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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about smart cards that use radio to transmit data. For smart cards that use electrical connectors, see <a href="/wiki/Smart_card" title="Smart card">smart card</a>.</div> <p>A <b>contactless smart card</b> is a contactless credential whose dimensions are <a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit card</a> size. Its embedded integrated circuits can store (and sometimes process) data and communicate with a terminal via <a href="/wiki/Near-field_communication" title="Near-field communication">NFC</a>. Commonplace uses include transit tickets, bank cards and passports. </p><p>There are two broad categories of contactless smart cards. Memory cards contain non-volatile memory storage components, and perhaps some specific security logic. Contactless smart cards contain read-only <a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">RFID</a> called CSN (Card Serial Number) or UID, and a re-writeable smart card <a href="/wiki/Microchip" class="mw-redirect" title="Microchip">microchip</a> that can be transcribed via radio waves. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contactless_smart_card&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smartcardchip_no_text.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Smartcardchip_no_text.jpg/190px-Smartcardchip_no_text.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Smartcardchip_no_text.jpg/285px-Smartcardchip_no_text.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Smartcardchip_no_text.jpg/380px-Smartcardchip_no_text.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison of chip compared to a Canadian <a href="/wiki/Penny_(Canadian_coin)" title="Penny (Canadian coin)">penny</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A contactless smart card is characterized as follows: </p> <ul><li>Dimensions are normally <a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit card</a> size. The ID-1 of <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">ISO/IEC 7810</a> standard defines them as 85.60 × 53.98 × 0.76 mm (3.370 × 2.125 × 0.030 in).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Contains a security system with <a href="/wiki/Tamper_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamper resistance">tamper-resistant</a> properties (e.g. a <a href="/wiki/Secure_cryptoprocessor" title="Secure cryptoprocessor">secure cryptoprocessor</a>, secure file system, human-readable features) and is capable of providing security services (e.g. confidentiality of information in the memory).</li> <li>Assets managed by way of a central administration systems, or applications, which receive or interchange information with the card, such as card hotlisting and updates for application data.</li> <li>Card data is transferred via radio waves to the central administration system through card read-write devices, such as <a href="/wiki/Payment_terminal" title="Payment terminal">point of sales</a> devices, doorway access control readers, ticket readers, <a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">ATMs</a>, USB-connected desktop readers, etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefits">Benefits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contactless_smart_card&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contactless smart cards can be used for identification, authentication, and data storage.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also provide a means of effecting business transactions in a flexible, secure, standard way with minimal human intervention. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contactless_smart_card&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contactless smart cards were first used for electronic ticketing in 1995 in Seoul, South Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since then, smart cards with contactless interfaces have been increasingly popular for payment and ticketing applications such as mass transit. Globally, contactless fare collection is being employed for efficiencies in public transit. The various standards emerging are local in focus and are not compatible, though the <a href="/wiki/MIFARE" title="MIFARE">MIFARE</a> Classic card from Philips has a large market share in the United States and Europe. </p><p>In more recent times, <a href="/wiki/Visa_Inc." title="Visa Inc.">Visa</a> and <a href="/wiki/MasterCard" class="mw-redirect" title="MasterCard">MasterCard</a> have agreed to standards for general "open loop" payments on their networks, with millions of cards deployed in the U.S.,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Europe and around the world. </p><p>Smart cards are being introduced in personal identification and entitlement schemes at regional, national, and international levels. Citizen cards, drivers’ licenses, and patient card schemes are becoming more prevalent. In Malaysia, the compulsory national ID scheme <a href="/wiki/MyKad" class="mw-redirect" title="MyKad">MyKad</a> includes 8 different applications and is rolled out for 18 million users. Contactless smart cards are being integrated into <a href="/wiki/ICAO" class="mw-redirect" title="ICAO">ICAO</a> <a href="/wiki/Biometric_passport" title="Biometric passport">biometric passports</a> to enhance security for international travel. </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, demand for and usage of contactless credit and debit cards has increased, although coins and banknotes are generally safe and this technology will thus not reduce the spread of the virus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Readers">Readers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contactless_smart_card&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Readers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contactless smart card readers use radio waves to communicate with, and both read and write data on a smart card. When used for electronic payment, they are commonly located near <a href="/wiki/PIN_pad" title="PIN pad">PIN pads</a>, cash registers and other places of payment. When the readers are used for public transit they are commonly located on fare boxes, ticket machines, turnstiles, and station platforms as a standalone unit. When used for security, readers are usually located to the side of an entry door. