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</a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ottoman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ottoman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Mandate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Mandate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>French Mandate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Mandate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria_pre-autonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria_pre-autonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Syria pre-autonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria_pre-autonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Syrian Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Siege_by_ISIL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_by_ISIL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Siege by ISIL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_by_ISIL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Reaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-June_2015_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#June_2015_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>June 2015 massacre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-June_2015_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Reconstruction and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entry_of_Syrian_and_Russian_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entry_of_Syrian_and_Russian_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Entry of Syrian and Russian forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entry_of_Syrian_and_Russian_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable sights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kobani</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="عين العرب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عين العرب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobane" title="Kobane – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kobane" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobani" title="Kobani – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kobani" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="عین‌العرب – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عین‌العرب" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD-%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Айн-эль-Араб – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Айн-эль-Араб" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кобани – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кобани" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobani" title="Kobani – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kobani" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%98Ayn_al_%E2%80%98Arab_(kapital_sa_distrito)" title="‘Ayn al ‘Arab (kapital sa distrito) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="‘Ayn al ‘Arab (kapital sa distrito)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajn_al-Arab" title="Ajn al-Arab – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ajn al-Arab" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobane" title="Kobane – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kobane" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koban%C3%AA" title="Kobanê – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kobanê" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%90%CE%BD_%CE%B1%CE%BB-%CE%91%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80" title="Αΐν αλ-Αράμπ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αΐν αλ-Αράμπ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobane" title="Kobane – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kobane" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobane" title="Kobane – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kobane" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کوبانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوبانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koban%C3%A9" title="Kobané – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kobané" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koban%C3%AE" title="Kobanî – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kobanî" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="کؤباني – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="کؤباني" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%B0%94%EB%8B%88" title="코바니 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코바니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koban%C3%AA" title="Kobanê – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kobanê" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koban%C3%AA" title="Kobanê – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Kobanê" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koban%C3%AA" title="Kobanê – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kobanê" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99" title="כובאני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כובאני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C-%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="აინ-ელ-არაბი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აინ-ელ-არაბი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koban%C3%AE" title="Kobanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kobanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobane" title="Cobane – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cobane" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainelaraba" title="Ainelaraba – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ainelaraba" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobane" title="Kobane – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Kobane" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="عين العرب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عين العرب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کوبانی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کوبانی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobani" title="Kobani – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kobani" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%96" title="アイン・アル＝アラブ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイン・アル＝アラブ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_al-Arab" title="Ayn al-Arab – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ayn al-Arab" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_al-Arab" title="Ayn al-Arab – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ayn al-Arab" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobani" title="Kobani – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Kobani" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਕੋਬਾਨੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੋਬਾਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کوبانی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کوبانی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="کوباني – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کوباني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajn_al-Arab" title="Ajn al-Arab – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ajn al-Arab" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koban%C3%AE" title="Kobanî – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kobanî" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobani" title="Kobani – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kobani" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD-%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Айн-эль-Араб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Айн-эль-Араб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koban%C3%AE" title="Kobanî – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Kobanî" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="ڪوباني – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪوباني" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کۆبانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆبانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кобани – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кобани" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajn_al-Arab" title="Ajn al-Arab – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ajn al-Arab" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koban%C3%AA" title="Kobanê – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kobanê" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobane" title="Kobane – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kobane" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobani" title="Kobani – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kobani" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Кобане – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кобане" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کوبانی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوبانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koban%C3%AE" title="Kobanî – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kobanî" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobani" title="Kobani – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kobani" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%9B%A0%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" title="艾因阿拉伯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="艾因阿拉伯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89" title="ⴽⵓⴱⴰⵏⵉ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴽⵓⴱⴰⵏⵉ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q126415#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kobani&params=36.8910278_N_38.3536111_E_region:SY-HL_type:city(40,000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°53′28″N</span> <span class="longitude">38°21′13″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.8910278°N 38.3536111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.8910278; 38.3536111</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in northern Syria</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Aleppo, Syria</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Kobani</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><i>Ayn al-Arab</i></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koban%C3%A9VOA1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Kobanî during the siege in 2014"><img alt="View of Kobanî during the siege in 2014" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Koban%C3%A9VOA1.JPG/250px-Koban%C3%A9VOA1.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Koban%C3%A9VOA1.JPG/375px-Koban%C3%A9VOA1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Koban%C3%A9VOA1.JPG/500px-Koban%C3%A9VOA1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="357" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">View of Kobanî during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">siege in 2014</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kobani is located in Syria"><img alt="Kobani is located in Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Syria_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Syria_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Syria_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Syria_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Syria_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Syria_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="761" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:12.66%;left:44.277%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kobani"><img alt="Kobani" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Kobani</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Syria</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kobani&params=36.8910278_N_38.3536111_E_region:SY-HL_type:city(40,000)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°53′28″N</span> <span class="longitude">38°21′13″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.8910278°N 38.3536111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.8910278; 38.3536111</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Syria" title="Districts of Syria">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Arab_District" title="Ayn al-Arab District">Ayn al-Arab</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nahiyah" title="Nahiyah">Subdistrict</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Arab_Subdistrict" title="Ayn al-Arab Subdistrict">Ayn al-Arab</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Control</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syrian_Democratic_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1915</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 km<sup>2</sup> (3 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">520 m (1,710 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2004 census, unless stated otherwise)<sup id="cite_ref-census2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">44,821</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2015)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">40,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Nahiya_Ayn_al-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahiya Ayn al-Arab">Nahiyah</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">78,130</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=UTC%2B3_during_all_the_year&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UTC+3 during all the year (page does not exist)">UTC+3 during all the year</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">+3</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">P-Code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">C1946</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geocode" title="Geocode">Geocode</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">SY020600</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kobani</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also <b>Kobane</b>, officially <b>Ayn al-Arab</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria" title="Kurds in Syria">Kurdish</a>-majority city in the <a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Arab_District" title="Ayn al-Arab District">Ayn al-Arab District</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, lying immediately south of the <a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Syria–Turkey border">Syria–Turkey border</a>. As a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, the city came under the control of the Kurdish-majority <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (YPG) militia in 2012 and became the administrative center of the Kobani Canton,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbboud2018Table_4.1_Cantons_of_the_Rojava_Administration_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbboud2018Table_4.1_Cantons_of_the_Rojava_Administration-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later transformed into <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Region" title="Euphrates Region">Euphrates Region</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a>. </p><p>From September 2014 to January 2015, the city was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">under siege</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a>. Most of the eastern parts of the city were destroyed and most of the population fled to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-driveIslamic_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-driveIslamic-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, many returned and reconstruction began.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mid October 2019, Kurdish forces accepted the entry of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Military_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Military Police">Russian Military Police</a> in a bid to stop Turkey from invading the town.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the Syrian Civil War, Kobani was recorded as having a population of close to 45,000.<sup id="cite_ref-census2004_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to 2013 estimates, the majority of the inhabitants were <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria" title="Kurds in Syria">Kurds</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Turkmen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Syria" title="Armenians in Syria">Armenian</a> minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-etana_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etana-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobani&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One theory of the origin of the Kurdish name <span title="Kurdish-language romanization"><i lang="ku-Latn">Kobanî</i></span> (<span title="Kurdish-language text"><span lang="ku" dir="rtl">كوباني</span></span>) is the word <i>company</i>, referring to the German railway company<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who built the section of the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Railway">Konya-Baghdad Railway</a> that the city is placed along from 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-esyria_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esyria-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-independent_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MonitorTastekin_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MonitorTastekin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-firstthings_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstthings-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this is doubted by some who point out that company in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> is “Gesellschaft”, whereas "Kompanie" (meaning company) refers solely to military units. Others have suggested that the origin of the middle of the word <span title="Kurdish-language text"><i lang="ku-Latn">Kobanî</i></span> could come from the German "Bahn", meaning road, as the railroad was in fact named <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolische_Eisenbahn" class="extiw" title="de:Anatolische Eisenbahn">"Anatolische Eisenbahn"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a> name of the eastern village was <i>Arab Punarı</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: <span lang="ota" dir="rtl">عرب پیناری</span>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Arap Pınar</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Spring of the Arabs'),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Kobani's <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> name, <i>ʿAyn al-ʿArab</i> (عين العرب), is a translation of this. The word "spring" refers to the creek that used to flow east of the village, and during the summer Arab nomads would bring their herds to the location. This village was located south of a small lake that dried up in the 1960s. The name Mürşitpinar is still used as the name for the western village and the railway station in the Turkish side.