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id="toc-Preserving_cultural_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enhancing_positive_self-regard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enhancing_positive_self-regard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Enhancing positive self-regard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enhancing_positive_self-regard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Providing_existential_meaning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Providing_existential_meaning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Providing existential meaning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Providing_existential_meaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Promoting_psychological_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promoting_psychological_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Promoting psychological growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promoting_psychological_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_deception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_deception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>As a deception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_deception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_comfort" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_comfort"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>As a comfort</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_comfort-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_political_tool" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_political_tool"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>As a political tool</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_political_tool-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trigger_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trigger_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Trigger factors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trigger_factors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Trigger factors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Trigger_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cultural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Movies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TV_shows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TV_shows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>TV shows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TV_shows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Environmental</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Nature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other aspects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other aspects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_a_medical_condition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_medical_condition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>As a medical condition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_medical_condition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Romanticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_rhetoric_and_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_rhetoric_and_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>In rhetoric and communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_rhetoric_and_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_an_advertising_tool" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_an_advertising_tool"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>As an advertising tool</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_an_advertising_tool-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nostalgia_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nostalgia_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Nostalgia cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nostalgia_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nostalgia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgie" title="Nostalgie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nostalgie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A" title="حنين إلى الماضي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حنين إلى الماضي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techaga%27u" title="Techaga'u – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Techaga'u" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgiya" title="Nostalgiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nostalgiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="স্মৃতিবিধুরতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্মৃতিবিধুরতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C3%A2i-k%C3%B3%CD%98" title="Hoâi-kó͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoâi-kó͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Носталгия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Носталгия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁྱིམ་དྲན་སེམས་ནད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁྱིམ་དྲན་སེམས་ནད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nost%C3%A0lgia" title="Nostàlgia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nostàlgia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgie" title="Nostalgie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nostalgie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgi" title="Nostalgi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nostalgi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgie" title="Nostalgie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nostalgie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nostalgia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Νοσταλγία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νοσταλγία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nostalgia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgio" title="Nostalgio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nostalgio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroimin" title="Oroimin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oroimin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%98%DB%8C" title="نوستالژی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نوستالژی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgie_(sentiment)" title="Nostalgie (sentiment) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nostalgie (sentiment)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%A4%EC%A7%80%EC%96%B4" title="노스탤지어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노스탤지어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Նոստալգիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նոստալգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="गृहातुरता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गृहातुरता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgija" title="Nostalgija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nostalgija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgio" title="Nostalgio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nostalgio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8An%E1%BB%8D_Anya" title="Ịnọ Anya – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ịnọ Anya" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nostalgia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalg%C3%ADa" title="Nostalgía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nostalgía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nostalgia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="נוסטלגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נוסטלגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgija" title="Nostalgija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nostalgija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosztalgia" title="Nosztalgia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nosztalgia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Носталгија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Носталгија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="نوستالجيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نوستالجيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%98%DB%8C" title="نوستالژی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نوستالژی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nostalgia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgie" title="Nostalgie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nostalgie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vroggerseerte" title="Vroggerseerte – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Vroggerseerte" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2" title="ノスタルジア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノスタルジア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgi" title="Nostalgi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nostalgi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgi" title="Nostalgi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nostalgi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nostalgia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgiya" title="Nostalgiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nostalgiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਨੋਸਤਾਲਜੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੋਸਤਾਲਜੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nostalgia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nostalgia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgie" title="Nostalgie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nostalgie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ностальгия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ностальгия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgjia" title="Nostalgjia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nostalgjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nustarg%C3%ACa" title="Nustargìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nustargìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nostalgia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nostalgia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%86%DA%98%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="نۆستالۆژیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نۆستالۆژیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgija" title="Nostalgija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Nostalgija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgija" title="Nostalgija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nostalgija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nostalgia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgi" title="Nostalgi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nostalgi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வீட்டு