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revolts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Tondrakians_and_Armenian_peasant_revolts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Armenian_Enlightenment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Armenian_Enlightenment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The Armenian Enlightenment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Armenian_Enlightenment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The Armenian Revolutionary Federation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Revolutionary_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Revolutionary_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>The Revolutionary period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Revolutionary_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_1905_Russian_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_1905_Russian_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>The 1905 Russian Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_1905_Russian_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Young_Turk_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Young_Turk_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>The Young Turk Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Young_Turk_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Persian_Constitutional_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>The Persian Constitutional Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Persian_Constitutional_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_and_the_Armenian_genocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_and_the_Armenian_genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>World War I and the Armenian genocide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_the_Armenian_genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Armenian_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Armenian_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>The Armenian Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Armenian_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Soviet Armenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Independent Armenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anarchism in Armenia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1222284573">.mw-parser-output .template-anarchism-sidebar .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{font-size:145%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .template-anarchism-sidebar .sidebar-above{padding-bottom:0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-anarchism-sidebar .sidebar-list-title{background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .template-anarchism-sidebar .sidebar-below{text-align:center;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .template-anarchism-sidebar .sidebar-subgroup .sidebar-heading{border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist template-anarchism-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism" title="Category:Anarchism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anarchy-symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Circle-A" anarchy symbol"><img alt=""Circle-A" anarchy symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/75px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/113px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/150px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_anarchism" title="Glossary of anarchism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_liberation" title="Total liberation">Total liberation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parecon" class="mw-redirect" title="Parecon">Parecon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Methodology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_anarchy" title="Relationship anarchy">Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis</a></li></ul> </td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Theory</a></li> <li>Practice</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandzha_Commune" title="Strandzha Commune">Strandzha Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt_Llobregat_insurrection" title="Alt Llobregat insurrection">Alt Llobregat insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_insurrection_of_January_1933" title="Anarchist insurrection of January 1933">Anarchist insurrection of January 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_insurrection_of_December_1933" title="Anarchist insurrection of December 1933">Anarchist insurrection of December 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anarchy_in_the_U.K." title="Anarchy in the U.K.">Anarchy in the U.K.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_movements_by_region" title="List of anarchist movements by region">By region</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Timor-Leste" title="Anarchism in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Lists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual Power">Dual Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_Max_Stirner" title="Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner">Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BlackFlagSymbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/15px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/23px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/30px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchism_sidebar" title="Template:Anarchism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Anarchism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anarchism in Armenia</b> emerged as part of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_liberation_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian national liberation movement">Armenian national liberation movement</a>, with its roots in various heretical Christian sects that practiced in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took on an organized form with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a> in 1890, before being suppressed by the various empires and authoritarian regimes that ruled over Armenia during the 20th century. It eventually re-emerged in the 21st century, as part of the anti-establishment movement that spread throughout the country in the wake of its independence. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity_in_Medieval_Armenia">Christianity in Medieval Armenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Christianity in Medieval Armenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until the 3rd century, Armenia was predominantly <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a>, as the ruling <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia" title="Arsacid dynasty of Armenia">Arsacid dynasty</a> had itself been founded by a Zoroastrian priest.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> was first brought to Armenia by early Christians fleeing persecution. Monastic communities like <a href="/wiki/Geghard" title="Geghard">Geghard</a> were established by these Christians, who found safe haven in the mountains. But these first Armenian Christians were also persecuted by the Arsacids. This was until 301, when the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a> became the first country to convert to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, in a process spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> as the institutional arm of the new <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> and the construction of the feudal <i><a href="/wiki/Nakharar" title="Nakharar">Nakharar</a></i> system began to concentrate vast amounts of territory in the hands of the clergy and the nobility. As Armenian peasants were subjected to increasingly restricted conditions, there were a number of anti-feudal uprisings by dissident Christian movements in the country, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Borborites" title="Borborites">Borborites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messalians" class="mw-redirect" title="Messalians">Messalians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paulicianists" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulicianists">Paulicianists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tondrakians" title="Tondrakians">Tondrakians</a>. </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Acilisene" title="Peace of Acilisene">peace of Acilisene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Western Armenia</a> was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in 387. <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia" title="Sasanian Armenia">Eastern Armenia</a> remained an independent kingdom until 428, when the local <a href="/wiki/Armenian_nobility" title="Armenian nobility">nobility</a> overthrew king <a href="/wiki/Artaxias_IV" title="Artaxias IV">Artaxias IV</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> installed <a href="/wiki/Veh_Mihr_Shapur" title="Veh Mihr Shapur">Veh Mihr Shapur</a> in his place as <a href="/wiki/Marzban" title="Marzban">governor</a>. The <i>nakharars</i> saw their feudal power restricted in Western Armenia, leading to an insurrection against the Byzantine empire. In the East they mostly maintained their rights, until <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> attempted to forcibly reconvert the country to Zoroastrianism. This ignited a guerilla war against Sassanid rule, led by <a href="/wiki/Vartan_Mamikonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vartan Mamikonian">Vartan Mamikonian</a>, resulting in the successful ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nvarsak" title="Treaty of Nvarsak">treaty of Nvarsak</a>, which granted greater autonomy to the <i>nakharar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurkjian_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurkjian-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Paulicians">The Paulicians</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Paulicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persecution_of_Paulicians.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Persecution_of_Paulicians.png/250px-Persecution_of_Paulicians.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Persecution_of_Paulicians.png/330px-Persecution_of_Paulicians.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Persecution_of_Paulicians.png/500px-Persecution_of_Paulicians.png 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>The massacre of the <a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicians</a> in 843/844.</figcaption></figure> <p>Shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Armenia" title="Muslim conquest of Armenia">Muslim conquest of Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantine-Silvanus" title="Constantine-Silvanus">Constantine-Silvanus</a> was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a> to found the Paulician movement,<sup id="cite_ref-Brit2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an <a href="/wiki/Adoptionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Adoptionist">adoptionist</a> Christian sect that rejected feudal land-ownership, social inequality and the superstitions of <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">the church</a>. From 660, workers, low clergy and smallholders throughout Armenia began to convert to Paulician Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-Vrej_Nersessian_1948,_p.53_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vrej_Nersessian_1948,_p.53-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in 687, Silvanus was arrested by imperial authorities, tried for heresy and <a href="/wiki/Stoned_to_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoned to death">stoned to death</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brit2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CatholicEncy_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatholicEncy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sect continued to grow in Armenian communities throughout the Byzantine Empire, but in the early 9th century they became subject to persecution by the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 843, over 100,000 Paulicians lost their lives and all of their property and lands were confiscated by the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Paulicians then fled to the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Armenia">Emirate of Armenia</a>, where they built the cities of <a href="/wiki/%C3%96merli,_Halfeti" title="Ömerli, Halfeti">Amara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divri%C4%9Fi" title="Divriği">Tephrike</a>, establishing an independent Paulician territory. However, their power was finally broken at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bathys_Ryax" title="Battle of Bathys Ryax">Battle of Bathys Ryax</a>, where they experienced heavy casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the remaining Paulicians were resettled in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where their ideas spread across the Balkans and into Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-Charanis61_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charanis61-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> influencing the formation of <a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Catharism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SvetlanaXXI_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SvetlanaXXI-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others fled east to <a href="/wiki/Arminiya" title="Arminiya">Arminiya</a>, where the movement evolved into <a href="/wiki/Tondrakianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tondrakianism">Tondrakianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garsoïan2011_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garsoïan2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Tondrakians_and_Armenian_peasant_revolts">The Tondrakians and Armenian peasant revolts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Tondrakians and Armenian peasant revolts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tondrakians" title="Tondrakians">Tondrakians</a></div> <p>In 884, the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Armenia">Emirate of Armenia</a> was disestablished after a successful revolt by <a href="/wiki/Ashot_I_of_Armenia" title="Ashot I of Armenia">Ashot I</a>, who established the independent kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid Armenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed for the reinstitution of the feudal <i><a href="/wiki/Nakharar" title="Nakharar">Nakharar</a></i> system and led to the founding of several other Armenian kingdoms and principalities, each with their own feudal hierarchies. Peasants (known as <i>ramiks</i>) formed the lowest class in the economic stratum and largely busied themselves with raising <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Farming">farming</a>. Many of them did not own land, and lived as tenants and worked as hired hands or even slaves on the lands owned by wealthy feudal magnates. Peasants were forced to pay heavy taxes to the government and the Armenian Apostolic Church in addition to their feudal lords.