Christian Party (United States, 1930s)">Christian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">William Dudley Pelley</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willard_Kemp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willard Kemp (page does not exist)">Willard Kemp</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1936 elections:</b> <a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1936 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1936 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1936)_1940_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1944)537" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1940 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1940 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1940 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1936)_1940_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1944)537" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">← 1936</a>) <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">→ 1944</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></b> (incumbent)</li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">James Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Tydings" title="Millard Tydings">Millard Tydings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">Charles L. McNary</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Styles_Bridges" title="Styles Bridges">Styles Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gannett" title="Frank Gannett">Frank Gannett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_James_(politician)" title="Arthur James (politician)">Arthur James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg" title="Arthur Vandenberg">Arthur Vandenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates234" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Babson" title="Roger Babson">Roger Babson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norman Thomas</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Maynard_C._Krueger" title="Maynard C. Krueger">Maynard C. Krueger</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Aiken" title="John W. Aiken">John W. Aiken</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aaron_M._Orange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aaron M. Orange (page does not exist)">Aaron M. Orange</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Independents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gracie_Allen" title="Gracie Allen">Gracie Allen</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1940 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1940 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1940 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1940)_1944_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1948)537" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1944 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1944 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1944 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1940)_1944_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1948)537" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">← 1940</a>) <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">→ 1948</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></b> (incumbent)</li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry Truman</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Harry F. Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">James Farley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">John W. Bricker</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riley_A._Bender" title="Riley A. Bender">Riley A. Bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Everett Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates214" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/America_First_Party_(1943)" title="America First Party (1943)">America First Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Gerald L. K. Smith</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Watson" title="Claude A. Watson">Claude A. Watson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norman Thomas</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Darlington_Hoopes" title="Darlington Hoopes">Darlington Hoopes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1944 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1944 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1944 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1944)_1948_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1952)465" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1948 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1948 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1948 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1944)_1948_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1952)465" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">← 1944</a>) <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">→ 1952</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_1948_presidential_campaign" title="Harry S. Truman 1948 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Harley_M._Kilgore" title="Harley M. Kilgore">Harley M. Kilgore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Richard Russell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Riley_A._Bender" title="Riley A. Bender">Riley A. Bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_E._Hitchcock" title="Herbert E. Hitchcock">Herbert E. Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Joseph W. Martin Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Martin_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="Edward Martin (Pennsylvania politician)">Edward Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Leverett Saltonstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg" title="Arthur Vandenberg">Arthur Vandenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF9955;"><b><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">States' Rights Democratic Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat#1948_presidential_election" title="Dixiecrat">Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Fielding_L._Wright" title="Fielding L. Wright">Fielding L. Wright</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_third-party_and_independent_candidates358" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Watson" title="Claude A. Watson">Claude A. Watson</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dale_H._Learn" title="Dale H. Learn">Dale H. Learn</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #5FD170;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a></b></li> <li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Glen_H._Taylor" title="Glen H. Taylor">Glen H. Taylor</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norman Thomas</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Tucker_P._Smith" title="Tucker P. Smith">Tucker P. Smith</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Farrell Dobbs</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Grace_Carlson" title="Grace Carlson">Grace Carlson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Gerald L. K. Smith</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1948 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1948 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gandhi_Peace_Award_laureates65" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gandhi_Peace_Award_laureates" title="Template:Gandhi Peace Award laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gandhi_Peace_Award_laureates" title="Template talk:Gandhi Peace Award laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gandhi_Peace_Award_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gandhi Peace Award laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gandhi_Peace_Award_laureates65" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Award" title="Gandhi Peace Award">Gandhi Peace Award</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960–1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1960 <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edwin_T._Dahlberg" title="Edwin T. Dahlberg">Edwin T. Dahlberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961 <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Eisendrath" title="Maurice Eisendrath">Maurice