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobani&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kobani has a <a href="/wiki/Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-summer Mediterranean climate">hot-summer Mediterranean climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <i>Csa</i>). </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Kobanî </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7<br />(45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3<br />(72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8<br />(80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5<br />(90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.4<br />(97.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1<br />(97.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8<br />(76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4<br />(61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9<br />(49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22.4<br />(72.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1<br />(30.0) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(33.4) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2<br />(52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3<br />(57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2<br />(48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1<br />(39.4) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7<br />(33.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.6<br />(47.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78<br />(3.1) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58<br />(2.3) </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52<br />(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25<br />(1.0) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3<br />(0.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(0.1) </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23<br />(0.9) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">389<br />(15.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">56 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5 </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44 </td> <td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47 </td> <td style="background: #2C2CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #3838FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">52 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobani&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_period">Ottoman period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobani&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ottoman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2005 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">54,681</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2015</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">40,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−26.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2016 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">44,821</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.1%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the area was mainly populated by <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_tribes" title="Kurdish tribes">Kurdish tribes</a>, many but not all of which were part of the <a href="/wiki/Milli_confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Milli confederation">Milli confederation</a>. These tribes had progressively migrated in from the north during the 19th century, pushing back the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> tribes which had previously occupied the area.<sup id="cite_ref-wooley_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wooley-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local Kurds living in the plains to the east of the modern town reportedly provided lodgings at their encampment for a French-led archaeological team on its way to survey the nearby ancient <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> site of <a href="/wiki/Arslan_Tash" title="Arslan Tash">Arslan Tash</a>î (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: <i lang="ku" dir="rtl">Shêran</i>) in the summer of 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1892, there were three homesteads situated in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Railway">Baghdad Railway</a> (launched by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> to connect <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> with <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>), Kurdish raiders from the Busrawi and Shahin Bey clans—rivals who lived south and east of today's Kobani - reportedly harassed work crews attempting to mine <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> from the nearby hills, partially because the German companies responsible for its construction were lax in providing payment and compensation to local landowners.<sup id="cite_ref-wooley_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wooley-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German engineers staying in the area from 1912 to 1913 described <i>Arab Punar</i> as a "small Kurdish village around 35 km (22 mi) east of the Euphrates" comprising a small cluster of square mud-brick huts, many with domed roofs; the local chief's hut was notable among these in its incorporation of European-style doors and windows and its concrete flooring. The area was apparently also known for its swarms of biting sand-flies.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The newly built town began to form south of a simple train station built in 1912 along the railway by workers from the nearby town of Suruç.<sup id="cite_ref-firstthings_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstthings-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The train station was part of the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Railway">Baghdad Railway</a> project launched by the Ottoman government to connect <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> with <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MonitorTastekin_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MonitorTastekin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Refugees fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> settled in the newly built town around 1915, and were soon joined by more Kurds from nearby areas.<sup id="cite_ref-MonitorTastekin_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MonitorTastekin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-firstthings_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstthings-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maunsell%27s_map_Arab_punar_Marked_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Maunsell%27s_map_Arab_punar_Marked_Cropped.jpg/220px-Maunsell%27s_map_Arab_punar_Marked_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Maunsell%27s_map_Arab_punar_Marked_Cropped.jpg/330px-Maunsell%27s_map_Arab_punar_Marked_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Maunsell%27s_map_Arab_punar_Marked_Cropped.jpg/440px-Maunsell%27s_map_Arab_punar_Marked_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4378" data-file-height="3066" /></a><figcaption>Maunsell's ethnographical map of northern Syria in 1910. Location of Ayn al-Arab (Arab punar) marked on top center of map</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Mandate">French Mandate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobani&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: French Mandate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the Kurds who settled in Kobani were originally from the Kurdish regions in Turkey. Some fled persecution following the Kurdish-led <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion" title="Sheikh Said rebellion">Sheikh Said rebellion</a> in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-MonitorTastekin_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MonitorTastekin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the demarcation of the border with <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> along the railway line in 1921, the northern part of Ayn al-Arab was left on the Turkish side. This small settlement is incorporated in the <a href="/wiki/Suru%C3%A7" title="Suruç">Suruç</a> district and still has a little railway station and a <a href="/wiki/Border_crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Border crossing">border crossing</a> gate. By the middle of the 20th century, there were three Armenian churches and two schools in the town, but many <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> emigrated to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> in the 1960s while others moved to bigger cities, including Aleppo and Beirut, as well as cities in the US and other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town was also home to a small <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Orthodox">Syriac Orthodox</a> community, but their numbers dwindled and the town's only Syriac Orthodox church was demolished in the early 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-Syriacs_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syriacs-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city's infrastructural layout was largely planned and constructed by French authorities during the <a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Mandatory period</a>, and a number of French-built buildings were still standing and in use until recently.<sup id="cite_ref-etana_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etana-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, the city of Suruç served as the regional center of Kobani. The area was marked by several border crossings with Turkey, unsanctioned by either the Turkish or French Mandatory governments. The crossings became a source of numerous Turkish complaints and led to the establishment of a French intelligence office in Kobani to monitor border activity.<sup id="cite_ref-MonitorTastekin_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MonitorTastekin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the 20th century, the border remained officially closed even as the neighbouring towns of <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad" title="Tell Abyad">Tell Abyad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jarablus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarablus">Jarablus</a>—both of which had smaller Kurdish populations—were allowed to have commercial border crossings, a situation which economically marginalised Kobani for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there was limited traffic at the Kobani-Mürşitpinar gate and passengers from Kobani often crossed through it to travel by train to Aleppo. By 2011, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, traffic through this gate increased. Wounded and sick people could cross to the Turkish side while trucks carrying goods crossed into Kobani from <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCr%C5%9Fitp%C4%B1nar" title="Mürşitpınar">Mürşitpınar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria_pre-autonomy">Syria pre-autonomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobani&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Syria pre-autonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kobane_nahiyah.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kobane_nahiyah.svg/250px-Kobane_nahiyah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kobane_nahiyah.svg/375px-Kobane_nahiyah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kobane_nahiyah.svg/500px-Kobane_nahiyah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, <i>Kobani</i> was the administrative center of <a href="/wiki/Nahiya_Ayn_al-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahiya Ayn al-Arab">Nahiya Ayn al-Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Arab_District" title="Ayn al-Arab District">Ayn al-Arab District</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>When Syria gained independence from France in 1946, the intelligence building<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2018)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> served as the political office of the Kobani area's highest-ranking local administrator. Kobani started to develop as a city in the 1950s when it was further separated from Suruç as a result of the Turkish government mining of the border area. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrian_Civil_War">Syrian Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobani&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Syrian Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siege_by_ISIL">Siege by ISIL</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobani&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Siege by ISIL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rojava%E2%80%93Islamist_conflict" title="Rojava–Islamist conflict">Rojava–Islamist conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE" title="Siege of Kobanî">Siege of Kobanî</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (YPG) took control of Kobani on 19 July 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-liberated_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liberated-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Syrian authorities in Kobani and other Kurdish towns evacuated the government offices and centers without any fighting taking place between the Syrian and Kurdish forces. Since July 2012, Kobani has been under Kurdish control. The YPG and Kurdish politicians anticipated autonomy for the area, which they consider part of <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Rojava</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After similar less intense events earlier in 2014, on 2 July the town and surrounding villages came under a massive attack from fighters of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-isisattacks_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isisattacks-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 September, ISIL resumed its siege of Kobani with a full-scale assault from the west and the south of the city. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koban%C3%AA,_Syria_-_Oct_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Koban%C3%AA%2C_Syria_-_Oct_2014.jpg/220px-Koban%C3%AA%2C_Syria_-_Oct_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Koban%C3%AA%2C_Syria_-_Oct_2014.jpg/330px-Koban%C3%AA%2C_Syria_-_Oct_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Koban%C3%AA%2C_Syria_-_Oct_2014.jpg/440px-Koban%C3%AA%2C_Syria_-_Oct_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2129" data-file-height="1402" /></a><figcaption>Kobani during the bombardment of ISIL targets by US-led forces. Photo taken from Turkish-Syrian border at Suruç, Turkey showing refugee camp in the middle distance (October 2014)</figcaption></figure> <p>Kobani Canton had been under attack by ISIL militants for several months. In September 2014, militants occupied most of the Kobani region, seizing more than 100 <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> villages.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-world.einnews.com_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world.einnews.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence of the ISIL occupation, up to 200,000 Kurdish refugees fled from Kobani Canton to Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkish authorities did not allow the refugees to enter with any vehicles or livestock that they had.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jielbeaumadier_marche_contre_daesh_2_paris_2014.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Jielbeaumadier_marche_contre_daesh_2_paris_2014.jpeg/220px-Jielbeaumadier_marche_contre_daesh_2_paris_2014.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Jielbeaumadier_marche_contre_daesh_2_paris_2014.jpeg/330px-Jielbeaumadier_marche_contre_daesh_2_paris_2014.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Jielbeaumadier_marche_contre_daesh_2_paris_2014.jpeg/440px-Jielbeaumadier_marche_contre_daesh_2_paris_2014.