<sup id="cite_ref-SAE1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAE1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These tensions ultimately culminated in a series of peasant revolts against these new feudal lords and landowners,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly in <a href="/wiki/Ayrarat" title="Ayrarat">Ayrarat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Syunik" title="Kingdom of Syunik">Syunik</a>. These revolts were supported by the <a href="/wiki/Tondrakians" title="Tondrakians">Tondrakians</a>, an anti-feudal, heretical Christian sect that had emerged from <a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a>. They advocated for the abolition of the Church and feudalism, instead supporting the property rights of peasants and equality between men and women. This attracted many of the Armenian lower classes to join the sect, forming their own communities along Tondrakian principles. </p><p>The peasant struggle eventually evolved into outright insurrection. When the feudal <a href="/wiki/Tatev_Monastery" title="Tatev Monastery">Tatev Monastery</a> took possession of its surrounding land and villages, the local peasants protested against it, leading to an open revolt against the feudal clergy. In 990, the revolt was put down by the King of Syunik, who razed the peasants' villages and dispersed its population throughout the country. After the suppression of the revolts, the Tondrakians suffered a brief decline, before experiencing a resurgence at the beginning of the 11th century. Tondrakian communities spread throughout Armenia, worrying the various rulers of the country. They experienced another brief resurgence following the fall of the Bagratid state, but were eventually eliminated by the Byzantines. </p><p>Armenia was subsequently ruled by a series of foreign powers, eventually leading to another partition of the country. In the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a> fell under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">Eastern Armenia</a> became part of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Empire">Safavid Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Armenian_Enlightenment">The Armenian Enlightenment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Armenian Enlightenment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_awakening" title="Armenian national awakening">Armenian national awakening</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_liberation_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian national liberation movement">Armenian national liberation movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shahamir_Shahamiryan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Shahamir_Shahamiryan.jpg/250px-Shahamir_Shahamiryan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Shahamir_Shahamiryan.jpg/330px-Shahamir_Shahamiryan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Shahamir_Shahamiryan.jpg/500px-Shahamir_Shahamiryan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shahamir_Shahamirian" title="Shahamir Shahamirian">Shahamir Shahamirian</a>, one of the early philosophers of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_awakening" title="Armenian national awakening">Armenian national awakening</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikayel_Nalbandian_portrait_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mikayel_Nalbandian_portrait_%28retouched%29.jpg/250px-Mikayel_Nalbandian_portrait_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mikayel_Nalbandian_portrait_%28retouched%29.jpg/330px-Mikayel_Nalbandian_portrait_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mikayel_Nalbandian_portrait_%28retouched%29.jpg/500px-Mikayel_Nalbandian_portrait_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mikayel_Nalbandian" title="Mikayel Nalbandian">Mikayel Nalbandian</a>, an Armenian revolutionary that inspired the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_liberation_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian national liberation movement">Armenian national liberation movement</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 17th century, the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> took hold in <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">Eastern Armenia</a>, with intellectuals spreading anti-feudal, democratic and revolutionary ideologies throughout the country. The most notable of these figures was <a href="/wiki/Shahamir_Shahamirian" title="Shahamir Shahamirian">Shahamir Shahamirian</a>, a philosopher who rejected the monarchical order, considering obedience to rulers to be an insult to human intelligence. Instead he wanted to create a secular <a href="/wiki/Democratic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic system">democratic system</a> in Armenia, where all official posts (including the judiciary) were freely elected by popular vote. He wrote about his ideas of an independent Armenian nation in the book <i><a href="/wiki/Snare_of_Glory" title="Snare of Glory">Snare of Glory</a></i>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Every human being, whether Armenian or of some other race, whether man or woman, born in Armenia or brought there from another country, shall live in equality and shall be free in all their occupations. Nobody shall have the right to enslave another person and workers should be paid like in any other kind of job, as is laid down in Armenian legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>After the Qajar defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Eastern Armenia</a> was annexed into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and the Armenian national liberation movement began to forge ties with the nascent Russian Revolutionary movement. An influential figure during this period was <a href="/wiki/Mikayel_Nalbandian" title="Mikayel Nalbandian">Mikayel Nalbandian</a>, an advocate of secularism and a <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">vocal critic</a> of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Nalbandian became known for his efforts to create national literature, written in the modern <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian language</a>, which would reflect the social aspirations of the Armenian people.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also a staunch advocate of <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a>, arguing that "only the equal distribution of land could bring prosperity and happiness to the people."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work also indirectly inspired an <a href="/wiki/First_Zeitun_Resistance" title="First Zeitun Resistance">uprising</a> in Western Armenia, which successfully forced Ottoman forces to withdraw from the region of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymanl%C4%B1" title="Süleymanlı">Zeitun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his travels throughout Europe, he became an associate of the Russian anarchist <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>, the anti-serfdom activist <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Ogarev" title="Nikolay Ogarev">Nikolay Ogarev</a> and the "father of Russian socialism" <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a>, with whom he participated in the foundation of the revolutionary organization <a href="/wiki/Land_and_Liberty_(Russia)" title="Land and Liberty (Russia)">Land and Liberty</a> and organized the distribution of the <i><a href="/wiki/Kolokol_(newspaper)" title="Kolokol (newspaper)">Kolokol</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1862, Nalbandian returned to <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a>, where he participated in the activities of Land and Liberty, before being arrested for inciting <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">anti-Tsarist</a> sentiment with his literature.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was subsequently exiled to <a href="/wiki/Kamyshin" title="Kamyshin">Kamyshin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he died from <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation">The Armenian Revolutionary Federation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Armenian Revolutionary Federation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Db_1a_Chrisdapr1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1f/Db_1a_Chrisdapr1.jpg/220px-Db_1a_Chrisdapr1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1f/Db_1a_Chrisdapr1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christapor_Mikaelian" title="Christapor Mikaelian">Christapor Mikaelian</a>, an Armenian anarchist and one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a>. In 1905, he took part in a planned assassination of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Inspired by Nalbandian,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Armenian anarchist <a href="/wiki/Christapor_Mikaelian" title="Christapor Mikaelian">Christapor Mikaelian</a> took part in the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a> (ARF), a political organization made up of a broad coalition of anarchists, socialists and nationalists. The organization itself was decentralized, allowing local branches in the various partitions of Armenia to act independently in accordance with the needs of their locality. Its goal was the establishment of a libertarian socialist society in Armenia, one based on the principles of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrarian reform">agrarian reform</a>. Mikaelian himself was a former supporter of Bakunin and defended the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-government" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-government">self-government</a>, encouraging the ARF to put these principles into practice in their activities.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ARF became a major political force in Armenian life. It was especially active in the Ottoman Empire, where it organized or participated in many revolutionary activities. The influence of the ARF led to the widespread adoption of anarchist ideals among Armenians in the empire, with roughly 70% of Ottoman state surveillance reports on the anarchist movement concentrating on the Armenians.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1894, the ARF took part in the <a href="/wiki/Sasun_Resistance_(1894)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasun Resistance (1894)">Sasun Resistance</a>, supplying arms to the local population to help the people of Sasun defend themselves against the Hamidian purges.<sup id="cite_ref-Hayots_p.42–48_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayots_p.42–48-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was around this time that the Armenian anarcho-communist <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Atabekian" title="Alexander Atabekian">Alexander Atabekian</a> formed ties with the organization, publishing articles about the ARF's resistance to Ottoman persecution in the Armenian language anarchist periodical <i>Hamayankh</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_Fedayees_1890-1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Armenian_Fedayees_1890-1896.jpg/330px-Armenian_Fedayees_1890-1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Armenian_Fedayees_1890-1896.jpg/500px-Armenian_Fedayees_1890-1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Armenian_Fedayees_1890-1896.jpg/600px-Armenian_Fedayees_1890-1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Armenian_fedayi" title="Armenian fedayi">Fedayi</a> group fighting under the ARF banner. Text in Armenian reads <i>Azatutyun kam Mah</i> (Liberty or Death)</figcaption></figure> <p>To raise awareness of the <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">massacres of 1895–96</a>, members of the ARF led by <a href="/wiki/Papken_Siuni" title="Papken Siuni">Papken Siuni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ottoman_Bank" title="Occupation of the Ottoman Bank">occupied the Ottoman Bank</a> on 26 August 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-Bank_Ottoman_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bank_Ottoman-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose of the raid was to dictate the ARF's demands of reform in the Armenian populated areas of the Ottoman Empire and to attract European attention to their cause since the Europeans had many assets in the bank. The operation caught European attention but at the cost of more massacres by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Armenian_history_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Armenian_history-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his part, Alexander Atabekian attempted to raise awareness of the massacres by sending a declaration to the <a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Socialist International</a>, arguing that European states were directly participating in the crimes of the Sultan, and that the Armenian libertarians were declaring "the dawn of the social revolution" in response.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 March 1904, the ARF played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Sasun_Uprising_(1904)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasun Uprising (1904)">Second Sasun Uprising</a>. The ARF sent arms and <i><a href="/wiki/Armenian_fedayi" title="Armenian fedayi">fedayi</a></i> to defend the region for the second time.<sup id="cite_ref-Hayots_p.42–48_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayots_p.42–48-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the 500 fedayees participating in the resistance were famed figures such as <a href="/wiki/Kevork_Chavush" title="Kevork Chavush">Kevork Chavush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebastatsi_Murad" title="Sebastatsi Murad">Sepasdatsi Murad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hrayr_Dzhoghk" title="Hrayr Dzhoghk">Hrayr Djoghk</a>. Although they managed to hold off the Ottoman army for several months, despite their lack of fighters and firepower, Ottoman forces captured Sasun and massacred thousands of Armenians.