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TransportMifareNovosibirskExample.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Novosibirsk (Russia). Transport fare collection terminal CFT"><img alt="Novosibirsk (Russia). Transport fare collection terminal CFT" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/TransportMifareNovosibirskExample.jpg/120px-TransportMifareNovosibirskExample.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/TransportMifareNovosibirskExample.jpg/180px-TransportMifareNovosibirskExample.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/TransportMifareNovosibirskExample.jpg/240px-TransportMifareNovosibirskExample.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Novosibirsk (Russia). Transport fare collection terminal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialcard.ru">CFT</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Matkakortti_ja_kortinlukija.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Smart card being used to pay for public transportation in the Helsinki area"><img alt="Smart card being used to pay for public transportation in the Helsinki area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Matkakortti_ja_kortinlukija.jpg/120px-Matkakortti_ja_kortinlukija.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Matkakortti_ja_kortinlukija.jpg/180px-Matkakortti_ja_kortinlukija.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Matkakortti_ja_kortinlukija.jpg/240px-Matkakortti_ja_kortinlukija.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Smart card being used to pay for <a href="/wiki/Public_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transportation">public transportation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> area</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BEST-Electronic-Ticketing-Machine-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="An electronic ticket machine used to read prepaid cards and issue tickets in Mumbai"><img alt="An electronic ticket machine used to read prepaid cards and issue tickets in Mumbai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/BEST-Electronic-Ticketing-Machine-2.JPG/59px-BEST-Electronic-Ticketing-Machine-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="59" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/BEST-Electronic-Ticketing-Machine-2.JPG/88px-BEST-Electronic-Ticketing-Machine-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/BEST-Electronic-Ticketing-Machine-2.JPG/118px-BEST-Electronic-Ticketing-Machine-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="3032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An electronic <a href="/wiki/Ticket_machine" title="Ticket machine">ticket machine</a> used to read prepaid cards and issue tickets in Mumbai</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contactless_smart_card&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RF-Smartcard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/RF-Smartcard.svg/220px-RF-Smartcard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/RF-Smartcard.svg/330px-RF-Smartcard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/RF-Smartcard.svg/440px-RF-Smartcard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="192" /></a><figcaption>RF smart card schematic</figcaption></figure> <p>A contactless smart card is a card in which the chip communicates with the card reader through an induction technology similar to that of an <a href="/wiki/RFID" class="mw-redirect" title="RFID">RFID</a> (at data rates of 106 to 848 kbit/s). These cards require only close proximity to an antenna to complete a transaction. They are often used when transactions must be processed quickly or hands-free, such as on mass transit systems, where a smart card can be used without even removing it from a <a href="/wiki/Wallet" title="Wallet">wallet</a>. </p><p>The standard for contactless smart card communications is <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">ISO/IEC 14443</a>. It defines two types of contactless cards ("A" and "B")<sup id="cite_ref-14443-2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14443-2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and allows for communications at distances up to 10 cm (3.9 in)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. There had been proposals for ISO/IEC 14443 types C, D, E, F and G that have been rejected by the International Organization for Standardization. An alternative standard for contactless smart cards is <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">ISO/IEC 15693</a>, which allows communications at distances up to 50 cm (1.6 ft). </p><p>Examples of widely used contactless smart cards are <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Upass" title="Upass">Upass</a> (1996), <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <a href="/wiki/Touch_%27n_Go" title="Touch 'n Go">Touch 'n Go</a> card (1997), <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Octopus_card" title="Octopus card">Octopus card</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Public_Transportation_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Public Transportation Card">Public Transportation Card</a> (1999), <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Navigo_card" title="Navigo card">Navigo card</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan_Rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Rail">Japan Rail</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Suica" title="Suica">Suica</a> Card (2001), <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>'s <a href="/wiki/EZ-Link" title="EZ-Link">EZ-Link</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/EasyCard" title="EasyCard">EasyCard</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Clipper_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="Clipper Card">Clipper Card</a> (2002), <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Oyster_card" title="Oyster card">Oyster card</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Municipal_Administration_and_Communications_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing Municipal Administration and Communications Card">Municipal Administration and Communications Card</a> (2003), <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>'s <a href="/wiki/T-money" title="T-money">T-money</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">Southern Ontario</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Presto_card" title="Presto card">Presto card</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>'s <a href="/wiki/More_Card" title="More Card">More Card</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel's</a> <a href="/wiki/Rav-Kav" title="Rav-Kav">Rav-Kav Card</a> (2008), <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Myki" title="Myki">Myki card</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Opal_card" title="Opal card">Opal card</a> which predate the ISO/IEC 14443 standard. The following tables list smart cards used for <a href="/wiki/Public_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transportation">public transportation</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Electronic_purse" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic purse">electronic purse</a> applications. </p><p>A related contactless technology is <a href="/wiki/RFID" class="mw-redirect" title="RFID">RFID</a> (radio frequency identification). In certain cases, it can be used for applications similar to those of contactless smart cards, such as for <a href="/wiki/Electronic_toll_collection" title="Electronic toll collection">electronic toll collection</a>. RFID devices usually do not include writeable memory or microcontroller processing capability as contactless smart cards often do.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="Contactless smart cards use RFID technology -- RFID is a generic term (March 2017)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Contactless_smart_card#Dubious" title="Talk:Contactless smart card">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are dual-interface cards that implement contactless and contact interfaces on a single card with some shared storage and processing. An example is <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>'s multi-application transport card, called <a href="/wiki/Andante_ticket" title="Andante ticket">Andante</a>, that uses a chip in contact and contactless (ISO/IEC 14443 type B) mode. </p><p>Like smart cards with contacts, contactless cards do not have a battery. Instead, they use a built-in <a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">inductor</a>, using the principle of <a href="/wiki/Resonant_inductive_coupling" title="Resonant inductive coupling">resonant inductive coupling</a>, to capture some of the incident electromagnetic signal, <a href="/wiki/Rectifier" title="Rectifier">rectify</a> it, and use it to power the card's electronics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communication_protocols">Communication protocols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contactless_smart_card&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Communication protocols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Communication protocols </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>ISO/IEC 14443 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Smart_card_application_protocol_data_unit" title="Smart card application protocol data unit">APDU</a> transmission via the protocol defined in <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">ISO/IEC 14443</a>-4<sup id="cite_ref-14443-4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14443-4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contactless_smart_card&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_smart_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of smart cards">List of smart cards</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contactless_smart_card&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IC_Inlay_of_Standard_Ticket_Transit_Card.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/IC_Inlay_of_Standard_Ticket_Transit_Card.jpg/220px-IC_Inlay_of_Standard_Ticket_Transit_Card.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/IC_Inlay_of_Standard_Ticket_Transit_Card.jpg/330px-IC_Inlay_of_Standard_Ticket_Transit_Card.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/IC_Inlay_of_Standard_Ticket_Transit_Card.jpg/440px-IC_Inlay_of_Standard_Ticket_Transit_Card.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4281" data-file-height="3211" /></a><figcaption>The plastic inlay (right) that contains IC and antenna inside paper contactless smart card used in public transportation in Singapore (left)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the start of using the <a href="/wiki/Upass_(South_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upass (South Korea)">Seoul Transportation Card</a>, numerous cities have moved to the introduction of contactless smart cards as the fare media in an <a href="/wiki/Automated_fare_collection" title="Automated fare collection">automated fare collection</a> system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="please provide citation as I do not see Seoul being the first metro system to use contactless cards (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In a number of cases these cards carry an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_wallet" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic wallet">electronic wallet</a> as well as fare products, and can be used for low-value payments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contactless_bank_cards">Contactless bank cards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contactless_smart_card&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Contactless bank cards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Contactless_payment" title="Contactless payment">Contactless payment</a></div> <p>Starting around 2005, a major application of the technology has been <a href="/wiki/Contactless_payment" title="Contactless payment">contactless payment</a> credit and debit cards. Some major examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ExpressPay" class="mw-redirect" title="ExpressPay">ExpressPay</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Express" title="American Express">American Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MasterCard_Contactless" class="mw-redirect" title="MasterCard Contactless">MasterCard Contactless</a> (formerly PayPass) – <a