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class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Achtergrond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achtergrond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Achtergrond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achtergrond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voorbereidingen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voorbereidingen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Voorbereidingen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voorbereidingen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verzet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verzet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Verzet</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Verzet-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Verzet-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Verzet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hongerstakingen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hongerstakingen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hongerstakingen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hongerstakingen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ontscheping_en_latere_geschiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontscheping_en_latere_geschiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ontscheping en latere geschiedenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontscheping_en_latere_geschiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erfgoed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erfgoed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Erfgoed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erfgoed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Noten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronnen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronnen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bronnen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronnen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Externe links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">La Spezia-affaire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 1 taal" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-1" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">1 taal</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/La-Spezia-Aff%C3%A4re" title="La-Spezia-Affäre – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="La-Spezia-Affäre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1670485#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/La_Spezia-affaire" title="Inhoudspagina bekijken [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overleg:La_Spezia-affaire&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Overleg over deze pagina (de pagina bestaat niet) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Taalvariant wijzigen" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Nederlands</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergaven"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/La_Spezia-affaire"><span>Lezen</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Spezia-affaire&veaction=edit" title="Deze pagina bewerken [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Spezia-affaire&action=edit" title="Broncode van deze pagina bewerken [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Brontekst bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Spezia-affaire&action=history" title="Eerdere versies van deze pagina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Geschiedenis weergeven</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paginahulpmiddelen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hulpmiddelen</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Meer opties" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handelingen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/La_Spezia-affaire"><span>Lezen</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Spezia-affaire&veaction=edit" title="Deze pagina bewerken [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Spezia-affaire&action=edit" title="Broncode van deze pagina bewerken [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Brontekst bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Spezia-affaire&action=history"><span>Geschiedenis weergeven</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:VerwijzingenNaarHier/La_Spezia-affaire" title="Lijst met alle pagina's die naar deze pagina verwijzen [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Links naar deze pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:RecenteWijzigingenGelinkt/La_Spezia-affaire" rel="nofollow" title="Recente wijzigingen in pagina's waar deze pagina naar verwijst [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Gerelateerde wijzigingen</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=nl" title="Bestanden uploaden [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Bestand uploaden</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:SpecialePaginas" title="Lijst met alle speciale pagina's [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Speciale pagina's</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Spezia-affaire&oldid=68325376" title="Permanente koppeling naar deze versie van deze pagina"><span>Permanente koppeling</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Spezia-affaire&action=info" title="Meer informatie over deze pagina"><span>Paginagegevens</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Citeren&page=La_Spezia-affaire&id=68325376&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informatie over hoe u deze pagina kunt citeren"><span>Deze pagina citeren</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLa_Spezia-affaire"><span>Verkorte URL verkrijgen</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLa_Spezia-affaire"><span>QR-code downloaden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Afdrukken/exporteren </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=La+Spezia-affaire"><span>Boek aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=La_Spezia-affaire&action=show-download-screen"><span>Downloaden als PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Spezia-affaire&printable=yes" title="Printvriendelijke versie van deze pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Afdrukversie</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In andere projecten </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1670485" title="Koppeling naar item in verbonden gegevensrepository [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paginahulpmiddelen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Uiterlijk"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Uiterlijk</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" colspan="3">La Spezia-affaire </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91,_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Enkele ma'apalim[* 1] met de Eliahu Golomb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%2C_1946.jpg/266px-%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%2C_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%2C_1946.jpg/399px-%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%2C_1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%2C_1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="328" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><div style="font-size:90%">Enkele ma'apalim<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>* 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> met de <i><a href="/wiki/Eliahu_Golomb_(schip,_1918)" title="Eliahu Golomb (schip, 1918)">Eliahu Golomb</a></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Plaats </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/La_Spezia_(stad)" title="La Spezia (stad)">La Spezia</a>, <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Italië"><img alt="Vlag van Italië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italië (hoofdbetekenis)">Italië</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Geografische_co%C3%B6rdinaten" title="Geografische coördinaten">Coördinaten</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="coordinates plainlinks"><span id="text_coordinates"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=nl&params=44_6_0_N_9_49_0_E_type:landmark&pagename=La_Spezia-affaire">44° 6′ NB, 9° 49′ OL</a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Datum </th> <td colspan="2">April en mei 1946 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"><div style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; width: 266px; max-width: 266px; float:none; clear:both;"><div style="position: relative;border: 1px solid none; padding: 0px; width: 266px; max-width: 266px;"><span class="notpageimage noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Italy_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="La Spezia-affaire (Italië)"><img alt="La Spezia-affaire (Italië)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Italy_location_map.svg/266px-Italy_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="266" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Italy_location_map.svg/399px-Italy_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Italy_location_map.svg/532px-Italy_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1295" /></a></span><br /><div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; top: 27.3%; left: 28.3%; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0;"><div style="position: relative; text-align: center; left: -5px; top: -5px; width: 10px; font-size: 10px; line-height:0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="La Spezia-affaire"><img alt="La Spezia-affaire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Map_pointer.svg/10px-Map_pointer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Map_pointer.svg/15px-Map_pointer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Map_pointer.svg/20px-Map_pointer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="30" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -1.5em; width: 6em; left: 0.5em; text-align: left;"><span style="padding: 1px;"></span></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 90%"> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Geschiedenis" title="Portaal:Geschiedenis">Geschiedenis‎</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>De <b>La Spezia-affaire</b> was een reeks gebeurtenissen in 1946 waarbij acties van de <a href="/wiki/Mossad_Le%27Aliyah_Bet" title="Mossad Le'Aliyah Bet">Mossad Le'Aliyah Bet</a> en verslagen van de pers resulteerden in de legale emigratie van 1014 <a href="/wiki/Joden" title="Joden">Joden</a>, van de Italiaanse havenstad <a href="/wiki/La_Spezia_(stad)" title="La Spezia (stad)">La Spezia</a> naar het <a href="/wiki/Mandaatgebied_Palestina" title="Mandaatgebied Palestina">Mandaatgebied Palestina</a>. Het aantal opvarenden werd afgetrokken van de Britse immigrantenquota, zoals bepaald in de <a href="/wiki/MacDonald_White_Paper" title="MacDonald White Paper">MacDonald White Paper</a>. De publiciteit rond de affaire droeg echter voor een groot deel bij aan een publieke opinie ten gunste van de <a href="/wiki/Aliyah_Bet" title="Aliyah Bet">Aliyah Bet</a>. Een toenemende druk op de Britse regering resulteerde in 1947 in de <a href="/wiki/Resolutie_181_Algemene_Vergadering_Verenigde_Naties" title="Resolutie 181 Algemene Vergadering Verenigde Naties">VN-resolutie voor een verdeling van Palestina</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Achtergrond">Achtergrond</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Spezia-affaire&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Achtergrond" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Spezia-affaire&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Achtergrond"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:La_Spezia_-_Porto.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/La_Spezia_-_Porto.JPG/260px-La_Spezia_-_Porto.