ஏக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வீட்டு ஏக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%95" title="การโหยหาอดีต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การโหยหาอดีต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalji" title="Nostalji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nostalji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ностальгія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ностальгія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C_(%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="یاد ماضی (نفسیات) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یاد ماضی (نفسیات)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C3%A0i_ni%E1%BB%87m" title="Hoài niệm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Feeling sentimentality for the past</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nostalgia (disambiguation)">Nostalgia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Nostalgic" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nostalgic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nostalgic (disambiguation)">Nostalgic (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SaturdayEveningPost30Aug1924.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/SaturdayEveningPost30Aug1924.jpg/330px-SaturdayEveningPost30Aug1924.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/SaturdayEveningPost30Aug1924.jpg/500px-SaturdayEveningPost30Aug1924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/SaturdayEveningPost30Aug1924.jpg/600px-SaturdayEveningPost30Aug1924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption> The archives director for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post" title="The Saturday Evening Post">The Saturday Evening Post</a></i> said that the magazine has been regarded with "a mixture of nostalgia and affection".<sup id="cite_ref-InsideIndBus_20210706_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InsideIndBus_20210706-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shown: a <a href="/wiki/Norman_Rockwell" title="Norman Rockwell">Norman Rockwell</a> cover from August 1924.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Emotions" title="Category:Emotions">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik-wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/120px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/250px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="725" /></a></span><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik_Dyads.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/90px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/135px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/180px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">Affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">In animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">Mood</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">Self-regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_emotion_regulation" title="Interpersonal emotion regulation">Interpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">Dysregulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_(psychology)" title="Valence (psychology)">Valence</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Emotions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance" title="Acceptance">Acceptance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiration" title="Admiration">Admiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement">Amusement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Anger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance" title="Annoyance">Annoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticipation" title="Anticipation">Anticipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">Apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awe" title="Awe">Awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belongingness" title="Belongingness">Belongingness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">Confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">Contempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">Contentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">Curiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determination" title="Determination">Determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappointment" title="Disappointment">Disappointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distrust" title="Distrust">Distrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">Doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation_(emotion)" title="Elevation (emotion)">Elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_detachment" title="Emotional detachment">Emotional Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">Enthusiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">Frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratification" title="Gratification">Gratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">Hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_and_terror" title="Horror and terror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">Hostility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">Hubris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy" title="Joy">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">Loneliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrage_(emotion)" title="Outrage (emotion)">Outrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" title="Rage (emotion)">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regret" title="Regret">Regret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_(emotion)" title="Relief (emotion)">Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remorse" title="Remorse">Remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resentment" title="Resentment">Resentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness">Sadness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pity" title="Self-pity">Self-pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">Shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">Social connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">Sorrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicion_(emotion)" title="Suspicion (emotion)">Suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)" title="Wonder (emotion)">Wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry" title="Worry">Worry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emotion_sidebar" title="Template:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emotion_sidebar" title="Template talk:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nostalgia</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Sentimentality" title="Sentimentality">sentimentality</a> for the past, typically for a period or place with happy personal associations.<sup id="cite_ref-boym_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boym-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>nostalgia</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_compound" title="Neoclassical compound">neoclassical compound</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, consisting of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Nostos" title="Nostos">νόστος</a></span></span> (<i>nóstos</i>), a <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homeric</a> word meaning "homecoming", and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄλγος</span></span> (<i>álgos</i>), meaning "pain"; the word was coined by a 17th-century medical student to describe the anxieties displayed by <a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenaries" title="Swiss mercenaries">Swiss mercenaries</a> fighting away from home.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Described as a medical condition—a form of <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">melancholy</a>—in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NYMag20160225_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYMag20160225-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it became an important <a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">trope</a> in <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-boym_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boym-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nostalgia is associated with a longing for the past, its personalities, possibilities, and events, especially the "<a href="/wiki/Good_old_days" title="Good old days">good old days</a>" or a "warm childhood".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a predisposition, caused by <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">cognitive biases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Rosy_retrospection" title="Rosy retrospection">rosy retrospection</a>, for people to view the past more positively and the future more negatively.