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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In early Buddhism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_early_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_early_Buddhist_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_early_Buddhist_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 In early Buddhist texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_early_Buddhist_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-No_denial_of_self" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No_denial_of_self"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 No denial of self </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No_denial_of_self-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developing_the_self" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developing_the_self"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Developing the self </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developing_the_self-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karma,_rebirth_and_anattā" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karma,_rebirth_and_anattā"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Karma, rebirth and anattā </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karma,_rebirth_and_anattā-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Theravada_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Theravada_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 In Theravada Buddhism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Theravada_Buddhism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In Theravada Buddhism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_Theravada_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Traditional views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Current disputes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anātman_in_Mahayana_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anātman_in_Mahayana_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Anātman in Mahayana Buddhism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anātman_in_Mahayana_Buddhism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Anātman in Mahayana Buddhism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Anātman_in_Mahayana_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nāgārjuna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nāgārjuna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Nāgārjuna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nāgārjuna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yogācāra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yogācāra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Yogācāra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yogācāra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tathāgatagarbha_Sutras:_Buddha_is_True_Self" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tathāgatagarbha_Sutras:_Buddha_is_True_Self"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Tathāgatagarbha Sutras: Buddha is True Self </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tathāgatagarbha_Sutras:_Buddha_is_True_Self-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vajrayāna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vajrayāna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Vajrayāna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vajrayāna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Difference_between_Buddhism_and_Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difference_between_Buddhism_and_Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Difference between Buddhism and Hinduism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Difference_between_Buddhism_and_Hinduism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Difference between Buddhism and Hinduism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Difference_between_Buddhism_and_Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atman_in_Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atman_in_Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Atman in Hinduism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atman_in_Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatman_and_Niratman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatman_and_Niratman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Anatman and Niratman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatman_and_Niratman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Correspondence_in_Pyrrhonism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correspondence_in_Pyrrhonism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Correspondence in Pyrrhonism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Correspondence_in_Pyrrhonism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Anattā</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" > 41 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="أناتا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أناتا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="অনাত্তা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অনাত্তা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatta" title="Anatta – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Anatta" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Аната – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аната" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="བདག་མ་མཆིས་པ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བདག་མ་མཆིས་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatt%C3%A1" title="Anattá – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anattá" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatta" title="Anatta – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anatta" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatta" title="Anatta – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anatta" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isetus" title="Isetus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Isetus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%84%CE%AC" title="Αναττά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αναττά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C4%81tman" title="Anātman – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anātman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatta" title="Anatta – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anatta" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="آناتا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آناتا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C4%81tman" title="Anātman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anātman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%95%84" title="무아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="अनत्त – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अनत्त" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanpa_atma" title="Tanpa atma – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tanpa atma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C4%81tman" title="Anātman – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anātman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Anattā" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesavastingumas" title="Nesavastingumas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nesavastingumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatta" title="Anatta – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Anatta" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="अनत्ता – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अनत्ता" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90" title="အနတ္တ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အနတ္တ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" title="無我 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="無我" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatman" title="Anatman – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anatman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatman" title="Anatman – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Anatman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatta" title="Anatta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anatta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Анатман – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Анатман" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8" title="අනාත්ම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අනාත්ම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Anattā" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Несопство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Несопство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesopstvo" title="Nesopstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nesopstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatta" title="Anatta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Anatta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatman" title="Anatman – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anatman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2" title="อนัตตา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อนัตตา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatta" title="Anatta – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anatta" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Анатман – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Анатман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="انتا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انتا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B4_ng%C3%A3" title="Vô ngã – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vô ngã" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Buddhist doctrine of "non-self"</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the concept in Buddhism. For the concept in Hinduism, see <a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (Hinduism)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Later Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Concepts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharma wheel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Five Aggregates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">Impermanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Not-self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent 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.infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#FFD068">Translations of Anatta</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">English</th><td class="infobox-data">Not self, nonself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></th><td class="infobox-data">अनात्मन् (<a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a>: anātman)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">無我 (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: wúwǒ)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">無我 (<a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Rōmaji">Rōmaji</a>: muga)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></th><td class="infobox-data">무아 (<a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: mua)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">བདག་མེད་པ (bdag med)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">vô ngã</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color: #EBEBEB; font-size:small"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary of Buddhism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, the term anattā (<a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a>: 𑀅𑀦𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸) or anātman (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: अनात्मन्) is the doctrine of "no-self" – that no unchanging, permanent self or essence can be found in any phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-anatman_definition-1">[note 1]</a> While often interpreted as a doctrine denying the existence of a self, anatman is more accurately described as a strategy to attain non-attachment by recognizing everything as impermanent, while staying silent on the ultimate existence of an unchanging essence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200969–70-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne200959–63,_76–77-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Selves-4">[3]</a> In contrast, dominant schools of Hinduism assert the existence of <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a> as <a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">pure awareness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sakshi_(Witness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakshi (Witness)">witness-consciousness</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch197348-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal201038-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClelland201034–35-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-atman_Hinduism-8">[note 2]</a> "reify[ing] consciousness as an eternal self."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie2012-9">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_nomenclature">Etymology and nomenclature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatt%C4%81&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and nomenclature">edit</a>]</div> Anattā is a composite Pali word consisting of an (not) and attā (self-existent essence).<a href="#cite_note-DavidsStede1921p22-10">[8]</a> The term refers to the central Buddhist concept that there is no phenomenon that has a permanent, unchanging "self" or essence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200969–70-2">[1]</a> It is one of the three characteristics of all existence, together with <a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">dukkha</a> (suffering, dissatisfaction) and <a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">anicca</a> (impermanence).<a href="#cite_note-DavidsStede1921p22-10">[8]</a> Anattā is synonymous with Anātman (an + ātman) in Sanskrit Buddhist texts.<a href="#cite_note-Bronkhorst2009p1242-11">[9]</a> In some Pali texts, ātman of Vedic texts is also referred to with the term Attan, with the sense of "soul".<a href="#cite_note-DavidsStede1921p22-10">[8]</a> An alternate use of Attan or Atta is "self, oneself, essence of a person", driven by the Vedic-era Brahmanical belief that atman is the permanent, unchangeable essence of a living being, or the true self.<a href="#cite_note-DavidsStede1921p22-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bronkhorst2009p1242-11">[9]</a> In Buddhism-related English literature, Anattā is rendered as "not-Self", but this translation expresses an incomplete meaning, states Peter Harvey; a more complete rendering is "no-Self" because from its earliest days, Anattā doctrine denied that there is anything called a "Self" in any person or anything else, and that a belief in "Self" is a source of Dukkha (suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness).<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[note 3]</a> Buddhist scholar <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gombrich" title="Richard Gombrich">Richard Gombrich</a>, however, argues that anattā is often mistranslated as meaning "not having a self or essence", but actually means "is not ātman" instead of "does not have ātman."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200969–70-2">[1]</a> It is also incorrect to translate Anattā simply as "ego-less", according to Peter Harvey, because the Indian concept of ātman and attā is different from the Freudian concept of ego.<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[note 4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_early_Buddhism">In early Buddhism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatt%C4%81&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In early Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_early_Buddhist_texts">In early Buddhist texts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatt%C4%81&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In early Buddhist texts">edit</a>]</div> The concept of Anattā appears in numerous <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a> of the ancient Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Nik%C4%81ya" title="Nikāya">Nikāya</a> texts (Pali canon). It appears, for example, as a noun in <a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">Samyutta Nikaya</a> III.141, IV.49, V.345, in Sutta II.37 of <a href="/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguttara Nikaya">Anguttara Nikaya</a>, II.37–45 and II.80 of <a href="/wiki/Patisambhidamagga" class="mw-redirect" title="Patisambhidamagga">Patisambhidamagga</a>, III.406 of <a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a>. It also appears as an adjective, for example, in <a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">Samyutta Nikaya</a> III.114, III.133, IV.28 and IV.130–166, in Sutta III.66 and V.86 of <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DavidsStede1921p22-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bronkhorst2009p124-21">[17]</a> It is also found in the Dhammapada.<a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> The ancient Buddhist texts discuss Attā or Attan (self), sometimes with alternate terms such as Atuman, Tuma, Puggala, Jiva, Satta, Pana and Nama-rupa, thereby providing the context for the Buddhist Anattā doctrine. Examples of such Attā contextual discussions are found in Digha Nikaya I.186–187, Samyutta Nikaya III.179 and IV.54, Vinaya I.14, Majjhima Nikaya I.138, III.19, and III.265–271 and Anguttara Nikaya I.284.<a href="#cite_note-DavidsStede1921p22-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bronkhorst2009p124-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-collins71-23">[19]</a> According to Steven Collins,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">non sequitur</a>] the inquiry of anattā and "denial of self" in the canonical Buddhist texts is "insisted on only in certain theoretical contexts", while they use the terms atta, purisa, puggala quite naturally and freely in various contexts.<a href="#cite_note-collins71-23">[19]</a> The elaboration of the anattā doctrine, along with identification of the words such as "puggala" as "permanent subject or soul" appears in later Buddhist literature.<a href="#cite_note-collins71-23">[19]</a> According to Collins, the Suttas present the doctrine in three forms. First, they apply the "no-self, no-identity" investigation to all phenomena as well as any and all objects, yielding the idea that "all things are not-self" (sabbe dhamma anattā).<a href="#cite_note-stevecollins95-24">[20]</a> Second, states Collins, the Suttas apply the doctrine to deny self of any person, treating conceit to be evident in any assertion of "this is mine, this I am, this is myself" (etam mamam eso 'ham asmi, eso me atta ti).<a href="#cite_note-stevecollins96-25">[21]</a> Third, the Theravada texts apply the doctrine as a nominal reference, to identify examples of "self" and "not-self", respectively the Wrong view and the Right view; this third case of nominative usage is properly translated as "self" (as an identity) and is unrelated to "soul", states Collins.<a href="#cite_note-stevecollins96-25">[21]</a> The first two usages incorporate the idea of soul.<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="No_denial_of_self">No denial of self</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatt%C4%81&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: No denial of self">edit</a>]</div> Buddhist scholars <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gombrich" title="Richard Gombrich">Richard Gombrich</a> and Alexander Wynne argue that the Buddha's descriptions of no-self in early Buddhist texts do not deny that there is a self.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200969–70-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne200959–63,_76–77-3">[2]</a> Wynne and Gombrich both argue that the Buddha's statements on anattā were originally a "not-self" teaching that developed into a "no-self" teaching in later Buddhist thought.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne200959–63,_76–77-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200969–70-2">[1]</a> According to Wynne, early Buddhist texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Anattalakkha%E1%B9%87a_Sutta" title="Anattalakkhaṇa Sutta">Anattalakkhaṇa Sutta</a> do not deny that there is a self, stating that the <a href="/wiki/Five_aggregates" class="mw-redirect" title="Five aggregates">five aggregates</a> that are described as not-self are not descriptions of a human being but descriptions of the human experience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne200959–63,_76–77-3">[2]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bronkhorst" title="Johannes Bronkhorst">Johannes Bronkhorst</a>, it is possible that "original Buddhism did not deny the existence of the soul", even though a firm Buddhist tradition has maintained that the Buddha avoided talking about the soul or even denied its existence.