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Paris Kurds rally in support of Kobani on 1 November 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>In captured villages, militants committed <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapped</a> women.<sup id="cite_ref-world.einnews.com_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world.einnews.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IS militants, however, were not able to occupy all of Kobani itself, as the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">YPG</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">YPJ</a> forces managed to defend a part of Kobani and later several nearby settlements. After weeks of isolation, which resulted from Turkey's preventing arms and fighters from entering the town (which in turn was due to the general hostility of the Turkish establishment towards Kurds with any links to the <a href="/wiki/PKK" class="mw-redirect" title="PKK">PKK</a>), the US-led coalition began to target ISIL with a larger number of airstrikes. From September 2014 through January 2015, hundreds of airstrikes struck ISIL fighters and leveled most of the administrative buildings and houses in the city center, helping to stop the ISIL advance. On 20 October there were reports that Turkey, under significant US pressure, would allow Kurdish fighters from <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> to cross into Kobani.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 150 Kurdish troops were admitted on 29 October, which then began to turn the tide of the siege in favor of the Kurds. The <a href="/wiki/YPG" class="mw-redirect" title="YPG">YPG</a> forced <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a> to retreat from Kobani on 26 January 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-driveIslamic_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-driveIslamic-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus lifting the siege.<sup id="cite_ref-Kobanirecaptured_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kobanirecaptured-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is currently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> under <a href="/wiki/YPG" class="mw-redirect" title="YPG">YPG</a> control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reaction">Reaction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobani&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The humanitarian response to the people from Kobani who were displaced to Suruc, Turkey, was highly polarized, with actors associated with the Turkish state on the one hand, and the pro-Kurdish movement on the other.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2014, <a href="/wiki/Defend_International" title="Defend International">Defend International</a> launched a worldwide campaign aimed at, among other things, raising awareness about Kobani and the brutal attacks its residents were subjected to, and building connections between potential partners and communities whose work is relevant to the campaign, including individuals, groups, communities, and NGOs<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2014, <a href="/wiki/Widad_Akrawi" title="Widad Akrawi">Widad Akrawi</a>, President of Defend International, dedicated her <a href="/wiki/2014_International_Pfeffer_Peace_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 International Pfeffer Peace Award">2014 International Pfeffer Peace Award</a> to, among others, all residents of Kobane because, she said, facts on the ground demonstrate that these peaceful people are not safe in their enclaves, partly because of their ethnic origin and/or religion, and they are therefore in urgent need for immediate attention from the global community.<sup id="cite_ref-Dr_Akrawi_and_Pfeffer_Peace_Prize_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr_Akrawi_and_Pfeffer_Peace_Prize-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She asked the international community to make sure that the victims are not forgotten; they should be rescued, protected, fully assisted and compensated fairly.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 November 2014, Akrawi said that "a massacre can be avoided, if there is a well-organized and well-defined plan on how to deal with IS – a plan that sets out the strategic and tactical activities to be undertaken at the international, regional and local levels," adding that journalists, humanitarian- and human rights organizations are not allowed to pass through Turkish checkpoints near the border.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="June_2015_massacre">June 2015 massacre</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobani&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: June 2015 massacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobanî massacre</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:230px;max-width:230px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_(7).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%287%29.jpg/228px-Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%287%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%287%29.jpg/342px-Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%287%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%287%29.jpg/456px-Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%287%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="682" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:74px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%284%29.jpg/112px-Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%284%29.jpg/168px-Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%284%29.jpg/224px-Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="682" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:74px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%282%29.jpg/112px-Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%282%29.jpg/168px-Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%282%29.jpg/224px-Koban%C3%AA_Cemetery_2017_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="682" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Cemetery,_Koban%C3%AE" title="Martyrs' Cemetery, Kobanî">Martyrs' Cemetery, Kobanî</a></div></div></div></div> <p>On 25 June 2015, fighters from the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> detonated three <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bombs</a> in Kobani, close to the Turkish border crossing and launched a surprise assault on the town.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 220 Kurdish civilians were massacred in mass killings by ISIL fighters<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or were killed by the group's rockets. Many more were wounded by the attack, making it one of the worst massacres carried out by ISIL in Syria. In another report <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights">Syrian Observatory for Human Rights</a> and spokesman for the Kurdish <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> said that more than 200 Kurdish civilians were massacred. Women and children were among the bodies found inside houses and on the streets of Kobani and its surrounding villages. The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights">Syrian Observatory for Human Rights</a> said that ISIL fired at anything that moved.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic State also committed a massacre in the village of Barkh Butan, about 20 kilometers south of Kobani, executing at least 23 Syrian Kurds, among them women and children.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kurdish forces and the Syrian government claimed the vehicles had entered the city from across the border, an action denied by Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstruction_and_development">Reconstruction and development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobani&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reconstruction and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the ISIL siege was broken in early 2015, the Kobane Reconstruction Board asked for international assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a spokesman for the Syrian Kurds who control the town, Kobani had been 70% destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been several attempts to support Kobani, especially from the Kurdish communities in Turkey and Iraq. Assistance was also offered by several European organizations. As of May 2015, Turkey has kept the border closed but allowed some materials to reach the city. The international community, including the US, has not shown interest in rebuilding the town, nor have they pressured Turkey on the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-Fréderike_Geerdink,_Beacon_Reader_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fréderike_Geerdink,_Beacon_Reader-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By May 2015 more than 50,000 people had returned to the destroyed town. In May the Kobani authorities, with the help of the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a>, managed to restore the water pump and supply for the urban area after 8 months without running water, repairing the pipelines and cleaning the main water tank.<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_Clifford_Online_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_Clifford_Online-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By May 2016, despite the challenges of the blockade by Turkey, reconstruction and return of inhabitants was well on the way.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2016, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Red_Crescent" title="Kurdish Red Crescent">Kurdish Red Crescent</a> opened a hospital in the city under the name of "Kobani Hospital", their first hospital in <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_Canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî Canton">Kobani Canton</a>, after several international organizations like <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a> (MSF) had been sending them special medical equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was established in a hospital formerly owned by Dr. Ezzat Afandi, an Austrian citizen.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an October 2016 report from the city of Kobani, U.S. academic Si Sheppard observed: "Since the siege of Kobani ended, reconstruction has barely begun to compensate for the havoc wrought on the city by both ISIS artillery and coalition airstrikes (...). Herculean efforts have cleared the streets, but water and power have yet to be restored. Although commerce is trickling back to life (...), more than half of the residential structures still standing are little more than blown out concrete shells. Yet the spirit of the people endures: Some now use defused ISIS rounds as ashtrays and flower pots."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2019, atrocities by ISIL have driven many families of Kobani to convert to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, while others chose to become atheists and agnostics.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entry_of_Syrian_and_Russian_forces">Entry of Syrian and Russian forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobani&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Entry of Syrian and Russian forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arm%C3%A9e_russe_Koban%C3%A91.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Arm%C3%A9e_russe_Koban%C3%A91.jpg/220px-Arm%C3%A9e_russe_Koban%C3%A91.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Arm%C3%A9e_russe_Koban%C3%A91.jpg/330px-Arm%C3%A9e_russe_Koban%C3%A91.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Arm%C3%A9e_russe_Koban%C3%A91.jpg/440px-Arm%C3%A9e_russe_Koban%C3%A91.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>Russian military police in Kobani on 23 October 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the start of the <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a>, which put the city's administration under existential threat, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a> reached a deal with the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Government">Syrian Government</a> in which the latter would deploy limited parts of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a>, backed by <a href="/wiki/Russian_Military_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Military Police">Russian Military Police</a>, to the town to prevent it from coming under Turkish attack. Pro-government forces entered the town by mid October 2019 and Syrian State Media circulated images of Syrian troops raising the Syrian flag in the town. Following the acceptance of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone Agreement</a>, Kurdish military forces were mandated to withdraw from the town. Nevertheless, the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a> was reported to still be in <i>de facto</i> civil control of the town, while Syrian and Russian forces took up positions along the border areas and began military patrols along the city's streets.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 April 2021, a <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Turkish Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Airstrike" title="Airstrike">airstrike</a> destroyed the house <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Abdullah Öcalan</a> had stayed in the city during 1979. The house was used as a museum by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">YPG</a> and the strike only caused material damage.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 November 2024, a ten-year-old child was killed by the YPG in an attack launched from Ayn al-Arab on <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad" title="Tell Abyad">Tel Abyad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2024, immediately after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">fall of the Assad regime</a>, Turkish-backed <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">SNA</a> fighters took over territory controlled by the SDF.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/2024_Kobani_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Kobani offensive">2024 Kobani offensive</a> was launched with the intent of capturing Kobanî.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobani&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The documentary "Radio Kobani" won the Award for Best Documentary at the <i>International Documentary Festival – Amsterdam (IDFA)</i> in November 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the Italian author <a href="/wiki/Zerocalcare" title="Zerocalcare">Zerocalcare</a> published a comics-illustrated book called "<a href="/wiki/Kobane_Calling" title="Kobane Calling">Kobane Calling</a>" where he reported his experience among the defenders of the Rojava region. </p><p>The 2022 fiction film Kobane directed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zmel_Yasar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Özmel Yasar (page does not exist)">Özmel Yasar</a>, narrates the 2015 siege of the city of Kobane, inspired for the lead character on the actual female's commander <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zehra_Penaber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zehra Penaber (page does not exist)">Zehra Penaber</a> <sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobani&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Alan_Kurdi" title="Death of Alan Kurdi">Alan Kurdi</a>: a two-year-old whose image made global headlines after he drowned on 2 September 2015 in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Dost" title="Jan Dost">Jan Dost</a> is a Syrian Kurdish poet, writer and translator.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_sights">Notable sights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobani&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arin_Mirkan" title="Arin Mirkan">Arin Mirkan</a> Statue<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Clock Tower<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobani&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in Italy became a partner city of Kobani.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2015, the Italian cities of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> approved the preparation of <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinning</a> with Kobani. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobani&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Arab_Subdistrict" title="Ayn al-Arab Subdistrict">Ayn al-Arab Subdistrict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Arab_District" title="Ayn al-Arab District">Ayn al-Arab District</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobani&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobani&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: <span lang="ku" dir="rtl">کۆبانی</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kurdish" title="Romanization of Kurdish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Kurdish-language romanization"><i lang="ku-Latn">Kobanî</i></span> or <span title="Kurdish-language romanization"><i lang="ku-Latn">Kobanê</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ku-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kurdish" title="Help:IPA/Kurdish">[koˈbaːniː]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كُوبَانِي</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kūbānī</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عَيْن الْعَرَب</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿAyn al-ʿArab</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Spring of the Arabs', <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Arabic pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ʕeːn<span class="wrap"> </span>elˈʕɑrɑb]</a></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobani&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-census2004-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census2004_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2004_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151124180529/http://www.cbssyr.sy/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB02-32-2004.htm">"General Census of Population and Housing 2004: <i>Ain al-Arab nahiyah</i>"</a> (in Arabic). Syrian <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Syria)" title="Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)">Central Bureau of Statistics</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbssyr.sy/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB02-32-2004.htm">the original</a> on 24 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Census+of+Population+and+Housing+2004%3A+Ain+al-Arab+nahiyah&rft.pub=Syrian+Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbssyr.sy%2Fnew%2520web%2520site%2FGeneral_census%2Fcensus_2004%2FNH%2FTAB02-32-2004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobani" class="Z3988"></span> Also available in English: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/operations/syria/dataset/syrian-arab-republic-other">"Syria: 2004 census data"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">UN OCHA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria%3A+2004+census+data&rft.pub=UN+OCHA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanitarianresponse.info%2Fen%2Foperations%2Fsyria%2Fdataset%2Fsyrian-arab-republic-other&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180713165847/http://www.bestanews.com/9048/40-thousand-have-returned-to-kobane-so-far">"40 thousand have returned to Kobanê so far"</a>. <i>BestaNûçe</i>. 17 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestanews.com/9048/40-thousand-have-returned-to-kobane-so-far">the original</a> on 13 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BestaN%C3%BB%C3%A7e&rft.atitle=40+thousand+have+returned+to+Koban%C3%AA+so+far&rft.date=2015-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestanews.com%2F9048%2F40-thousand-have-returned-to-kobane-so-far&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhmed2020" class="citation web cs1">Ehmed, Raman (12 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zimannas.wordpress.com/2020/03/12/kobani-yan-kobane/">"Kobanî yan Kobanê?"</a>. <i>ZIMANNAS</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZIMANNAS&rft.atitle=Koban%C3%AE+yan+Koban%C3%AA%3F&rft.date=2020-03-12&rft.aulast=Ehmed&rft.aufirst=Raman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzimannas.wordpress.com%2F2020%2F03%2F12%2Fkobani-yan-kobane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbboud2018Table_4.1_Cantons_of_the_Rojava_Administration-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbboud2018Table_4.1_Cantons_of_the_Rojava_Administration_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbboud2018">Abboud 2018</a>, Table 4.1 Cantons of the Rojava Administration.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-driveIslamic-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-driveIslamic_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-driveIslamic_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-30991612">"Syrian Kurds 'drive Islamic State out of Kobane'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC News. 26 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syrian+Kurds+%27drive+Islamic+State+out+of+Kobane%27&rft.date=2015-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-30991612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham-Harrison2015" class="citation news cs1">Graham-Harrison, Emma (31 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/31/kobani-kurdish-forces-retake-isis-destroyed-power-sanitation-bombs-residents-hopes">"Kobani: destroyed and riddled with unexploded bombs, but its residents dare to dream of a new start"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kobani%3A+destroyed+and+riddled+with+unexploded+bombs%2C+but+its+residents+dare+to+dream+of+a+new+start&rft.date=2015-01-31&rft.aulast=Graham-Harrison&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fjan%2F31%2Fkobani-kurdish-forces-retake-isis-destroyed-power-sanitation-bombs-residents-hopes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thedefensepost.com/2019/10/13/syria-government-russia-kobani-manbij-sdf/">"Syrian government forces set to enter Kobani and Manbij after SDF deal"</a>. <i>The Defense Post</i>. 13 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Defense+Post&rft.atitle=Syrian+government+forces+set+to+enter+Kobani+and+Manbij+after+SDF+deal&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthedefensepost.com%2F2019%2F10%2F13%2Fsyria-government-russia-kobani-manbij-sdf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etana-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-etana_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-etana_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">according to a 2013 estimate, about 90% Kurds, close to 5% Arab and Turkmen, and 1% Armenians.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etanasyria.org/article-details/1/30">"The Second Report: Ayn al-Arab/Kobani, Etana Billetin-First issue"</a>. Etana Files. 1 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Second+Report%3A+Ayn+al-Arab%2FKobani%2C+Etana+Billetin-First+issue&rft.pub=Etana+Files&rft.date=2013-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etanasyria.org%2Farticle-details%2F1%2F30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sociéte Impériale du Chemin de fer de Bagdad</i>, founded on 13 April 1903 with 40% ownership of <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a>, 30% <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Ottoman_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Ottoman Bank">Imperial Ottoman Bank</a>, 10% <i>Anatolische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft</i>, 7.5% <a href="/wiki/Wiener_Bankverein" title="Wiener Bankverein">Wiener Bankverein</a>, 7.5% <i>Schweizerische Kreditanstalt</i>, 5% <a href="/wiki/Banca_Commerciale_Italiana" title="Banca Commerciale Italiana">Banca Commerciale Italiana</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/explained-kobane-or-ayn-al-arab.aspx?pageID=238&nID=73591&NewsCatID=359">"Explained: Kobane or Ayn al-Arab?"</a>. <i>Daily News</i>. 28 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=Explained%3A+Kobane+or+Ayn+al-Arab%3F&rft.date=2014-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fexplained-kobane-or-ayn-al-arab.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D73591%26NewsCatID%3D359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-esyria-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-esyria_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other sources that refer to this subject include Nedal Yousef, 'Interview with Hussein Amin Hussein about [his book] 'Ayn al-Arab – One Hundred Years <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esyria.sy/ealeppo/index.php?p=stories&category=directions&filename=200904091620011">"حسين أمين حسين"...يتحدث عن مدينة "عين العرب" في مئة عام.. (esyria.sy)</a> 9 April 2009. Hussein Ali Hussein, "Ayn Al-Arab over a century" (عين العرب في مئة عام), Dar Al-Aqsa, Damascus (2007); the book is a history of the town compiled for its centennial from accounts in living memory (notably from one Mohamed Abdi, who according to Hussein died in 1998 aged 118, as well as "other centenarians from the region").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-independent_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Cockburn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-in-kobani-turkeys-act-of-abandonment-may-mark-an-irrevocable-breach-with-kurds-across-the-region-9780941.html">Isis in Kobani: Turkey's act of abandonment may mark an 'irrevocable breach' with Kurds across the region</a> <i>Independent</i> 7 October 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MonitorTastekin-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MonitorTastekin_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MonitorTastekin_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MonitorTastekin_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MonitorTastekin_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MonitorTastekin_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTastekin2014" class="citation news cs1">Tastekin, Fehim (28 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/10/turkey-kobani-erdogan-deals-arab-card.html">"Erdogan plays 'Arab card' in Kobani"</a>. Al-Monitor.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Erdogan+plays+%27Arab+card%27+in+Kobani&rft.date=2014-10-28&rft.aulast=Tastekin&rft.aufirst=Fehim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2014%2F10%2Fturkey-kobani-erdogan-deals-arab-card.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-firstthings-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-firstthings_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-firstthings_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-firstthings_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMovsesian2014" class="citation news cs1">Movsesian, Mark (27 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstthings.com/blogs/firstthoughts/2014/10/kobani-then-and-now">"Kobani, Then and Now"</a>. First Things.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kobani%2C+Then+and+Now&rft.date=2014-10-27&rft.aulast=Movsesian&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Fblogs%2Ffirstthoughts%2F2014%2F10%2Fkobani-then-and-now&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/explained-kobane-or-ayn-al-arab-73591">"Explained: Kobane or Ayn al-Arab? - World News"</a>. <i>Hürriyet Daily News</i>. 28 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Explained%3A+Kobane+or+Ayn+al-Arab%3F+-+World+News&rft.date=2014-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fexplained-kobane-or-ayn-al-arab-73591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The district of Kobani comprises about 170 villages: Gérard Chaliand, <i>A People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan</i>, 1993, p. 195. name of the station: <i>Office International de Renseignements sur les Sauterelles de Damas</i>, 1930, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weather Online, Weather Base, BBC Weather and My Weather 2, accessed 10 November 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvan_WatsonShiyar_Sayed_Mohamad2012" class="citation web cs1">Ivan Watson; Shiyar Sayed Mohamad (29 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2012/07/29/world/meast/syria-aleppo-civilians/index.html">"200,000 civilians try to escape violence in Syrian city of Aleppo"</a>. <i>CNN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=200%2C000+civilians+try+to+escape+violence+in+Syrian+city+of+Aleppo&rft.date=2012-07-29&rft.au=Ivan+Watson&rft.au=Shiyar+Sayed+Mohamad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2012%2F07%2F29%2Fworld%2Fmeast%2Fsyria-aleppo-civilians%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wooley-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wooley_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wooley_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolley1920" class="citation book cs1">Woolley, Sir Leonard (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deadtownslivingm00wooluoft"><i>Dead towns and living men: Being pages from an antiquary's notebook</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deadtownslivingm00wooluoft/page/178">178</a>–221.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dead+towns+and+living+men%3A+Being+pages+from+an+antiquary%27s+notebook&rft.pages=178-221&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Woolley&rft.aufirst=Sir+Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeadtownslivingm00wooluoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeuzeyHamdy-Bey1899" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Heuzey, Léon; Hamdy-Bey (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/crai_0065-0536_1899_num_43_5_71489">"Les ruines de Arslan-Tash"</a>. <i>Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres</i> (in French). <b>43</b> (5): 617.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+rendus+des+s%C3%A9ances+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+Inscriptions+et+Belles-Lettres&rft.atitle=Les+ruines+de+Arslan-Tash&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=617&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Heuzey&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A9on&rft.au=Hamdy-Bey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fweb%2Frevues%2Fhome%2Fprescript%2Farticle%2Fcrai_0065-0536_1899_num_43_5_71489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Nedal Yousef, 'Interview with Hussein Amin Hussein about [his book] 'Ayn al-Arab – One Hundred Years<i></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esyria.sy/ealeppo/index.php?p=stories&category=directions&filename=200904091620011">"حسين أمين حسين"...يتحدث عن مدينة "عين العرب" في مئة عام.. (esyria.sy)</a> 9 April 2009. Hussein Ali Hussein, "Ayn Al-Arab over a century" (عين العرب في مئة عام), Dar Al-Aqsa, Damascus (2007); the book is a history of the town compiled for its centennial from accounts in living memory (notably from one Mohamed Abdi, who according to Hussein died in 1998 aged 118, as well as "other centenarians from the region").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyes1916" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Boyes, William (March 1916). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kurdish+Leader+Denies+Syrian+Kurds+Seek+Secession&rft.date=2013-10-02&rft.aulast=Cheterian&rft.aufirst=Vikin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Fpolitics%2F2013%2F10%2Fsyria-kurd-pyd-saleh-muslim-secession.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobani" class="Z3988"></span> Originally published in Arabic by Al-Hayat as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alhayat.com/Details/556556">أكراد سورية لا يريدون الانفصال نحارب النظام و"النصرة" ونخشى مجازر</a> on 28 September 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorucu2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Korucu, Serdar (24 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radikal.com.tr/turkiye/bir_ermeni_cocugun_kobani_hatiralari-1220945">"Bir Ermeni çocuğun Kobani hatıraları..."</a> (in Turkish). 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London: Pluto Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kurdssyriaforgot00yild/page/n29">25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0745324991" title="Special:BookSources/0745324991"><bdi>0745324991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurds+in+Syria%3A+The+Forgotten+People&rft.place=London&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0745324991&rft.aulast=Yildiz&rft.aufirst=Kerim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkurdssyriaforgot00yild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130920014453/http://isay.icisleri.gov.tr/ortak_icerik/syb/S%C4%B1n%C4%B1r%20Kap%C4%B1lar%C4%B1%20Listesi/142%20HUDUT%20KAPILARI%20NEV%C4%B0LER%C4%B0NE%20G%C3%96RE-A%C3%87IKLAMALI%20VE%20SINIR%20%C3%9CLKELER%C4%B0.pdf">"Sınır Kapıları Listesi HUDUT KAPILARI NEVİLERİN GÖRE-AÇIKLAMALI SINIR ÜLKELERİ"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Turkish). Turkish Interior Ministry. 26 March 2013. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isay.icisleri.gov.tr/ortak_icerik/syb/S%C4%B1n%C4%B1r%20Kap%C4%B1lar%C4%B1%20Listesi/142%20HUDUT%20KAPILARI%20NEV%C4%B0LER%C4%B0NE%20G%C3%96RE-A%C3%87IKLAMALI%20VE%20SINIR%20%C3%9CLKELER%C4%B0.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%C4%B1n%C4%B1r+Kap%C4%B1lar%C4%B1+Listesi+HUDUT+KAPILARI+NEV%C4%B0LER%C4%B0N+G%C3%96RE-A%C3%87IKLAMALI+SINIR+%C3%9CLKELER%C4%B0&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Turkish+Interior+Ministry&rft.date=2013-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisay.icisleri.gov.tr%2Fortak_icerik%2Fsyb%2FS%25C4%25B1n%25C4%25B1r%2520Kap%25C4%25B1lar%25C4%25B1%2520Listesi%2F142%2520HUDUT%2520KAPILARI%2520NEV%25C4%25B0LER%25C4%25B0NE%2520G%25C3%2596RE-A%25C3%2587IKLAMALI%2520VE%2520SINIR%2520%25C3%259CLKELER%25C4%25B0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-liberated-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-liberated_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurds/4978.html">"More Kurdish Cities Liberated As Syrian Army Withdraws from Area"</a>. <i>Rudaw</i>. 20 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rudaw&rft.atitle=More+Kurdish+Cities+Liberated+As+Syrian+Army+Withdraws+from+Area&rft.date=2012-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rudaw.net%2Fenglish%2Fkurds%2F4978.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasiareview.com/03082012-natos-secret-kurdish-war-turkey-prepares-iraq-style-attacks-inside-syria-oped/">"NATO's Secret Kurdish War: Turkey Prepares Iraq-Style Attacks Inside Syria – OpEd – Eurasia Review"</a>. 