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When applied to one's beliefs about a <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> or <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institution</a>, this is called <a href="/wiki/Declinism" title="Declinism">declinism</a>, which has been described as "a trick of the mind" and as "an emotional strategy, something comforting to snuggle up to when the present day seems intolerably bleak".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Telegraph_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Telegraph-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scientific literature on nostalgia usually refers to nostalgia regarding one's personal life and has mainly studied the effects of nostalgia as induced during these studies. <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotion</a> is a strong evoker of nostalgia due to the processing of these <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(psychology)" title="Stimulus (psychology)">stimuli</a> first passing through the <a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">amygdala</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Emotional" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional">emotional</a> seat of the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>. These recollections of one's past are usually important events, people one cares about, and places where one has spent time. Cultural phenomena such as <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-psychologytoday.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psychologytoday.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">movies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">television shows</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nelakonda_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nelakonda-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mccarthy_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mccarthy-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as natural phenomena such as <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a> and environment<sup id="cite_ref-weather_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weather-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can also be strong triggers of nostalgia. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nostalgia's definition has changed greatly over time. Consistent with its Greek word roots meaning "homecoming" and "pain", nostalgia was for centuries considered a potentially debilitating and sometimes fatal medical condition characterized by expressing extreme <a href="/wiki/Homesickness" title="Homesickness">homesickness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYMag20160225_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYMag20160225-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern view is that nostalgia is an independent, and even positive, emotion that many people experience often. Nostalgia has been found to have important psychological functions, such as to improve mood, increase social connectedness, enhance positive self-regard, and provide existential meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nostalgia can lead individuals to perceive the past more favorably than the present, a phenomenon known as the 'nostalgia effect,' which is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">cognitive bias</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many nostalgic reflections serve more than one function, and overall seem to benefit those who experience them. Such benefits may lead to a chronic disposition or personality trait of "nostalgia proneness."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nostalgia has also been associated with learning and memory consolidation.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Improving_mood">Improving mood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Improving mood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although nostalgia is often triggered by negative feelings, it results in increasing one's mood and heightening positive emotions, which can stem from feelings of warmth or coping resulting from nostalgic reflections. One way to improve mood is to effectively cope with problems that hinder one's happiness. Batcho (2013) found that nostalgia proneness positively related to successful methods of coping throughout all stages—planning and implementing strategies, and reframing the issue positively. These studies led to the conclusion that the coping strategies that are likely among nostalgia-prone people often lead to benefits during stressful times. Nostalgia can be connected to more focus on coping strategies and implementing them, thus increasing support in challenging times.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increasing_social_connectedness">Increasing social connectedness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Increasing social connectedness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Nostalgia sometimes involves memories of people one was close to, such as family members, romantic lovers, or friends, and thus it can increase one's sense of social support and connections. Nostalgia is also triggered specifically by feelings of loneliness, but counteracts such feelings with reflections of close relationships. According to Zhou et al. (2008), lonely people often have lesser perceptions of <a href="/wiki/Social_support" title="Social support">social support</a>. <a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">Loneliness</a>, however, leads to nostalgia, which actually increases perceptions of social support. Thus, Zhou and colleagues (2008) concluded that nostalgia serves a restorative function for individuals regarding their social connectedness.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tweed_run_20130413_180.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tweed_run_20130413_180.jpg/220px-Tweed_run_20130413_180.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tweed_run_20130413_180.jpg/330px-Tweed_run_20130413_180.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tweed_run_20130413_180.jpg/440px-Tweed_run_20130413_180.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tweed_run" class="mw-redirect" title="Tweed run">Tweed run</a>, 2013</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preserving_cultural_heritage">Preserving cultural heritage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Preserving cultural heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">Historic preservation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Historical_reenactment" title="Historical reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></div><p> Nostalgia serves as a motivator for the <a href="/wiki/Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">preservation</a> of people's <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a>. People endeavor to conserve buildings, landscapes, and other artifacts of historical significance out of nostalgia for past times. They are often motivated by a desire to connect to their heritage from past generations.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can manifest in <a href="/wiki/Living_history" title="Living history">living history</a> events such as <a href="/wiki/Historical_reenactment" title="Historical reenactment">historical reenactments</a>, which bring together people with a shared nostalgia for historical periods of past times. These events' hands-on, improvisational natures often facilitate socialization.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vintage_BSA_motorcycle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Vintage_BSA_motorcycle.jpg/220px-Vintage_BSA_motorcycle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Vintage_BSA_motorcycle.jpg/330px-Vintage_BSA_motorcycle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Vintage_BSA_motorcycle.jpg/440px-Vintage_BSA_motorcycle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="1299" /></a><figcaption>Rider in vintage clothing astride a vintage BSA motorcycle on High Street in Honiton, England in July 2023</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enhancing_positive_self-regard">Enhancing positive self-regard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Enhancing positive self-regard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nostalgia serves as a coping mechanism and helps people to feel better about themselves. Vess et al. (2012) found that the subjects who thought of nostalgic memories showed greater accessibility of positive characteristics than those who thought of exciting future experiences. Additionally, in a second study conducted, some participants were exposed to nostalgic engagement and reflection while the other group was not. The researchers looked again at self-attributes and found that the participants who were not exposed to nostalgic experiences reflected a pattern of selfish and self-centered attributes. Vess et al. (2012), however, found that this effect had weakened and become less powerful among the participants who engaged in nostalgic reflection.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Providing_existential_meaning">Providing existential meaning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Providing existential meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nostalgia helps increase one's self-esteem and meaning in life by buffering threats to well-being and also by initiating a desire to deal with problems or stress. Routledge (2011) and colleagues found that nostalgia correlates positively with one's sense of meaning in life. The second study revealed that nostalgia increases one's perceived meaning in life, which was thought to be mediated by a sense of social support or connectedness. Thirdly, the researchers found that threatened meaning can even act as a trigger for nostalgia, thus increasing one's nostalgic reflections. By triggering nostalgia, though, one's defensiveness to such threat is minimized as found in the fourth study. The final two studies found that nostalgia is able to not only create meaning but buffer threats to meaning by breaking the connection between a lack of meaning and one's well-being. Follow-up studies also completed by Routledge in 2012 not only found meaning as a function of nostalgia, but also concluded that nostalgic people have greater perceived meaning, search for meaning less, and can better buffer existential threat.