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/La_Spezia_-_Porto.JPG/390px-La_Spezia_-_Porto.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/La_Spezia_-_Porto.JPG/520px-La_Spezia_-_Porto.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Haven van <a href="/wiki/La_Spezia_(stad)" title="La Spezia (stad)">La Spezia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Italië was een gunstige uitvalsbasis voor de <a href="/wiki/Aliyah_Bet" title="Aliyah Bet">Aliyah Bet</a>; de golf van <a href="/wiki/Illegale_immigratie" title="Illegale immigratie">illegale immigraties</a> van <a href="/wiki/Joden" title="Joden">Joodse</a> <a href="/wiki/Displaced_person" title="Displaced person">ontheemden</a> naar het <a href="/wiki/Mandaatgebied_Palestina" title="Mandaatgebied Palestina">Mandaatgebied Palestina</a>. Na de <a href="/wiki/Tweede_Wereldoorlog" title="Tweede Wereldoorlog">Tweede Wereldoorlog</a> was Italië door oorlogsschade en hoge werkloosheid in een economisch dal geraakt. De emigratie van Joodse ontheemden pakte derhalve gunstiger uit voor de Italiaanse bevolking dan hun huisvesting. Daarnaast waren er veel Italianen die hadden geleden onder het <a href="/wiki/Fascisme" title="Fascisme">fascistische</a> bewind van <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a> en sympathiseerden met de Joden en hun wens zich te vestigen in een eigen staat. </p><p>Met name <a href="/wiki/La_Spezia_(stad)" title="La Spezia (stad)">La Spezia</a> nam tussen 1945 en 1948 een belangrijke sleutelpositie in tijdens de immigraties. Het grootste deel van deze immigraties werd georganiseerd door de <a href="/wiki/Mossad_Le%27Aliyah_Bet" title="Mossad Le'Aliyah Bet">Mossad Le'Aliyah Bet</a>, een onderdeel van de <a href="/wiki/Hagana_(organisatie)" title="Hagana (organisatie)">Hagana</a>. Men schat dat ongeveer 21.000 Joden in 35 schepen vanuit La Spezia richting Palestina vertrokken. Veel van de schepen werden door het Britse leger onderschept, waarop de opvarenden naar <a href="/wiki/Interneringskampen_in_Brits_Cyprus" title="Interneringskampen in Brits Cyprus">interneringskampen in Brits Cyprus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Interneringskamp_Atlit" title="Interneringskamp Atlit">Palestina</a> werden gebracht. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voorbereidingen">Voorbereidingen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Spezia-affaire&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Voorbereidingen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Spezia-affaire&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Voorbereidingen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67750980">body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output a>img,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output noscript>img{max-width:initial!important}</style><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:368px;"> <table style="border: 0; padding: 0; margin: 0; width:364px;" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:middle;"> <td style="padding: auto; margin: 0;" class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%96.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="De Dov Hoz"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%96.jpg/200px-%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%96.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%96.jpg/300px-%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%96.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%96.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="229" /></a></span> </td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0; width: 2px"> </td> <td style="padding: auto; margin: 0;" class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="De Eliahu Golomb"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91.jpg/160px-%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91.jpg/240px-%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91.jpg/320px-%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="290" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0;"><div class="thumbcaption">De <i><a href="/wiki/Dov_Hoz_(schip,_1946)" title="Dov Hoz (schip, 1946)">Dov Hoz</a></i></div> </td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0;"> </td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0;"><div class="thumbcaption">De <i><a href="/wiki/Eliahu_Golomb_(schip,_1918)" title="Eliahu Golomb (schip, 1918)">Eliahu Golomb</a></i></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>Aan het begin van 1946 kocht de Mossad Le'Aliyah Bet twee schepen en meerde ze aan in de haven van La Spezia. Het schip <i>Fenice</i> werd omgedoopt in <i><a href="/wiki/Eliahu_Golomb_(schip,_1918)" title="Eliahu Golomb (schip, 1918)">Eliahu Golomb</a></i>, de naam van de commandant van de Hagana die in 1945 was gestorven. <i>Fede</i> werd omgedoopt in <i><a href="/wiki/Dov_Hoz_(schip,_1946)" title="Dov Hoz (schip, 1946)">Dov Hoz</a></i>, vernoemd naar een in 1940 gestorven verzetsheld en Hagana-officier. In april van dat jaar werd begonnen met de inscheping van de 1014 immigranten. Hiervoor werden 38 vrachtwagens gebruikt die de Mossad Le'Aliyah Bet van het Britse leger had gestolen. Het trok de aandacht van de bevolking van La Spezia en leidde tot uiteenlopende geruchten. De autoriteiten meenden dat het de inscheping van Italiaanse fascisten betrof die naar <a href="/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje">Spanje</a> wilden vluchten. </p><p>De Italiaanse politie zette een wegversperring op en stopte het konvooi van de Britse vrachtwagens. Zij namen de vluchtelingen gevangen en lichtten de Britse inlichtingendienst in. De vergissing werd al snel ingezien, onder andere doordat de gedetineerden hun <a href="/wiki/Merktekens_in_Duitse_concentratiekampen" title="Merktekens in Duitse concentratiekampen">getatoeëerde kampnummers</a> hadden laten zien. Op 8 april vervoerden agenten de vluchtelingen in de gestolen vrachtwagens terug naar de twee