<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a> Tibetologist <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Migot" title="André Migot">André Migot</a> states that original Buddhism may not have taught a complete absence of self, pointing to evidence presented by Buddhist and Pali scholars <a href="/wiki/Jean_Przyluski" title="Jean Przyluski">Jean Przyluski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Rhys_Davids" title="Caroline Rhys Davids">Caroline Rhys Davids</a> that early Buddhism generally believed in a self, making Buddhist schools that admit an existence of a "self" not heretical, but conservative, adhering to ancient beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> While there may be ambivalence on the existence or non-existence of self in early Buddhist literature, Bronkhorst suggests that these texts clearly indicate that the Buddhist path of liberation consists not in seeking Atman-like self-knowledge, but in turning away from what might erroneously be regarded as the self.<a href="#cite_note-bronkhorst25-29">[25]</a> This is a reverse position to the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> traditions which recognized the knowledge of the self as "the principal means to achieving liberation."<a href="#cite_note-bronkhorst25-29">[25]</a> According to Harvey, the contextual use of Attā in the Nikāyas is two-sided. In one, it directly denies that anything can be found called a self or soul in a human being that is a permanent essence of a human being, a theme found in Brahmanical traditions.<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a> In another, states Peter Harvey, such as at Samyutta Nikaya IV.286, the Sutta considers the materialistic concept in the pre-Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a> of "no afterlife, complete annihilation" at death to be a denial of Self, but still "tied up with belief in a Self".<a href="#cite_note-harveyp39-31">[27]</a> "Self exists" is a false premise, assert the early Buddhist texts.<a href="#cite_note-harveyp39-31">[27]</a> However, adds Peter Harvey, these texts do not admit the premise "Self does not exist" either because the wording presumes the concept of "Self" before denying it; instead, the early Buddhist texts use the concept of Anattā as the implicit premise.<a href="#cite_note-harveyp39-31">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developing_the_self">Developing the self</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatt%C4%81&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Developing the self">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Paths_to_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Paths to liberation">Buddhist Paths to liberation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personal_identity#Theories" title="Personal identity">Personal identity § Theories</a></div> According to Peter Harvey, while the Suttas criticize notions of an eternal, unchanging Self as baseless, they see an enlightened being as one whose empirical self is highly developed.<a href="#cite_note-peterharveytsm54-33">[29]</a> This is paradoxical, states Harvey, in that "the Self-like <a href="/wiki/Nibbana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nibbana">nibbana</a> state" is a mature self that knows "everything as Selfless".<a href="#cite_note-peterharveytsm54-33">[29]</a> The "empirical self" is the citta (mind/heart, mindset, emotional nature), and the development of self in the Suttas is the development of this citta.<a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a> One with "great self", state the early Buddhist Suttas, has a mind which is neither at the mercy of outside stimuli nor its own moods, neither scattered nor diffused, but imbued with self-control, and self-contained towards the single goal of nibbana and a 'Self-like' state.<a href="#cite_note-peterharveytsm54-33">[29]</a> This "great self" is not yet an Arahat, because he still does small evil action which leads to karmic fruition, but he has enough virtue that he does not experience this fruition in hell.<a href="#cite_note-peterharveytsm54-33">[29]</a> An Arahat, states Harvey, has a fully enlightened state of empirical self, one that lacks the "sense of both 'I am' and 'this I am'", which are illusions that the Arahat has transcended.<a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a> The Buddhist thought and salvation theory emphasizes a development of self towards a Selfless state not only with respect to oneself, but recognizing the lack of relational essence and Self in others, wherein states Martijn van Zomeren, "self is an illusion".<a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karma,_rebirth_and_anattā">Karma, rebirth and anattā</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatt%C4%81&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Karma, rebirth and anattā">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 88%; float: right;margin-left:1em;"> <caption>The <a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">four stages of awakening</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Sutta_Pi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Sutta Piṭaka">Sutta Piṭaka</a>. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color: burlywood">Outcome </th> <th style="background-color: burlywood">Further rebirths </th> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: burlywood">Abandoned fetters </th></tr> <tr style="background-color: Wheat"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">sotāpanna</a> </td> <td>up to seven, in earthly or heavenly realms </td> <td rowspan="2"><div><ol><li>identity view (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">anattā</a>)</li><li>doubt in Buddha</li><li>ascetic or ritual rules</li></ol></div> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background-image: linear-gradient(wheat, cornsilk)">lower fetters </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: Wheat"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">sakadagami</a> </td> <td>one more, as a human </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: cornsilk"> <td><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">anāgāmi</a> </td> <td>one more, in a <a href="/wiki/Pure_abodes" title="Pure abodes">pure abode</a> </td> <td><div><ol start="4"><li>sensual desire</li><li>ill will</li></ol></div> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: Ivory"> <td><a href="/wiki/Arahant" class="mw-redirect" title="Arahant">arahant</a> </td> <td>none </td> <td><div><ol start="6"><li>desire for material rebirth</li><li>desire for immaterial rebirth</li><li>conceit</li><li>restlessness</li><li>ignorance</li></ol></div> </td> <td>higher fetters </td></tr></tbody></table> The Buddha emphasized both karma and anattā doctrines.<a href="#cite_note-Selves-4">[3]</a> The Buddha criticized the doctrine that posited an unchanging essence as a subject as the basis of rebirth and karmic moral responsibility, which he called "atthikavāda". He also criticized the materialistic doctrine that denied the existence of both soul and rebirth, and thereby denied karmic moral responsibility, which he calls "natthikavāda".<a href="#cite_note-Causality_1975,_page_44-37">[33]</a> Instead, the Buddha asserted that there is no essence, but there is rebirth for which karmic moral responsibility is a must. In the Buddha's framework of karma, right view and right actions are necessary for liberation.<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and Buddhism all assert a belief in rebirth, and emphasize moral responsibility in a way different from pre-Buddhist materialistic schools of Indian philosophies.<a href="#cite_note-danielkeownucchedavada-40">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-buswelllopezp708-41">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harvey2012p46-42">[38]</a> The materialistic schools of Indian philosophies, such as <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a>, are called annihilationist schools because they posited that death is the end, there is no afterlife, no soul, no rebirth, no karma, and death is that state where a living being is completely annihilated, dissolved.<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> Buddha criticized the materialistic annihilationism view that denied rebirth and karma, states Damien Keown.<a href="#cite_note-danielkeownucchedavada-40">[36]</a> Such beliefs are inappropriate and dangerous, stated Buddha, because they encourage moral irresponsibility and material hedonism.<a href="#cite_note-danielkeownucchedavada-40">[36]</a> Anattā does not mean there is no afterlife, no rebirth or no fruition of karma, and Buddhism contrasts itself to annihilationist schools.<a href="#cite_note-danielkeownucchedavada-40">[36]</a> Buddhism also contrasts itself to other Indian religions that champion moral responsibility but posit eternalism with their premise that within each human being there is an essence or eternal soul, and this soul is part of the nature of a living being, existence and metaphysical <a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">reality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Theravada_Buddhism">In Theravada Buddhism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatt%C4%81&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In Theravada Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_views">Traditional views</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatt%C4%81&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Traditional views">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a> scholars, states <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Leaman" title="Oliver Leaman">Oliver Leaman</a>, consider the Anattā doctrine as one of the main theses of Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-Leaman2002p23-47">[43]</a> The Buddhist denial of an unchanging, permanent self is what distinguishes Buddhism from major religions of the world such as Christianity and Hinduism, giving it uniqueness, asserts the Theravada tradition.<a href="#cite_note-Leaman2002p23-47">[43]</a> With the doctrine of Anattā, stands or falls the entire Buddhist structure, asserts <a href="/wiki/Nyanatiloka_Mahathera" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyanatiloka Mahathera">Nyanatiloka Mahathera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> According to Collins, "insight into the teaching of anattā is held to have two major loci in the intellectual and spiritual education of an individual" as s/he progresses along <a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">the Path</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stevecollins94-49">[45]</a> The first part of this insight is to avoid sakkayaditthi (Personality Belief), that is converting the "sense of I which is gained from introspection and the fact of physical individuality" into a theoretical belief in a self.<a href="#cite_note-stevecollins94-49">[45]</a> "A belief in a (really) existing body" is considered a false belief and a part of the Ten Fetters that must be gradually lost. The second loci is the psychological realization of anattā, or loss of "pride or conceit". This, states Collins, is explained as the conceit of asmimana or "I am"; (...) what this "conceit" refers to is the fact that for the unenlightened, all experience and action must necessarily appear phenomenologically as happening to or originating from an "I".<a href="#cite_note-stevecollins94-49">[45]</a> When a Buddhist gets more enlightened, this happening to or originating in an "I" or sakkdyaditthi is less. The final attainment of enlightenment is the disappearance of this automatic but illusory "I".<a href="#cite_note-stevecollins94-49">[45]</a> The Theravada tradition has long considered the understanding and application of the Anattā doctrine to be a complex teaching, whose "personal, introjected application has always been thought to be possible only for the specialist, the practising monk". The tradition, states Collins, has "insisted fiercely on anattā as a doctrinal position", while in practice it may not play much of a role in the daily religious life of most Buddhists.<a href="#cite_note-stevecollins95-24">[20]</a> The Theravada doctrine of Anattā, or not-self not-soul, inspire meditative practices for monks, states Donald Swearer, but for the lay Theravada Buddhists in Southeast Asia, the doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">kamma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">rebirth</a> and punna (merit) inspire a wide range of ritual practices and ethical behavior.<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> The Anattā doctrine is key to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Nibbana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nibbana">Nibbana</a> in the Theravada tradition. The liberated nirvana state, states Collins, is the state of Anattā, a state that is neither universally applicable nor can be explained, but can be realized.<a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[note 5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_disputes">Current disputes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatt%C4%81&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Current disputes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Buddhism in Thailand</a></div> The dispute about "self" and "not-self" doctrines has continued throughout the history of Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a> In Thai Buddhism, for example, states <a href="/wiki/Paul_Williams_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Williams (philosopher)">Paul Williams</a>, some modern era Buddhist scholars have claimed that "Nirvana is indeed the true self", while other Thai Buddhists disagree.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2008125–7-56">[51]</a> For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Dhammakaya_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhammakaya Movement">Dhammakaya tradition</a> in Thailand teaches that it is erroneous to subsume nirvana under the rubric of anattā (no-self); instead, nirvana is taught to be the "true self" or <a href="/wiki/Dharmakaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmakaya">dhammakaya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie2007100–5,_110-57">[52]</a> The Dhammakaya tradition teaching that nirvana is <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Buddhism)">atta</a>, or true self, was criticized as heretical in Buddhism in 1994 by <a href="/wiki/Prayudh_Payutto" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayudh Payutto">Ven. Payutto</a>, a well-known scholar monk, who stated that 'Buddha taught Nibbana as being no-self".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie200751-58">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2008127-128-59">[54]</a> The abbot of one major temple in the Dhammakaya tradition, Luang Por Sermchai of <a href="/wiki/Dhammakaya_Movement#Wat_Luang_Phor_Sodh_Dhammakayaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhammakaya Movement">Wat Luang Por Sodh Dhammakayaram</a>, argues that it tends to be scholars who hold the view of absolute no-self, rather than Buddhist meditation practitioners. He points to the experiences of prominent forest hermit monks such as <a href="/wiki/Luang_Pu_Sodh_Candasaro" title="Luang Pu Sodh Candasaro">Luang Pu Sodh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a> to support the notion of a "true self".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2008127-128-59">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeeger200913_footnote_40-60">[55]</a> Similar interpretations on the "true self" were put forth earlier by the 12th <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Patriarch_of_Thailand" title="Supreme Patriarch of Thailand">Supreme Patriarch of Thailand</a> in 1939. According to Williams, the Supreme Patriarch's interpretation echoes the <a href="/wiki/Tathagatagarbha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tathagatagarbha">tathāgatagarbha</a> sutras.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2008126-61">[56]</a> Several notable teachers of the <a href="/wiki/Thai_Forest_Tradition" title="Thai Forest Tradition">Thai Forest Tradition</a> have also described ideas in contrast to absolute no-self. <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Maha_Bua" title="Ajahn Maha Bua">Ajahn Maha Bua</a>, a well known meditation master, described the <a href="/wiki/Citta" class="mw-redirect" title="Citta">citta (mind)</a> as being an indestructible reality that does not fall under anattā.<a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a> He has stated that not-self is merely a perception that is used to pry one away from infatuation with the concept of a self, and that once this infatuation is gone the idea of not-self must be dropped as well.<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a> American monk <a href="/wiki/Thanissaro_Bhikkhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanissaro Bhikkhu">Thanissaro Bhikkhu</a> of the Thai Forest Tradition describes the Buddha's statements on non-self as a path to awakening rather than a universal truth.<a href="#cite_note-Selves-4">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bhikkhu Bodhi</a> authored a rejoinder to Thanissaro, agreeing that anattā is a strategy for awakening but stating that "The reason the teaching of anattā can serve as a strategy of liberation is precisely because it serves to rectify a misconception about the nature of being, hence an <a href="/wiki/Category_mistake" title="Category mistake">ontological error</a>."<a href="#cite_note-64">[59]</a> Thanissaro Bhikkhu states that the Buddha intentionally set aside the question of whether or not there is a self as a useless question, and goes on to call the phrase "there is no self" the "granddaddy of fake Buddhist quotes". He adds that clinging to the idea that there is no self at all would actually prevent enlightenment.<a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a> Thanissaro Bhikkhu points to the Ananda Sutta (<a href="/wiki/Sutta_Nipata" title="Sutta Nipata">SN 44.10</a>), where the Buddha <a href="/wiki/The_unanswered_questions" class="mw-redirect" title="The unanswered questions">stays silent</a> when asked whether there is a 'self' or not,<a href="#cite_note-66">[61]</a> as a major cause of the dispute.<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anātman_in_Mahayana_Buddhism">Anātman in Mahayana Buddhism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatt%C4%81&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anātman in Mahayana Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">śūnyatā</a></div> Anātman is one of the main bedrock doctrines of Buddhism, and its discussion is found in the later texts of all Buddhist traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Leaman2002p23-47">[43]</a> There are many different views of anātman (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 無我; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: wúwǒ; <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 無我 muga; <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 무아 mu-a) within various Mahayana schools.<a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> The early Mahayana Buddhist texts link their discussion of "emptiness" (śūnyatā) to anātman and nirvana. They do so, states Mun-Keat Choong, in three ways: first, in the common sense of a monk's meditative state of emptiness; second, with the main sense of anātman or 'everything in the world is empty of self'; third, with the ultimate sense of Nirvana or realization of emptiness and thus an end to rebirth cycles of suffering.<a href="#cite_note-Choong1999p85-69">[64]</a> The anātman doctrine is another aspect of śūnyatā, its realization is the nature of the nirvana state and to an end to rebirths.<a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nāgārjuna">Nāgārjuna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatt%C4%81&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nāgārjuna">edit</a>]</div> The Buddhist philosopher <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81g%C4%81rjuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Nāgārjuna">Nāgārjuna</a> (~200 CE), the founder of Madhyamaka (middle way) school of Mahayana Buddhism, analyzed <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> first as factors of experience.<a href="#cite_note-kalupahana56-15">[13]</a> David Kalupahana states that Nāgārjuna analyzed how these experiences relate to "bondage and freedom, action and consequence", and thereafter analyzed the notion of personal self (ātman).<a href="#cite_note-kalupahana56-15">[13]</a> Nāgārjuna extensively wrote about rejecting the metaphysical entity called ātman (self, soul), asserting in chapter 18 of his <a href="/wiki/M%C5%ABlamadhyamakak%C4%81rik%C4%81" title="Mūlamadhyamakakārikā">Mūlamadhyamakakārikā</a> that there is no such substantial entity and that "Buddha taught the doctrine of no-self".<a href="#cite_note-73">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a> Nāgārjuna asserted that the notion of a self is associated with the notion of one's own identity and corollary ideas of pride, selfishness and a sense of psychophysical personality.