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Promoting_psychological_growth">Promoting psychological growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Promoting psychological growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nostalgia makes people more willing to engage in growth-oriented behaviors and encourages them to view themselves as growth-oriented people. Baldwin & Landau (2014) found that nostalgia leads people to rate themselves higher on items like "I am the kind of person who embraces unfamiliar people, events, and places." Nostalgia also increased interest in growth-related behavior such as "I would like to explore someplace that I have never been before." In the first study, these effects were <a href="/wiki/Mediation_(statistics)" title="Mediation (statistics)">statistically mediated</a> by nostalgia-induced positive affect—the extent to which nostalgia made participants feel good. In the second study, nostalgia led to the same growth outcomes but the effects were statistically mediated by nostalgia-induced self-esteem.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_deception">As a deception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: As a deception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One recent study critiques the idea of nostalgia, which in some forms can become a defense mechanism by which people avoid the historical facts.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This study looked at the different portrayals of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> in South Africa and argued that nostalgia appears as two ways,<sup id="cite_ref-Boym,_S._2001_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boym,_S._2001-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'restorative nostalgia' a wish to return to that past, and 'reflective nostalgia' which is more critically aware. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_comfort">As a comfort</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: As a comfort"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reliving past memories may provide comfort and contribute to mental health.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT7813_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT7813-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One notable recent medical study has looked at the physiological effects thinking about past 'good' memories can have. They found that thinking about the past 'fondly' actually increased perceptions of physical warmth.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_political_tool">As a political tool</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: As a political tool"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a 2014 study conducted by Routledge, he and a team observed that the more people reported having major disruptions and uncertainties in their lives, the more they nostalgically longed for the past. Routledge suggests that by invoking the idea of an idealized past, politicians can provoke the social and cultural anxieties and uncertainties that make nostalgia especially attractive—and effective—as a tool of political persuasion.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trigger_factors">Trigger factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Trigger factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural">Cultural</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cultural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A person can deliberately trigger feelings of nostalgia by listening to familiar music, looking at old photos, or visiting comforting environments of the past.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this knowledge widely available, many books have been published specifically to evoke the feeling of nostalgia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music">Music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hearing an old song can bring back memories for a person. A song heard once at a specific moment and then not heard again until a far later date will give the listener a sense of nostalgia for the date remembered and events that occurred then. However, if it is heard throughout life, it may lose its association with any specific period or experience.<sup id="cite_ref-psychologytoday.com_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psychologytoday.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Movies">Movies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Movies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Old movies can trigger nostalgia. This is particularly true for generations who grew up as children during specific film eras such as the <a href="/wiki/Modern_animation_in_the_United_States" title="Modern animation in the United States">animation renaissance of the 1990s</a>. Rewatching classic movies can be therapeutic in nature, healing emotional wounds using happy childhood memories.<sup id="cite_ref-nelakonda_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nelakonda-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="TV_shows">TV shows</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: TV shows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Old television shows can trigger nostalgia. People gravitate towards shows they watched as children, as the memories from one's youth are often the most significant of their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-nelakonda_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nelakonda-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Video_games">Video games</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Old video games can trigger nostalgia. <a href="/wiki/Retrogaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrogaming">Retrogaming</a> has become a recreational activity among older generations who played them as children.<sup id="cite_ref-mccarthy_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mccarthy-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental">Environmental</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Environmental"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Geography">Geography</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Specific locations can trigger nostalgia. Such places are often associated with an individual's past, reminding them of their past childhood, relationships, or achievements. They may include the homes where they grew up with their families, the schools they attended with friends, or the venues they went to for dating and marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nature">Nature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nature-based factors such as weather and temperature can trigger nostalgia. Scientific studies have shown that cold weather makes people more nostalgic, while nostalgia causes people to feel warmer.<sup id="cite_ref-weather_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weather-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some societies, elements of <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a> often trigger a nostalgia for past times when nature played a larger role in culture.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Environmental philosopher <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Albrecht" title="Glenn Albrecht">Glenn Albrecht</a> coined the term 'solastalgia' in his 2003 book <i>Solastalgia: a new concept in human health and identity</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word is formed from the Latin sōlācium (comfort) and the Greek root ἄλγος (pain, suffering) to describe a form of emotional or existential distress caused by environmental destruction. Nostalgia differs from solastalgia because nostalgia is typically generated by spatial separation from important places or persons (one's home, family, friends, or loved ones) with which it is often possible, in principle, to reconnect. With solastalgia, in contrast, the grief is typically caused by environmental destruction, so the separation between subject and object is ontological rather than spatial: it is permanent and unbridgeable, and can be experienced while continuing to occupy the same irreversibly degraded place. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_aspects">Other aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_medical_condition">As a medical condition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: As a medical condition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Homesickness" title="Homesickness">Homesickness</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Laitemaire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/La_Laitemaire.jpg/250px-La_Laitemaire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/La_Laitemaire.jpg/330px-La_Laitemaire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/La_Laitemaire.jpg/500px-La_Laitemaire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A rural landscape in <a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">Vaud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. The term "nostalgia" originally referred to the homesickness felt by <a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenaries" title="Swiss mercenaries">Swiss mercenaries</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term was coined in 1688 by Johannes Hofer (1669–1752) in his dissertation in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>. The word nostalgia was compound of the ancient Greek words nostos (return home) and algia (longing). Hofer introduced <i>nostalgia</i> or <i>mal du pays</i> "<a href="/wiki/Homesickness" title="Homesickness">homesickness</a>" for the condition also known as <i>mal du Suisse</i> "Swiss illness", because of its frequent occurrence in <a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenaries" title="Swiss mercenaries">Swiss mercenaries</a> who in the plains of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> were pining for their landscapes. Symptoms were also thought to include fainting, high fever, and death. </p><p>English <i>homesickness</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Loan_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan translation">loan translation</a> of <i>nostalgia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Sir Joseph Banks</a> used the word in his journal during the first voyage of <a href="/wiki/Captain_Cook" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Cook">Captain Cook</a>. On 3 September 1770 he stated that the sailors "were now pretty far gone with the longing for home which the Physicians have gone so far as to esteem a disease under the name of Nostalgia", but his journal was not published in his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cases resulting in death were known and soldiers were sometimes successfully treated by being discharged and sent home. Receiving a diagnosis was, however, generally regarded as an insult. </p><p>In the eighteenth century, scientists were looking for a locus of nostalgia, a nostalgic bone. By the 1850s nostalgia was losing its status as a particular disease and coming to be seen rather as a symptom or stage of a pathological process. It was considered as a form of <a href="/wiki/Melancholia" title="Melancholia">melancholia</a> and a predisposing condition among suicides. Nostalgia was, however, still diagnosed among soldiers as late as the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1870s interest in nostalgia as a medical category had almost completely vanished. Nostalgia was still being recognized in both the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second</a> World Wars, especially by the American armed forces. Great lengths were taken to study and understand the condition to stem the tide of troops leaving the front in droves (see the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Century_of_the_Self" class="mw-redirect" title="Century of the Self">Century of the Self</a></i>). </p><p>Nostalgia is triggered by something reminding an individual of an event or item from their past. The resulting emotion can vary from <a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">happiness</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">sorrow</a>. The term "feeling nostalgic" is more commonly used to describe pleasurable emotions associated with, or a longing to return to, a particular period of time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanticism">Romanticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Romanticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Swiss nostalgia was linked to the singing of <a href="/wiki/Kuhreihen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuhreihen">Kuhreihen</a>, which were forbidden to Swiss mercenaries because they led to <i>nostalgia</i> to the point of desertion, illness or death. The 1767 <i>Dictionnaire de Musique</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> claims that Swiss mercenaries were threatened with severe punishment to prevent them from singing their Swiss songs. It became somewhat of a <i>topos</i> in Romantic literature, and figures in the poem <i>Der Schweizer</i> by <a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">Achim von Arnim</a> (1805) and in <a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Clemens Brentano</a>'s <i>Des Knaben Wunderhorn</i> (1809), as well as in the opera <i>Le Chalet</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Charles_Adam" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolphe Charles Adam">Adolphe Charles Adam</a> (1834), which was performed for <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> under the title <i>The Swiss Cottage</i>. The Romantic connection of <i>nostalgia</i> was a significant factor in the enthusiasm for Switzerland and the development of early <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Switzerland" title="Tourism in Switzerland">tourism in Switzerland</a> that took hold of the European cultural elite in the 19th century. German Romanticism coined an opposite to <i>Heimweh</i>, <i>Fernweh</i> "far-sickness", "longing to be far away", like <i><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">wanderlust</a></i> expressing the Romantic desire to travel and explore. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_rhetoric_and_communication">In rhetoric and communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In rhetoric and communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nostalgia has been frequently studied as a tool of rhetoric and persuasion. Communication scholar Stephen Depoe,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, writes that in nostalgic messaging: “a speaker highlights a comparison between a more favorable, idealized past and a less favorable present in order to stimulate [nostalgia]. . . . [linking] his/her own policies to qualities of the idealized past in order to induce support” (179). Rhetorician William Kurlinkus<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> taxonomizes nostalgia on this foundation, arguing that nostalgic rhetoric generally contains three parts: </p> <ol><li>A loss or threat in the present: the chaotic change that nostalgia responds to. Though some theorists<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argue that the ideal must truly be lost, other scholars including Kurlinkus argue that the ideal may simply be threatened to trigger nostalgia.</li> <li>A nostalgic crux: a person, group, corporation, et al. that is blamed for the loss of the nostalgic ideal. To perform such scapegoating, the nostalgic crux is usually presented as a force of newness and change. Defeating this outsider is positioned as a source of recovering the good memory. Such cruxes have include groups from polluting corporations to immigrants.</li> <li>Hope: Finally, Kurlinkus argues that though nostalgia is often performed ironically it almost always has a true hope for recovering the good memory (whether this means some kind of true restoration or a more symbolic recovery of an ethic). Such hope differentiates nostalgia from similar emotions like melancholia, which contains all of nostalgia's longing for lost ideals without a desire to move out of that past.</li></ol> <p>Kurlinkus coined the term "nostalgic other" to describe the ways in which some populations of people become trapped in other people's nostalgic stories of them, idealized as natural while simultaneously denied sovereignty or the right to change in the present. "Nostalgic others differ from other scholarly discourse in that their alterity is not primarily based in race or ethnicity." Kurlinkus wrote. "Rather, in concurrent identifications and divisions, the nostalgic other is distinguished from the rhetor by time. We live in the present; they live in the past. The creation of the nostalgic other allows mainstream populations to commodify the racial purity and stability of the past but refuses the community agency to change in the present by highlighting its negative traits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_an_advertising_tool">As an advertising tool</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: As an advertising tool"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Media (communication)">media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a>, nostalgia-evoking images, sounds, and references can be used strategically to create a sense of connectedness between consumers and products with the goal of convincing the public to consume, watch, or buy advertised products.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern technology facilitates nostalgia-eliciting advertising through the subject, style, and design of an advertisement.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The feeling of longing for the past is easily communicated through social media and advertising because these media require the participation of multiple senses, are able to represent their ideas entirely, and therefore become more reminiscent of life. </p><p>Due to efficient advertising schemes, consumers need not have experienced a specific event or moment in time in order to feel nostalgic for it. This is due to a phenomenon referred to as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vicarious" class="extiw" title="wikt:vicarious">vicarious</a> nostalgia. Vicarious nostalgia is a feeling of <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">wistful</a> yearning for a moment that occurred prior to, or outside of, the span of one's memory, but is relatable (has sentimental value) due to repeated mediated exposure to it.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constant propagating of advertisements and other media messages makes vicarious nostalgia possible, and changes the ways we understand advertisements and subsequently, the way consumers use their purchasing power. </p><p>Examples of nostalgia used to provoke public interest include nostalgia-themed websites<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wantnostalgia.com/">Want Nostalgia?</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thenostalgiamachine.com/">The Nostalgia Machine</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doyouremember.com/100246/good-humor-ice-cream-trucks">DoYouRemember?</a>, and revamps of old movies,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TV shows, and books. Vintage, rustic and old-fashioned design styles can also be seen in nostalgia-based ad campaigns that companies such as <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levi_Strauss_%26_Co." title="Levi Strauss & Co.">Levi Strauss & Co.</a> use.