href="/wiki/MasterCard" class="mw-redirect" title="MasterCard">MasterCard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_Contactless" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa Contactless">Visa Contactless</a> (formerly payWave) – <a href="/wiki/Visa_Inc." title="Visa Inc.">Visa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickPass" class="mw-redirect" title="QuickPass">QuickPass</a> – <a href="/wiki/China_UnionPay" class="mw-redirect" title="China UnionPay">UnionPay</a></li> <li>JCB Contactless (formerly J/Speedy), QUICPay (not compatible with <a href="/wiki/EMV" title="EMV">EMV Contactless</a>/<a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">ISO/IEC 14443</a>) – <a href="/wiki/JCB_(credit_card_company)" title="JCB (credit card company)">JCB</a></li> <li>RuPay Contactless - <a href="/wiki/RuPay" title="RuPay">RuPay</a></li> <li>Zip – <a href="/wiki/Discover_Card" title="Discover Card">Discover</a></li></ul> <p>Roll-outs started in 2005 in the United States, and in 2006 in some parts of Europe and Asia (Singapore).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S., contactless (non <a href="/wiki/Personal_identification_number" title="Personal identification number">PIN</a>) transactions cover a payment range of ~$5–$100. </p><p>In general there are two classes of contactless bank cards: magnetic stripe data (MSD) and contactless <a href="/wiki/EMV" title="EMV">EMV</a>. </p><p>Contactless MSD cards are similar to magnetic stripe cards in terms of the data they share across the contactless interface. They are only distributed in the U.S. Payment occurs in a similar fashion to mag-stripe, without a PIN and often in off-line mode (depending on parameters of the terminal). The security level of such a transaction is better than a mag-stripe card, as the chip cryptographically generates a code which can be verified by the card issuer's systems. </p><p>Contactless EMV cards have two interfaces (contact and contactless) and work as a normal EMV card via their contact interface. The contactless interface provides similar data to a contact EMV transaction, but usually a subset of the capabilities (e.g. usually issuers will not allow balances to be increased via the contactless interface, instead requiring the card to be inserted into a device which uses the contact interface). EMV cards may carry an "offline balance" stored in their chip, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_wallet" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic wallet">electronic wallet</a> or "purse" that users of transit smart cards are used to. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identification">Identification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contactless_smart_card&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Identification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A quickly growing application is in digital identification cards. In this application, the cards are used for <a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">authentication</a> of identity. The most common example is in conjunction with a <a href="/wiki/Public_key_infrastructure" title="Public key infrastructure">PKI</a>. The smart card will store an encrypted digital certificate issued from the PKI along with any other relevant or needed information about the card holder. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a> (DoD) <a href="/wiki/Common_Access_Card" title="Common Access Card">Common Access Card</a> (CAC), and the use of various smart cards by many governments as identification cards for their citizens. When combined with biometrics, smart cards can provide two- or three-factor authentication. Smart cards are not always a privacy-enhancing technology, for the subject carries possibly incriminating information about him all the time. By employing contactless smart cards, that can be read without having to remove the card from the wallet or even the garment it is in, one can add even more authentication value to the human carrier of the cards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contactless_smart_card&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Malaysian government uses smart card technology in the <a href="/wiki/Identity_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Identity cards">identity cards</a> carried by all Malaysian citizens and resident non-citizens. The personal information inside the smart card (called <a href="/wiki/MyKad" class="mw-redirect" title="MyKad">MyKad</a>) can be read using special APDU commands.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contactless_smart_card&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smart cards have been advertised as suitable for personal identification tasks, because they are engineered to be <a href="/wiki/Tamper_resistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamper resistant">tamper resistant</a>. The embedded chip of a smart card usually implements some <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptographic algorithm</a>. However, there are several methods of recovering some of the algorithm's internal state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differential_power_analysis">Differential power analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contactless_smart_card&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Differential power analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Power_analysis" title="Power analysis">Power analysis</a></div> <p>Differential power analysis<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> involves measuring the precise time and <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (September 2010)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Contactless_smart_card#How_does_one_measure_the_precise_current_drawn_by_a_contactless_card?" title="Talk:Contactless smart card">discuss</a></i>]</sup> required for certain encryption or decryption operations. This is most often used against public key algorithms such as <a href="/wiki/RSA_(algorithm)" class="mw-redirect" title="RSA (algorithm)">RSA</a> in order to deduce the on-chip private key, although some implementations of symmetric ciphers can be vulnerable to timing or power attacks as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_disassembly">Physical