<sup id="cite_ref-Hayots_p.42–48_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayots_p.42–48-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1905, Christapor Mikaelian and other members of the ARF planned an <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_assassination_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="Yıldız assassination attempt">assassination attempt</a> against Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a>, in an act of <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">propaganda of the deed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mikaelian himself was killed in an explosion during the planning stages, and the attempt itself failed after the explosive missed its target.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Belgian anarchist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Joris" title="Edward Joris">Edward Joris</a> was among those arrested and convicted for their part in the plot.<sup id="cite_ref-zon_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zon-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Revolutionary_period">The Revolutionary period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Revolutionary period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_1905_Russian_Revolution">The 1905 Russian Revolution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The 1905 Russian Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">1905 Russian Revolution</a></div> <p>Though the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> was initially sympathetic towards the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Anna_Geifman_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anna_Geifman-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Tsarist edict that brought all property of the Armenian Apostolic Church under imperial ownership saw resistance from the ARF, which dispatched militias and held mass demonstrations against the edict.<sup id="cite_ref-tempest_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tempest-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led the federation to entirely break ties with the Tsarist authorities, engaging in acts of terrorism against the state and establishing separate institutions in Russian Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-libaridian_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libaridian-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1905, workers' strikes and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Peasants%27_uprising_of_1905%E2%80%936" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Peasants' uprising of 1905–6">peasant uprisings</a> began to break out across the empire. During this period, anarcho-communist ideas spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>. Caucasian anarchists organized armed workers' detachments, expropriating land and property from the wealthy classes, while they also established agricultural communes, self-managed workers' collectives and the country's first <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Armenia" title="Trade unions in Armenia">trade unions</a>. In November 1905, a general strike was called in <a href="/wiki/Alaverdi,_Armenia" title="Alaverdi, Armenia">Alaverdi</a>, becoming the largest strike in the history of the Caucasus and managing to force the bosses into conceding to their workers' demands. Armenian rail workers also went on strike, seizing control of the country's entire rail network and forming armed battalions for self-defense. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> eventually intervened, putting down the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_uprising_of_1905" title="Moscow uprising of 1905">Moscow uprising</a>, which led to the collapse of the workers' movement in Armenia. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Armenian-Tatar_massacres" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian-Tatar massacres">Armenian-Tatar massacres</a> broke out, the ARF held the Russian authorities responsible. On 11 May 1905, the Dashnak revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Drastamat_Kanayan" title="Drastamat Kanayan">Drastamat Kanayan</a> assassinated Russian governor general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Nakashidze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikhail Nakashidze (page does not exist)">Mikhail Nakashidze</a>, who was considered by the Armenian population as the main instigator of hate and confrontation between the Armenians and the Tatars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Young_Turk_Revolution">The Young Turk Revolution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Young Turk Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a></div> <p>The actions of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation had gone on to inspire the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a>, who ignited a <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">revolution</a> that overthrew the absolutist regime of Abdul Hamid II, re-establishing the empire as a <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">constitutional monarchy</a>. This act legalized the ARF, which gained seats in the new parliament, but greater Armenian autonomy was not achieved. In 1909, an <a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">Ottoman counter-coup</a> attempted to restore absolutist rule, carrying out a <a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">massacre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which resulted in the deaths of over 20,000 Armenians.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adalian2010_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adalian2010-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath, the ARF cut ties with the Young Turks,<sup id="cite_ref-ARF_and_Young_Turks_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARF_and_Young_Turks-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to further division between the Turks and Armenians of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Persian_Constitutional_Revolution">The Persian Constitutional Revolution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Persian Constitutional Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a></div> <p>When a <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">constitutionalist revolt</a> broke out against the absolutist rule of the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a> over <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Iran</a>, the Iranian branch of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation elected to participate. The ARF contributed to the military aspect of the struggle, sending <a href="/wiki/Armenian_fedayi" title="Armenian fedayi">militias</a> into Iran, led by <a href="/wiki/Yeprem_Khan" title="Yeprem Khan">Yeprem Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keri_(fedayi)" title="Keri (fedayi)">Arshak Gavafian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khetcho" title="Khetcho">Khetcho</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/1908_bombardment_of_the_Majlis" title="1908 bombardment of the Majlis">bombardment of the Majlis</a>, the ARF militias rallied together with the Persian revolutionaries, eventually managing to <a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_Tehran" title="Triumph of Tehran">depose</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Shah_Qajar" title="Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar">Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar</a> and re-establish the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitution_of_1906" title="Persian Constitution of 1906">constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_and_the_Armenian_genocide">World War I and the Armenian genocide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: World War I and the Armenian genocide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></div> <p>In 1914, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> joined the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>, formally <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">entering</a> into <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea Raid">surprise attack</a> on Russian positions in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. During its invasion into Russian and Iranian territories, the Ottomans carried out massacres on the local Armenian populations, escalating the violence into a <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">genocide</a> that ultimately resulted in the deaths of an estimated 1 million Armenians. Many of the leading figures in the Armenian Revolutionary Federation were among those that were <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Armenian_intellectuals_on_24_April_1915" title="Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915">deported and murdered</a> by the Ottoman authorities on April 24, 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-Dashnak_leaders_killed_during_Armenian_Genocide_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dashnak_leaders_killed_during_Armenian_Genocide-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led the ARF to coordinate the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian resistance">Armenian resistance</a>, which had its epicenter in the city of <a href="/wiki/Van,_Turkey" title="Van, Turkey">Van</a>, where tens of thousands of Armenians successfully <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Van_(1915)" title="Defense of Van (1915)">resisted</a> the genocidal ambitions of the local Ottoman authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Resistance_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Resistance-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the war drew to a close, many members of the Young Turks movement were assassinated by the ARF during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Nemesis" title="Operation Nemesis">Operation Nemesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Operation_Nemesis_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Operation_Nemesis-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Armenian_Republic">The Armenian Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Armenian Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:May_28_1919_celebration_Yerevan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/May_28_1919_celebration_Yerevan.jpg/250px-May_28_1919_celebration_Yerevan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/May_28_1919_celebration_Yerevan.jpg/330px-May_28_1919_celebration_Yerevan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/May_28_1919_celebration_Yerevan.jpg/500px-May_28_1919_celebration_Yerevan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1516" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A celebration in <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> on May 28, 1919.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the disintegration of the Russian Empire during World War I and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">rise to power</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> permitted the reoccupation of <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a> by Ottoman forces, which began to encroach on Eastern Armenian territory. The Armenian Revolutionary Federation coordinated an armed resistance to the Ottomans,<sup id="cite_ref-Sardarapat_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sardarapat-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which halted their advances at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sardarabad" title="Battle of Sardarabad">Sardarabad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abaran" title="Battle of Abaran">Abaran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karakilisa" title="Battle of Karakilisa">Karakilisa</a>, thus securing the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Armenia_(1918)" title="Declaration of Independence of Armenia (1918)">independence of Armenia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Armenia">Democratic Republic of Armenia</a> was subsequently established by the ARF, which began a period of reconstruction in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Sardarapat_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sardarapat-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11thRedArmyYerevan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/11thRedArmyYerevan.jpg/220px-11thRedArmyYerevan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/11thRedArmyYerevan.jpg/330px-11thRedArmyYerevan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/11thRedArmyYerevan.jpg/440px-11thRedArmyYerevan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1768" data-file-height="1302" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia" title="Red Army invasion of Armenia">Red Army invasion of Armenia</a>, November 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>But this independence was short lived, as the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> formed an alliance with the newly established <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>, with the intention of partitioning and occupying Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ensuing <a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> devastated the Armenian Republic, forcing it to cede Western Armenia to Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Days after the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alexandropol" title="Treaty of Alexandropol">Treaty of Alexandropol</a>, the weakened republic in Eastern Armenia was <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia" title="Red Army invasion of Armenia">invaded and occupied</a> by the <a href="/wiki/11th_Army_(RSFSR)" title="11th Army (RSFSR)">11th Soviet Red Army</a>, which established the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> in its place. The Armenian Revolutionary Federation was banned by the new Bolshevik authorities, which transformed Armenia into a one-party state and brought the country under the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a>. </p><p>In response to the <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">state terrorism</a> perpetrated by the <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a>, on February 13, 1921, the ARF led an <a href="/wiki/February_Uprising" title="February Uprising">uprising</a> against Bolshevik rule. The rebel forces managed to liberate large swathes of the country, including the capital of <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, and freed many Armenian revolutionaries from prison.