3 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Core&rft.atitle=Roma+abbraccia+Kobane+-+Core&rft.date=2015-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coreonline.it%2Fweb%2Fglocal%2Froma-abbraccia-kobane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.napolitoday.it/cronaca/napoli-gemellaggio-kobane-solidarieta.html">"Napoli in gemellaggio con Kobane: "Vicini a chi lotta per la pace e la libertà"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>NapoliToday</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NapoliToday&rft.atitle=Napoli+in+gemellaggio+con+Kobane%3A+%22Vicini+a+chi+lotta+per+la+pace+e+la+libert%C3%A0%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napolitoday.it%2Fcronaca%2Fnapoli-gemellaggio-kobane-solidarieta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anconatoday.it/politica/mozione-gemellaggio-kobane-ancona-fabriano.html">"Gemellaggio con Kobane, città simbolo della resistenza contro l'Isis: Sel deposita mozione"</a>. <i>AnconaToday</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AnconaToday&rft.atitle=Gemellaggio+con+Kobane%2C+citt%C3%A0+simbolo+della+resistenza+contro+l%27Isis%3A+Sel+deposita+mozione&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anconatoday.it%2Fpolitica%2Fmozione-gemellaggio-kobane-ancona-fabriano.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobani&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbboud2018" class="citation book cs1">Abboud, Samer N. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RnxoDwAAQBAJ"><i>Syria: Hot Spots in Global Politics</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-509-52241-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-509-52241-5"><bdi>978-1-509-52241-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria%3A+Hot+Spots+in+Global+Politics&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-509-52241-5&rft.aulast=Abboud&rft.aufirst=Samer+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRnxoDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobani" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobani&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGayle_Tzemach_Lemmon2021" class="citation book cs1">Gayle Tzemach Lemmon (2021). <i>The Daughters of Kobani: A Story of Rebellion, Courage, and Justice</i>. Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0525560685" title="Special:BookSources/978-0525560685"><bdi>978-0525560685</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Daughters+of+Kobani%3A+A+Story+of+Rebellion%2C+Courage%2C+and+Justice&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0525560685&rft.au=Gayle+Tzemach+Lemmon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobani" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobani&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballas,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ballas, Syria (page does not exist)">Ballas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballas_al-Jadida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ballas al-Jadida (page does not exist)">Ballas al-Jadida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batranah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batranah (page does not exist)">Batranah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burda,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burda, Syria (page does not exist)">Burda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buwaida_Saghira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buwaida Saghira (page does not exist)">Buwaida Saghira</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_Saliba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deir Saliba (page does not exist)">Deir Saliba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hmeidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hmeidi (page does not exist)">Hmeidi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hober,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hober, Syria (page does not exist)">Hober</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jubb_Aleis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jubb Aleis (page does not exist)">Jubb Aleis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kafr_Obeid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kafr Obeid (page does not exist)">Kafr Obeid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mintar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Mintar (page does not exist)">al-Mintar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mreiqes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mreiqes (page does not exist)">Mreiqes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oweinat_Kabira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oweinat Kabira (page does not exist)">Oweinat Kabira</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasm_al-Mofakker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasm al-Mofakker (page does not exist)">Rasm al-Mofakker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabara_al-Khusheir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabara al-Khusheir (page does not exist)">Tabara al-Khusheir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Um_al-Karamel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Um al-Karamel (page does not exist)">Um al-Karamel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haritan_Nahiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haritan Nahiyah (page does not exist)">Haritan Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Haritan" title="Haritan">Haritan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadan" title="Anadan">Anadan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babis,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babis, Syria (page does not exist)">Babis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bashkoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bashkoy (page does not exist)">Bashkoy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hayyan (page does not exist)">Hayyan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fah,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fah, Syria (page does not exist)">Fah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kafr_Bssin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kafr Bssin (page does not exist)">Kafr Bssin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Hamrah" title="Kafr Hamrah">Kafr Hamrah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maarat_al-Artiq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maarat al-Artiq (page does not exist)">Maarat al-Artiq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naqqarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naqqarin (page does not exist)">Naqqarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Najjar" title="Shaykh Najjar">Shaykh Najjar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaykh_Zayat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaykh Zayat (page does not exist)">Shaykh Zayat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shamer,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shamer, Syria (page does not exist)">Shamer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaqed_al-Adas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaqed al-Adas (page does not exist)">Yaqed al-Adas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darat_Izza_Nahiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darat Izza Nahiyah (page does not exist)">Darat Izza Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Darat_Izza" title="Darat Izza">Darat Izza</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bshantara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bshantara (page does not exist)">Bshantara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basrtun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basrtun (page does not exist)">Basrtun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishqatin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bishqatin (page does not exist)">Bishqatin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kafrantin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kafrantin (page does not exist)">Kafrantin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hoteh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Hoteh (page does not exist)">al-Hoteh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hur,_Aleppo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hur, Aleppo (page does not exist)">Hur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injarah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Injarah (page does not exist)">Injarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irhab,_Syria" title="Irhab, Syria">Irhab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qabtan_al-Jabal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qabtan al-Jabal (page does not exist)">Qabtan al-Jabal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Sakhriyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Sakhriyah (page does not exist)">al-Sakhriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taqad (page does not exist)">Taqad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hadher_Nahiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Hadher Nahiyah (page does not exist)">al-Hadher Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Hadher,_Syria" title="Al-Hadher, Syria">al-Hadher</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Eiss" title="Al-Eiss">al-Eiss</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalamah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalamah (page does not exist)">Dalamah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jmeimeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jmeimeh (page does not exist)">Jmeimeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryamin_Samaan" title="Maryamin Samaan">Maryamin Samaan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Dadin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Dadin (page does not exist)">Tell Dadin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Zirbah_Nahiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Zirbah Nahiyah (page does not exist)">al-Zirbah Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Zirbah" title="Al-Zirbah">al-Zirbah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abad,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abad, Syria (page does not exist)">Abad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arada,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arada, Syria (page does not exist)">Arada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banes,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banes, Syria (page does not exist)">Banes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barnah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barnah (page does not exist)">Barnah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barqum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barqum (page does not exist)">Barqum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawabiyah" title="Bawabiyah">Bawabiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humayrah,_Aleppo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humayrah, Aleppo (page does not exist)">Humayrah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huweir_al-Eiss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huweir al-Eiss (page does not exist)">Huweir al-Eiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazraya" title="Jazraya">Jazraya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jubb_Kas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jubb Kas (page does not exist)">Jubb Kas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kassibeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kassibeh (page does not exist)">Kassibeh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Othmaniya_Kabira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Othmaniya Kabira (page does not exist)">Othmaniya Kabira</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasm_al-Eiss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasm al-Eiss (page does not exist)">Rasm al-Eiss</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talafeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talafeh (page does not exist)">Talafeh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Allush&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Allush (page does not exist)">Tell Allush</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Hidyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Hidyah (page does not exist)">Tell Hidyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zitan,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zitan, Syria (page does not exist)">Zitan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziyara_Samaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ziyara Samaan (page does not exist)">Ziyara Samaan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-center: 108px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zammar_Nahiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zammar Nahiyah (page does not exist)">Zammar Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Zammar" title="Zammar">Zammar</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_Governorate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aleppo Governorate within Syria"><img alt="Aleppo Governorate within Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Aleppo_Governorate.svg/90px-Aleppo_Governorate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Aleppo_Governorate.svg/135px-Aleppo_Governorate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Aleppo_Governorate.svg/180px-Aleppo_Governorate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="696" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_blank_districts.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Aleppo Governorate"><img alt="Aleppo Governorate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Aleppo_blank_districts.png/90px-Aleppo_blank_districts.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Aleppo_blank_districts.png/135px-Aleppo_blank_districts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Aleppo_blank_districts.png/180px-Aleppo_blank_districts.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Azaz_District47" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Azaz_District" title="Azaz District">Azaz District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Azaz_Subdistrict" title="Azaz Subdistrict">Azaz Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Azaz" title="Azaz">Azaz</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fayruziyah" title="Al-Fayruziyah">al-Fayruziyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarez" title="Jarez">Jarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Kalbin" title="Kafr Kalbin">Kafr Kalbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Khasher" title="Kafr Khasher">Kafr Khasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaljibrin" title="Kaljibrin">Kaljibrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Krum" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Krum">Al-Krum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27arin" title="Ma'arin">Ma'arin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Malikiyah,_Azaz" title="Al-Malikiyah, Azaz">al-Malikiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraanaz" title="Maraanaz">Maraanaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menagh" title="Menagh">Menagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayarah" title="Nayarah">Nayarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddah" title="Naddah">Naddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Salameh,_Syria" title="Al-Salameh, Syria">al-Salameh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarikh" title="Shamarikh">Shamarikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarin" title="Shamarin">Shamarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sijaraz" title="Sijaraz">Sijaraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatiyah" title="Tatiyah">Tatiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulayl_ash-Sham" title="Tulayl ash-Sham">Tulayl ash-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahmul" title="Yahmul">Yahmul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Akhtarin_Subdistrict" title="Akhtarin Subdistrict">Akhtarin Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akhtarin" title="Akhtarin">Akhtarin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablah" title="Ablah">Ablah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Burhan" title="Aq Burhan">Aq Burhan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arshaf,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arshaf, Syria (page does not exist)">Arshaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahwartah" title="Bahwartah">Bahwartah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruza" title="Baruza">Baruza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabiq,_Syria" title="Dabiq, Syria">Dabiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudyan" title="Dudyan">Dudyan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duweidan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duweidan (page does not exist)">Duweidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaytun" title="Ghaytun">Ghaytun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurur" title="Ghurur">Ghurur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27ibah" title="Ka'ibah">Ka'ibah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadrish" title="Kadrish">Kadrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabtan" title="Qabtan">Qabtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qar_Kalbin" title="Qar Kalbin">Qar Kalbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taanah,_Syria" title="Taanah, Syria">Taanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal%27ar_Gharbi" title="Tal'ar