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Developed within the marketing discipline, <b>forestalgia</b><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2022.2036652">[1]</a>, defined as an individual's yearning for an idealized future, serves as a future-focused counterpart to nostalgia.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like nostalgia, where only the happy memories are retained, forestalgia explains customers’ intentions to escape the present to a romanticized future where current concerns are no longer an issue. Marketing researchers found that when promoting hedonic and utilitarian products, far-past nostalgia and far-future forestalgia advertisements were most effective in the promotion of utilitarian products. In contrast, hedonic products were better suited for advertisements framed in far-past nostalgia or near-future forestalgia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nostalgia_cycle">Nostalgia cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Nostalgia cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been argued that there is a nostalgia cycle. Various durations of this cycle have been alleged, including epicycles (ie nostalgia for the last nostalgia cycle).<sup id="cite_ref-Slate17April2012_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slate17April2012-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been said that, if a twenty year nostalgia cycle applied, then <a href="/wiki/1980s_nostalgia" title="1980s nostalgia">1980s nostalgia</a> would have ended circa 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, it was said that this had not happened, and that a twenty year nostalgia cycle did not appear to apply.<sup id="cite_ref-Vulture24Oct2016_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vulture24Oct2016-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been said that, if you believe in nostalgia cycles, then the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Mad_Men" title="Mad Men">Mad Men</a> in the 2010s would require 1960s nostalgia to follow a forty year nostalgia cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-Slate17April2012_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slate17April2012-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been argued that the nostalgia cycle has been disrupted, and thus has ceased to exist, or changed its duration to become longer or shorter; and it has been argued that the internet is what disrupted it.<sup id="cite_ref-Vulture24Oct2016_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vulture24Oct2016-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been argued that the nostalgia cycle never existed, and that belief in its existence is based on cherry picked evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-Slate17April2012_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slate17April2012-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_nostalgia" title="Communist nostalgia">Communist nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declinism" title="Declinism">Declinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_(metaphor)" title="Golden age (metaphor)">Golden age (metaphor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauntology" title="Hauntology">Hauntology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiraeth" title="Hiraeth">Hiraeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">Historic preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_no_aware" title="Mono no aware">Mono no aware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Nostalgia industry">Nostalgia industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">Nostalgia for the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_Night" title="Nostalgia Night">Nostalgia Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-time_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Old-time radio">Old-time radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostalgie" title="Ostalgie">Ostalgie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recency_bias" title="Recency bias">Recency bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retro_style" title="Retro style">Retro style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosy_retrospection" title="Rosy retrospection">Rosy retrospection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sehnsucht" title="Sehnsucht">Sehnsucht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_nostalgia" title="Shōwa nostalgia">Shōwa nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solastalgia" title="Solastalgia">Solastalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_(design)" title="Vintage (design)">Vintage (design)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugo-nostalgia" title="Yugo-nostalgia">Yugo-nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_nostalgia" title="1970s nostalgia">1970s nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_nostalgia" title="1980s nostalgia">1980s nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-InsideIndBus_20210706-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-InsideIndBus_20210706_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMills2021" class="citation news cs1">Mills, Wes (July 6, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insideindianabusiness.com/articles/saturday-evening-post-celebrates-200-years">"<i>Saturday Evening Post</i> Celebrates 200 Years"</a>. 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The Endeavour Journal of Joseph Banks 1768–1771, Public Library of New South Wales/Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 1962, vol. ii, p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wisconsin Public Radio, <i>To the Best of Our Knowledge</i>, "Svetlana Boym on Nostalgia", 2002 November 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDepoe1990" class="citation journal cs1">Depoe, Stephen (1990). "Requiem for Liberalism: The Therapeutic and Deliberative Functions of Nostalgic Appeals in Edward Kennedy's Address to the 1980 Democratic National Convention". <i>Southern Journal of Communication</i>. <b>55</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">175–</span>190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10417949009372786">10.1080/10417949009372786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Journal+of+Communication&rft.atitle=Requiem+for+Liberalism%3A+The+Therapeutic+and+Deliberative+Functions+of+Nostalgic+Appeals+in+Edward+Kennedy%27s+Address+to+the+1980+Democratic+National+Convention&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E190&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10417949009372786&rft.aulast=Depoe&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANostalgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKurlinkus2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kurlinkus, William (2021). 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(2019). <i>1. Nostalgic Design: Rhetoric, Memory, and Democratizing Technology</i>. U Pittsburgh Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822965527" title="Special:BookSources/9780822965527"><bdi>9780822965527</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1.+Nostalgic+Design%3A+Rhetoric%2C+Memory%2C+and+Democratizing+Technology&rft.pub=U+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780822965527&rft.aulast=Kurlinkus&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANostalgia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Davis)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLizardi2015" class="citation book cs1">Lizardi, R. 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Slate. 17 April 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2010/jan/22/eighties-revival-decade">The 1980s revival that lasted an entire decade</a>. The Guardian. 22 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vulture24Oct2016-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vulture24Oct2016_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vulture24Oct2016_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vulture.com/2016/10/2016-why-are-we-obsessed-with-the-80s.html">"It's 2016. Why Are We Still Obsessed With the '80s?"</a>. Vulture. 24 October 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-the-20-year-trend-cycle-collapsed/">Trends Used to Come Back Round Every 20 Years. Not Anymore.</a> Vice. 14 December 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2022/03/01/1081115609/from-tumblrcore-to-2014core-the-nostalgia-loop-is-getting-smaller-and-faster">From Tumblrcore to 2014core, the nostalgia loop is getting smaller and faster</a>. Npr. 1 March 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/apr/20/lets-go-round-again-the-ridiculous-rise-of-fifth-anniversary-vinyl-reissues">Let’s go round again: the ridiculous rise of fifth-anniversary vinyl reissues</a>. The Guardian. 20 April 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/gen-z-fashion-trends-tumblr-aesthetic-b2042247.html">Why are fashion cycles getting shorter?</a>. Independent. 1 April 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/18/business/wistful-thinking-a-lament-for-the-dear-e-departed.html">A Lament for the Dear E-Departed</a>. The New York Times. 18 December 2000.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barnwell, R. Wixel, Joel Collier, and Kevin J. Shanahan. "Nostalgia and Forestalgia: Insights, Evaluation, and Implications for Advertising and Product Typology." Journal of Advertising (2022): 1–18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2022.2036652">[2]</a></li> <li>Bartholeyns, G. (2014). "The instant past: Nostalgia and digital photo retro photography." <i>Media and Nostalgia. Yearning for the past, present and future</i>, ed. K. Niemeyer (Palgrave Macmillan): 51–69.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBatcho2013" class="citation journal cs1">Batcho, K. I. (2013). "Nostalgia: Retreat or support in difficult times?". <i>The American Journal of Psychology</i>. <b>126</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">355–</span>367. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Famerjpsyc.126.3.0355">10.5406/amerjpsyc.126.3.0355</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24027948">24027948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=Nostalgia%3A+Retreat+or+support+in+difficult+times%3F&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E355-%3C%2Fspan%3E367&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5406%2Famerjpsyc.126.3.0355&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24027948&rft.aulast=Batcho&rft.aufirst=K.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANostalgia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Becker, Tobias: <i>Yesterday: A New History of Nostalgia</i>. Boston/MA, London: Harvard University Press, 2023.</li> <li>Simon Bunke: <i>Heimweh. Studien zur Kultur- und Literaturgeschichte einer tödlichen Krankheit</i>. (Homesickness. On the Cultural and Literary History of a Lethal Disease). Freiburg 2009. 674 pp.</li> <li>Boulbry, Gaëlle and Borges, Adilson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reims-ms.fr/~chaireauchan/docs/nostalgieAFM2003.pdf">Évaluation d’une échelle anglo-saxonne de mesure du tempérament nostalgique dans un contexte culturel français (Evaluation of an anglo-saxon scale of measurement of nostalgic mood in a French cultural context)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050308190127/http://www.reims-ms.fr/~chaireauchan/docs/nostalgieAFM2003.pdf">Archived</a> 2005-03-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Dominic Boyer, "Ostalgie and the Politics of the Future in Eastern Germany." Public Culture 18(2):361–381.</li> <li>Simon Bunke: Heimweh. In: Bettina von Jagow / Florian Steger (Eds.): Literatur und Medizin im europäischen Kontext. Ein Lexikon. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2005. Sp. 380–384.</li> <li>Niemeyer, Katharina (ed.). <i>Media and Nostalgia. Yearning for the past, present and future</i>. Basinstoke: Palgrave Macmillan 2012.</li> <li><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coromines_i_Vigneaux,_Joan" class="extiw" title="ca:Coromines i Vigneaux, Joan">Coromines i Vigneaux, Joan</a>. Diccionari etimològic i complementari de la llengua catalana [Barcelona, Curial Edicions Catalanes, 1983]</li> <li>Davis, Fred <i>Yearning for Yesterday: a Sociology of Nostalgia</i>. New York: Free Press, 1979.</li> <li>Freeman, Lindsey A., <i>Longing for the Bomb: Oak Ridge and Atomic Nostalgia.</i> Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015.</li> <li>Hofer, Johannes, "Medical Dissertation on Nostalgia." <i>Bulletin of the Institute of the History of Medicine</i>. Trans. Carolyn Kiser Anspach 2.6 ((1688) Aug. 1934): 376–91.</li> <li>Hunter, Richard and Macalpine, Ida. Three Hundred Years of Psychiatry:1535–1860, [Hartsdale, NY, Carlisle Publishing, Inc, 1982]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Hutcheon" title="Linda Hutcheon">Hutcheon, Linda</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.utoronto.ca/utel/criticism/hutchinp.html">"Irony, Nostalgia, and the Postmodern"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171127001046/http://www.library.utoronto.ca/utel/criticism/hutchinp.html">Archived</a> 2017-11-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJameson1989" class="citation journal cs1">Jameson, Fredric (1989). 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ISBN</i></li> <li>Gilad Padva, Queer Nostalgia in Cinema and Pop Culture (Basingstock, UK and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014). 254 pp.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">Agony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement">Amusement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Anger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance" title="Annoyance">Annoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticipation" title="Anticipation">Anticipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipathy" title="Antipathy">Antipathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">Apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction" title="Interpersonal attraction">Attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awe" title="Awe">Awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belongingness" title="Belongingness">Belongingness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort" title="Comfort">Comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">Confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">Contempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">Contentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty" title="Cruelty">Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">Curiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappointment" title="Disappointment">Disappointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distrust" title="Distrust">Distrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">Doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicarious_embarrassment" title="Vicarious embarrassment">vicarious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">Emotion work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emptiness" title="Emptiness">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Enthrallment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">Enthusiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulation" title="Stimulation">Excitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_(psychology)" title="Flow (psychology)">Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">Frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">Fun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratification" title="Gratification">Gratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Joie_de_vivre" title="Joie de vivre">Joie de vivre</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">Hatred</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-hatred" title="Self-hatred">self-hatred</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Hiraeth" title="Hiraeth">Hiraeth</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homesickness" title="Homesickness">Homesickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_and_terror" title="Horror and terror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">Hostility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da"><a href="/wiki/Hygge" title="Hygge">Hygge</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysteria" title="Hysteria">Hysteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikigai" title="Ikigai"><i>Ikigai</i> (sense of purpose)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">Indulgence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infatuation" title="Infatuation">Infatuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insecurity_(emotion)" title="Insecurity (emotion)">Insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insignificance" title="Insignificance">Insignificance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_inspiration" title="Artistic inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">Irritation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_(psychology)" title="Isolation (psychology)">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy" title="Joy">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">Loneliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">at first sight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mono_no_aware" title="Mono no aware">Mono no aware</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrage_(emotion)" title="Outrage (emotion)">Outrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-pity" title="Self-pity">self-pity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandiosity" title="Grandiosity">grandiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insult" title="Insult">insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanity" title="Vanity">vanity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" title="Rage (emotion)">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regret" title="Regret">Regret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxation_(psychology)" title="Relaxation (psychology)">Relaxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_(emotion)" title="Relief (emotion)">Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remorse" title="Remorse">Remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resentment" title="Resentment">Resentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge" title="Revenge">Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness">Sadness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melancholia" title="Melancholia">melancholy</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sehnsucht" title="Sehnsucht">Sehnsucht</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentimentality" title="Sentimentality">Sentimentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">Shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitude" title="Solitude">Solitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">Social connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">Sorrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spite_(sentiment)" title="Spite (sentiment)">Spite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_stress" title="Chronic stress">chronic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">Suspense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicion_(emotion)" title="Suspicion (emotion)">Suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)" title="Wonder (emotion)">Wonder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">sense of wonder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry" title="Worry">Worry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zest_(positive_psychology)" title="Zest (positive psychology)">Zest</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik-wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/120px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/250px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="725" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik_Dyads.