schepen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verzet">Verzet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Spezia-affaire&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Verzet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Spezia-affaire&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Verzet"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De gebeurtenissen in La Spezia werden uitvoerig door de lokale pers verslagen en zorgden derhalve voor publiciteit rond de kwestie van de Joodse immigraties. Een groot deel van het Italiaanse volk keerde zich tegen het Britse beleid. Ondanks deze politieke druk wendde de Britse overheid alle mogelijke middelen aan om het vertrek van de <i>Doz Hov</i> en <i>Eiliahu Golomb</i> te verhinderen. De Britse majoor Hill liet een blokkade buiten de haven van La Spezia creëren en Britse soldaten gingen aan boord van de twee schepen in voorbereiding op de deportatie van de immigranten. De Britten kregen daarbij geen enkele steun van de Italiaanse politie. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Yehuda_Arazi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Yehuda_Arazi.jpg/200px-Yehuda_Arazi.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Yehuda_Arazi.jpg/300px-Yehuda_Arazi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Yehuda_Arazi.jpg/400px-Yehuda_Arazi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1671" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Arazi" title="Yehuda Arazi">Yehuda Arazi</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Arazi" title="Yehuda Arazi">Yehuda Arazi</a>, het hoofd van de Mossad Le'Aliyah Bet in Italië, begaf zich aan boord van de <i>Doz Hov</i> en nam de leiding in het verzet van de Joodse opvarenden tegen het Britse leger. Hij dreigde de <i>Doz Hov</i> op te blazen wanneer Joodse vluchtelingen van boord zouden worden gehaald. Arazi liet de Britse autoriteiten bovendien weten dat hij de veiligheid van de Britse soldaten niet kon garanderen. Uiteindelijk kregen de soldaten het bevel beide schepen te verlaten. Deze ontwikkelingen werden na korte tijd ook door de nationale pers gepubliceerd. Arazi hield dagelijks persconferenties waarin hij het lot uiteenzette van de overlevenden van de <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> en pleitte voor de legalisatie van immigratie naar Palestina en de stichting van een onafhankelijke staat voor de Joden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hongerstakingen">Hongerstakingen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Spezia-affaire&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Hongerstakingen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Spezia-affaire&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Hongerstakingen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De publiciteit rond de gebeurtenissen in La Spezia bereikte in 25 april een nieuw hoogtepunt toen een grote demonstratie in de stad werd georganiseerd, waaraan verschillende opvarenden van de twee schepen deelnamen. Daarna gingen de Joodse vluchtelingen in <a href="/wiki/Hongerstaking" title="Hongerstaking">hongerstaking</a>, in een poging om de druk op de Britse overheid op te voeren. Arazi ging door met zijn persconferenties, waarbij nu ook verslaggevers uit een groot aantal landen buiten Italië aanwezig waren. Daarnaast ging hij op zoek naar steun bij de belangrijkste publieke figuren van dat moment. De Britse ambassade in <a href="/wiki/Rome_(stad)" title="Rome (stad)">Rome</a> ontving tal van petities en andere steunbetuigingen, waaronder die van veel politieke leiders, legerofficiers en andere invloedrijke beroemdheden. </p><p>In reactie op de toenemende druk van de publieke opinie bezocht Sir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Laski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harold Laski (de pagina bestaat niet)">Harold Laski</a>, leider van de <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Verenigd_Koninkrijk)" title="Labour Party (Verenigd Koninkrijk)">Labour Party</a>, La Spezia. Hij beloofde er publiekelijk een conferentie te houden met premier <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> en <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bevin" title="Ernest Bevin">Ernest Bevin</a>, de Minister van Buitenlandse zaken, en bij hen aan te dringen om de belangen van de Joden te behartigen. Na deze toezegging werd de hongerstaking gestopt. </p><p>De Britten stelden een compromis voor; de helft van de immigranten zou legaal naar Palestina mogen reizen, de andere helft zou naar hun Europese landen van herkomst moeten terugkeren. De vluchtelingen verwierpen het voorstel en hervatten hun hongerstaking. Arazi zette in een persconferentie uiteen dat de vluchtelingen nog liever publiekelijk zelfmoord zouden plegen dan af te zien van hun voornemen om naar Palestina te reizen. Uiteindelijk gaven de Britse autoriteiten toe, al zou het aantal vluchtelingen worden afgetrokken van de quota van legale immigratie in Palestina; 7500 immigranten verspreid over vijf jaar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ontscheping_en_latere_geschiedenis">Ontscheping en latere geschiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Spezia-affaire&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Ontscheping en latere geschiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Spezia-affaire&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Ontscheping en latere geschiedenis"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%96_-_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%96_-_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9C.jpg/260px-%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%96_-_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9C.