<a href="#cite_note-kalupahana57-76">[71]</a> This is all false, and leads to bondage in his Madhyamaka thought. There can be no pride nor possessiveness, in someone who accepts anātman and denies "self" which is the sense of personal identity of oneself, others or anything, states Nāgārjuna.<a href="#cite_note-kalupahana56-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-davidloyp105-16">[14]</a> Further, all obsessions are avoided when a person accepts emptiness (śūnyatā).<a href="#cite_note-kalupahana56-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Loy2009p37-77">[72]</a> Nāgārjuna denied there is anything called a self-nature as well as other-nature, emphasizing true knowledge to be comprehending emptiness.<a href="#cite_note-kalupahana57-76">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a> Anyone who has not dissociated from their belief in personality in themselves or others, through the concept of self, is in a state of avidya (ignorance) and caught in the cycle of rebirths and redeaths.<a href="#cite_note-kalupahana57-76">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yogācāra">Yogācāra</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatt%C4%81&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Yogācāra">edit</a>]</div> The texts attributed to the 5th-century Buddhist philosopher <a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogācāra">Yogācāra</a> school similarly discuss anātman as a fundamental premise of the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-81">[76]</a> The Vasubandhu interpretations of no-self thesis were challenged by the 7th-century Buddhist scholar <a href="/wiki/Candrak%C4%ABrti" class="mw-redirect" title="Candrakīrti">Candrakīrti</a>, who then offered his own theories on its importance.<a href="#cite_note-82">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tathāgatagarbha_Sutras:_Buddha_is_True_Self">Tathāgatagarbha Sutras: Buddha is True Self</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatt%C4%81&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tathāgatagarbha Sutras: Buddha is True Self">edit</a>]</div> Some 1st-millennium CE Buddhist texts suggest concepts that have been controversial because they imply a "self-like" concept.<a href="#cite_note-:0-84">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a> In particular are the <a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gatagarbha_s%C5%ABtras" title="Tathāgatagarbha sūtras">tathāgatagarbha sūtras</a>, where the title itself means a garbha (womb, matrix, seed) containing Tathāgata (Buddha). These <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a> suggest, states Paul Williams, that "all sentient beings contain a Tathagata" as their "essence, core or essential inner nature".<a href="#cite_note-paulwilliamsp104-86">[81]</a> The tathāgatagarbha doctrine, at its earliest probably appeared about the later part of the 3rd century CE, and is verifiable in Chinese translations of 1st millennium CE.<a href="#cite_note-paulwilliamsp104-86">[81]</a> Most scholars consider the tathāgatagarbha doctrine of an "essential nature" in every living being is equivalent to "self",[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-88">[note 6]</a> and it contradicts the anātman doctrines in a vast majority of Buddhist texts, leading scholars to posit that the tathāgatagarbha sutras were written to promote Buddhism to non-Buddhists.<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirvana Sutra">Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra</a> explicitly asserts that the Buddha used the term "self" in order to win over non-Buddhist ascetics.<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ratnagotravibh%C4%81ga_(text)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratnagotravibhāga (text)">Ratnagotravibhāga</a> (also known as Uttaratantra), another text composed in the first half of 1st millennium CE and translated into Chinese in 511 CE, points out that the teaching of the tathāgatagarbha doctrine is intended to win sentient beings over to abandoning "self-love" (atma-sneha) – considered to be one of the defects by Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-paulwilliamsp111-93">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a> The 6th-century Chinese tathāgatagarbha translation states that "Buddha has shiwo (true self) which is beyond being and nonbeing".<a href="#cite_note-paulwilliams112-95">[89]</a> However, the Ratnagotravibhāga asserts that the "self" implied in tathāgatagarbha doctrine is actually "not-self".<a href="#cite_note-paulwilliams112-95">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a> According to some scholars, the <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a> discussed in these sutras does not represent a substantial self; rather, it is a positive language and expression of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">śūnyatā</a> "emptiness" and represents the potentiality to realize <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a> through Buddhist practices.<a href="#cite_note-paulwilliamsp111-93">[87]</a> Other scholars do in fact detect leanings towards <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a> in these tathagatagarbha references.<a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a> Michael Zimmermann sees the notion of an unperishing and eternal self in the <a href="/wiki/Tathagatagarbha_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tathagatagarbha Sutra">Tathagatagarbha Sutra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a> Zimmermann also avers that "the existence of an eternal, imperishable self, that is, buddhahood, is definitely the basic point of the Tathāgatagarbha Sutra".<a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a> He further indicates that there is no evident interest found in this sutra in the idea of Emptiness (sunyata).<a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> Williams states that the "self" in tathāgatagarbha sutras is actually "non-self", and neither identical nor comparable to the Hindu concepts of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">brahman</a> and self.<a href="#cite_note-paulwilliamsp111-93">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vajrayāna">Vajrayāna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatt%C4%81&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vajrayāna">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guimet_Havajra_y_Nairatmya_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Guimet_Havajra_y_Nairatmya_01.JPG/170px-Guimet_Havajra_y_Nairatmya_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Guimet_Havajra_y_Nairatmya_01.JPG/255px-Guimet_Havajra_y_Nairatmya_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Guimet_Havajra_y_Nairatmya_01.JPG/340px-Guimet_Havajra_y_Nairatmya_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5018" /></a><figcaption>Tibetan and Nepalese Buddhist deities Nairatmya and Hevajra in an embrace. Nairatmya is the goddess of emptiness, and of anātman realization.<a href="#cite_note-mirandashaw387-101">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a></figcaption></figure> The anātman doctrine is extensively discussed in and partly inspires the ritual practices of the Vajrayāna tradition. The Tibetan terms such as bdag med refer to "without a self, insubstantial, anātman".<a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a> These discussions, states Jeffrey Hopkins, assert the "non-existence of a permanent, unitary and independent self", and attribute these ideas to the Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a> The ritual practices in Vajrayāna Buddhism employs the concept of deities, to end self-grasping, and to manifest as a purified, enlightened deity as part of the Vajrayāna path to liberation from <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">rebirths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a> One such deity is goddess Nairatmya (literally, non-soul, non-self).<a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a> She symbolizes, states Miranda Shaw, that "self is an illusion" and "all beings and phenomenal appearances lack an abiding self or essence" in Vajrayāna Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-mirandashaw387-101">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Difference_between_Buddhism_and_Hinduism">Difference between Buddhism and Hinduism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatt%C4%81&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Difference between Buddhism and Hinduism">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atman_in_Hinduism">Atman in Hinduism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatt%C4%81&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Atman in Hinduism">edit</a>]</div> The Buddhist concept of anattā or anātman is one of the fundamental differences between mainstream Buddhism and mainstream <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, with the latter asserting that <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">ātman</a> ("self") exists.<a href="#cite_note-atman_Hinduism-8">[note 2]</a> In Hinduism, Atman refers to the essence of human beings, the observing <a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">pure awareness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sakshi_(Witness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakshi (Witness)">witness-consciousness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch197348-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal201038-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a> It is unaffected by ego,<a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a> distinct from the individual being (jivanatman) embedded in <a href="/wiki/Prakriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakriti">material reality</a>, and characterized by Ahamkara ('I-making'), mind (citta, manas), and all the defiling <a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Hinduism)" title="Kleshas (Hinduism)">kleshas</a> (impurities). Embodied personality changes over time, while Atman doesn't.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlott200060-62-115">[109]</a> According to Jayatilleke, the Upanishadic inquiry fails to find an empirical correlate of the assumed <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a>, but nevertheless assumes its existence,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayatilleke196339-116">[110]</a> and Advaitins "reify consciousness as an eternal self."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie2012-9">[7]</a> In contrast, the Buddhist inquiry "is satisfied with the <a href="/wiki/Empirical_research" title="Empirical research">empirical investigation</a> which shows that no such Atman exists because there is no evidence" states Jayatilleke.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayatilleke196339-116">[110]</a> According to Harvey, in Buddhism the negation of temporal existents is applied even more rigorously than in the Upanishads: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">While the <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishads</a> recognized many things as being not-Self, they felt that a real, true Self could be found. They held that when it was found, and known to be identical to Brahman, the basis of everything, this would bring liberation. In the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Suttas</a>, though, literally everything is seen as non-Self, even <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a>. When this is known, then liberation – Nirvana – is attained by total non-attachment. Thus both the Upanishads and the Buddhist Suttas see many things as not-Self, but the Suttas apply it, indeed non-Self, to everything.<a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a></blockquote> Both Buddhism and Hinduism distinguish ego-related "I am, this is mine", from their respective abstract doctrines of "Anattā" and "Atman".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013b34,_38-118">[112]</a> This, states Peter Harvey, may have been an influence of Buddhism on Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anatman_and_Niratman">Anatman and Niratman</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatt%C4%81&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Anatman and Niratman">edit</a>]</div> The term niratman appears in the <a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya Upanishad</a> of Hinduism, such as in verses 6.20, 6.21 and 7.4. Niratman literally means "selfless".<a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wood1992p67-121">[115]</a> The niratman concept has been interpreted to be analogous to anatman of Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a> The ontological teachings, however, are different. In the Upanishad, states Thomas Wood, numerous positive and negative descriptions of various states – such as niratman and sarvasyatman (the self of all) – are used in Maitrayaniya Upanishad to explain the nondual concept of the "highest Self".<a href="#cite_note-Wood1992p67-121">[115]</a> According to Ramatirtha, states Paul Deussen, the niratman state discussion is referring to stopping the recognition of oneself as an individual soul, and reaching the awareness of universal soul or the metaphysical <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Correspondence_in_Pyrrhonism">Correspondence in Pyrrhonism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatt%C4%81&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Correspondence in Pyrrhonism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Similarities_between_Pyrrhonism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Similarities between Pyrrhonism and Buddhism">Similarities between Pyrrhonism and Buddhism</a></div> The Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Pyrrho" title="Pyrrho">Pyrrho</a> traveled to India as part of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s entourage where he was influenced by the Indian <a href="/wiki/Gymnosophists" title="Gymnosophists">gymnosophists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:1-124">[118]</a> which inspired him to create the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a>. Philologist <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Beckwith" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Beckwith">Christopher Beckwith</a> argues that Pyrrho based his philosophy on his translation of the <a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">three marks of existence</a> into Greek, and that <a href="/wiki/Adiaphora" title="Adiaphora">adiaphora</a> (not logically differentiable, not clearly definable, negating Aristotle's use of "diaphora") reflects Pyrrho's understanding of the Buddhist concept of anattā.<a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatt%C4%81&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atman_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Buddhism)">Atman (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman (Hinduism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Buddhist logico-epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catu%E1%B9%A3ko%E1%B9%ADi" title="Catuṣkoṭi">Catuṣkoṭi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ego_death" title="Ego death">Ego death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_(religious)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment (religious)">Enlightenment (religious)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">Jiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-essentialism" title="Non-essentialism">Non-essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81parinibb%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta">Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahaparinirvana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahaparinirvana Sutra">Mahaparinirvana Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_individualism" title="Open individualism">Open individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_self" title="Philosophy of self">Philosophy of self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_Theseus" title="Ship of Theseus">Ship of Theseus</a> – a related view in ancient <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Skandhas">Skandhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tathagatagarbha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tathagatagarbha">Tathagatagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletransportation_paradox" title="Teletransportation paradox">Teletransportation paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertiginous_question" title="Vertiginous question">Vertiginous question</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatt%C4%81&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-anatman_definition-1"><a href="#cite_ref-anatman_definition_1-0">^</a> Definition: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta">Anatta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151210185046/https://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta">Archived</a> 2015-12-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica (2013): "Anatta, (Pali: “non-self” or “substanceless”) Sanskrit anatman, in Buddhism, the doctrine that there is in humans no permanent, underlying substance that can be called the soul. Instead, the individual is compounded of five factors (Pali khandha; Sanskrit skandha) that are constantly changing."</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChristmas_Humphreys2012" class="citation book cs1">Christmas Humphreys (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V3rYtmCZEIEC">Exploring Buddhism</a>. Routledge. pp. 42–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-22877-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-22877-3"><bdi>978-1-136-22877-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Buddhism&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-22877-3&rft.au=Christmas+Humphreys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV3rYtmCZEIEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Morris2006" class="citation book cs1">Brian Morris (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA51">Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85241-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85241-8"><bdi>978-0-521-85241-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Anthropology%3A+A+Critical+Introduction&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85241-8&rft.au=Brian+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPguGB_uEQh4C%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988">: "...anatta is the doctrine of non-self, and is an extreme empiricist doctrine that holds that the notion of an unchanging permanent self is a fiction and has no reality. According to Buddhist doctrine, the individual person consists of <a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">five skandhas</a> or heaps—the body, feelings, perceptions, impulses and consciousness. The belief in a self or soul, over these five skandhas, is illusory and the cause of suffering."</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Gombrich2006" class="citation book cs1">Richard Gombrich (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jZyJAgAAQBAJ">Theravada Buddhism</a>. Routledge. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-90352-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-90352-8"><bdi>978-1-134-90352-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theravada+Buddhism&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-134-90352-8&rft.au=Richard+Gombrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjZyJAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988">: "...Buddha's teaching that beings have no soul, no abiding essence. This 'no-soul doctrine' (anatta-vada) he expounded in his second sermon."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-atman_Hinduism-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atman_Hinduism_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atman_Hinduism_8-1">b</a> Atman in Hinduism: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta">Anatta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151210185046/https://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta">Archived</a> 2015-12-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica (2013): "The concept of anatta, or anatman, is a departure from the Hindu belief in atman ("the self").";</li> <li>Steven Collins (1994), "Religion and Practical Reason" (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2217-5">978-0-7914-2217-5</a>, page 64; "Central to Buddhist <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/soteriology" class="extiw" title="wikt:soteriology">soteriology</a> is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of ātman is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence.";</li> <li>Edward Roer (Translator), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3uwDAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2">Shankara's Introduction</a>, p. 2, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> to Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad, pages 2–4;</li> <li>Katie Javanaud (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana">Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206211126/https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana">Archived</a> 2015-02-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Philosophy Now;</li> <li>David Loy (1982), "Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta: Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same?", International Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 23, Issue 1, pages 65–74;</li> <li>KN Jayatilleke (2010), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120806191" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120806191">978-8120806191</a>, pages 246–249, from note 385 onwards;</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFPlott2000">Plott (2000)</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Buddha did not deny a being or a thing, referring it to be a collection of impermanent interdependent aggregates, but denied that there is a metaphysical self, soul or identity in anything.