Eisendrath</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Haynes_Holmes" title="John Haynes Holmes">John Haynes Holmes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962 <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Warburg" title="James Warburg">James Warburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963 <a href="/wiki/E._Stanley_Jones" title="E. Stanley Jones">E. Stanley Jones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1964</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1965</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966 <a href="/wiki/A._J._Muste" title="A. J. Muste">A. J. Muste</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norman Thomas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Davis_(sociologist)" title="Jerome Davis (sociologist)">Jerome Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Sloane_Coffin" title="William Sloane Coffin">William Sloane Coffin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968 <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Spock" title="Benjamin Spock">Benjamin Spock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1969</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970 <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Morse" title="Wayne Morse">Wayne Morse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Uphaus" title="Willard Uphaus">Willard Uphaus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1971</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972 <a href="/wiki/U_Thant" title="U Thant">U Thant</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1973</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1974</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975 <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1976 <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg">Daniel Ellsberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1977</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978 <a href="/wiki/Peter_Benenson" title="Peter Benenson">Peter Benenson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ennals" title="Martin Ennals">Martin Ennals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979 <a href="/wiki/Roland_Bainton" title="Roland Bainton">Roland Bainton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1980 <a href="/wiki/Helen_Caldicott" title="Helen Caldicott">Helen Caldicott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981 <a href="/wiki/Corliss_Lamont" title="Corliss Lamont">Corliss Lamont</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982 <a href="/wiki/Randall_Forsberg" title="Randall Forsberg">Randall Watson Forsberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1983</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jay_Lifton" title="Robert Jay Lifton">Robert Jay Lifton</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kay_Camp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kay Camp (page does not exist)">Kay Camp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1985</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986 <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lown" title="Bernard Lown">Bernard Lown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987 <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Somerville_(philosopher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Somerville (philosopher) (page does not exist)">John Somerville</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1988</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989 <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Chavez" title="Cesar Chavez">César Chávez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990 <a href="/wiki/Marian_Wright_Edelman" title="Marian Wright Edelman">Marian Wright Edelman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991 <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992 <a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993 <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Walker" title="Lucius Walker">Lucius Walker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994 <a href="/wiki/Roy_Bourgeois" title="Roy Bourgeois">Roy Bourgeois</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995 <a href="/wiki/Edith_Ballantyne" title="Edith Ballantyne">Edith Ballantyne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996 <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Haven-Le%C3%B3n_Sister_City_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Haven-León Sister City Project (page does not exist)">New Haven-León Sister City Project</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Wright_(activist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Wright (activist) (page does not exist)">Alan Wright</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paula_Kline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paula Kline (page does not exist)">Paula Kline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Frazier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Howard Frazier (page does not exist)">Howard</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alice_Frazier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alice Frazier (page does not exist)">Alice Frazier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1998</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1999</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">2000</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">2001</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002 <a href="/wiki/Michael_True" title="Michael True">Michael True</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003 <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich" title="Dennis Kucinich">Dennis Kucinich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Jacob&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karen Jacob (page does not exist)">Karen Jacob</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Cortright" title="David Cortright">David Cortright</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">2005</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">2006</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">2007</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">2008</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">2009</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">2010</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ehud_Bandel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ehud Bandel (page does not exist)">Ehud Bandel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arik_Ascherman" title="Arik Ascherman">Arik Ascherman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012 <a href="/wiki/Amy_Goodman" title="Amy Goodman">Amy Goodman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013 <a href="/wiki/Bill_McKibben" title="Bill McKibben">Bill McKibben</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014 <a href="/wiki/Medea_Benjamin" title="Medea Benjamin">Medea Benjamin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015 <a href="/wiki/Tom_B.K._Goldtooth" title="Tom B.K. Goldtooth">Tom B.K. Goldtooth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathy_Kelly" title="Kathy Kelly">Kathy Kelly</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">2016</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017 <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a> / <a href="/wiki/Omar_Barghouti" title="Omar Barghouti">Omar Barghouti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018 <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Browne" title="Jackson Browne">Jackson Browne</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162820#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2442" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162820#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2442" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162820#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/13082823">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/2998/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJktv73yK4cJ9MJttPVBfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/117349445">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50010195">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16156186g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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