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%96_-_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9C.jpg/390px-%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%96_-_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%96_-_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>Vaarroute van de twee schepen naar Palestina</figcaption></figure> <p>Op 8 mei 1946 vertrokken de <i>Dov Hoz</i> met 675 immigranten en de <i>Eliahu Golomb</i> met 339 immigranten uit La Spezia richting Palestina. Na ontscheping in <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> op 13 mei keerde Arazi heimelijk terug naar Italië om zijn ondergrondse werkzaamheden voort te zetten. Arazi werd door de Hagana onderscheiden met een eremedaille voor zijn verdiensten voor de Aliyah Bet.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De <i>Doz Hov</i> en de <i>Eliahu Golomb</i> werden in 1946 omgedoopt in respectievelijk <i>Arba Cheruyot</i> ('Vier Vrijheden') en <i>Bracha Fuld</i>. De <i>Arba Cheruyot</i> vertrok eind augustus richting Palestina en de <i>Bracha Fuld</i> in oktober. Beide schepen werden door de Britse blokkade onderschept, waarop de immigranten werden ondergebracht in de <a href="/wiki/Interneringskampen_in_Brits_Cyprus" title="Interneringskampen in Brits Cyprus">interneringskampen in Brits Cyprus</a>. </p><p>De La Spezia-affaire leverde de Britse regering veel negatieve publiciteit op. Schepen van de Aliyah Bet reisden steeds vaker met journalisten aan boord of trokken op een andere manier de aandacht van de pers. Na de gedwongen terugkeer van de <i><a href="/wiki/Exodus_(schip,_1928)" title="Exodus (schip, 1928)">Exodus</a></i> in 1947 bereikte de politieke druk een nieuw hoogtepunt. Beide gebeurtenissen hadden een grote impact op het VN-besluit om Palestina te verdelen en de stichting van de <a href="/wiki/Isra%C3%ABlische_onafhankelijkheidsverklaring" title="Israëlische onafhankelijkheidsverklaring">onafhankelijke staat Israël</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erfgoed">Erfgoed</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Spezia-affaire&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Erfgoed" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Spezia-affaire&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Erfgoed"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:La_Spezia-Medaglia_d%27oro.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/La_Spezia-Medaglia_d%27oro.gif/260px-La_Spezia-Medaglia_d%27oro.gif" decoding="async" width="260" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/La_Spezia-Medaglia_d%27oro.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="211" /></a><figcaption>Een aanplakbiljet in <a href="/wiki/La_Spezia_(stad)" title="La Spezia (stad)">La Spezia</a> kondigt de uitreiking van de Exodus-prijs aan</figcaption></figure> <p>In de ogen van de <a href="/wiki/Jisjoev" title="Jisjoev">Jisjoev</a> speelde La Spezia een grote rol tijdens de Aliyah Bet. Zo was de <i>Exodus</i> gebouwd in de nabijgelegen haven <a href="/wiki/Porto_Venere" title="Porto Venere">Porto Venere</a>. La Spezia kreeg van de Jisjoev de bijnaam 'Poort naar Sion' en staat als zodanig aangegeven in een aantal Israëlische kaarten. Elk jaar wordt in de stad de Exodus-prijs uitgereikt aan burgers die een grote verdienste hebben geleverd aan interculturele <a href="/wiki/Solidariteit_(begrip)" title="Solidariteit (begrip)">solidariteit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ontvangers waren onder andere <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moni_Ovadia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moni Ovadia (de pagina bestaat niet)">Moni Ovadia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tullia_Zevi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tullia Zevi (de pagina bestaat niet)">Tullia Zevi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elio_Toaff" title="Elio Toaff">Elio Toaff</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amos_Luzzatto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amos Luzzatto (de pagina bestaat niet)">Amos Luzzatto</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Predrag_Matvejevi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predrag Matvejević (de pagina bestaat niet)">Predrag Matvejević</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yossi_Harel" title="Yossi Harel">Yossi Harel</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Grossman" title="David Grossman">David Grossman</a> en <a href="/wiki/Massimiliano_Fuksas" title="Massimiliano Fuksas">Massimiliano Fuksas</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Leon_Uris" title="Leon Uris">Leon Uris</a> verwerkte veel elementen van de La Spezia-affaire in zijn roman <i><a href="/wiki/Exodus_(roman)" title="Exodus (roman)">Exodus</a></i> uit 1958. Zo verwerkte hij de hongerstaking en de uiteindelijke legaliteit van de immigratie in Palestina. Yehuda Arazi stond deels model voor de hoofdpersoon in het boek: Ari Ben Canaan.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>* 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1960 werd het boek <a href="/wiki/Exodus_(film)" title="Exodus (film)">verfilmd</a> door <a href="/wiki/Otto_Preminger" title="Otto Preminger">Otto Preminger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Spezia-affaire&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Spezia-affaire&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Isra%C3%ABl" title="Geschiedenis van Israël">Geschiedenis van Israël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionisme" title="Zionisme">Zionisme</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><div style="margin-top:-16px"></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noten">Noten</h2></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ma'apalim is een vervoeging van <i>Ha'apala</i>, een <a href="/wiki/Hebreeuws" title="Hebreeuws">Hebreeuwse</a> term die Joden gebruiken voor de <a href="/wiki/Aliyah_Bet" title="Aliyah Bet">Aliyah Bet</a> en 'opstijging' betekent.