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/90px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/135px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/180px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldviews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(contemporary)" title="Cynicism (contemporary)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">Misanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">Pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recluse" title="Recluse">Reclusion</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Affect <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_consciousness" title="Affect consciousness">consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(education)" title="Affect (education)">in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_measures" title="Affect measures">measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">in psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li>Affective <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affective_computing" title="Affective computing">computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_forecasting" title="Affective forecasting">forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_spectrum" title="Affective spectrum">spectrum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Affectivity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positive_affectivity" title="Positive affectivity">positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_affectivity" title="Negative affectivity">negative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion" title="Appeal to emotion">Appeal to emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amygdala_hijack" title="Amygdala hijack">Amygdala hijack</a></li> <li>Emotion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_emotion" title="Art and emotion">and art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_and_memory" title="Emotion and memory">and memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_psychology" title="Sex differences in psychology">and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_and_emotions" title="Sleep and emotions">and sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">classification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification#Circumplex_model" title="Emotion classification">circumplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EmojiGrid" title="EmojiGrid">EmojiGrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6vheim_Cube_of_Emotions" title="Lövheim Cube of Emotions">Lövheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAD_emotional_state_model" title="PAD emotional state model">PAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification#Plutchik's_wheel_of_emotions" title="Emotion classification">Plutchik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressed_emotion" title="Expressed emotion">expressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_accounts_of_emotion" title="Functional accounts of emotion">functional accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_emotion" title="Group emotion">group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostatic_emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeostatic emotion">homeostatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_perception" title="Emotion perception">perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">recognition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition_in_conversation" title="Emotion recognition in conversation">in conversation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_emotion_regulation" title="Interpersonal emotion regulation">interpersonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">work</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emotional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_aperture" title="Emotional aperture">aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_bias" title="Emotional bias">bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_competence" title="Emotional competence">competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_conflict" title="Emotional conflict">conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_detachment" title="Emotional detachment">detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">dysregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_eating" title="Emotional eating">eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_exhaustion" title="Emotional exhaustion">exhaustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_expression" title="Emotional expression">expression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_emotional_expression" title="Gender and emotional expression">and gender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_emotional_intelligence" title="Bullying and emotional intelligence">and bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy_quotient" title="Empathy quotient">Empathy quotient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intimacy" title="Emotional intimacy">intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_isolation" title="Emotional isolation">isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_lability" title="Emotional lability">lability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_labor" title="Emotional labor">labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_lateralization" title="Emotional lateralization">lateralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_literacy" title="Emotional literacy">literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_prosody" title="Emotional prosody">prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_reasoning" title="Emotional reasoning">reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_responsivity" title="Emotional responsivity">responsivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional security">security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_symbiosis" title="Emotional symbiosis">symbiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_thought_method" title="Emotional thought method">thought method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_well-being" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional well-being">well-being</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotionality" title="Emotionality">Emotionality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bounded_emotionality" title="Bounded emotionality">bounded</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emotions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_and_culture" title="Emotions and culture">and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_emotions" title="History of emotions">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making" title="Emotions in decision-making">in decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_the_workplace" title="Emotions in the workplace">in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_virtual_communication" title="Emotions in virtual communication">in virtual communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_emotions" title="Moral emotions">moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-conscious_emotions" title="Self-conscious emotions">self-conscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotions" title="Social emotions">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions" title="Social sharing of emotions">social sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_affective_tone" title="Group affective tone">Group affective tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactions_between_the_emotional_and_executive_brain_systems" title="Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems">Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy_in_art" title="Jealousy in art">Jealousy in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_state" title="Mental state">Mental state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-emotion" title="Meta-emotion">Meta-emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathognomy" title="Pathognomy">Pathognomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos">Pathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotional_development" title="Social emotional development">Social emotional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoic_passions" title="Stoic passions">Stoic passions</a></li> <li>Theory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_theory" title="Affect theory">affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_as_information_hypothesis" title="Affect as information hypothesis">affect as information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appraisal_theory" title="Appraisal theory">appraisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon-Bard_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannon-Bard theory">Cannon-Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_constructed_emotion" title="Theory of constructed emotion">constructed emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_emotion_theory" title="Discrete emotion theory">discrete emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James-Lange_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="James-Lange theory">James-Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_theory" title="Somatic theory">somatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_marker_hypothesis" title="Somatic marker hypothesis">somatic marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-factor_theory_of_emotion" title="Two-factor theory of emotion">two-factor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate emotion names in foreign languages <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Emotion" title="Category:Emotion">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1490" style="padding:3px"><table 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