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Battles continued to take place with the Red Army forces, which vastly outnumbered the ARF, eventually ending on April 2 with the recapture of Yerevan.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ARF retreated into the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Syunik_Province" title="Syunik Province">Syunik</a>, where they proclaimed the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mountainous_Armenia" title="Republic of Mountainous Armenia">Republic of Mountainous Armenia</a>, at a congress held on April 26 in <a href="/wiki/Tatev_Monastery" title="Tatev Monastery">Tatev Monastery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Red Army responded by conducting a massive military operation into the mountains,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forcing the republic to capitulate on July 13.<sup id="cite_ref-Saparov_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saparov-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last remnants of the ARF fled into exile, where they lost any trace of their anarchist and socialist ideology, moving towards an explicitly nationalist and <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> party line.<sup id="cite_ref-verluise_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verluise-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Armenia">Soviet Armenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Soviet Armenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Atabekian.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Alexander_Atabekian.jpeg/220px-Alexander_Atabekian.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Alexander_Atabekian.jpeg/330px-Alexander_Atabekian.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Alexander_Atabekian.jpeg/440px-Alexander_Atabekian.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>The Armenian anarcho-communist <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Atabekian" title="Alexander Atabekian">Alexander Atabekian</a>, a contemporary of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a> and one of the many <a href="/wiki/Armenian_victims_of_the_Great_Purge" title="Armenian victims of the Great Purge">Armenian victims of the Great Purge</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to the alienation that these heavy-handed repressions had caused in Armenia, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" title="Council of People's Commissars">Council of People's Commissars</a> appointed the Armenian Bolshevik <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Miasnikian" title="Alexander Miasnikian">Alexander Miasnikian</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia" title="Prime Minister of Armenia">Chairman</a> of the new Armenian Soviet government, under orders to moderate government policies and <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">slow down</a> the transition to socialism. One of Miasnikian's first decrees as chairman was to declare <a href="/wiki/Mountainous_Karabakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountainous Karabakh">Mountainous Karabakh</a> to be a part of the Armenian SSR.<sup id="cite_ref-Saparov_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saparov-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite initially promising to integrate <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> into Armenia, the <a href="/wiki/Kavbiuro" title="Kavbiuro">Kavbiuro</a> reversed its promise within days, establishing the territory as an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union">autonomous oblast</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Suny_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suny-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decision was ratified by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_Nationalities" title="People's Commissariat for Nationalities">People's Commissariat for Nationalities</a> under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, later also transferring the <a href="/wiki/Nakhichevan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a> to Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Armenia_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Armenia (Soviet Union)">Armenian Communist Party</a> appealed this decision, as the two regions had been promised to the Armenian SSR during the Red Army invasion, but they were unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-Suny_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suny-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1925, Miasnikian died in a plane crash under suspicious circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Armenian SSR was thereafter brought into the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Socialist_Federative_Soviet_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic">Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic</a>, one of the four <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty on the Creation of the USSR">founding republics</a> that formed the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Throughout the 1920s, Armenia suffered through an <a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">anti-religious campaign</a> during which church property was confiscated by the state and priests were harassed, briefly subsiding in order to ease relations with the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian diaspora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1928, a <a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">new phase</a> of religious persecution accelerated again, following the consolidation of power by Stalin.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period of <a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">ideological repression</a> in Armenia eventually evolved into targeted <a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">political repression</a>. </p><p>Just as the Armenian SSR was reinstated by the <a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">Stalinist constitution</a>, the country fell under the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>, during which thousands of Armenians were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_victims_of_the_Great_Purge" title="Armenian victims of the Great Purge">Armenian victims of the Great Purge</a> included leaders of the clergy, prominent Bolshevik party officials (many accused of <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a>) and former members of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, such as the anarchist <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Atabekian" title="Alexander Atabekian">Alexander Atabekian</a>. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Soviet Union initiated a policy of <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">population transfer</a> of ethnic minorities. Tens of thousands of Armenians were deported to Siberia in the process,<sup id="cite_ref-Bauer_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauer-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by the further deportation of Armenians and <a href="/wiki/Hamshenis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamshenis">Hamshenis</a> to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamshenis_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamshenis-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, an estimated 300–500,000 Armenians were sent to fight on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>, almost half of whom did not return.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To revitalize the country's population, members of the Armenian diaspora were invited to repatriate the Armenian SSR, resulting in the resettlement of hundreds of thousands of Armenian immigrants throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These immigrants soon fell victim to discrimination by the native population as well as the Soviet government, which targeted many for deportation to Siberia and Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-laycock_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laycock-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This went on until the <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">death of Stalin</a>, during which the Armenian national identity was reaffirmed and the country went through a period of <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a>. On April 24, 1965, <a href="/wiki/1965_Yerevan_demonstrations" title="1965 Yerevan demonstrations">demonstrations in Yerevan</a> marked the 50th anniversary since the beginning of the Armenian genocide, beginning the first steps in the <a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_the_Armenian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Recognition of the Armenian genocide">recognition of the Armenian genocide</a>. The Armenian soviet government responded with the construction of a memorial complex on the hill of <a href="/wiki/Tsitsernakaberd" title="Tsitsernakaberd">Tsitsernakaberd</a>. </p><p>Following the introduction of <i><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a></i>, many Hamshenis in Central Asia petitioned the government to allow their resettlement in Armenia, which the Soviet government rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamshenis_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamshenis-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 20, 1988, the Supreme Soviet of the <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast">Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast</a> voted to unify with Armenia,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a decision that led to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a>. Escalating tensions between the Armenian SSR and the Soviet authorities culminated in a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Armenia" title="Declaration of State Sovereignty of Armenia">declaration of State Sovereignty</a> by the Armenian Supreme Soviet, followed by the <a href="/wiki/1991_Armenian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Armenian independence referendum">1991 Armenian independence referendum</a>, in which Armenians voted overwhelmingly in favor of independence.<sup id="cite_ref-apn.ru_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apn.ru-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ria.ru_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ria.ru-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_Armenia">Independent Armenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Independent Armenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> and the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a>, the right-wing <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Armenia" title="Republican Party of Armenia">Republican Party of Armenia</a> began to consolidate power as the country's ruling political party. When the republican-supported <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kocharyan" title="Robert Kocharyan">Robert Kocharyan</a> was <a href="/wiki/1998_Armenian_presidential_election" title="1998 Armenian presidential election">elected</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Armenia" title="President of Armenia">President of Armenia</a>, he legalized the formerly banned <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Razmik_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Razmik-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which went on to form a coalition government with the republicans following the <a href="/wiki/1999_Armenian_parliamentary_election" title="1999 Armenian parliamentary election">1999 parliamentary election</a>. On October 27, 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_parliament_shooting" title="Armenian parliament shooting">Armenian parliament shooting</a> took place, in which the prime minister <a href="/wiki/Vazgen_Sargsyan" title="Vazgen Sargsyan">Vazgen Sargsyan</a> and the speaker <a href="/wiki/Karen_Demirchyan" title="Karen Demirchyan">Karen Demirchyan</a> were both killed in a terrorist attack led by the former ARF member <a href="/wiki/Nairi_Hunanyan" title="Nairi Hunanyan">Nairi Hunanyan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-anniversary_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anniversary-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event led to a rise authoritarian rule by Kocharyan and the republican party. </p><p>In the 2000s, the anarchist movement re-emerged in Armenia, rising up in reaction to the restoration of the rites of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_nobility" title="Armenian nobility">nobility</a> and the Apostolic Church, as well as the resurgence of authoritarian governance. In 2003, a branch of <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Action" title="Autonomous Action">Autonomous Action</a> was established in Armenia,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by the establishment of the Armenian Libertarian-Socialist Movement in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rise of anti-establishment sentiment culminated in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Armenian_presidential_election_protests" title="2008 Armenian presidential election protests">2008 protest</a>, in which people rose up against alleged electoral fraud after the <a href="/wiki/2008_Armenian_presidential_election" title="2008 Armenian presidential election">election</a> of Kocharyan's successor <a href="/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan" title="Serzh Sargsyan">Serzh Sargsyan</a> as president. The demonstrations were violently dispersed and a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> was invoked by the republican government, banning freedom of assembly and censoring the media, accelerating the violence which resulted in the deaths of 10 protesters.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political repression in the country became so intense that many of the newly established anarchist groups were forced to dissolve themselves, including the Armenian branch of Autonomous Action, which fled into exile in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further <a href="/wiki/2011_Armenian_protests" title="2011 Armenian protests">protests in 2011</a> eventually provoked a number of reforms, including the reinstitution of freedom of assembly<sup id="cite_ref-FreeAssembly_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreeAssembly-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an amnesty for political prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-amnesty_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amnesty-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anarchist movement subsequently re-organized itself, attending <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> protests as part of the "Left Alternative" organization,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as establishing <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_centers" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social centers">autonomous social centers</a> such as the DIY Club in Yerevan.