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-kalupahana56-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-davidloyp105-16">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> The term ahamkara is 'ego' in Indian philosophies.<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> This is a major difference between the Theravada Buddhists and different Hindu traditions which assert that nirvana is realizing and being in the state of self (soul, atman) and is universally applicable. However, both concur that this state is indescribable, cannot be explained, but can be realized.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Wayman and Wayman have disagreed with this view, and they state that the tathāgatagarbha is neither self nor sentient being, nor soul, nor personality.<a href="#cite_note-87">[82]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatt%C4%81&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200969–70-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich200969–70_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich200969–70_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich200969–70_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich200969–70_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich200969–70_2-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFGombrich2009">Gombrich 2009</a>, p. 69–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne200959–63,_76–77-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne200959–63,_76–77_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne200959–63,_76–77_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne200959–63,_76–77_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne200959–63,_76–77_3-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFWynne2009">Wynne 2009</a>, p. 59–63, 76–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-Selves-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Selves_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Selves_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Selves_4-2">c</a> "Selves & Not-self: The Buddhist Teaching on Anatta", by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Access to Insight (Legacy Edition), 30 November 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/selvesnotself.html">http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/selvesnotself.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130204143026/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/selvesnotself.html">Archived</a> 2013-02-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch197348-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutsch197348_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutsch197348_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutsch1973">Deutsch 1973</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal201038-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal201038_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal201038_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalal2010">Dalal 2010</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClelland201034–35-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClelland201034–35_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcClelland2010">McClelland 2010</a>, p. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie2012-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie2012_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie2012_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMackenzie2012">Mackenzie 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-DavidsStede1921p22-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p22_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p22_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p22_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p22_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p22_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p22_10-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_William_Rhys_DavidsWilliam_Stede1921" class="citation book cs1">Thomas William Rhys Davids; William Stede (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Guw2CnxiucC">Pali-English Dictionary</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1144-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1144-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1144-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161207070637/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Guw2CnxiucC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-07. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pali-English+Dictionary&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1921&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1144-7&rft.au=Thomas+William+Rhys+Davids&rft.au=William+Stede&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Guw2CnxiucC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bronkhorst2009p1242-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bronkhorst2009p1242_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bronkhorst2009p1242_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohannes_Bronkhorst2009" class="citation book cs1">Johannes Bronkhorst (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mhuabeq5-cAC">Buddhist Teaching in India</a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 124–125 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-566-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-566-4"><bdi>978-0-86171-566-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161207124439/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mhuabeq5-cAC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-07. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Teaching+in+India&rft.pages=124-125+with+footnotes&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-566-4&rft.au=Johannes+Bronkhorst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMhuabeq5-cAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Harvey2012" class="citation book cs1">Peter Harvey (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sg9LV_rEgC">An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85942-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85942-4"><bdi>978-0-521-85942-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727192540/https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sg9LV_rEgC">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhism%3A+Teachings%2C+History+and+Practices&rft.pages=57-62&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85942-4&rft.au=Peter+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du0sg9LV_rEgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Harvey2015" class="citation book cs1">Peter Harvey (2015). Steven M. Emmanuel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ">A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 34–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-14466-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-14466-3"><bdi>978-1-119-14466-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323185852/https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-23. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.pages=34-37&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-119-14466-3&rft.au=Peter+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_lmCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Harvey2015" class="citation book cs1">Peter Harvey (2015). Steven M. Emmanuel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ">A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-14466-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-14466-3"><bdi>978-1-119-14466-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323185852/https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-23. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-119-14466-3&rft.au=Peter+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_lmCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kalupahana56-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kalupahana56_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kalupahana56_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kalupahana56_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kalupahana56_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kalupahana56_15-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNāgārjuna1996" class="citation book cs1">Nāgārjuna (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38WJRwP3nLgC">Mūlamadhyamakakārikā of Nāgārjuna</a>. Translated by David J. Kalupahana. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0774-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0774-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222023944/https://books.google.com/books?id=38WJRwP3nLgC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-22. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C5%ABlamadhyamakak%C4%81rik%C4%81+of+N%C4%81g%C4%81rjuna&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0774-7&rft.au=N%C4%81g%C4%81rjuna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D38WJRwP3nLgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-davidloyp105-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-davidloyp105_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-davidloyp105_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Loy2009" class="citation book cs1">David Loy (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R5KHnVVjwKQC">Awareness Bound and Unbound: Buddhist Essays</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 105–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-2680-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-2680-8"><bdi>978-1-4384-2680-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217044109/https://books.google.com/books?id=R5KHnVVjwKQC">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-17. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Awareness+Bound+and+Unbound%3A+Buddhist+Essays&rft.pages=105-106&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-2680-8&rft.au=David+Loy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR5KHnVVjwKQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988">, Quote: Nāgārjuna, the second century Indian Buddhist philosopher, used śūnyatā not to characterize the true nature of reality but to deny that anything has any self-existence or reality of its own. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Harvey2012" class="citation book cs1">Peter Harvey (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sg9LV_rEgC">An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85942-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85942-4"><bdi>978-0-521-85942-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727192540/https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sg9LV_rEgC">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2016-10-23. <q>Again, anatta does not mean 'egoless', as it is sometimes rendered. The term 'ego' has a range of meanings in English. The Freudian 'ego' is not the same as the Indian atman/atta or permanent Self.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhism%3A+Teachings%2C+History+and+Practices&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85942-4&rft.au=Peter+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du0sg9LV_rEgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurendranath_Dasgupta1992" class="citation book cs1">Surendranath Dasgupta (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PoaMFmS1_lEC">A History of Indian Philosophy</a>. Motilal Banarsidass (Republisher; Originally published by Cambridge University Press). p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0412-8"><bdi>978-81-208-0412-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190602132449/https://books.google.com/books?id=PoaMFmS1_lEC">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-02. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+%28Republisher%3B+Originally+published+by+Cambridge+University+Press%29&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0412-8&rft.au=Surendranath+Dasgupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPoaMFmS1_lEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bronkhorst2009p124-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bronkhorst2009p124_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bronkhorst2009p124_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohannes_Bronkhorst2009" class="citation book cs1">Johannes Bronkhorst (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mhuabeq5-cAC">Buddhist Teaching in India</a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 124–125 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-566-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-566-4"><bdi>978-0-86171-566-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161207124439/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mhuabeq5-cAC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-07. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Teaching+in+India&rft.pages=124-125+with+footnotes&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-566-4&rft.au=Johannes+Bronkhorst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMhuabeq5-cAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_CarterMahinda_Palihawadana2008" class="citation book cs1">John Carter; Mahinda Palihawadana (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AAcWDAAAQBAJ">Dhammapada</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 30–31, 74, 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955513-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955513-0"><bdi>978-0-19-955513-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223092932/https://books.google.com/books?id=AAcWDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-23. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dhammapada&rft.pages=30-31%2C+74%2C+80&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955513-0&rft.au=John+Carter&rft.au=Mahinda+Palihawadana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAAcWDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-collins71-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-collins71_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collins71_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collins71_23-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Collins1990" class="citation book cs1">Steven Collins (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8sLMkNn26-gC">Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravada Buddhism</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39726-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39726-1"><bdi>978-0-521-39726-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501235302/https://books.google.com/books?id=8sLMkNn26-gC">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-01. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selfless+Persons%3A+Imagery+and+Thought+in+Theravada+Buddhism&rft.pages=71-81&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39726-1&rft.au=Steven+Collins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8sLMkNn26-gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stevecollins95-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stevecollins95_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stevecollins95_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Collins1990" class="citation book cs1">Steven Collins (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8sLMkNn26-gC">Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravada Buddhism</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 94–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39726-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39726-1"><bdi>978-0-521-39726-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501235302/https://books.google.com/books?id=8sLMkNn26-gC">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-01. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selfless+Persons%3A+Imagery+and+Thought+in+Theravada+Buddhism&rft.pages=94-96&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39726-1&rft.au=Steven+Collins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8sLMkNn26-gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stevecollins96-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stevecollins96_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stevecollins96_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Collins1990" class="citation book cs1">Steven Collins (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8sLMkNn26-gC&pg=PA5">Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravada Buddhism</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 96–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39726-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39726-1"><bdi>978-0-521-39726-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126112421/https://books.google.com/books?id=8sLMkNn26-gC&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-26. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selfless+Persons%3A+Imagery+and+Thought+in+Theravada+Buddhism&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39726-1&rft.au=Steven+Collins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8sLMkNn26-gC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Collins1990" class="citation book cs1">Steven Collins (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8sLMkNn26-gC&pg=PA5">Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravada Buddhism</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–5, 35–36, 109–116, 163, 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39726-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39726-1"><bdi>978-0-521-39726-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126112421/https://books.google.com/books?id=8sLMkNn26-gC&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-26. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selfless+Persons%3A+Imagery+and+Thought+in+Theravada+Buddhism&rft.pages=3-5%2C+35-36%2C+109-116%2C+163%2C+193&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39726-1&rft.au=Steven+Collins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8sLMkNn26-gC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohannes_Bronkhorst1993" class="citation book cs1">Johannes Bronkhorst (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AZbZDP8MRJoC">The Two Traditions of Meditation in Ancient India</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 99 with footnote 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1114-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1114-0"><bdi>978-81-208-1114-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120063417/https://books.google.com/books?id=AZbZDP8MRJoC">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-11-20. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Traditions+of+Meditation+in+Ancient+India&rft.pages=99+with+footnote+12&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1114-0&rft.au=Johannes+Bronkhorst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAZbZDP8MRJoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMigot1954" class="citation journal cs1">Migot, André (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1954_num_46_2_5607">"XV. Un grand disciple du Buddha : Sâriputra. Son rôle dans l'histoire du bouddhisme et dans le développement de l'Abhidharma"</a>. Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. 46 (2): 492. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.1954.5607">10.3406/befeo.1954.5607</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200420204636/https://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1954_num_46_2_5607">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-04-20. Retrieved 2020-03-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.atitle=XV.+Un+grand+disciple+du+Buddha+%3A+S%C3%A2riputra.