Gharbi">Tal'ar Gharbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal%27ar_Sharqi" title="Tal'ar Sharqi">Tal'ar Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_Battal" title="Tall Battal">Tall Battal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_Tanah" title="Tall Tanah">Tall Tanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_Hims" title="Tat Hims">Tat Hims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkman_Bareh" title="Turkman Bareh">Turkman Bareh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziadiyah" title="Ziadiyah">Ziadiyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Tell_Rifaat_Subdistrict" title="Tell Rifaat Subdistrict">Tell Rifaat Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tell_Rifaat" title="Tell Rifaat">Tell Rifaat</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahras" title="Ahras">Ahras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Jamal" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir Jamal">Deir Jamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Naseh,_Tell_Rifaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kafr Naseh, Tell Rifaat">Kafr Naseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Naya" title="Kafr Naya">Kafr Naya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Issa" title="Shaykh Issa">Shaykh Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Jabin" title="Tell Jabin">Tell Jabin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Mare%27_Subdistrict" title="Mare' Subdistrict">Mare' Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mare%27" title="Mare'">Mare'</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fafin" title="Fafin">Fafin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbel" title="Herbel">Herbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarat_Umm_Hawsh" title="Maarat Umm Hawsh">Ma'arat Umm Hawsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbul" title="Sunbul">Sunbul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talalin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talalin (page does not exist)">Talalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Qarah" title="Tell Qarah">Tell Qarah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Nubl_Subdistrict" title="Nubl Subdistrict">Nubl Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nubl" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubl">Nubl</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayanoun" title="Bayanoun">Bayanoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayer,_Syria" title="Mayer, Syria">Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratyan" title="Ratyan">Ratyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahraa" title="Al-Zahraa">al-Zahraa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Sawran_Subdistrict,_Aleppo_Governorate" title="Sawran Subdistrict, Aleppo Governorate">Sawran Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sawran,_Aleppo_Governorate" title="Sawran, Aleppo Governorate">Sawran</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraghida" title="Baraghida">Baraghida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel,_Syria" title="Bel, Syria">Bel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duwaybiq" title="Duwaybiq">Duwaybiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawar_Kilis" title="Hawar Kilis">Hawar Kilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihtaimlat" title="Ihtaimlat">Ihtaimlat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Judaydah,_Aleppo_Governorate" title="Al-Judaydah, Aleppo Governorate">al-Judaydah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafra,_Syria" title="Kafra, Syria">Kafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Burayshah" title="Kafr Burayshah">Kafr Burayshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Shoush" title="Kafr Shoush">Kafr Shoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murayghil" title="Murayghil">Murayghil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rael,_Syria" title="Rael, Syria">Rael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuwayrin" title="Shuwayrin">Shuwayrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yaarubiyah,_Aleppo_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yaarubiyah, Aleppo Governorate">al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Yamamah,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Yamamah, Syria (page does not exist)">al-Yamamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az-Zahiriyah,_Aleppo_Governorate" title="Az-Zahiriyah, Aleppo Governorate">Az-Zahiriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayzafun" title="Zayzafun">Zayzafun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Afrin_District47" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Afrin_District" title="Afrin District">Afrin District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Afrin_Subdistrict" title="Afrin Subdistrict">Afrin Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afrin,_Syria" title="Afrin, Syria">Afrin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain_Dara,_Aleppo_Governorate" title="Ain Dara, Aleppo Governorate">Ain Dara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awlad_al-Arab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awlad al-Arab (page does not exist)">Awlad al-Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barad,_Syria" title="Barad, Syria">Barad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baselhaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baselhaya (page does not exist)">Baselhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basuta" title="Basuta">Basuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basufan" title="Basufan">Basufan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beit_Adin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beit Adin (page does not exist)">Beit Adin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burj_Abdullah" title="Burj Abdullah">Burj Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inab" title="Inab">Inab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kafr_Nabu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kafr Nabu (page does not exist)">Kafr Nabu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalota,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalota, Syria (page does not exist)">Kalota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimar,_Syria" title="Kimar, Syria">Kimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryamin,_Afrin" title="Maryamin, Afrin">Maryamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oqayba" title="Oqayba">Oqayba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibar" title="Qibar">Qibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulbul_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulbul Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Bulbul Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bulbul,_Syria" title="Bulbul, Syria">Bulbul</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burj_Haider&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burj Haider (page does not exist)">Burj Haider</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darmashkanli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darmashkanli (page does not exist)">Darmashkanli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_Ballut,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deir Ballut, Syria (page does not exist)">Deir Ballut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fafertin" title="Fafertin">Fafertin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalbul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalbul (page does not exist)">Jalbul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karzahayel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karzahayel (page does not exist)">Karzahayel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jandairis_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jandairis Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Jandairis Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jindires" title="Jindires">Jindires</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celem%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Celemê">Jalamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Safra" title="Kafr Safra">Kafr Safra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maabatli_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maabatli Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Maabatli Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Maabatli" title="Maabatli">Maabatli</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rajo_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rajo Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Rajo Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rajo,_Syria" title="Rajo, Syria">Rajo</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meidan_Ekbis" title="Meidan Ekbis">Meidan Ekbis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharran_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sharran Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Sharran Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sharran" title="Sharran">Sharran</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatma" title="Qatma">Qatma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaykh_al-Hadid_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaykh al-Hadid Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Shaykh al-Hadid Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Hadid" title="Shaykh al-Hadid">Shaykh al-Hadid</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Atarib_District47" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Atarib_District" title="Atarib District">Atarib District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Atarib_Subdistrict" title="Atarib Subdistrict">Atarib Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Atarib" title="Atarib">Atarib</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Abzamo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Abzamo (page does not exist)">al-Abzamo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batibo,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batibo, Syria (page does not exist)">Batibo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jinah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jinah (page does not exist)">al-Jinah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Ibbin_Samaan_Subdistrict" title="Ibbin Samaan Subdistrict">Ibbin Samaan Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ibbin_Samaan" title="Ibbin Samaan">Ibbin Samaan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Halab" title="Kafr Halab">Kafr Halab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kafr_Karmin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kafr Karmin (page does not exist)">Kafr Karmin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kafr_Naha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kafr Naha (page does not exist)">Kafr Naha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kafr_Nasih_al-Atarib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kafr Nasih al-Atarib (page does not exist)">Kafr Nasih al-Atarib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kafr_Nuran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kafr Nuran (page does not exist)">Kafr Nuran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maarat_Atarib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maarat Atarib (page does not exist)">Maarat Atarib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awayjil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awayjil (page does not exist)">Awayjil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Sahharah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Sahharah (page does not exist)">al-Sahharah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shaykh_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Shaykh Ali (page does not exist)">al-Shaykh Ali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urum_al-Kubra_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urum al-Kubra Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Urum al-Kubra Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Urum_al-Kubra" title="Urum al-Kubra">Urum al-Kubra</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_al-Sughra" title="Urum al-Sughra">Urum al-Sughra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Ayn_al-Arab_District47" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Arab_District" title="Ayn al-Arab District">Ayn al-Arab District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Arab_Subdistrict" title="Ayn al-Arab Subdistrict">Ayn al-Arab Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî">Ayn al-Arab</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Farazdaq,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Farazdaq, Syria (page does not exist)">al-Farazdaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Haqel" title="Al-Haqel">al-Haqel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaadat_al-Samaawat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaadat al-Samaawat (page does not exist)">Jaadat al-Samaawat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jalbiyah_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jalbiyah Subdistrict (page does not exist)">al-Jalbiyah Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jalbiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jalbiyah (page does not exist)">al-Jalbiyah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jubb_Faraj_Kabir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jubb Faraj Kabir (page does not exist)">Jubb Faraj Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mil_(Ayn_Al-Arab)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mil (Ayn Al-Arab)">Mil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qibbah,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qibbah, Syria (page does not exist)">Qibbah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qinayah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qinayah (page does not exist)">Qinayah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramilah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramilah (page does not exist)">Ramilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn_Qibli" title="Ras al-Ayn Qibli">Ras al-Ayn Qibli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarrin_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarrin Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Sarrin Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sarrin" title="Sarrin">Sarrin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuyukh_Fawqani" title="Shuyukh Fawqani">Shuyukh Fawqani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Shuyukh_Tahtani_Subdistrict" title="Shuyukh Tahtani Subdistrict">Shuyukh Tahtani Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Shuyukh_Tahtani" title="Shuyukh Tahtani">Shuyukh Tahtani</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Abyad_Tahtani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Abyad Tahtani (page does not exist)">Tell Abyad Tahtani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Al-Bab_District47" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Al-Bab_District" title="Al-Bab District">Al-Bab District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Bab_Subdistrict" title="Al-Bab Subdistrict">Al-Bab Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Bab" title="Al-Bab">al-Bab</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Jabbar" title="Abu Jabbar">Abu Jabbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Taltal" title="Abu Taltal">Abu Taltal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameriyeh,_al-Bab" title="Ameriyeh, al-Bab">Ameriyeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Arima_Subdistrict" title="Arima Subdistrict">Arima Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arima,_Syria" title="Arima, Syria">Arima</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arran,_Syria" title="Arran, Syria">Arran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barlahin" title="Barlahin">Barlahin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizaah" title="Bizaah">Bizaah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Burj,_al-Bab" title="Al-Burj, al-Bab">al-Burj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Qaq" title="Deir Qaq">Deir Qaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddabat" title="Haddabat">Haddabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Kusa" title="Haji Kusa">Haji Kusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezwan" title="Hezwan">Hezwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherbet_Kiyar" title="Kherbet Kiyar">Kherbet Kiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maran,_Syria" title="Maran, Syria">Maran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oweishiyeh" title="Oweishiyeh">Oweishiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabasin" title="Qabasin">Qabbasin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Rai_Subdistrict" title="Al-Rai Subdistrict">Al-Rai Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Rai,_Syria" title="Al-Rai, Syria">Al-Rai</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosyan" title="Sosyan">Sosyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Tadef_Subdistrict" title="Tadef Subdistrict">Tadef Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tadef" title="Tadef">Tadef</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Rahal" title="Tell Rahal">Tell Rahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Waqf,_Syria" title="Al-Waqf, Syria">al-Waqf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Dayr_Hafir_District47" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dayr_Hafir_District" title="Dayr Hafir District">Dayr Hafir District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dayr_Hafir_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dayr Hafir Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Dayr Hafir Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dayr_Hafir" title="Dayr Hafir">Dayr Hafir</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humaymah_Kabirah" title="Humaymah Kabirah">Humaymah Kabirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jabbul" title="Al-Jabbul">al-Jabbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_el-Marra" title="Umm el-Marra">Umm el-Marra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuweires_Sharqi_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuweires Sharqi Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Kuweires Sharqi Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuweires_Sharqi" title="Kuweires Sharqi">Kuweires Sharqi</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazburah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mazburah (page does not exist)">Mazburah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Raa%27i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Raa'i (page does not exist)">al-Raa'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm_al-Abed" title="Rasm al-Abed">Rasm al-Abed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasm_Harmil_al-Imam_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasm Harmil al-Imam Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Rasm Harmil al-Imam Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rasm_Harmil_al-Imam" title="Rasm Harmil al-Imam">Rasm Harmil al-Imam</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaykh_Ahmad,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaykh Ahmad, Syria (page does not exist)">Shaykh Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Ayoub,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Ayoub, Syria (page does not exist)">Tell Ayoub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Jarabulus_District47" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jarabulus_District" title="Jarabulus District">Jarabulus District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Jarabulus_Subdistrict" title="Jarabulus Subdistrict">Jarabulus Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Jarabulus" title="Jarabulus">Jarabulus</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bir_Fawqani" title="Al-Bir Fawqani">al-Bir Fawqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bir_Tahtani" title="Al-Bir Tahtani">al-Bir Tahtani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hajaliah" title="Al-Hajaliah">al-Hajaliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Haluwaniyah" title="Al-Haluwaniyah">al-Haluwaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jamel" title="Al-Jamel">al-Jamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarnah" class="mw-redirect" title="Amarnah">Amarnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Bayda,_Jarabulus" title="Ayn al-Bayda, Jarabulus">Ayn al-Bayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaban,_Syria" title="Balaban, Syria">Balaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabis,_Syria" title="Dabis, Syria">Dabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymar,_Syria" title="Haymar, Syria">Haymar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarabulus_Tahtani" title="Jarabulus Tahtani">Jarabulus Tahtani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marma_al-Hajar" title="Marma al-Hajar">Marma al-Hajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazaalah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazaalah">Mazaalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qandariyah" title="Qandariyah">Qandariyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qirata,_Jarabulus" title="Qirata, Jarabulus">Qirata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qirq_Maghar" title="Qirq Maghar">Qirq Maghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Rutha_Tahtani,_Jarabulus" title="Umm Rutha Tahtani, Jarabulus">Umm Rutha Tahtani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Bayk" title="Yusuf Bayk">Yusuf Bayk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zugharah,_Jarabulus" title="Zugharah, Jarabulus">Zugharah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Ghandoura_Subdistrict" title="Ghandoura Subdistrict">Ghandoura Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ghandoura" title="Ghandoura">Ghandoura</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kuliya,_Jarabulus" title="Al-Kuliya, Jarabulus">Al-Kuliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shahid,_Jarabulus" title="Al-Shahid, Jarabulus">Al-Shahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi,_Jarabulus" title="Al-Qadi, Jarabulus">Al-Qadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Azzah" title="Arab Azzah">Arab Azzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belis,_Jarabulus" title="Belis, Jarabulus">Belis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fursan,_Syria" title="Fursan, Syria">Fursan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubb_al-Dam,_Jarabulus" title="Jubb al-Dam, Jarabulus">Jubb al-Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilawa" title="Lilawa">Lilawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabghah,_Jarabulus" title="Nabghah, Jarabulus">Nabghah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aghbar,_Jarabulus" title="Tell Aghbar, Jarabulus">Tell Aghbar‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_Hajar,_Jarabulus" title="Tall Hajar, Jarabulus">Tell Hajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubbat_at-Turkuman" title="Qubbat at-Turkuman">Qubbat at-Turkuman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Suwaydah,_Aleppo_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Suwaydah, Aleppo Governorate (page does not exist)">al-Suwaydah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="Manbij_District47" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Manbij_District" title="Manbij District">Manbij District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Manbij_Subdistrict" title="Manbij Subdistrict">Manbij Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Kahf_Subdistrict" title="Abu Kahf Subdistrict">Abu Kahf Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Kahf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Kahf (page does not exist)">Abu Kahf</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qilqil_Subdistrict" title="Abu Qilqil Subdistrict">Abu Qilqil Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qilqil" title="Abu Qilqil">Abu Qilqil</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Hassan_Kabir" title="Arab Hassan Kabir">Arab Hassan Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awsajli_Kabir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awsajli Kabir (page does not exist)">Awsajli Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakhirah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dakhirah (page does not exist)">Dakhirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandaniya" title="Dandaniya">Dandaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamir_Labidah" title="Hamir Labidah">Hamir Labidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyah_Kabirah" title="Hayyah Kabirah">Hayyah Kabirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubb_Hamza" title="Jubb Hamza">Jubb Hamza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walia_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walia (Syria)">Walia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Khafsah_Subdistrict" title="Al-Khafsah Subdistrict">Al-Khafsah Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Khafsah" title="Al-Khafsah">Al-Khafsah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khan_al-Humr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khan al-Humr (page does not exist)">Khan al-Humr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maamurah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Maamurah (page does not exist)">al-Maamurah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mahsanah_Khafsah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Mahsanah Khafsah (page does not exist)">al-Mahsanah Khafsah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Maskanah_Subdistrict" title="Maskanah Subdistrict">Maskanah Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Maskanah" title="Maskanah">Maskanah</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mallah,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mallah, Syria (page does not exist)">Mallah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mujammaa_Huttin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mujammaa Huttin (page does not exist)">Mujammaa Huttin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Nasiriyah_Fawqani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Nasiriyah Fawqani (page does not exist)">al-Nasiriyah Fawqani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qashlat_Yusef_Basha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qashlat Yusef Basha (page does not exist)">Qashlat Yusef Basha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ras_al-Ayn_al-Bumane%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ras al-Ayn al-Bumane' (page does not exist)">Ras al-Ayn al-Bumane'</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saan_al-Ghazal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saan al-Ghazal (page does not exist)">Saan al-Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Tadamon,_Aleppo_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Tadamon, Aleppo Governorate (page does not exist)">al-Tadamon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talhuthan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talhuthan (page does not exist)">Talhuthan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Aswad,_Aleppo_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Aswad, Aleppo Governorate (page does not exist)">Tell Aswad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Akhdar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Akhdar (page does not exist)">Tell Akhdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin,_Aleppo" title="Tishrin, Aleppo">Tishrin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Zahirah,_Aleppo_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Zahirah, Aleppo Governorate (page does not exist)">al-Zahirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zunqul" title="Zunqul">Zunqul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 108px;"><div id="As-Safira_District47" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/As-Safira_District" title="As-Safira District">As-Safira District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=As-Safira_Nahiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="As-Safira Nahiyah (page does not exist)">As-Safira Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/As-Safira" title="As-Safira">as-Safira</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Jurayn_al-Safirah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Jurayn al-Safirah (page does not exist)">Abu Jurayn al-Safirah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqrabah,_Aleppo_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aqrabah, Aleppo Governorate (page does not exist)">Aqrabah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banan_Nahiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banan Nahiyah (page does not exist)">Banan Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Banan,_Syria" title="Banan, Syria">Banan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hajib_Nahiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Hajib Nahiyah (page does not exist)">al-Hajib Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Hajib" title="Al-Hajib">al-Hajib</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawwaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hawwaz (page does not exist)">Hawwaz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khanasir_Nahiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khanasir Nahiyah (page does not exist)">Khanasir Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Khanasir" title="Khanasir">Khanasir</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qulayaa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qulayaa (page does not exist)">Qulayaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm_Al-Nafl" title="Rasm Al-Nafl">Rasm Al-Nafl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Samiriyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Samiriyah (page does not exist)">al-Samiriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tat,_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tat, Syria (page does not exist)">Tat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: lavender;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Aran_Nahiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Aran Nahiyah (page does not exist)">Tell Aran Subdistrict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aran" title="Tell Aran">Tell Aran</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Hasil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Hasil (page does not exist)">Tell Hasil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zira%27ah,_Aleppo_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zira'ah, Aleppo Governorate (page does not exist)">Zira'ah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_and_towns_of_Syria169" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_of_Syria" title="Template:Cities of Syria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_of_Syria" title="Template talk:Cities of Syria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_of_Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities of Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_and_towns_of_Syria169" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Syria" title="List of cities in Syria">Cities and towns of Syria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">Governorate</a> centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa" title="Daraa">Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor">Deir ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib" title="Idlib">Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra" title="Quneitra">Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Rif Dimashq">Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwayda" title="Suwayda">Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_districts.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Districts of Syria"><img alt="Districts of Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Syria_districts.png/100px-Syria_districts.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Syria_districts.png/150px-Syria_districts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Syria_districts.png/200px-Syria_districts.png 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="866" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Syria" title="Districts of Syria">District</a> centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Kamal" title="Abu Kamal">Abu Kamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrin,_Syria" title="Afrin, Syria">Afrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariha,_Idlib" title="Ariha, Idlib">Ariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarib" title="Atarib">Atarib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn al-Arab">Ayn al-Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azaz" title="Azaz">Azaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bab" title="Al-Bab">al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baniyas" title="Baniyas">Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darayya" title="Darayya">Darayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayr_Hafir" title="Dayr Hafir">Dayr Hafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douma,_Syria" title="Douma, Syria">Douma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duraykish" title="Duraykish">Duraykish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiq,_Syria" title="Fiq, Syria">Fiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Haffah" title="Al-Haffah">al-Haffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem,_Syria" title="Harem, Syria">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izra" title="Izra">Izra'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jableh" title="Jableh">Jableh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarabulus" title="Jarabulus">Jarabulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jisr_ash-Shughur" title="Jisr ash-Shughur">Jisr ash-Shughur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarat_al-Numaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maarat al-Numaan">Maarat al-Numaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Malikiyah" title="Al-Malikiyah">al-Malikiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masyaf" title="Masyaf">Masyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayadin" title="Mayadin">Mayadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mhardeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mhardeh">Mhardeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mukharram" title="Al-Mukharram">al-Mukharram