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Een andere agent van de Mossad Le'Aliyah Bet die model stond voor Ari Ben Canaan was <a href="/wiki/Yossi_Harel" title="Yossi Harel">Yossi Harel</a>, de bevelhebber aan boord van de <i><a href="/wiki/Exodus_(schip,_1928)" title="Exodus (schip, 1928)">Exodus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronnen">Bronnen</h2></div> <div class="reflist" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;-moz-column-width:30em; -webkit-column-width:30em; column-width:30em; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> IsraeliDecorations.net: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelidecorations.net/Haganah.htm">Haganah - Medal for services in the illegal immigration to Israel</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Italiaans">(<span>it</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.premioexodus.it/">PremioExodus.it</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928092937/http://www.premioexodus.it/">Gearchiveerd</a> op 28 september 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Nuvola_apps_knewsticker.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Nieuwsblad"><img alt="Nieuwsblad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Nuvola_apps_knewsticker.png/15px-Nuvola_apps_knewsticker.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Nuvola_apps_knewsticker.png/23px-Nuvola_apps_knewsticker.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Nuvola_apps_knewsticker.png/30px-Nuvola_apps_knewsticker.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> The Jerusalem Post: <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ilana Epstein</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Local-Israel/In-Jerusalem/Let-my-people-go">Let my people go!</a> (17 april 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Nuvola_apps_knewsticker.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Nieuwsblad"><img alt="Nieuwsblad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Nuvola_apps_knewsticker.png/15px-Nuvola_apps_knewsticker.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Nuvola_apps_knewsticker.png/23px-Nuvola_apps_knewsticker.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Nuvola_apps_knewsticker.png/30px-Nuvola_apps_knewsticker.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> The Guardian: <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lawrence Joffe</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/29/israelandthepalestinians.obituary">Yossi Harel</a> (29 april 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024190104/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/29/israelandthepalestinians.obituary">Gearchiveerd</a> op 24 oktober 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Comicsfilm.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pictogram film"><img alt="Pictogram film" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Comicsfilm.png/15px-Comicsfilm.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Comicsfilm.png/23px-Comicsfilm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Comicsfilm.png/30px-Comicsfilm.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0053804/"><i>Exodus</i></a> in de <a href="/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database" title="Internet Movie Database">Internet Movie Database</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Idith Zertal</span>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=p7qlTfDzAkkC&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s">From Catastrophe to Power: The Holocaust Survivors and the Emergence of Israel</a></i> (University of California Press, 1998)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> Palyam.org: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palyam.org/English/Hahapala/hf/hf_La_Spazia">The Voyage of the “Eliahu Golomb” and the “Dov Hoz”</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Dit artikel of een eerdere versie ervan is een (gedeeltelijke) vertaling van het artikel <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/La-Spezia-Aff%C3%A4re?oldid=155565186">La-Spezia-Affäre</a> op de Duitstalige Wikipedia, dat onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a> valt. Zie de <a class="external text" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/La-Spezia-Aff%C3%A4re?offset=20160623235959&action=history">bewerkingsgeschiedenis</a></span> aldaar.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r66936091">.mw-parser-output .error-bronvermelding{color:#ff0000;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .error-bronvermelding span{font-size:larger}</style></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_links">Externe links</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> Palyam.org: <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hillel Yarkoni</span> in <i>75 years of Hebrew Shipping in Eretz Israel</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palyam.org/English/Hahapala/Teur_haflagot/hy_Bracha_Fuld">Bracha Fuld - ברכה פולד</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> DoingZionism.org: <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Suzanna Kokkonen</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216101329/http://doingzionism.org/resources/view.asp?id=828">Jews in Italy: La Spezia Affair, Italy 1946</a> (28 november 2001)</li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Spezia-affaire&oldid=68325376">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Spezia-affaire&oldid=68325376</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:La_Spezia" title="Categorie:La Spezia">La Spezia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Geschiedenis_van_Liguri%C3%AB" title="Categorie:Geschiedenis van Ligurië">Geschiedenis van Ligurië</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Aliyah_Bet" title="Categorie:Aliyah Bet">Aliyah Bet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Hagana" title="Categorie:Hagana">Hagana</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Verborgen categorie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Wikipedia:Wel_afbeelding_lokaal_en_geen_op_Wikidata" title="Categorie:Wikipedia:Wel afbeelding lokaal en geen op Wikidata">Wikipedia:Wel afbeelding lokaal en geen op Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 1 nov 2024 om 15:39.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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