disassembly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contactless_smart_card&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Physical disassembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smart cards can be physically disassembled by using acid, abrasives, or some other technique to obtain direct, unrestricted access to the on-board microprocessor. Although such techniques obviously involve a fairly high risk of permanent damage to the chip, they permit much more detailed information (e.g. photomicrographs of encryption hardware) to be extracted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eavesdrop_on_NFC_communication">Eavesdrop on NFC communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contactless_smart_card&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Eavesdrop on NFC communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Short distance (≈10 cm. or 4″) is required for supplying power. The radio frequency, however, can be eavesdropped within several meters once powered-up.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concerns">Concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contactless_smart_card&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Failure rate</dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Plastic_card" title="Plastic card">plastic card</a> in which the chip is embedded is fairly flexible, and the larger the chip, the higher the probability of breaking. Smart cards are often carried in wallets or pockets — a fairly harsh environment for a chip. However, for large banking systems, the failure-management cost can be more than offset by the fraud reduction. A card enclosure may be used as an alternative to help prevent the smart card from failing.</dd> <dt>Privacy</dt> <dd>Using a smart card for mass transit presents a risk for <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a>, because such a system enables the mass transit operator, the banks, and the authorities, to track the movement of individuals. The same argument can be made for banks tracking retail payments. Such information was used in the investigation of the <a href="/wiki/Myyrmanni_bombing" title="Myyrmanni bombing">Myyrmanni bombing</a>.</dd> <dt>Theft and fraud</dt> <dd>Contactless technology does not necessarily prevent use of a PIN for authentication of the user, but it is common for low value transactions (bank credit or debit card purchase, or public transport fare payment) not to require a PIN. This may make such cards more likely to be stolen, or used fraudulently by the finder of someone else's lost card.</dd> <dt>Use abroad</dt> <dd>Inland data networks quickly convey information between terminals and central banking systems, such that contactless payment limits may be monitored and managed. This may not be possible with use of such cards when abroad.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd> <dt>Multiple cards detection</dt> <dd>When two or more contactless cards are in close proximity the system may have difficulty determining which card is intended to be used. The card-reader may charge the incorrect card or reject both.<sup id="cite_ref-TFL_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TFL-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is generally only an issue where a service provider uses a payment card to facilitate access - eg a wallet containing a parking lot access card, an apartment building entry card and various contactless payment cards can usually be used on entry to a car park or whatever - the car park entry system can detect its own card in the wallet and open the barrier. In a retail shop, however, it is advisable to remove the individual contactless card from the wallet when making a payment. At the very least this gives the cardholder the opportunity to communicate which card they intend to be used to make payment. It is an issue of the card identifying a subscription -v- payment by transaction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contactless_smart_card&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Contactless_smartcard_schematics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Contactless smartcard schematics">Contactless smartcard schematics</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_badge" title="Access badge">Access badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access_control" title="Access control">Access control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_encryption" title="Disk encryption">Disk encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keycard_lock" title="Keycard lock">Keycard lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_security" title="Physical security">Physical security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Pay" class="mw-redirect" title="Android Pay">Android Pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Pay" title="Apple Pay">Apple Pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Pay" title="Samsung Pay">Samsung Pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biometric_passport" title="Biometric passport">Biometric passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Access_Card" title="Common Access Card">Common Access Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contactless_payment" title="Contactless payment">Contactless payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credential" title="Credential">Credential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic money">Electronic money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMV" title="EMV">EMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_document" title="Identity document">Identity document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Card" title="Java Card">Java Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smart_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of smart cards">List of smart cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_stripe_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic stripe card">Magnetic stripe card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microchip_implant_(human)" title="Microchip implant (human)">Microchip implant (human)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MULTOS" title="MULTOS">MULTOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-field_communication" title="Near-field