+Son+r%C3%B4le+dans+l%27histoire+du+bouddhisme+et+dans+le+d%C3%A9veloppement+de+l%27Abhidharma&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=492&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbefeo.1954.5607&rft.aulast=Migot&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fbefeo_0336-1519_1954_num_46_2_5607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bronkhorst25-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bronkhorst25_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bronkhorst25_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohannes_Bronkhorst2009" class="citation book cs1">Johannes Bronkhorst (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fjU6AwAAQBAJ">Buddhist Teaching in India</a>. Wisdom Publications. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-811-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-811-5"><bdi>978-0-86171-811-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217052728/https://books.google.com/books?id=fjU6AwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-17. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Teaching+in+India&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-811-5&rft.au=Johannes+Bronkhorst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfjU6AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Harvey2013" class="citation book cs1">Peter Harvey (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SfPcAAAAQBAJ">The Selfless Mind: Personality, Consciousness and Nirvana in Early Buddhism</a>. Routledge. pp. 1–2, 34–40, 224–225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78336-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78336-4"><bdi>978-1-136-78336-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160901015629/https://books.google.com/books?id=SfPcAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-01. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Selfless+Mind%3A+Personality%2C+Consciousness+and+Nirvana+in+Early+Buddhism&rft.pages=1-2%2C+34-40%2C+224-225&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-78336-4&rft.au=Peter+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSfPcAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-harveyp39-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harveyp39_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harveyp39_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harveyp39_31-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Harvey2013" class="citation book cs1">Peter Harvey (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SfPcAAAAQBAJ">The Selfless Mind: Personality, Consciousness and Nirvana in Early Buddhism</a>. Routledge. pp. 39–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78336-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78336-4"><bdi>978-1-136-78336-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160901015629/https://books.google.com/books?id=SfPcAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-01. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Selfless+Mind%3A+Personality%2C+Consciousness+and+Nirvana+in+Early+Buddhism&rft.pages=39-40&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-78336-4&rft.au=Peter+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSfPcAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohannes_Bronkhorst2009" class="citation book cs1">Johannes Bronkhorst (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fjU6AwAAQBAJ">Buddhist Teaching in India</a>. Wisdom Publications. pp. 23–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-811-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-811-5"><bdi>978-0-86171-811-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217052728/https://books.google.com/books?id=fjU6AwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-17. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Teaching+in+India&rft.pages=23-25&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-811-5&rft.au=Johannes+Bronkhorst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfjU6AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-peterharveytsm54-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peterharveytsm54_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-peterharveytsm54_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-peterharveytsm54_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-peterharveytsm54_33-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Harvey1995" class="citation book cs1">Peter Harvey (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SfPcAAAAQBAJ">The Selfless Mind: Personality, Consciousness and Nirvana in Early Buddhism</a>. Routledge. pp. 54–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78336-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78336-4"><bdi>978-1-136-78336-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160901015629/https://books.google.com/books?id=SfPcAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-01. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Selfless+Mind%3A+Personality%2C+Consciousness+and+Nirvana+in+Early+Buddhism&rft.pages=54-56&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-136-78336-4&rft.au=Peter+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSfPcAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Harvey1995" class="citation book cs1">Peter Harvey (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SfPcAAAAQBAJ">The Selfless Mind: Personality, Consciousness and Nirvana in Early Buddhism</a>. Routledge. pp. 111–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78336-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78336-4"><bdi>978-1-136-78336-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160901015629/https://books.google.com/books?id=SfPcAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-01. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Selfless+Mind%3A+Personality%2C+Consciousness+and+Nirvana+in+Early+Buddhism&rft.pages=111-112&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-136-78336-4&rft.au=Peter+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSfPcAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Harvey1995" class="citation book cs1">Peter Harvey (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SfPcAAAAQBAJ">The Selfless Mind: Personality, Consciousness and Nirvana in Early Buddhism</a>. Routledge. pp. 31–32, 44, 50–51, 71, 210–216, 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78336-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78336-4"><bdi>978-1-136-78336-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160901015629/https://books.google.com/books?id=SfPcAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-01. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Selfless+Mind%3A+Personality%2C+Consciousness+and+Nirvana+in+Early+Buddhism&rft.pages=31-32%2C+44%2C+50-51%2C+71%2C+210-216%2C+246&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-136-78336-4&rft.au=Peter+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSfPcAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartijn_van_Zomeren2016" class="citation book cs1">Martijn van Zomeren (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XXkZDAAAQBAJ">From Self to Social Relationships: An Essentially Relational Perspective on Social Motivation</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09379-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09379-9"><bdi>978-1-107-09379-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221135824/https://books.google.com/books?id=XXkZDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-21. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Self+to+Social+Relationships%3A+An+Essentially+Relational+Perspective+on+Social+Motivation&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-107-09379-9&rft.au=Martijn+van+Zomeren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXXkZDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988">, Quote: Buddhism is an example of a non-theistic religion, which underlies a cultural matrix in which individuals believe that the self is an illusion. Indeed, its anatta doctrine states that the self is not an essence. </li> <li id="cite_note-Causality_1975,_page_44-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Causality_1975,_page_44_37-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Kalupahana" title="David Kalupahana">David Kalupahana</a>, Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism. The University Press of Hawaii, 1975, page 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm_B._Hamilton2012" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm B. Hamilton (12 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ANaHAgAAQBAJ">The Sociology of Religion: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives</a>. Routledge. pp. 73–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-97626-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-97626-3"><bdi>978-1-134-97626-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222020415/https://books.google.com/books?id=ANaHAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sociology+of+Religion%3A+Theoretical+and+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.pages=73-80&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-06-12&rft.isbn=978-1-134-97626-3&rft.au=Malcolm+B.+Hamilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DANaHAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaju1985" class="citation book cs1">Raju, P. T. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/structuraldepths0000raju">Structural Depths of Indian Thought</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/structuraldepths0000raju/page/147">147</a>–151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-139-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-139-4"><bdi>978-0-88706-139-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structural+Depths+of+Indian+Thought&rft.pages=147-151&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-139-4&rft.aulast=Raju&rft.aufirst=P.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstructuraldepths0000raju&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-danielkeownucchedavada-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-danielkeownucchedavada_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-danielkeownucchedavada_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-danielkeownucchedavada_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-danielkeownucchedavada_40-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamien_Keown2004" class="citation book cs1">Damien Keown (2004). Ucchedavāda, śāśvata-vāda, rebirth, in A Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860560-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860560-7"><bdi>978-0-19-860560-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ucchedav%C4%81da%2C+%C5%9B%C4%81%C5%9Bvata-v%C4%81da%2C+rebirth%2C+in+A+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860560-7&rft.au=Damien+Keown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-buswelllopezp708-41"><a href="#cite_ref-buswelllopezp708_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_E._Buswell_Jr.Donald_S._Lopez_Jr.2013" class="citation book cs1">Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ">The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 708–709. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8"><bdi>978-1-4008-4805-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200517114246/https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-17. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=708-709&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8&rft.au=Robert+E.+Buswell+Jr.&rft.au=Donald+S.+Lopez+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDXN2AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey2012p46-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Harvey2012p46_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Harvey2012" class="citation book cs1">Peter Harvey (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sg9LV_rEgC">An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 32–33, 38–39, 46–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85942-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85942-4"><bdi>978-0-521-85942-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727192540/https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sg9LV_rEgC">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhism%3A+Teachings%2C+History+and+Practices&rft.pages=32-33%2C+38-39%2C+46-49&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85942-4&rft.au=Peter+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du0sg9LV_rEgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay_Billington2002" class="citation book cs1">Ray Billington (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q8KGAgAAQBAJ">Understanding Eastern Philosophy</a>. Routledge. pp. 43–44, 58–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-79349-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-79349-5"><bdi>978-1-134-79349-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222020421/https://books.google.com/books?id=q8KGAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-22. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Eastern+Philosophy&rft.pages=43-44%2C+58-60&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-79349-5&rft.au=Ray+Billington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq8KGAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_C._McClelland2010" class="citation book cs1">Norman C. McClelland (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S_Leq4U5ihkC">Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma</a>. McFarland. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5675-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5675-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-5675-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126104519/https://books.google.com/books?id=S_Leq4U5ihkC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-26. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Reincarnation+and+Karma&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5675-8&rft.au=Norman+C.+McClelland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS_Leq4U5ihkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugh_Nicholson2016" class="citation book cs1">Hugh Nicholson (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bSbnCwAAQBAJ">The Spirit of Contradiction in Christianity and Buddhism</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 23–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-045534-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-045534-7"><bdi>978-0-19-045534-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170122091643/https://books.google.com/books?id=bSbnCwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-22. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+Contradiction+in+Christianity+and+Buddhism&rft.pages=23-25&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-045534-7&rft.au=Hugh+Nicholson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbSbnCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGananath_Obeyesekere2006" class="citation book cs1">Gananath Obeyesekere (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IEK4Qgm7Z0kC">Karma and Rebirth: A Cross Cultural Study</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 281–282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2609-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2609-0"><bdi>978-81-208-2609-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170122122215/https://books.google.com/books?id=IEK4Qgm7Z0kC">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-22. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Rebirth%3A+A+Cross+Cultural+Study&rft.pages=281-282&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-208-2609-0&rft.au=Gananath+Obeyesekere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIEK4Qgm7Z0kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leaman2002p23-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leaman2002p23_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leaman2002p23_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leaman2002p23_47-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver_Leaman2002" class="citation book cs1">Oliver Leaman (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vK-GAgAAQBAJ">Eastern Philosophy: Key Readings</a>. Routledge. pp. 23–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-68919-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-68919-4"><bdi>978-1-134-68919-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126130803/https://books.google.com/books?id=vK-GAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-26. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Philosophy%3A+Key+Readings&rft.pages=23-27&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-68919-4&rft.au=Oliver+Leaman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvK-GAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Collins1990" class="citation book cs1">Steven Collins (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8sLMkNn26-gC&pg=PA5">Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravada Buddhism</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39726-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39726-1"><bdi>978-0-521-39726-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126112421/https://books.google.com/books?id=8sLMkNn26-gC&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-26. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selfless+Persons%3A+Imagery+and+Thought+in+Theravada+Buddhism&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39726-1&rft.au=Steven+Collins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8sLMkNn26-gC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stevecollins94-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stevecollins94_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stevecollins94_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stevecollins94_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stevecollins94_49-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Collins1990" class="citation book cs1">Steven Collins (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8sLMkNn26-gC">Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravada Buddhism</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 93–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39726-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39726-1"><bdi>978-0-521-39726-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501235302/https://books.google.com/books?id=8sLMkNn26-gC">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-01. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selfless+Persons%3A+Imagery+and+Thought+in+Theravada+Buddhism&rft.pages=93-94&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39726-1&rft.au=Steven+Collins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8sLMkNn26-gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_K._Swearer2012" class="citation book cs1">Donald K. Swearer (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Op4dM8QQy0AC">Buddhist World of Southeast Asia, The: Second Edition</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 2–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3252-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3252-6"><bdi>978-1-4384-3252-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222103840/https://books.google.com/books?id=Op4dM8QQy0AC">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-22. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+World+of+Southeast+Asia%2C+The%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-3252-6&rft.au=Donald+K.+Swearer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOp4dM8QQy0AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Collins1990" class="citation book cs1">Steven Collins (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8sLMkNn26-gC&pg=PA5">Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravada Buddhism</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 82–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39726-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39726-1"><bdi>978-0-521-39726-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126112421/https://books.google.com/books?id=8sLMkNn26-gC&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-26. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selfless+Persons%3A+Imagery+and+Thought+in+Theravada+Buddhism&rft.pages=82-84&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39726-1&rft.au=Steven+Collins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8sLMkNn26-gC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Collins1990" class="citation book cs1">Steven Collins (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8sLMkNn26-gC&pg=PA5">Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravada Buddhism</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39726-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39726-1"><bdi>978-0-521-39726-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126112421/https://books.google.com/books?id=8sLMkNn26-gC&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-26. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selfless+Persons%3A+Imagery+and+Thought+in+Theravada+Buddhism&rft.pages=81-82&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39726-1&rft.au=Steven+Collins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8sLMkNn26-gC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoy1982" class="citation journal cs1">Loy, David (1982). "Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta". International Philosophical Quarterly. 