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animal rights activists staged "shut 'em down" events in cities throughout the country, during which meat and fur shops were closed down with glue and locks.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarchists participated in the <a href="/wiki/Electric_Yerevan" title="Electric Yerevan">2015 protests</a> against a price hike on electricity rates,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they were violently repressed by police, but nevertheless managed to achieve the reversal of the price increase and the sale of the monopolistic electricity distributor.<sup id="cite_ref-PONARS_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PONARS-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarcha-feminists</a> responded to the <a href="/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a> by denouncing the nationalism which drove the conflict, arguing that the conflict was used as a distraction by the authoritarian regimes in Armenia and Azerbaijan to justify the continued oppression of their own people. They claimed that the only way to achieve peace was through the destruction of the patriarchal and militarist systems that perpetuate war, by means of non-violent methods of collective <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, anarchists criticized the subsequent <a href="/wiki/2016_Yerevan_hostage_crisis" title="2016 Yerevan hostage crisis">Yerevan hostage crisis</a> as a product of nationalism, misogyny and statism, seeing no point in participating in the solidarity protests, instead hoping for anti-government protests to develop a distinct element of <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarchists also described the <a href="/wiki/2018_Armenian_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Armenian revolution">Velvet revolution</a> as mere "regime change", which changed little materially about the Armenian state. They analyzed how it would affect the country's alliance with Russia, as well as the potential for future clashes in Nagorno-Karabakh.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war">2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war</a>, many anarchists from Armenia, Azerbaijan and other countries unequivocally condemned the war, adopting an anti-militarist stance and calling for peace.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/28px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/42px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/56px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Armenian_anarchists" title="Category:Armenian anarchists">Category:Armenian anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_movements_by_region" title="List of anarchist movements by region">List of anarchist movements by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Anarchism in Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Anarchism in Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchism in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Anarchism in Turkey</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArmenian_Libertarian-Socialist_Movement2007" class="citation web cs1">Armenian Libertarian-Socialist Movement (7 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/armenian-libertarian-socialist-movement-armenian-history-an-anarchist-perspective">"Armenian history: an anarchist perspective"</a>. The Anarchist Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armenian+history%3A+an+anarchist+perspective&rft.pub=The+Anarchist+Library&rft.date=2007-02-07&rft.au=Armenian+Libertarian-Socialist+Movement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheanarchistlibrary.org%2Flibrary%2Farmenian-libertarian-socialist-movement-armenian-history-an-anarchist-perspective&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce">Boyce, Mary</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC&q=false"><i>Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415239028" title="Special:BookSources/9780415239028"><bdi>9780415239028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoroastrians%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780415239028&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da6gbxVfjtUEC%26q%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilmanKlimkeit2013" class="citation book cs1">Gilman, Ian; Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim (11 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UGpr2KsbS94C"><i>Christians in Asia before 1500</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136109782" title="Special:BookSources/9781136109782"><bdi>9781136109782</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+in+Asia+before+1500&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft.isbn=9781136109782&rft.aulast=Gilman&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Klimkeit%2C+Hans-Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUGpr2KsbS94C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurkjian-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurkjian_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKurkjian1958" class="citation book cs1">Kurkjian, Vahan M. (1958). "XX. Period of the Marzbans — Battle of Avarair". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Asia/Armenia/_Texts/KURARM/20*.html"><i>A History of Armenia</i></a>. Armenian General Benevolent Union of America. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/317522978">317522978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XX.+Period+of+the+Marzbans+%E2%80%94+Battle+of+Avarair&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Armenia&rft.pub=Armenian+General+Benevolent+Union+of+America&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F317522978&rft.aulast=Kurkjian&rft.aufirst=Vahan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FGazetteer%2FPlaces%2FAsia%2FArmenia%2F_Texts%2FKURARM%2F20%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brit2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brit2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brit2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Constantine-Silvanus">"Constantine-Silvanus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constantine-Silvanus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FConstantine-Silvanus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vrej_Nersessian_1948,_p.53-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vrej_Nersessian_1948,_p.53_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nersessian, Vrej: The Tondrakian Movement, Princeton Theological Monograph Series, Pickwick Publications, Allison Park, Pennsylvania, 1948, p.53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CatholicEncy-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CatholicEncy_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11583b.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: Paulicians"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Advent" title="New Advent">New Advent</a></i>. 1 February 1911<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-1795-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-1795-9"><bdi>0-7524-1795-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Wars%3A+Battles+and+Campaigns+of+the+Byzantine+Era&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7524-1795-9&rft.aulast=Haldon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOycjAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1987" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Romilly (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O5JqH_NXQBsC"><i>Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries, AD 610–1071</i></a>. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-6667-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-6667-4"><bdi>0-8020-6667-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium%3A+The+Imperial+Centuries%2C+AD+610%E2%80%931071&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario%2C+Canada&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-8020-6667-4&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Romilly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO5JqH_NXQBsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charanis61-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Charanis61_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharanis1961" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Charanis" title="Peter Charanis">Charanis, Peter</a> (1961). "The Transfer of Population as a Policy in the Byzantine Empire". <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 142, <span class="nowrap">144–</span>152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500012093">10.1017/S0010417500012093</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/177624">177624</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145091581">145091581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=The+Transfer+of+Population+as+a+Policy+in+the+Byzantine+Empire&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=142%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E144-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145091581%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F177624%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417500012093&rft.aulast=Charanis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Paulicians">"Paulician"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=XXI+Vek&rft.atitle=Pavlikijani+ili+banatski+Bugari&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Nikolin&rft.aufirst=Svetlana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5364641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garsoïan2011-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garsoïan2011_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarsoïan1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nina_Garso%C3%AFan" title="Nina Garsoïan">Garsoïan, Nina G.</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sk9Q-A0zwq0C"><i>The Paulician heresy: a study of the origin and development of Paulicianism in Armenia and the Eastern Provinces of the Byzantine empire</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-134452-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-134452-2"><bdi>978-3-11-134452-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paulician+heresy%3A+a+study+of+the+origin+and+development+of+Paulicianism+in+Armenia+and+the+Eastern+Provinces+of+the+Byzantine+empire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-3-11-134452-2&rft.aulast=Garso%C3%AFan&rft.aufirst=Nina+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsk9Q-A0zwq0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBournoutian2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Bournoutian" title="George Bournoutian">Bournoutian, George A.</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00geor/page/89"><i>A Concise History of the Armenian People: From Ancient Times to the Present</i></a></span>. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00geor/page/89">89</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-141-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-141-4"><bdi>978-1-56859-141-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Armenian+People%3A+From+Ancient+Times+to+the+Present&rft.place=Costa+Mesa%2C+CA&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Mazda&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-56859-141-4&rft.aulast=Bournoutian&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof00geor%2Fpage%2F89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAE1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SAE1_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Armenian)</span> Ter-Ghevondyan, Aram N. <i>«Բագրատունիների Թագավորություն»</i> (Bagratuni Kingdom). <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armenian_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia">Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia</a>. vol. ii. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Academy of Sciences">Armenian Academy of Sciences</a>, 1976, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHewsen2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hewsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Hewsen">Hewsen, Robert H</a> (2000). <i>Armenia: A Historical Atlas</i>. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-33228-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-33228-4"><bdi>978-0-226-33228-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia%3A+A+Historical+Atlas&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=University+Of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-226-33228-4&rft.aulast=Hewsen&rft.aufirst=Robert+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShahamirian1773" class="citation book cs1">Shahamirian, Shahamir (1773). <i>Vorogayt parats (Snare of Glory)</i>. pp. Article 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vorogayt+parats+%28Snare+of+Glory%29&rft.pages=Article+3&rft.date=1773&rft.aulast=Shahamirian&rft.aufirst=Shahamir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamian1980" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Abrahamian, A. A. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hpj.asj-oa.am/3262/">"Միքայել Նալբանդյանի հայացքները լեզվի բնույթի, դերի և նրա մշակման մասին"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Patma-Banasirakan_Handes" title="Patma-Banasirakan Handes">Patma-Banasirakan Handes</a></i> (in Armenian) (1): <span class="nowrap">96–</span>114. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161113010224/http://hpj.asj-oa.am/3262/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patma-Banasirakan+Handes&rft.atitle=%D5%84%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%AC+%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB+%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D6%81%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8+%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%BE%D5%AB+%D5%A2%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9%D5%AB%2C+%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB+%D6%87+%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1+%D5%B4%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E96-%3C%2Fspan%3E114&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Abrahamian&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhpj.asj-oa.am%2F3262%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGhazarian1954" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ghazarian, S. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://basss.asj-oa.am/1027/">"Միքայել Նալբանդյանի լեզվաբանական հայացքները [Linguistic views of Mikayel Nalbandian]"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lraber_Hasarakakan_Gitutyunneri" title="Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri">Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR: Social Sciences</a></i> (in Armenian) (11): <span class="nowrap">37–</span>50. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160530211420/http://basss.asj-oa.am/1027/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+Armenian+SSR%3A+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=%D5%84%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%AC+%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB+%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D6%81%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8+%5BLinguistic+views+of+Mikayel+Nalbandian%5D&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Ghazarian&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbasss.asj-oa.am%2F1027%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNalbandian1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louise_Nalbandian" title="Louise Nalbandian">Nalbandian, Louise</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb__dIsS3aidr0C"><i>The Armenian Revolutionary Movement</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-00914-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-00914-1"><bdi>978-0-520-00914-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Revolutionary+Movement&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-520-00914-1&rft.aulast=Nalbandian&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb__dIsS3aidr0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNalbandian1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louise_Nalbandian" title="Louise Nalbandian">Nalbandian, Louise</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb__dIsS3aidr0C"><i>The Armenian Revolutionary Movement</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">71–</span>74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-00914-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-00914-1"><bdi>978-0-520-00914-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Revolutionary+Movement&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-520-00914-1&rft.aulast=Nalbandian&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb__dIsS3aidr0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaronian1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B5_%D4%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6" class="extiw" title="hy:Սերգեյ Դարոնյան">Daronian, Sergei</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Armenian]</span> (1982). "Նալբանդյան Միքայել [Nalbandian Mikayel]". <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armenian_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia"><i>Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia Volume 8</i></a> (in Armenian). pp. <a class="external text" href="https://hy.wikisource.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BB:%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_(Soviet_Armenian_Encyclopedia)_8.djvu/150">150–152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%84%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%AC+%5BNalbandian+Mikayel%5D&rft.btitle=Soviet+Armenian+Encyclopedia+Volume+8&rft.pages=150-152&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Daronian&rft.aufirst=Sergei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInchikian1954" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D4%BB%D5%B6%D5%B3%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6" class="extiw" title="hy:Արամ Ինճիկյան">Inchikian, Aram</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Armenian]</span> (1954). <i>Միքայել Նալբանդյանի կյանքի և գործունեության տարեգրությունը [Chronology of the life and activities of Mikayel Nalbandian]</i> (in Armenian). Yerevan: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Armenian National Academy of Sciences">Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences</a>. p. 211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D5%84%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%AC+%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB+%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%AB+%D6%87+%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A8+%5BChronology+of+the+life+and+activities+of+Mikayel+Nalbandian%5D&rft.place=Yerevan&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Armenian+SSR+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Inchikian&rft.aufirst=Aram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInchikian1954" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D4%BB%D5%B6%D5%B3%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6" class="extiw" title="hy:Արամ Ինճիկյան">Inchikian, Aram</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Armenian]</span> (1954). <i>Միքայել Նալբանդյանի կյանքի և գործունեության տարեգրությունը [Chronology of the life and activities of Mikayel Nalbandian]</i> (in Armenian). Yerevan: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Armenian National Academy of Sciences">Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">295–</span>301.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D5%84%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%AC+%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB+%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%AB+%D6%87+%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A8+%5BChronology+of+the+life+and+activities+of+Mikayel+Nalbandian%5D&rft.place=Yerevan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E295-%3C%2Fspan%3E301&rft.pub=Armenian+SSR+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Inchikian&rft.aufirst=Aram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInchikian1954" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D4%BB%D5%B6%D5%B3%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6" class="extiw" title="hy:Արամ Ինճիկյան">Inchikian, Aram</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Armenian]</span> (1954). <i>Միքայել Նալբանդյանի կյանքի և գործունեության տարեգրությունը [Chronology of the life and activities of Mikayel Nalbandian]</i> (in Armenian). Yerevan: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Armenian National Academy of Sciences">Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences</a>. p. 306.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D5%84%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%AC+%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB+%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%AB+%D6%87+%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A8+%5BChronology+of+the+life+and+activities+of+Mikayel+Nalbandian%5D&rft.place=Yerevan&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=Armenian+SSR+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Inchikian&rft.aufirst=Aram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuny1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Suny, Ronald Grigor</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lookingtowardara00rona"><i>Looking Toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History</i></a>. Indiana University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">68–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253207739" title="Special:BookSources/9780253207739"><bdi>9780253207739</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looking+Toward+Ararat%3A+Armenia+in+Modern+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780253207739&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flookingtowardara00rona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTer_Minassian1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anahide_Ter_Minassian" title="Anahide Ter Minassian">Ter Minassian, Anahide</a> (1994). "The role of the Armenian community in the foundation and development of the socialist movement in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey - 1876-1923". In Mete Tunçay; Erik Jan Zürcher (eds.). <i>Socialism and nationalism in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1923</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850437871" title="Special:BookSources/9781850437871"><bdi>9781850437871</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/468755862">468755862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+role+of+the+Armenian+community+in+the+foundation+and+development+of+the+socialist+movement+in+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Turkey+-+1876-1923&rft.btitle=Socialism+and+nationalism+in+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1876-1923&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F468755862&rft.isbn=9781850437871&rft.aulast=Ter+Minassian&rft.aufirst=Anahide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÇorlu2016" class="citation book cs1">Çorlu, Axel B. (2016). "Anarchists and Anarchism in the Ottoman Empire, 1850–1917". In Selim Karahasanoğlu; Deniz Cenk Demir (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/axel-b-corlu-anarchists-and-anarchism-in-the-ottoman-empire-1850-1917#toc1"><i>History from below: a tribute in memory of Donald Quataert</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. p. 551. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786053994497" title="Special:BookSources/9786053994497"><bdi>9786053994497</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1030078419">1030078419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchists+and+Anarchism+in+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1850%E2%80%931917&rft.btitle=History+from+below%3A+a+tribute+in+memory+of+Donald+Quataert&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pages=551&rft.pub=%C4%B0stanbul+Bilgi+%C3%9Cniversitesi+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1030078419&rft.isbn=9786053994497&rft.aulast=%C3%87orlu&rft.aufirst=Axel+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheanarchistlibrary.org%2Flibrary%2Faxel-b-corlu-anarchists-and-anarchism-in-the-ottoman-empire-1850-1917%23toc1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayots_p.42–48-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hayots_p.42–48_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayots_p.42–48_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayots_p.42–48_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKurdoghlian1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kurdoghlian, Mihran (1996). <i>Hayots Badmoutioun (Armenian History)</i> (in Armenian). Hradaragutiun Azkayin Oosoomnagan Khorhoortee, Athens Greece. pp. <span class="nowrap">42–</span>48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hayots+Badmoutioun+%28Armenian+History%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.pub=Hradaragutiun+Azkayin+Oosoomnagan+Khorhoortee%2C+Athens+Greece&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Kurdoghlian&rft.aufirst=Mihran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCemal_Selbuz2006" class="citation news cs1">Cemal Selbuz (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anarkismo.net/newswire.php?story_id=3771">"Biography of Armenian anarchist Alexander Atabekian: An anarchist on the roads of freedom"</a>. No. 25. Translated by Deniz Keskin. <a href="/wiki/Abolishing_the_Borders_from_Below" title="Abolishing the Borders from Below">Abolishing the Borders from Below</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Biography+of+Armenian+anarchist+Alexander+Atabekian%3A+An+anarchist+on+the+roads+of+freedom&rft.issue=25&rft.date=2006-07&rft.au=Cemal+Selbuz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anarkismo.net%2Fnewswire.php%3Fstory_id%3D3771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bank_Ottoman-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bank_Ottoman_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian1997" class="citation book cs1">Hovannisian, Richard G. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armenianpeoplefr00rich_0/page/224"><i>The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armenianpeoplefr00rich_0/page/224">224–225</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-10168-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-10168-8"><bdi>978-0-312-10168-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+People+from+Ancient+to+Modern+Times&rft.pages=224-225&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-312-10168-8&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmenianpeoplefr00rich_0%2Fpage%2F224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modern_Armenian_history-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Armenian_history_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian1997" class="citation book cs1">Hovannisian, Richard G. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armenianpeoplefr00rich_0/page/418"><i>The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armenianpeoplefr00rich_0/page/418">418</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-10168-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-10168-8"><bdi>978-0-312-10168-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+People+from+Ancient+to+Modern+Times&rft.pages=418&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-312-10168-8&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmenianpeoplefr00rich_0%2Fpage%2F418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNettlau1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Max_Nettlau" title="Max Nettlau">Nettlau, Max</a> (1984). <i>Anarchisten und Syndikalisten</i>. Geschichte der Anarchie (in German). <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Social_History" title="International Institute of Social History">International Institute of Social History</a>. p. 482. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783289002934" title="Special:BookSources/9783289002934"><bdi>9783289002934</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/600393383">600393383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchisten+und+Syndikalisten&rft.series=Geschichte+der+Anarchie&rft.pages=482&rft.pub=International+Institute+of+Social+History&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F600393383&rft.isbn=9783289002934&rft.aulast=Nettlau&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAkçam2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Taner_Ak%C3%A7am" title="Taner Akçam">Akçam, Taner</a> (2006). <i><a href="/wiki/A_Shameful_Act_:_The_Armenian_Genocide_and_the_Question_of_Turkish_Responsibility" class="mw-redirect" title="A Shameful Act : The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility">A Shameful Act : The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility</a></i>. Macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">42–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8665-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8665-2"><bdi>978-0-8050-8665-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Shameful+Act+%3A+The+Armenian+Genocide+and+the+Question+of+Turkish+Responsibility&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-8665-2&rft.aulast=Ak%C3%A7am&rft.aufirst=Taner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Assembly of Turkish American Associations (ATAA): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ataa.org/reference/myth/party.html">Armenakan, Hunchaks and Dashnaktsutiun: Revolutionary Parties; Terror as Method. Nationalism Spreads From the Church to Secular Organizations</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zon-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zon_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlloulEldemSmaele2017" class="citation book cs1">Alloul, Houssine; Eldem, Edhem; Smaele, Henk de (20 November 2017). <i>To Kill a Sultan: A Transnational History of the Attempt on Abdülhamid II</i>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137489319" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137489319"><bdi>978-1137489319</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Kill+a+Sultan%3A+A+Transnational+History+of+the+Attempt+on+Abd%C3%BClhamid+II&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2017-11-20&rft.isbn=978-1137489319&rft.aulast=Alloul&rft.aufirst=Houssine&rft.au=Eldem%2C+Edhem&rft.au=Smaele%2C+Henk+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anna_Geifman-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anna_Geifman_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeifman1995" class="citation book cs1">Geifman, Anna (1995-12-31). <i>Thou Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia, 1894–1917</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">21–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02549-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02549-0"><bdi>978-0-691-02549-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thou+Shalt+Kill%3A+Revolutionary+Terrorism+in+Russia%2C+1894%E2%80%931917&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=1995-12-31&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02549-0&rft.aulast=Geifman&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tempest-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tempest_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVratsian2000" class="citation book cs1">Vratsian, Simon (2000). <i>Tempest-Born DRO</i>. Armenian Prelacy, New York, translated by Tamar Der-Ohannesian. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tempest-Born+DRO&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.pub=Armenian+Prelacy%2C+New+York%2C+translated+by+Tamar+Der-Ohannesian&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Vratsian&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-libaridian-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-libaridian_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLibaridian1996" class="citation book cs1">Libaridian, Gerard J. (1996). "Revolution and Liberation in the 1892 and 1907 Programs of the Dashnaktsutiun". In Suny, Ronald Grigor (ed.). <i>Transcaucasia, Nationalism, and Social Change</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">187–</span>198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Revolution+and+Liberation+in+the+1892+and+1907+Programs+of+the+Dashnaktsutiun&rft.btitle=Transcaucasia%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+Social+Change&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E198&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Libaridian&rft.aufirst=Gerard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond H. Kévorkian, "The Cilician Massacres, April 1909" in <i>Armenian Cilicia</i>, eds. <a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Richard G. Hovannisian</a> and Simon Payaslian. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series: Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, 7. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, 2008, pp. 339-69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdalian2012" class="citation book cs1">Adalian, Rouben Paul (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6XYp-z5aP4MC&pg=PA132">"The Armenian Genocide"</a>. In Totten, Samuel; Parsons, William S. (eds.). <i>Century of Genocide</i>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">117–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415871914" title="Special:BookSources/9780415871914"><bdi>9780415871914</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Armenian+Genocide&rft.btitle=Century+of+Genocide&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780415871914&rft.aulast=Adalian&rft.aufirst=Rouben+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6XYp-z5aP4MC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adalian2010-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adalian2010_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdalian2010" class="citation book cs1">Adalian, Rouben Paul (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QS-vSjHObOYC&pg=PA70">"Adana Massacre"</a>. <i>Historical Dictionary of Armenia</i>. Scarecrow Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">70–</span>71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810874503" title="Special:BookSources/9780810874503"><bdi>9780810874503</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adana+Massacre&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Armenia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780810874503&rft.aulast=Adalian&rft.aufirst=Rouben+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQS-vSjHObOYC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARF_and_Young_Turks-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ARF_and_Young_Turks_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKurdoghlian1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kurdoghlian, Mihran (1996). <i>Hayots Badmoutioun (Armenian History)</i> (in Armenian). Hradaragutiun Azkayin Oosoomnagan Khorhoortee, Athens Greece. pp. <span class="nowrap">52–</span>53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hayots+Badmoutioun+%28Armenian+History%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.pub=Hradaragutiun+Azkayin+Oosoomnagan+Khorhoortee%2C+Athens+Greece&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Kurdoghlian&rft.aufirst=Mihran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKevorkian2011" class="citation book cs1">Kevorkian, Raymond (2011-03-30). <i>The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History</i>. I.B.Tauris. pp. <span class="nowrap">158–</span>165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-020-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-020-6"><bdi>978-0-85773-020-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Genocide%3A+A+Complete+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2011-03-30&rft.isbn=978-0-85773-020-6&rft.aulast=Kevorkian&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerberian2001" class="citation book cs1">Berberian, Houri (2001). <i>Armenians and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1911</i>. Westview Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">116–</span>117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3817-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3817-0"><bdi>978-0-8133-3817-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenians+and+the+Iranian+Constitutional+Revolution+of+1905%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3817-0&rft.aulast=Berberian&rft.aufirst=Houri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerberian2001" class="citation book cs1">Berberian, Houri (2001). <i>Armenians and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1911</i>. Westview Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">132–</span>134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3817-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3817-0"><bdi>978-0-8133-3817-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenians+and+the+Iranian+Constitutional+Revolution+of+1905%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E134&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3817-0&rft.aulast=Berberian&rft.aufirst=Houri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dashnak_leaders_killed_during_Armenian_Genocide-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dashnak_leaders_killed_during_Armenian_Genocide_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707162428/http://www.armenianreporteronline.com/old/21042001/c-khachig.htm">"Eyewitness account of the start of the Armenian genocide"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenianreporteronline.com/old/21042001/c-khachig.htm">the original</a> on 2011-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eyewitness+account+of+the+start+of+the+Armenian+genocide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenianreporteronline.com%2Fold%2F21042001%2Fc-khachig.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Resistance-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Van_Resistance_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKurdoghlian1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kurdoghlian, Mihran (1996). <i>Hayots Badmoutioun (Armenian History)</i> (in Armenian). Hradaragutiun Azkayin Oosoomnagan Khorhoortee, Athens Greece. pp. <span class="nowrap">92–</span>93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hayots+Badmoutioun+%28Armenian+History%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.pub=Hradaragutiun+Azkayin+Oosoomnagan+Khorhoortee%2C+Athens+Greece&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Kurdoghlian&rft.aufirst=Mihran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Operation_Nemesis-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Operation_Nemesis_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061211002711/http://www.hyeetch.nareg.com.au/genocide/punish_p1.html">"Punishment of the Executors of the Armenian genocide"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hyeetch.nareg.com.au/genocide/punish_p1.html">the original</a> on 11 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Punishment+of+the+Executors+of+the+Armenian+genocide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hyeetch.nareg.com.au%2Fgenocide%2Fpunish_p1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAvakian1989" class="citation book cs1">Avakian, Lindy V. (1989). <i>The Cross and the Crescent</i>. USC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-943247-06-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-943247-06-9"><bdi>978-0-943247-06-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cross+and+the+Crescent&rft.pub=USC+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-943247-06-9&rft.aulast=Avakian&rft.aufirst=Lindy+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sardarapat-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sardarapat_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sardarapat_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121219022325/http://armenianhistory.info/thefirst.htm">"The First Republic"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armenianhistory.info/thefirst.htm">the original</a> on 2012-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+Republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmenianhistory.info%2Fthefirst.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090329/http://www.armenianow.com/archive/2004/2003/may30/features/index.htm">"Genocide survivors recall victory at Sardarapat"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenianow.com/archive/2004/2003/may30/features/index.htm">the original</a> on 29 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genocide+survivors+recall+victory+at+Sardarapat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenianow.com%2Farchive%2F2004%2F2003%2Fmay30%2Ffeatures%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian1982" class="citation book cs1">Hovannisian, Richard G. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicofarmeni0000hova/page/20"><i>The Republic of Armenia, Vol. II: From Versailles to London, 1919–1920</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicofarmeni0000hova/page/20">20–39, <span class="nowrap">316–</span>364, 404–530</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-04186-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-04186-0"><bdi>0-520-04186-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+Armenia%2C+Vol.+II%3A+From+Versailles+to+London%2C+1919%E2%80%931920&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=20-39%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E316-%3C%2Fspan%3E364%2C+404-530&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-520-04186-0&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frepublicofarmeni0000hova%2Fpage%2F20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hovannisian, Richard G. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/162238?&Search=yes&term=Hovannisian&term=G.&term=Richard&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DRichard%2BG.%2BHovannisian%26wc%3Don%26acc%3Don&item=2&ttl=424&returnArticleService=showFullText">Armenia and the Caucasus in the Genesis of the Soviet-Turkish Entente</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Middle_East_Studies" title="International Journal of Middle East Studies">International Journal of Middle East Studies</a></i>, Vol. 4, No. 2 (April, 1973), pp. 129–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPayaslian2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Payaslian" title="Simon Payaslian">Payaslian, Simon</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7J-g7Wld1vEC&q=Committee+Salvation+Fatherland+vratsian&pg=PA170"><i>The History of Armenia</i></a>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-7467-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-7467-9"><bdi>978-1-4039-7467-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Armenia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-7467-9&rft.aulast=Payaslian&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7J-g7Wld1vEC%26q%3DCommittee%2BSalvation%2BFatherland%2Bvratsian%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChorbajianMutafianDonabedian1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Levon_Chorbajian" title="Levon Chorbajian">Chorbajian, Levon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Claude_Mutafian" title="Claude Mutafian">Mutafian, Claude</a>; Donabedian, Patrick (1994). <i>The Caucasian Knot: The History and Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh</i>. Zed Books. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85649-287-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85649-287-7"><bdi>1-85649-287-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caucasian+Knot%3A+The+History+and+Geopolitics+of+Nagorno-Karabagh&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-85649-287-7&rft.aulast=Chorbajian&rft.aufirst=Levon&rft.au=Mutafian%2C+Claude&rft.au=Donabedian%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOnanyan2011" class="citation web cs1">Onanyan, Vardan (July 20, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110816094714/http://www.armtimes.com/26685">"Լեռնահայաստան-90"</a>. 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Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996, pp. 405-07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saparov-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saparov_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saparov_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaparov2012" class="citation journal cs1">Saparov, Arsène (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.com/stable/41478346">"Why Autonomy? The Making of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region 1918-1925"</a>. <i>Europe-Asia Studies</i>. <b>64</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">281–</span>323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668136.2011.642583">10.1080/09668136.2011.642583</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154783461">154783461</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=Why+Autonomy%3F+The+Making+of+Nagorno-Karabakh+Autonomous+Region+1918-1925&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E281-%3C%2Fspan%3E323&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668136.2011.642583&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154783461%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Saparov&rft.aufirst=Ars%C3%A8ne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.com%2Fstable%2F41478346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-verluise-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-verluise_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVerluise1995" class="citation book cs1">Verluise, Pierre (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armeniaincrisis100verl/page/38"><i>Armenia in Crisis: The 1988 Earthquake</i></a>. Wayne State University Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814325278" title="Special:BookSources/9780814325278"><bdi>9780814325278</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia+in+Crisis%3A+The+1988+Earthquake&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780814325278&rft.aulast=Verluise&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmeniaincrisis100verl%2Fpage%2F38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suny-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suny_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suny_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuny1989" class="citation journal cs1">Suny, Ronald Grigor (1989). "Nationalism and Democracy in Gorbachev's Soviet Union: The Case of Karabagh". <i>Michigan Quarterly Review</i>. <b>XXVIII</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">481–</span>506. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fspo.act2080.0028.004%3A03">2027/spo.act2080.0028.004:03</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Nationalism+and+Democracy+in+Gorbachev%27s+Soviet+Union%3A+The+Case+of+Karabagh&rft.volume=XXVIII&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E481-%3C%2Fspan%3E506&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fspo.act2080.0028.004%3A03&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatossian1962" class="citation book cs1">Matossian, Mary Kilbourne (1962). <i>The Impact of Soviet Policies in Armenia</i>. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8305-0081-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8305-0081-9"><bdi>978-0-8305-0081-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+Soviet+Policies+in+Armenia&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-8305-0081-9&rft.aulast=Matossian&rft.aufirst=Mary+Kilbourne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Kotkin2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kotkin" title="Stephen Kotkin">Stephen Kotkin</a> (2014). <i>Stalin: Volume I: Paradoxes of Power, 1878-1928</i> (ePub ed.). <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin Press">Penguin Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">2615–</span>2616. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594203794" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594203794"><bdi>978-1594203794</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+Volume+I%3A+Paradoxes+of+Power%2C+1878-1928&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2615-%3C%2Fspan%3E2616&rft.edition=ePub&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1594203794&rft.au=Stephen+Kotkin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matossian. <i>Impact of Soviet Policies</i>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matossian. <i>Impact of Soviet Policies</i>, pp. 150, 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManoukian" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Manoukian, A.S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224122858/http://lraber.asj-oa.am/1797/">"Հայաստանի հասարակական-քաղաքական գործիչները ստալինյան բռնությունների տարիներին [Armenian public-political figures in the years of Stalin's repression]"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lraber_Hasarakakan_Gitutyunneri" title="Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri">Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri</a></i> (in Armenian) (1): 30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lraber.asj-oa.am/1797/">the original</a> on 2021-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lraber+Hasarakakan+Gitutyunneri&rft.atitle=%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB+%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6-%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%B9%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8+%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%A2%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB+%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6+%5BArmenian+public-political+figures+in+the+years+of+Stalin%27s+repression%5D&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30&rft.aulast=Manoukian&rft.aufirst=A.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flraber.asj-oa.am%2F1797%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKharatyan2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Hranush_Kharatyan" title="Hranush Kharatyan">Kharatyan, Hranush</a> (12 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lragir.am/index/arm/0/society/view/105224"><bdi lang="hy">Ռուսաստան-Մուստաֆա Քեմալ ծրագիրը</bdi></a>. <i>lragir.am</i> (in Armenian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=lragir.am&rft.atitle=%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6-%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%A1+%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC+%D5%AE%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A8&rft.date=2014-10-12&rft.aulast=Kharatyan&rft.aufirst=Hranush&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lragir.am%2Findex%2Farm%2F0%2Fsociety%2Fview%2F105224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bauer-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauer-Manndorff, Elisabeth (1981). <i>Armenia: Past and Present</i>. New York: Armenian Prelacy, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamshenis-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamshenis_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamshenis_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110825022814/http://www.usanogh.com/content/view/418/93/">"Hamshenis denied return to Armenian SSR"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usanogh.com/content/view/418/93/">the original</a> on 2011-08-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hamshenis+denied+return+to+Armenian+SSR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usanogh.com%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F418%2F93%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalker1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_J._Walker" title="Christopher J. Walker">Walker, Christopher J.</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armeniasurvivalo0000walk/page/355"><i>Armenia The Survival of a Nation, 2nd ed</i></a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armeniasurvivalo0000walk/page/355">355–356</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-0210-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-0210-2"><bdi>978-0-7099-0210-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia+The+Survival+of+a+Nation%2C+2nd+ed.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=355-356&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-0210-2&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmeniasurvivalo0000walk%2Fpage%2F355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dekmejian. "The Armenian Diaspora", p. 416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yousefian, Sevan, "The Postwar Repatriation Movement of Armenians to Soviet Armenia, 1945-1948," Unpublished Ph.D Dissertation, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laycock-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-laycock_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJo_Laycock2016" class="citation journal cs1">Jo Laycock (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shura.shu.ac.uk/14114/1/Laycock%20-%20Survivor%20or%20soviet%20stories.pdf">"Survivor or Soviet Stories? Repatriate Narratives in Armenian Histories, Memories and Identities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>History and Memory</i>. <b>28</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">123–</span>151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2Fhistmemo.28.2.0123">10.2979/histmemo.28.2.0123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0935-560X">0935-560X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/histmemo.28.2.0123">10.2979/histmemo.28.2.0123</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159467141">159467141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Memory&rft.atitle=Survivor+or+Soviet+Stories%3F+Repatriate+Narratives+in+Armenian+Histories%2C+Memories+and+Identities&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=0935-560X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159467141%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.2979%2Fhistmemo.28.2.0123%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2Fhistmemo.28.2.0123&rft.au=Jo+Laycock&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshura.shu.ac.uk%2F14114%2F1%2FLaycock%2520-%2520Survivor%2520or%2520soviet%2520stories.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2001" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Stuart (2001). <i>Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War</i>. 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Восстание в героическом стиле"</a> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Russian_Socialist_Movement" title="Russian Socialist Movement">Russian Socialist Movement</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anticapitalist.ru/analiz/v_mire/2100.html">the original</a> on 17 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.+%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5&rft.pub=Russian+Socialist+Movement&rft.date=2016-08-09&rft.au=Zara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanticapitalist.ru%2Fanaliz%2Fv_mire%2F2100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlatonenko2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Platonenko, Vladimir (25 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avtonom.org/author_columns/armeniya-beskrovnyy-perevorot-i-ugroza-voyny">"Армения – бескровный переворот и угроза войны"</a> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Action" title="Autonomous Action">Autonomous Action</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%E2%80%93+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%B8+%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B&rft.pub=Autonomous+Action&rft.date=2018-04-25&rft.aulast=Platonenko&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Favtonom.org%2Fauthor_columns%2Farmeniya-beskrovnyy-perevorot-i-ugroza-voyny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEditorial_Staff2020" class="citation web cs1">Editorial Staff (16 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avtonom.org/news/protiv-voyny-v-karabahe">"Против войны в Карабахе"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Action" title="Autonomous Action">Autonomous Action</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5&rft.pub=Autonomous+Action&rft.date=2020-10-16&rft.au=Editorial+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Favtonom.org%2Fnews%2Fprotiv-voyny-v-karabahe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnarchism+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/category/topic/armenia">Armenia section</a> - The Anarchist Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/tags/armenia">Armenia section</a> - Libcom.org</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Timor-Leste" title="Anarchism in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist anarchism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anarchism_in_Asia413" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarchism_in_Asia413" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism in Asia">Anarchism in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Nepal (page does not exist)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Pakistan (page does not exist)">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Thailand (page does not exist)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Timor-Leste" title="Anarchism in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anarchism_in_Europe119" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anarchism_in_Europe119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anarchism in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchism_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchism in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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