communication">Near-field communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="Octopus Card">Octopus Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payment_Card_Industry_Data_Security_Standard" title="Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard">Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proximity_card" title="Proximity card">Proximity card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">Radio-frequency identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_engineering" title="Security engineering">Security engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_sign-on" title="Single sign-on">Single sign-on</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_card" title="Smart card">Smart card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNAPI" title="SNAPI">SNAPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscriber_identity_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscriber identity module">Subscriber identity module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_card" title="Telephone card">Telephone card</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contactless_smart_card&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=31432&ICS1=35&ICS2=240&ICS3=15">"ISO/IEC 7810:2003 <i>Identification cards — Physical characteristics</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120524210014/http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=31432&ICS1=35&ICS2=240&ICS3=15">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-05-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+7810%3A2003+Identification+cards+%E2%80%94+Physical+characteristics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fen%2FCatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail%3FCSNUMBER%3D31432%26ICS1%3D35%26ICS2%3D240%26ICS3%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContactless+smart+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Multi-application Smart Cards</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multi-application+Smart+Cards&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContactless+smart+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUgo2014" class="citation book cs1">Ugo, Chirico (2014-05-21). <i>Smart card programming : a comprehensive guide to smart card programming in C/C++, Java, C#, VB.NET</i> (Second ed.). [Place of publication not identified]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1291610505" title="Special:BookSources/978-1291610505"><bdi>978-1291610505</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/922633321">922633321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smart+card+programming+%3A+a+comprehensive+guide+to+smart+card+programming+in+C%2FC%2B%2B%2C+Java%2C+C%23%2C+VB.NET&rft.place=%5BPlace+of+publication+not+identified%5D&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=2014-05-21&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F922633321&rft.isbn=978-1291610505&rft.aulast=Ugo&rft.aufirst=Chirico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContactless+smart+card" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723093727/http://www.apsca.org/events/info.php?event=121">"4th Asian Transport Revenue Collection Forum"</a>. <i>Asia Pacific Smart Card Association</i>. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apsca.org/events/info.php?event=121">the original</a> on 2018-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Pacific+Smart+Card+Association&rft.atitle=4th+Asian+Transport+Revenue+Collection+Forum&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apsca.org%2Fevents%2Finfo.php%3Fevent%3D121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContactless+smart+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130202012843/http://www.smartcardalliance.org/pages/publications-contactless-payments-faq">"Smartcard Alliance FAQ on contactless bank cards"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smartcard+Alliance+FAQ+on+contactless+bank+cards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smartcardalliance.org%2Fpages%2Fpublications-contactless-payments-faq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContactless+smart+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14443-2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14443-2_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=28729">"ISO/IEC 14443-2:2001 Identification cards – Contactless integrated circuit(s) cards – Proximity cards – Part 2: Radio frequency power and signal interface"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817220034/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=28729">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+14443-2%3A2001+Identification+cards+%E2%80%93+Contactless+integrated+circuit%28s%29+cards+%E2%80%93+Proximity+cards+%E2%80%93+Part+2%3A+Radio+frequency+power+and+signal+interface&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fiso_catalogue%2Fcatalogue_tc%2Fcatalogue_detail.htm%3Fcsnumber%3D28729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContactless+smart+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14443-4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14443-4_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=50648">"ISO/IEC 14443-4:2008 Identification cards – Contactless integrated circuit cards – Proximity cards – Part 4: Transmission protocol"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161014093028/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=50648">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-10-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+14443-4%3A2008+Identification+cards+%E2%80%93+Contactless+integrated+circuit+cards+%E2%80%93+Proximity+cards+%E2%80%93+Part+4%3A+Transmission+protocol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fiso_catalogue%2Fcatalogue_tc%2Fcatalogue_detail.htm%3Fcsnumber%3D50648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContactless+smart+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZankl2014" class="citation book cs1">Zankl, Andreas (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diglib.tugraz.at/download.php?id=58dc33804b4c2&location=browse"><i>Security and Privacy in an RFID-based Electronic Payment System</i></a>. Graz University