al-Foqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An-Nabk" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nabk">an-Nabk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qardaha" title="Qardaha">Qardaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatana" title="Qatana">Qatana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qudsaya" title="Qudsaya">Qudsaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr,_Syria" title="Al-Qusayr, Syria">al-Qusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qutayfah" title="Al-Qutayfah">al-Qutayfah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn,_al-Hasakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras al-Ayn, al-Hasakah">Ra's al-'Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rastan" title="Al-Rastan">al-Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Safira" title="As-Safira">as-Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safita" title="Safita">Safita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamiyah" title="Salamiyah">Salamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salkhad" title="Salkhad">Salkhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sanamayn" title="Al-Sanamayn">al-Sanamayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahba" title="Shahba">Shahba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash-Shaykh_Badr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash-Shaykh Badr">ash-Shaykh Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suqaylabiyah" title="Al-Suqaylabiyah">al-Suqaylabiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talkalakh" title="Talkalakh">Talkalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tall_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tall (Syria)">al-Tall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad" title="Tell Abyad">Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Thawrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Thawrah">al-Thawrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabroud" title="Yabroud">Yabroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabadani">Zabadani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nahiyah" title="Nahiyah">Sub-district</a> centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qilqil" title="Abu Qilqil">Abu Qilqil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Thuhur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Thuhur">Abu al-Thuhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtarin" title="Akhtarin">Akhtarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amuda" title="Amuda">Amuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbeen">Arbeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arima,_Syria" title="Arima, Syria">Arima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ariqah" title="Al-Ariqah">al-Ariqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Arishah" title="Al-Arishah">al-Arishah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armanaz" title="Armanaz">Armanaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Asharah" title="Al-Asharah">al-Asharah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assal_al-Ward" title="Assal al-Ward">Assal al-Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awj" title="Awj">Awj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Fijah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn al-Fijah">Ayn al-Fijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Halaqim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn Halaqim">Ayn Halaqim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Issa" title="Ayn Issa">Ayn Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Nasr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn al-Nasr">Ayn al-Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babbila" title="Babbila">Babbila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banan,_Syria" title="Banan, Syria">Banan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barri_Sharqi" title="Barri Sharqi">Barri Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jinn" title="Beit Jinn">Beit Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binnish" title="Binnish">Binnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_al-Helou" title="Bir al-Helou">Bir al-Helou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulbul,_Syria" title="Bulbul, Syria">Bulbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busayrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Busayrah">Busayrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%27el" title="Da'el">Da'el</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dana,_Syria" title="Al-Dana, Syria">al-Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darat_Izza" title="Darat Izza">Darat Izza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkush" title="Darkush">Darkush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Darbasiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Darbasiyah">al-Darbasiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Atiyah" title="Deir Atiyah">Deir Atiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dimas" title="Al-Dimas">al-Dimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dumayr" title="Al-Dumayr">al-Dumayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furqlus" title="Furqlus">Furqlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghabaghib" title="Ghabaghib">Ghabaghib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghandoura" title="Ghandoura">Ghandoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghariyah" title="Al-Ghariyah">al-Ghariyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghizlaniyah" title="Al-Ghizlaniyah">al-Ghizlaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hader,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hader, Syria">al-Hader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadidah" title="Hadidah">Hadidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hajar_al-Aswad" title="Al-Hajar al-Aswad">al-Hajar al-Aswad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hajib" title="Al-Hajib">al-Hajib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajin" title="Hajin">Hajin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamidiyah" title="Al-Hamidiyah">al-Hamidiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamraa" title="Al-Hamraa">al-Hamraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harasta" title="Harasta">Harasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbnafsah" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbnafsah">Harbnafsah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harran_al-Awamid" title="Harran al-Awamid">Harran al-Awamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hirak,_Syria" title="Al-Hirak, Syria">al-Hirak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hish,_Syria" title="Hish, Syria">Hish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisyah" title="Hisyah">Hisyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hawl" title="Al-Hawl">al-Hawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huraytan" class="mw-redirect" title="Huraytan">Huraytan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Huwash" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Huwash">al-Huwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibbin_Samaan" title="Ibbin Samaan">Ibbin Samaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihsim" title="Ihsim">Ihsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayrud" title="Jayrud">Jayrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jalaa" title="Al-Jalaa">al-Jalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Janudiyah" title="Al-Janudiyah">al-Janudiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaramana" title="Jaramana">Jaramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jarniyah" title="Al-Jarniyah">al-Jarniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasim" title="Jasim">Jasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jawadiyah" title="Al-Jawadiyah">al-Jawadiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubb_al-Jarrah" title="Jubb al-Jarrah">Jubb al-Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubb_Ramlah" title="Jubb Ramlah">Jubb Ramlah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindires" title="Jindires">Jindires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jiza,_Syria" title="Al-Jiza, Syria">al-Jiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qabu,_Syria" title="Al-Qabu, Syria">al-Qabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Batna" title="Kafr Batna">Kafr Batna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Nabl" title="Kafr Nabl">Kafr Nabl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Takharim" title="Kafr Takharim">Kafr Takharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Zita" title="Kafr Zita">Kafr Zita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Karamah,_Raqqa_Governorate" title="Al-Karamah, Raqqa Governorate">al-Karamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kasrah" title="Al-Kasrah">al-Kasrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kessab" title="Kessab">Kessab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khafsah" title="Al-Khafsah">al-Khafsah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun" title="Khan Shaykhun">Khan Shaykhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasham" title="Khasham">Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirnaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirnaz">Kirnaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwayris_Sharqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwayris Sharqi">Kuwayris Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanasir" title="Khanasir">Khanaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Ghazaleh" title="Khirbet Ghazaleh">Khirbet Ghazaleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_al-Tin_Mahmoud" class="mw-redirect" title="Khirbet al-Tin Mahmoud">Khirbet al-Tin Mahmoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kiswah" title="Al-Kiswah">al-Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27arrat_Misrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'arrat Misrin">Ma'arrat Misrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maabatli" title="Maabatli">Maabatli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maadan">Maadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maaloula" title="Maaloula">Maaloula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madaya,_Syria" title="Madaya, Syria">Madaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahin,_Syria" title="Mahin, Syria">Mahin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Malah" title="Tell Malah">Malah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Malihah" title="Al-Malihah">al-Malihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansurah,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansurah, Syria">al-Mansurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare%27" title="Mare'">Mare'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markada" title="Markada">Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashta_al-Helu" title="Mashta al-Helu">Mashta al-Helu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah" title="Maskanah">Maskanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masmiyah" title="Al-Masmiyah">al-Masmiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mazraa,_Syria" title="Al-Mazraa, Syria">al-Mazraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhambal" title="Muhambal">Muhambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhasan">Muhasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musayfirah" title="Al-Musayfirah">al-Musayfirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mushannaf" title="Al-Mushannaf">al-Mushannaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzayrib" title="Muzayrib">Muzayrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nashabiyah" title="Al-Nashabiyah">al-Nashabiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nasirah,_Syria" title="Al-Nasirah, Syria">al-Nasirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawa,_Syria" title="Nawa, Syria">Nawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubl" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubl">Nubl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadmus" title="Al-Qadmus">al-Qadmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qahtaniyah,_Al-Hasakah_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qahtaniyah, Al-Hasakah Governorate">al-Qahtaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalaat_al-Madiq" title="Qalaat al-Madiq">Qalaat al-Madiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarah,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarah, Syria">Qarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaryatayn" title="Al-Qaryatayn">al-Qaryatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qurayya" title="Al-Qurayya">al-Qurayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurqania" title="Qurqania">Qurqania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajo,_Syria" title="Rajo, Syria">Rajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rankus">Rankus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm_Harmil_al-Imam" title="Rasm Harmil al-Imam">Rasm Harmil al-Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rai,_Syria" title="Al-Rai, Syria">al-Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Riqama" title="Al-Riqama">al-Riqama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ruhaybah" title="Al-Ruhaybah">al-Ruhaybah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saan" title="Al-Saan">al-Saan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saasaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Saasaa">Saasaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabburah" title="Sabburah">Sabburah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sabe%27_Biyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sabe' Biyar">al-Sabe' Biyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sabkhah" title="Al-Sabkhah">al-Sabkhah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadad,_Syria" title="Sadad, Syria">Sadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahnaya" title="Sahnaya">Sahnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidnaya" title="Saidnaya">Saidnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salqin" title="Salqin">Salqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraqib" title="Saraqib">Saraqib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmin" title="Sarmin">Sarmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarrin" title="Sarrin">Sarrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawran,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawran, Syria">Sawran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebei,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebei, Syria">Sebei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadah" title="Al-Shaddadah">al-Shaddadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shajara,_Syria" title="Al-Shajara, Syria">al-Shajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaqqa" title="Shaqqa">Shaqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharran" title="Sharran">Sharran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shathah" title="Shathah">Shathah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Hadid" title="Shaykh al-Hadid">Shaykh al-Hadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Maskin" title="Al-Shaykh Maskin">al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayukh_Tahtani" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayukh Tahtani">Shayukh Tahtani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin,_Syria" title="Shin, Syria">Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar,_Idlib" title="Sinjar, Idlib">Sinjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirghaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirghaya">Sirghaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slinfah" title="Slinfah">Slinfah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suluk,_Syria" title="Suluk, Syria">Suluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Surah_al-Saghirah" title="Al-Surah al-Saghirah">al-Surah al-Saghirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suwar" title="Al-Suwar">al-Suwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suran,_Hama_Governorate" title="Suran, Hama Governorate">Suran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Susah" title="Al-Susah">al-Susah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sukhnah,_Syria" title="Al-Sukhnah, Syria">al-Sukhnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tabni" title="Al-Tabni">al-Tabni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbiseh" title="Talbiseh">Talbiseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taldou" title="Taldou">Taldou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tamanah" title="Al-Tamanah">al-Tamanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasil" title="Tasil">Tasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_al-Daman" title="Tell al-Daman">Tell al-Daman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hamis" title="Tell Hamis">Tell Hamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Rifaat" title="Tell Rifaat">Tell Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Salhab" title="Tell Salhab">Tell 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/140978421">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1077004257">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2007017878">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kobani (Sýrie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge904307&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987009841290405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>  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