22 (1). Philosophy Documentation Center: 65–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fipq19822217">10.5840/ipq19822217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Philosophical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Enlightenment+in+Buddhism+and+Advaita+Vedanta&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-74&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fipq19822217&rft.aulast=Loy&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotprecha_Cholvijarn" class="citation book cs1">Potprecha Cholvijarn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FkXJVKnjw3kC">Nibbāna as True Reality beyond the Debate</a>. Wat Luang Phor Sodh. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-350-263-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-974-350-263-7"><bdi>978-974-350-263-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502000929/https://books.google.com/books?id=FkXJVKnjw3kC">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nibb%C4%81na+as+True+Reality+beyond+the+Debate&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Wat+Luang+Phor+Sodh&rft.isbn=978-974-350-263-7&rft.au=Potprecha+Cholvijarn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFkXJVKnjw3kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2008125–7-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2008125–7_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2008">Williams 2008</a>, pp. 125–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie2007100–5,_110-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie2007100–5,_110_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMackenzie2007">Mackenzie 2007</a>, pp. 100–5, 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie200751-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie200751_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMackenzie2007">Mackenzie 2007</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2008127-128-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2008127-128_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2008127-128_59-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2008">Williams 2008</a>, p. 127-128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeeger200913_footnote_40-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeeger200913_footnote_40_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeeger2009">Seeger 2009</a>, pp. 13 footnote 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2008126-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2008126_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2008">Williams 2008</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> pp. 101–103 Maha Boowa, Arahattamagga, Arahattaphala: the Path to Arahantship – A Compilation of Venerable Acariya Maha Boowa's Dhamma Talks about His Path of Practice, translated by Bhikkhu Silaratano, 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.forestdhammabooks.com/book/3/Arahattamagga.pdf">http://www.forestdhammabooks.com/book/3/Arahattamagga.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327073822/http://www.forestdhammabooks.com/book/3/Arahattamagga.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-03-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (consulted 16 March 2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/1S40nS_0R9Y">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180829045355/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1S40nS_0R9Y&t=4545s">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUWE_STOES2015" class="citation cs2">UWE STOES (2015-04-22), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1S40nS_0R9Y&t=4545s">Thanassaro Bhikkhu</a>, retrieved 2017-09-30</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thanassaro+Bhikkhu&rft.date=2015-04-22&rft.au=UWE+STOES&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D1S40nS_0R9Y%26t%3D4545s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodhi2017" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bodhi, Bhikkhu</a> (January 2017), "Anatta as Strategy and Ontonology", Investigating the Dhamma, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Publication_Society" title="Buddhist Publication Society">Buddhist Publication Society</a>, p. 25, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68172-068-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68172-068-5"><bdi>978-1-68172-068-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anatta+as+Strategy+and+Ontonology&rft.btitle=Investigating+the+Dhamma&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Buddhist+Publication+Society&rft.date=2017-01&rft.isbn=978-1-68172-068-5&rft.aulast=Bodhi&rft.aufirst=Bhikkhu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhikkhu" class="citation news cs1">Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tricycle.org/magazine/there-no-self/">"There is no self"</a>. 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Retrieved 2017-05-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.accesstoinsight.org&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Avyakata+Samyutta%3A+%28Undeclared-connected%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Ftipitaka%2Fsn%2Fsn44%2Fsn44.intro.than.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._King" title="Richard E. King">King, R.</a>, Early Advaita Vedanta and Buddhism: The Mahayana Context of the Gaudapadiya-Karika (<a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a>: <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>, 1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p1bASTAOhjoC&pg=PA97">p. 97</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161101164333/https://books.google.cz/books?id=p1bASTAOhjoC&pg=PA97">Archived</a> 2016-11-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Choong1999p85-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Choong1999p85_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMun-Keat_Choong1999" class="citation book cs1">Mun-Keat Choong (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HJafx7uO0VsC">The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 1–4, 85–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1649-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1649-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1649-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161127014854/https://books.google.com/books?id=HJafx7uO0VsC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-27. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Notion+of+Emptiness+in+Early+Buddhism&rft.pages=1-4%2C+85-88&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1649-7&rft.au=Mun-Keat+Choong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHJafx7uO0VsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay_Billington2002" class="citation book cs1">Ray Billington (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dACFAgAAQBAJ">Understanding Eastern Philosophy</a>. Routledge. pp. 58–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-79348-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-79348-8"><bdi>978-1-134-79348-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126130919/https://books.google.com/books?id=dACFAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-26. 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State University of New York Press. pp. 35–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-2680-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-2680-8"><bdi>978-1-4384-2680-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217044109/https://books.google.com/books?id=R5KHnVVjwKQC">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-17. 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Shambhala. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87773-980-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87773-980-7"><bdi>978-0-87773-980-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218171940/https://books.google.com/books?id=vpP8770qVakC">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-18. 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Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 56–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0774-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0774-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222023944/https://books.google.com/books?id=38WJRwP3nLgC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-22. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C5%ABlamadhyamakak%C4%81rik%C4%81+of+N%C4%81g%C4%81rjuna&rft.pages=56-57&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0774-7&rft.au=N%C4%81g%C4%81rjuna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D38WJRwP3nLgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrad_Warner2011" class="citation book cs1">Brad Warner (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pn5YBQAAQBAJ">Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way: Nagarjuna's Mulamadhyamakakarika</a>. Translated by GW Nishijima. Monkfish. pp. 182–191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9833589-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9833589-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9833589-0-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219214618/https://books.google.com/books?id=pn5YBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-19. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Wisdom+of+the+Middle+Way%3A+Nagarjuna%27s+Mulamadhyamakakarika&rft.pages=182-191&rft.pub=Monkfish&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9833589-0-9&rft.au=Brad+Warner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpn5YBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNāgārjuna1995" class="citation book cs1">Nāgārjuna (1995). "Chapters XVIII, XXVII (see Part One and Two)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfsyfoO1IlYC">The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way: Nagarjuna's Mulamadhyamakakarika</a>. Translated by Jay Garfield. Oxford University Press. pp. xxxiv, 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976632-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976632-1"><bdi>978-0-19-976632-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221011410/https://books.google.com/books?id=kfsyfoO1IlYC">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-21. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapters+XVIII%2C+XXVII+%28see+Part+One+and+Two%29&rft.btitle=The+Fundamental+Wisdom+of+the+Middle+Way%3A+Nagarjuna%27s+Mulamadhyamakakarika&rft.pages=xxxiv%2C+76&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976632-1&rft.au=N%C4%81g%C4%81rjuna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfsyfoO1IlYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kalupahana57-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kalupahana57_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kalupahana57_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kalupahana57_76-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNāgārjuna1996" class="citation book cs1">Nāgārjuna (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38WJRwP3nLgC">Mūlamadhyamakakārikā of Nāgārjuna</a>. Translated by David J. Kalupahana. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 56–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0774-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0774-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222023944/https://books.google.com/books?id=38WJRwP3nLgC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-22. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C5%ABlamadhyamakak%C4%81rik%C4%81+of+N%C4%81g%C4%81rjuna&rft.pages=56-59&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0774-7&rft.au=N%C4%81g%C4%81rjuna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D38WJRwP3nLgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loy2009p37-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Loy2009p37_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Loy2009" class="citation book cs1">David Loy (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R5KHnVVjwKQC">Awareness Bound and Unbound: Buddhist Essays</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 36–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-2680-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-2680-8"><bdi>978-1-4384-2680-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217044109/https://books.google.com/books?id=R5KHnVVjwKQC">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-17. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Awareness+Bound+and+Unbound%3A+Buddhist+Essays&rft.pages=36-38&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-2680-8&rft.au=David+Loy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR5KHnVVjwKQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiane_Morgan2004" class="citation book cs1">Diane Morgan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SqwzJt9XGpoC">The Buddhist Experience in America</a>. Greenwood. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32491-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32491-8"><bdi>978-0-313-32491-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222013718/https://books.google.com/books?id=SqwzJt9XGpoC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-22. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Experience+in+America&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32491-8&rft.au=Diane+Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSqwzJt9XGpoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_F._Burton2015" class="citation book cs1">David F. Burton (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w8zMCgAAQBAJ">Emptiness Appraised: A Critical Study of Nagarjuna's Philosophy</a>. Routledge. pp. 31–32, 48 with footnote 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-72322-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-72322-6"><bdi>978-1-317-72322-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218163823/https://books.google.com/books?id=w8zMCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-18. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emptiness+Appraised%3A+A+Critical+Study+of+Nagarjuna%27s+Philosophy&rft.pages=31-32%2C+48+with+footnote+38&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-72322-6&rft.au=David+F.+Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw8zMCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Harris1991" class="citation book cs1">Ian Harris (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fLZeKatsbaYC">The Continuity of Madhyamaka and Yogācāra in Indian Mahāyāna Buddhism</a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 146–147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09448-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09448-2"><bdi>90-04-09448-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224112124/https://books.google.com/books?id=fLZeKatsbaYC">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-24. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Continuity+of+Madhyamaka+and+Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra+in+Indian+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na+Buddhism&rft.pages=146-147&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=90-04-09448-2&rft.au=Ian+Harris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfLZeKatsbaYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_M._Emmanuel2015" class="citation book cs1">Steven M. Emmanuel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ">A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 419–428. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-14466-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-14466-3"><bdi>978-1-119-14466-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323185852/https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-23. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.pages=419-428&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-119-14466-3&rft.au=Steven+M.+Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_lmCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Duerlinger2013" class="citation book cs1">James Duerlinger (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_7xHiGXEv_8C">The Refutation of the Self in Indian Buddhism: Candrakīrti on the Selflessness of Persons</a>. Routledge. pp. 52–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-65749-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-65749-5"><bdi>978-0-415-65749-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222025451/https://books.google.com/books?id=_7xHiGXEv_8C">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-22. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Refutation+of+the+Self+in+Indian+Buddhism%3A+Candrak%C4%ABrti+on+the+Selflessness+of+Persons&rft.pages=52-54&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-65749-5&rft.au=James+Duerlinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_7xHiGXEv_8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_W._Neufeldt1986" class="citation book cs1">Ronald W. Neufeldt (31 May 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qWNaXD4o43cC">Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 216–220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-1445-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-1445-4"><bdi>978-1-4384-1445-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191225052954/https://books.google.com/books?id=qWNaXD4o43cC">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-25. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Rebirth%3A+Post+Classical+Developments&rft.pages=216-220&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1986-05-31&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-1445-4&rft.au=Ronald+W.+Neufeldt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqWNaXD4o43cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-84"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Williams2008" class="citation book cs1">Paul Williams (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GMN-AgAAQBAJ">Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations</a>. Routledge. pp. 125–127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25056-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25056-1"><bdi>978-1-134-25056-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161121014437/https://books.google.com/books?id=GMN-AgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-21. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahayana+Buddhism%3A+The+Doctrinal+Foundations&rft.pages=125-127&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-25056-1&rft.au=Paul+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGMN-AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._K._Hookham1991" class="citation book cs1">S. K. Hookham (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JqLa4xWot-YC&pg=PA96">The Buddha Within: Tathagatagarbha Doctrine According to the Shentong Interpretation of the Ratnagotravibhaga</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 100–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0357-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0357-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-0357-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161120220046/https://books.google.com/books?id=JqLa4xWot-YC&pg=PA96">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-20. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddha+Within%3A+Tathagatagarbha+Doctrine+According+to+the+Shentong+Interpretation+of+the+Ratnagotravibhaga&rft.pages=100-104&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0357-0&rft.au=S.+K.+Hookham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJqLa4xWot-YC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-paulwilliamsp104-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paulwilliamsp104_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-paulwilliamsp104_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Williams2008" class="citation book cs1">Paul Williams (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GMN-AgAAQBAJ">Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations</a>. Routledge. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25056-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25056-1"><bdi>978-1-134-25056-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161121014437/https://books.google.com/books?id=GMN-AgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-21. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahayana+Buddhism%3A+The+Doctrinal+Foundations&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-25056-1&rft.au=Paul+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGMN-AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Williams2008" class="citation book cs1">Paul Williams (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GMN-AgAAQBAJ">Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations</a>. Routledge. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25056-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25056-1"><bdi>978-1-134-25056-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161121014437/https://books.google.com/books?id=GMN-AgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-21. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahayana+Buddhism%3A+The+Doctrinal+Foundations&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-25056-1&rft.au=Paul+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGMN-AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Williams2008" class="citation book cs1">Paul Williams (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GMN-AgAAQBAJ">Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations</a>. Routledge. pp. 104–105, 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25056-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25056-1"><bdi>978-1-134-25056-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161121014437/https://books.google.com/books?id=GMN-AgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-21. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahayana+Buddhism%3A+The+Doctrinal+Foundations&rft.pages=104-105%2C+108&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-25056-1&rft.au=Paul+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGMN-AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerv_Fowler1999" class="citation book cs1">Merv Fowler (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A7UKjtA0QDwC">Buddhism: Beliefs and Practices</a>. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 101–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-66-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-66-0"><bdi>978-1-898723-66-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161121014528/https://books.google.com/books?id=A7UKjtA0QDwC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-21. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=101-102&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-66-0&rft.au=Merv+Fowler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA7UKjtA0QDwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988">, Quote: "Some texts of the tathāgatagarbha literature, such as the Mahaparinirvana Sutra actually refer to an atman, though other texts are careful to avoid the term. This would be in direct opposition to the general teachings of Buddhism on anātman. Indeed, the distinctions between the general Indian concept of atman and the popular Buddhist concept of Buddha-nature are often blurred to the point that writers consider them to be synonymous." </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Williams2008" class="citation book cs1">Paul Williams (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GMN-AgAAQBAJ">Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations</a>. Routledge. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25056-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25056-1"><bdi>978-1-134-25056-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161121014437/https://books.google.com/books?id=GMN-AgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-21. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahayana+Buddhism%3A+The+Doctrinal+Foundations&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-25056-1&rft.au=Paul+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGMN-AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> Quote: "... it refers to the Buddha using the term "self" in order to win over non-Buddhist ascetics." </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_W._Pettit1999" class="citation book cs1">John W. Pettit (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Kz4ox1vp5IC">Mipham's Beacon of Certainty: Illuminating the View of Dzogchen, the Great Perfection</a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 48–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-157-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-157-4"><bdi>978-0-86171-157-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222032453/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Kz4ox1vp5IC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-22. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mipham%27s+Beacon+of+Certainty%3A+Illuminating+the+View+of+Dzogchen%2C+the+Great+Perfection&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-157-4&rft.au=John+W.+Pettit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Kz4ox1vp5IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-paulwilliamsp111-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paulwilliamsp111_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-paulwilliamsp111_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-paulwilliamsp111_93-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Williams2008" class="citation book cs1">Paul Williams (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GMN-AgAAQBAJ">Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations</a>. Routledge. pp. 109–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25056-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25056-1"><bdi>978-1-134-25056-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161121014437/https://books.google.com/books?id=GMN-AgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-21. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahayana+Buddhism%3A+The+Doctrinal+Foundations&rft.pages=109-112&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-25056-1&rft.au=Paul+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGMN-AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Bartley2015" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Bartley (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c3D5CQAAQBAJ">An Introduction to Indian Philosophy: Hindu and Buddhist Ideas from Original Sources</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-2437-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-2437-9"><bdi>978-1-4725-2437-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502000942/https://books.google.com/books?id=c3D5CQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Indian+Philosophy%3A+Hindu+and+Buddhist+Ideas+from+Original+Sources&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-2437-9&rft.au=Christopher+Bartley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc3D5CQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-paulwilliams112-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paulwilliams112_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-paulwilliams112_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Williams2008" class="citation book cs1">Paul Williams (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GMN-AgAAQBAJ">Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations</a>. Routledge. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25056-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25056-1"><bdi>978-1-134-25056-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161121014437/https://books.google.com/books?id=GMN-AgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-21. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahayana+Buddhism%3A+The+Doctrinal+Foundations&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-25056-1&rft.au=Paul+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGMN-AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._K._Hookham1991" class="citation book cs1">S. K. Hookham (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JqLa4xWot-YC&pg=PA96">The Buddha Within: Tathagatagarbha Doctrine According to the Shentong Interpretation of the Ratnagotravibhaga</a>. State University of New York Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0357-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0357-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-0357-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161120220046/https://books.google.com/books?id=JqLa4xWot-YC&pg=PA96">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-20. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddha+Within%3A+Tathagatagarbha+Doctrine+According+to+the+Shentong+Interpretation+of+the+Ratnagotravibhaga&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0357-0&rft.au=S.+K.+Hookham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJqLa4xWot-YC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Jamie Hubbard, Absolute Delusion, Perfect Buddhahood, University of Hawai’i Press, Honolulu, 2001, pp. 99–100 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Zimmermann, Michael (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111023508/http://iriab.soka.ac.jp/orc/Publications/BPPB/pdf/BPPB-06.pdf">A Buddha Within: The Tathāgatagarbhasūtra</a>, Biblotheca Philologica et Philosophica Buddhica VI, The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology, Soka University, p. 64 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Michael Zimmermann, A Buddha Within, p. 64 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Zimmermann, A Buddha Within, p. 81 </li> <li id="cite_note-mirandashaw387-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mirandashaw387_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mirandashaw387_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiranda_Eberle_Shaw2006" class="citation book cs1">Miranda Eberle Shaw (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhistgoddesse00shaw">Buddhist Goddesses of India</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhistgoddesse00shaw/page/387">387</a>–390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-12758-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-12758-1"><bdi>0-691-12758-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Goddesses+of+India&rft.pages=387-390&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-691-12758-1&rft.au=Miranda+Eberle+Shaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuddhistgoddesse00shaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKun-Dga'-BstanKunga_Tenpay_NyimaJared_Rhoton2003" class="citation book cs1">Kun-Dga'-Bstan; Kunga Tenpay Nyima; Jared Rhoton (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=50Xy0fMJ4TkC">The Three Levels of Spiritual Perception: A Commentary on the Three Visions</a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 392. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-368-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-368-4"><bdi>978-0-86171-368-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219183541/https://books.google.com/books?id=50Xy0fMJ4TkC">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-19. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Levels+of+Spiritual+Perception%3A+A+Commentary+on+the+Three+Visions&rft.pages=392&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-368-4&rft.au=Kun-Dga%27-Bstan&rft.au=Kunga+Tenpay+Nyima&rft.au=Jared+Rhoton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D50Xy0fMJ4TkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarab_Dorje1996" class="citation book cs1">Garab Dorje (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7_QKAAAAYAAJ">The Golden Letters: The Three Statements of Garab Dorje, the First Teacher of Dzogchen, Together with a Commentary by</a>. Snow Lion Publications. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-050-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-050-7"><bdi>978-1-55939-050-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222120955/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_QKAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-22. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Letters%3A+The+Three+Statements+of+Garab+Dorje%2C+the+First+Teacher+of+Dzogchen%2C+Together+with+a+Commentary+by&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-050-7&rft.au=Garab+Dorje&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7_QKAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_Hopkins2006" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey Hopkins (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OHqKPG77bd0C">Absorption in No External World</a>. Snow Lion Publications. pp. 400–405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-946-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-946-3"><bdi>978-1-55939-946-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Absorption+in+No+External+World&rft.pages=400-405&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-946-3&rft.au=Jeffrey+Hopkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOHqKPG77bd0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhenchen_Konchog_Gyaltshen2010" class="citation book cs1">Khenchen Konchog Gyaltshen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x_joTwLLnYQC">A Complete Guide to the Buddhist Path</a>. Snow Lion Publications. pp. 259–261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-790-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-790-2"><bdi>978-1-55939-790-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222023911/https://books.google.com/books?id=x_joTwLLnYQC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-22. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Complete+Guide+to+the+Buddhist+Path&rft.pages=259-261&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-790-2&rft.au=Khenchen+Konchog+Gyaltshen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx_joTwLLnYQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarma-Ran-Byun-Kun-Khyab-Phrin-LasDenis_Tondrup1997" class="citation book cs1">Karma-Ran-Byun-Kun-Khyab-Phrin-Las; Denis Tondrup (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gHmjOFefOmsC">Luminous Mind: The Way of the Buddha</a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 204–206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-118-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-118-5"><bdi>978-0-86171-118-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221051248/https://books.google.com/books?id=gHmjOFefOmsC">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-21. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luminous+Mind%3A+The+Way+of+the+Buddha&rft.pages=204-206&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-118-5&rft.au=Karma-Ran-Byun-Kun-Khyab-Phrin-Las&rft.au=Denis+Tondrup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgHmjOFefOmsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeshe_Kelsang_Gyatso2000" class="citation book cs1">Geshe Kelsang Gyatso (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nNA4Iu35IOQC">Essence of Vajrayana: The Highest Yoga Tantra Practice of Heruka Body Mandala</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 140–143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1729-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1729-6"><bdi>978-81-208-1729-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225065213/https://books.google.com/books?id=nNA4Iu35IOQC">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essence+of+Vajrayana%3A+The+Highest+Yoga+Tantra+Practice+of+Heruka+Body+Mandala&rft.pages=140-143&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1729-6&rft.au=Geshe+Kelsang+Gyatso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnNA4Iu35IOQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_A._Grimes1996" class="citation book cs1">John A. Grimes (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qcoUFYOX0bEC">A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English</a>. State University of New York Press. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3067-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3067-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-3067-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221160523/https://books.google.com/books?id=qcoUFYOX0bEC">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-21. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Dictionary+of+Indian+Philosophy%3A+Sanskrit+Terms+Defined+in+English&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3067-5&rft.au=John+A.+Grimes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqcoUFYOX0bEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._K._Warder2000" class="citation book cs1">A. K. Warder (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sE8MgUVGNHkC">Indian Buddhism</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 473–474. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1741-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1741-8"><bdi>978-81-208-1741-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228004455/https://books.google.com/books?id=sE8MgUVGNHkC">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-28. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Buddhism&rft.pages=473-474&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1741-8&rft.au=A.+K.+Warder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsE8MgUVGNHkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsaṅgaJanice_Dean_Willis2002" class="citation book cs1">Asaṅga; Janice Dean Willis (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W_8ucGq5begC">On Knowing Reality: The Tattvārtha Chapter of Asaṅga's Bodhisattvabhūmi</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1106-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1106-5"><bdi>978-81-208-1106-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220022735/https://books.google.com/books?id=W_8ucGq5begC">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-20. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Knowing+Reality%3A+The+Tattv%C4%81rtha+Chapter+of+Asa%E1%B9%85ga%27s+Bodhisattvabh%C5%ABmi&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1106-5&rft.au=Asa%E1%B9%85ga&rft.au=Janice+Dean+Willis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW_8ucGq5begC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_C._McClelland2010" class="citation book cs1">Norman C. McClelland (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S_Leq4U5ihkC">Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma</a>. McFarland. pp. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5675-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5675-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-5675-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126104519/https://books.google.com/books?id=S_Leq4U5ihkC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-26. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Reincarnation+and+Karma&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5675-8&rft.au=Norman+C.+McClelland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS_Leq4U5ihkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> [a] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulius_Lipner2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Lipner" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Lipner">Julius Lipner</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oH1FIareczEC">Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</a>. Routledge. pp. 53–56, 81, 160–161, 269–270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-24060-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-24060-8"><bdi>978-1-135-24060-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200617140727/https://books.google.com/books?id=oH1FIareczEC">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-17. Retrieved 2021-08-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindus%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=53-56%2C+81%2C+160-161%2C+269-270&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-135-24060-8&rft.au=Julius+Lipner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoH1FIareczEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988">; [b] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._T._Raju1985" class="citation book cs1">P. T. Raju (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/structuraldepths0000raju">Structural Depths of Indian Thought</a>. State University of New York Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/structuraldepths0000raju/page/26">26</a>–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-139-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-139-4"><bdi>978-0-88706-139-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structural+Depths+of+Indian+Thought&rft.pages=26-37&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-139-4&rft.au=P.+T.+Raju&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstructuraldepths0000raju&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988">; [c] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavin_D._Flood1996" class="citation book cs1">Gavin D. Flood (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo">An Introduction to Hinduism</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/15">15</a>, 84–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0"><bdi>978-0-521-43878-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pages=15%2C+84-85&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43878-0&rft.au=Gavin+D.