of Technology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102123928/https://diglib.tugraz.at/download.php?id=58dc33804b4c2&location=browse">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security+and+Privacy+in+an+RFID-based+Electronic+Payment+System&rft.pub=Graz+University+of+Technology&rft.date=2014-03&rft.aulast=Zankl&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiglib.tugraz.at%2Fdownload.php%3Fid%3D58dc33804b4c2%26location%3Dbrowse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContactless+smart+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628144018/http://news.xin.msn.com/en/singapore/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4973581">"ComfortDelgro introduces contactless credit card payment"</a>. <i>contactless credit card payment</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.xin.msn.com/en/singapore/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4973581">the original</a> on 2011-06-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=contactless+credit+card+payment&rft.atitle=ComfortDelgro+introduces+contactless+credit+card+payment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xin.msn.com%2Fen%2Fsingapore%2Farticle.aspx%3Fcp-documentid%3D4973581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContactless+smart+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190712014357/http://www.jpn.gov.my/">"MyKad website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpn.gov.my//">the original</a> on 2019-07-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MyKad+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpn.gov.my%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContactless+smart+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Power Analysis Attacks</i>. Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+Analysis+Attacks&rft.pub=Springer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContactless+smart+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner_Koch2018" class="citation mailinglist cs1"><a href="/wiki/Werner_Koch" title="Werner Koch">Werner Koch</a> (13 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.gnupg.org/pipermail/gnupg-users/2018-December/061375.html">"Smart cards"</a>. <i>gnupg-users</i> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215224634/https://lists.gnupg.org/pipermail/gnupg-users/2018-December/061375.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smart+cards&rft.date=2018-12-13&rft.au=Werner+Koch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.gnupg.org%2Fpipermail%2Fgnupg-users%2F2018-December%2F061375.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContactless+smart+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TFL-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TFL_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tfl.gov.uk/fares-and-payments/contactless/card-clash">"Watch out for card clash"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Transport_for_London" title="Transport for London">Transport for London</a></i>. Mayor of London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706104342/https://tfl.gov.uk/fares-and-payments/contactless/card-clash">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Transport+for+London&rft.atitle=Watch+out+for+card+clash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tfl.gov.uk%2Ffares-and-payments%2Fcontactless%2Fcard-clash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContactless+smart+card" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contactless_smart_card&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanklW._Effing1997" class="citation book cs1">Rankl, W.; W. Effing (1997). <i>Smart Card Handbook</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-96720-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-96720-3"><bdi>0-471-96720-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smart+Card+Handbook&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-471-96720-3&rft.aulast=Rankl&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=W.+Effing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContactless+smart+card" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutheryTimothy_M._Jurgensen1998" class="citation book cs1">Guthery, Scott B.; Timothy M. Jurgensen (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/smartcarddevelop00guth"><i>SmartCard Developer's Kit</i></a></span>. Macmillan Technical Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57870-027-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57870-027-2"><bdi>1-57870-027-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SmartCard+Developer%27s+Kit&rft.pub=Macmillan+Technical+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-57870-027-2&rft.aulast=Guthery&rft.aufirst=Scott+B.&rft.au=Timothy+M.+Jurgensen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsmartcarddevelop00guth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContactless+smart+card" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Contactless_smart_card&oldid=1237596292">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Contactless_smart_card&oldid=1237596292</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Contactless_smart_cards" title="Category:Contactless smart cards">Contactless smart cards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ubiquitous_computing" title="Category:Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ISO_standards" title="Category:ISO standards">ISO standards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Smart_cards" title="Category:Smart cards">Smart cards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Banking_technology" title="Category:Banking technology">Banking technology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_March_2017" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from March 2017">Articles with disputed statements from March 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_September_2010" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from September 2010">Articles with disputed statements from September 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_December_2017" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 July 2024, at 15:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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