+Flood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0000floo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> James Hart (2009), Who One Is: Book 2: Existenz and Transcendental Phenomenology, Springer, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1402091773" title="Special:BookSources/978-1402091773">978-1402091773</a>, pages 2–3, 46–47 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Richard White (2012), The Heart of Wisdom: A Philosophy of Spiritual Life, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442221161" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442221161">978-1442221161</a>, pages 125–131 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlott200060-62-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlott200060-62_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlott2000">Plott 2000</a>, p. 60-62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayatilleke196339-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJayatilleke196339_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJayatilleke196339_116-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJayatilleke1963">Jayatilleke 1963</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Harvey2012" class="citation book cs1">Peter Harvey (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sg9LV_rEgC">An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 59–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85942-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85942-4"><bdi>978-0-521-85942-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727192540/https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sg9LV_rEgC">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2016-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhism%3A+Teachings%2C+History+and+Practices&rft.pages=59-60&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85942-4&rft.au=Peter+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du0sg9LV_rEgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013b34,_38-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2013b34,_38_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2013b">Harvey 2013b</a>, p. 34, 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Harvey2013" class="citation book cs1">Peter Harvey (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SfPcAAAAQBAJ">The Selfless Mind: Personality, Consciousness and Nirvana in Early Buddhism</a>. Routledge. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78336-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78336-4"><bdi>978-1-136-78336-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160901015629/https://books.google.com/books?id=SfPcAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-01. Retrieved 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Selfless+Mind%3A+Personality%2C+Consciousness+and+Nirvana+in+Early+Buddhism&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-78336-4&rft.au=Peter+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSfPcAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988">, Quote: "The post-Buddhist Matri Upanishad holds that only defiled individual self, rather than the universal one, thinks 'this is I' or 'this is mine'. This is very reminiscent of Buddhism, and may well have been influenced by it to divorce the universal Self from such egocentric associations". </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Deussen1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a> (1980). Sixty Upanishads of the Veda. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1468-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1468-4"><bdi>978-81-208-1468-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixty+Upanishads+of+the+Veda&rft.pages=361&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1468-4&rft.au=Paul+Deussen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood1992p67-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wood1992p67_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood1992p67_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_E._Wood1992" class="citation book cs1">Thomas E. Wood (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OFRAh52rxjcC">The Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad and the Āgama Śāstra: An Investigation Into the Meaning of the Vedānta</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 67–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0930-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0930-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0930-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220091459/https://books.google.com/books?id=OFRAh52rxjcC">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-20. Retrieved 2018-09-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+M%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C5%ABkya+Upani%E1%B9%A3ad+and+the+%C4%80gama+%C5%9A%C4%81stra%3A+An+Investigation+Into+the+Meaning+of+the+Ved%C4%81nta&rft.pages=67-68&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0930-7&rft.au=Thomas+E.+Wood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOFRAh52rxjcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShinkan_Murakami1971" class="citation journal cs1">Shinkan Murakami (1971). "Niratman and anatman". Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies (Indogaku Bukkyōgaku Kenkyū). 19 (2): 61–68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indian+and+Buddhist+Studies+%28Indogaku+Bukky%C5%8Dgaku+Kenky%C5%AB%29&rft.atitle=Niratman+and+anatman&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=61-68&rft.date=1971&rft.au=Shinkan+Murakami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Deussen1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a> (1980). Sixty Upanishads of the Veda. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 358–359 introductory note, 361 with footnote 1, 380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1468-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1468-4"><bdi>978-81-208-1468-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixty+Upanishads+of+the+Veda&rft.pages=358-359+introductory+note%2C+361+with+footnote+1%2C+380&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1468-4&rft.au=Paul+Deussen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-124"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBettZalta2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bett, Richard; Zalta, Edward (Winter 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2014/entries/pyrrho">"Pyrrho"</a>. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190318080500/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2014/entries/pyrrho/">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2019. Retrieved February 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Pyrrho&rft.ssn=winter&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bett&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Zalta%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2014%2Fentries%2Fpyrrho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2015" class="citation book cs1">Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s10500.pdf">Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 22–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400866328" title="Special:BookSources/9781400866328"><bdi>9781400866328</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130150905/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s10500.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-30. Retrieved 2019-05-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Buddha%3A+Pyrrho%27s+Encounter+with+Early+Buddhism+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=22-59&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781400866328&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fchapters%2Fs10500.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatt%C4%81&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2013" class="citation cs2">Anderson, Carol (2013), Pain and Its Ending: The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pain+and+Its+Ending%3A+The+Four+Noble+Truths+in+the+Theravada+Buddhist+Canon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswellLopez2003" class="citation cs2">Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald Jr. (2003), The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.+Jr.&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Donald+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1987" class="citation cs2">Carter, John Ross (1987), "Four Noble Truths", in Jones, Lindsay (ed.), MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religions, MacMillan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Four+Noble+Truths&rft.btitle=MacMillan+Encyclopedia+of+Religions&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=John+Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2010" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Roshen (2010). The religions of India : a concise guide to nine major faiths (Rev. ed.). New Delhi: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341517-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341517-6"><bdi>978-0-14-341517-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+religions+of+India+%3A+a+concise+guide+to+nine+major+faiths&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341517-6&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dalai Lama (1997), Healing Anger: The Power of Patience from a Buddhist Perspective. Translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa. Snow Lion Publications. Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061123005620/http://www.tysonwilliams.com/archives/what_is_the_nature_of_the_mindstream_that_reincarnates_from_lifetime_to_lifetime.html">[1]</a> (accessed: Sunday March 25, 2007)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutsch1973" class="citation cs2">Deutsch, Eliot (1973), Advaita Vedanta: A Philosophical Reconstruction, University of Hawaii Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advaita+Vedanta%3A+A+Philosophical+Reconstruction&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Deutsch&rft.aufirst=Eliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGombrich1988" class="citation book cs1">Gombrich, Richard Francis (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n44jqZP8y7wC&pg=PA47">Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07585-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07585-5"><bdi>978-0-415-07585-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222013820/https://books.google.com/books?id=n44jqZP8y7wC&pg=PA47">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-22. 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Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0702-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0702-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0702-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224005311/https://books.google.com/books?id=rpN9atSFua0C">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-24. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-19639-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-19639-5"><bdi>978-1-134-19639-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519043914/https://books.google.com/books?id=hQOAAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-19. 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Routledge. pp. 34, 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78336-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78336-4"><bdi>978-1-136-78336-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160901015629/https://books.google.com/books?id=SfPcAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-01. 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Retrieved 2014-08-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Association+of+Buddhist+Studies&rft.atitle=The+atman+and+its+negation&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=103-171&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Wynn&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Findex.php%2Fjiabs%2Farticle%2Fview%2F9279%2F3140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatt%C4%81" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatt%C4%81&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nirvanasutranet.com/">Nirvana Sutra</a>, Kosho Yamamoto's English translation of the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Mah%C4%81parinirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa 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href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta (cousin)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_philosophy" title="Template talk:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheism in Hinduism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_logic" title="Indian logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_monotheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu views on monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion#Philosophy" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Āstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rase%C5%9Bvara" title="Raseśvara">Raseśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇiniya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika">Svatantrika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism#Philosophy_and_teachings" title="Sikhism">Sikh Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy#Radical_humanist" title="M. N. Roy">Radical Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_utilization_theory" title="Progressive utilization theory">Progressive utilization theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavabharati" title="Abhinavabharati">Abhinavabharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Jain Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">All 108 texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya Upanishads">Principal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyayakusumanjali" title="Nyayakusumanjali">Nyayakusumanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhyapravachana Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha" title="Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha">Sarvadarsanasangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarka-Sangraha" title="Tarka-Sangraha">Tarka-Sangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvacint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvacintāmaṇi">Tattvacintāmaṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana_Mi%C5%9Bra" title="Maṇḍana Miśra">Maṇḍana Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatsara" title="Avatsara">Avatsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Uddalaka Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yājñavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%81rg%C4%AB_V%C4%81chaknav%C4%AB" title="Gārgī Vāchaknavī">Gārgī Vāchaknavī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patañjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaṇāda (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Ikshvaku" title="Brihadratha Ikshvaku">Brihadratha Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshapada_Gotama" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshapada Gotama">Akshapada Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadananda_(of_Vedantasara)" title="Sadananda (of Vedantasara)">Sadananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakayanya" title="Sakayanya">Sakayanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_philosophers" title="Category:Indian philosophers">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhava" title="Abhava">Abhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhasavada" title="Abhasavada">Abhasavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-difference_(Abheda)" title="Non-difference (Abheda)">Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarsana" title="Adarsana">Adarsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrishta">Adrishta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aishvarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishvarya">Aishvarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara">Aksara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_(infinite)" title="Ananta (infinite)">Ananta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anavastha" title="Anavastha">Anavastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anupalabdhi" title="Anupalabdhi">Anupalabdhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apauru%E1%B9%A3hey%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Apauruṣheyā">Apauruṣheyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiddhatva" title="Asiddhatva">Asiddhatva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asatkalpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asatkalpa (page does not exist)">Asatkalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avyakta" title="Avyakta">Avyakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrama_(Hinduism)" title="Bhrama (Hinduism)">Bhrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuman" title="Bhuman">Bhuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumika" title="Bhumika">Bhumika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catu%E1%B9%A3ko%E1%B9%ADi" title="Catuṣkoṭi">Catuṣkoṭi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_(consciousness)" title="Chaitanya (consciousness)">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidabhasa" title="Chidabhasa">Chidabhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cittabhumi" title="Cittabhumi">Cittabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhi_(Hindu_thought)" title="Dhi (Hindu thought)">Dhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekagrata" title="Ekagrata">Ekagrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hit%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitā (page does not exist)">Hitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idam" title="Idam">Idam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikshana" title="Ikshana">Ikshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvaratva" title="Ishvaratva">Ishvaratva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivatva" title="Jivatva">Jivatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(attachment)" title="Kasaya (attachment)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshetrajna" title="Kshetrajna">Kshetrajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshana" title="Lakshana">Lakshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Nyaya" title="Matsya Nyaya">Matsya Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithyatva" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithyatva">Mithyatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Mokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhyasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nididhyasana">Nididhyasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvāṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad%C4%81rtha" title="Padārtha">Padārtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramatman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramananda_(Hinduism)" title="Paramananda (Hinduism)">Paramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameshashakti" title="Parameshashakti">Parameshashakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinama-vada_(Hindu_thought)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parinama-vada (Hindu thought)">Parinama-vada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhana" title="Pradhana">Pradhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajna_(Vedic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajna (Vedic)">Prajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratibimbavada" title="Pratibimbavada">Pratibimbavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Puruṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajamandala" title="Rajamandala">Rājamaṇḍala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">Ṛta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakshi_(Witness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakshi (Witness)">Sakshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satkaryavada" title="Satkaryavada">Satkaryavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda_Brahman" title="Shabda Brahman">Shabda Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spho%E1%B9%ADa" title="Sphoṭa">Sphoṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthiti" title="Sthiti">Sthiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutram" title="Sutram">Sutram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrya" title="Svatantrya">Svātantrya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svecchamrityu_(Iccha-mrityu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Svecchamrityu (Iccha-mrityu)">Iccha-mrityu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taijasa" title="Taijasa">Taijasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajjalan" title="Tajjalan">Tajjalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Tanmatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ty%C4%81ga" title="Tyāga">Tyāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upekkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Upekkha">Upekkhā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsaha">Utsaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivartavada" title="Vivartavada">Vivartavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Viraj">Viraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_philosophical_concepts" title="Category:Hindu philosophical concepts">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div 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