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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congo_Free_State_(1877–1908)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congo_Free_State_(1877–1908)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Congo Free State (1877–1908) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congo_Free_State_(1877–1908)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgian_Congo_(1908–1960)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgian_Congo_(1908–1960)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Belgian Congo (1908–1960) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgian_Congo_(1908–1960)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_and_political_crisis_(1960–1965)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_and_political_crisis_(1960–1965)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Independence and political crisis (1960–1965) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_and_political_crisis_(1960–1965)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobutu_autocracy_and_Zaire_(1965–1997)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobutu_autocracy_and_Zaire_(1965–1997)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Mobutu autocracy and Zaire (1965–1997) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobutu_autocracy_and_Zaire_(1965–1997)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continental_and_civil_wars_(1996–2007)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continental_and_civil_wars_(1996–2007)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Continental and civil wars (1996–2007) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continental_and_civil_wars_(1996–2007)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continued_conflicts_(2008–2018)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continued_conflicts_(2008–2018)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Continued conflicts (2008–2018) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continued_conflicts_(2008–2018)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018_election_and_new_president_(2018–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018_election_and_new_president_(2018–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 2018 election and new president (2018–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018_election_and_new_president_(2018–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity_and_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity_and_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biodiversity and conservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity_and_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement_and_crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Law enforcement and crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Corruption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Mining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Largest cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Migration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Democratic Republic of the Congo</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 261 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-261" aria-hidden="true" > 261 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Demokratik_Kongo" title="Republik Demokratik Kongo – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Republik Demokratik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratiese_Republiek_die_Kongo" title="Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Demokratiese Republiek die Kongo" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratische_Republik_Kongo" title="Demokratische Republik Kongo – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Demokratische Republik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8E_%E1%8B%B2%E1%88%9E%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AB%E1%88%B2%E1%8B%AB%E1%8B%8A_%E1%88%AA%E1%8D%90%E1%89%A5%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%AD" title="ኮንጎ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኮንጎ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_demokraatl%C3%A2%C5%A1_t%C3%A4siv%C3%A4ldi" title="Kongo demokraatlâš täsiväldi – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kongo demokraatlâš täsiväldi" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="कॉन्गो – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कॉन्गो" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folcr%C4%ABcelicu_Cynew%C4%ABse_%C3%BE%C3%A6s_Congwes" title="Folcrīcelicu Cynewīse þæs Congwes – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Folcrīcelicu Cynewīse þæs Congwes" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%99_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Адемократиатә Республика Конго – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Адемократиатә Республика Конго" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Democratica_d%27o_Congo" title="Republica Democratica d'o Congo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Republica Democratica d'o Congo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%9B%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%A9%DC%AA%DC%9B%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%93%DC%98" title="ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܝܡܘܩܪܛܝܬܐ ܕܩܘܢܓܘ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܝܡܘܩܪܛܝܬܐ ܕܩܘܢܓܘ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8publica_d%C3%A8mocratica_du_Cong%C3%B4" title="Rèpublica dèmocratica du Congô – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Rèpublica dèmocratica du Congô" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Democr%C3%A1tica_d%27El_Congu" title="República Democrática d'El Congu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="República Democrática d'El Congu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3ngo_Jekopytyjoja_Ret%C3%A3" title="Kóngo Jekopytyjoja Retã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kóngo Jekopytyjoja Retã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungu_Dimukratiku_Ripublika" title="Kungu Dimukratiku Ripublika – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Kungu Dimukratiku Ripublika" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konqo_Demokratik_Respublikas%C4%B1" title="Konqo Demokratik Respublikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Konqo Demokratik Respublikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="کونقو دموکراتیک جومهوریتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کونقو دموکراتیک جومهوریتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publik_D%C3%A9mokratik_Kongo" title="Républik Démokratik Kongo – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Républik Démokratik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_ka_B%C9%9Bj%C9%9Bfanga_Fasojamana" title="Kongo ka Bɛjɛfanga Fasojamana – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Kongo ka Bɛjɛfanga Fasojamana" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="গণতান্ত্রিক কঙ্গো প্রজাতন্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গণতান্ত্রিক কঙ্গো প্রজাতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripublik_Demokratik_Kongo" title="Ripublik Demokratik Kongo – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Ripublik Demokratik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_B%C3%AEn-ch%C3%BA_Ki%C5%8Dng-h%C3%B4-kok" title="Congo Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Congo Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Demokratik_Kongo" title="Republik Demokratik Kongo – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Republik Demokratik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Конго Демократик Республикаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Конго Демократик Республикаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Дэмакратычная Рэспубліка Конга – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэмакратычная Рэспубліка Конга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Дэмакратычная Рэспубліка Конга – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дэмакратычная Рэспубліка Конга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="कांगो डेमोक्रेटिक रिपब्लिक – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कांगो डेमोक्रेटिक रिपब्लिक" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratikong_Republika_kan_Kongo" title="Demokratikong Republika kan Kongo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Demokratikong Republika kan Kongo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratik_Ripablik_blong_Kongo" title="Demokratik Ripablik blong Kongo – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Demokratik Ripablik blong Kongo" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Демократична република Конго – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Демократична република Конго" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratische_Republik_Kongo" title="Demokratische Republik Kongo – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Demokratische Republik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%99%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཀོང་གོ་མི་དམངས་དམངས་གཙོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀོང་གོ་མི་དམངས་དམངས་གཙོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratska_Republika_Kongo" title="Demokratska Republika Kongo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Demokratska Republika Kongo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Demokratel_Kongo" title="Republik Demokratel Kongo – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Republik Demokratel Kongo" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Бүгэдэ Найрамдаха Арадшалһан Конго Улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бүгэдэ Найрамдаха Арадшалһан Конго Улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Democr%C3%A0tica_del_Congo" title="República Democràtica del Congo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="República Democràtica del Congo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%95_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Конго Демократиллĕ Республики – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Конго Демократиллĕ Республики" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratikanhong_Republika_sa_Konggo" title="Demokratikanhong Republika sa Konggo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Demokratikanhong Republika sa Konggo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon%C5%BEsk%C3%A1_demokratick%C3%A1_republika" title="Konžská demokratická republika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konžská demokratická republika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Democr%C3%A1tica_del_Congo" title="República Democrática del Congo – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="República Democrática del Congo" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utemabanze_we_Rudhende_rwe_Vukongo" title="Utemabanze we Rudhende rwe Vukongo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Utemabanze we Rudhende rwe Vukongo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of Congo – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Democratic Republic of Congo" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Democratica_di_u_Congo" title="Republica Democratica di u Congo – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Republica Democratica di u Congo" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gweriniaeth_Ddemocrataidd_y_Congo" title="Gweriniaeth Ddemocrataidd y Congo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gweriniaeth Ddemocrataidd y Congo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Democratic Republic of the Congo" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratiske_Republik_Congo" title="Demokratiske Republik Congo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Demokratiske Republik Congo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%DD%A3%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جمهورية لكونݣو الديموقراطية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جمهورية لكونݣو الديموقراطية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_demokr%C3%A1htala%C5%A1_d%C3%A1ssev%C3%A1ldi" title="Kongo demokráhtalaš dásseváldi – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kongo demokráhtalaš dásseváldi" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demegraadisch_Republik_Kongo" title="Demegraadisch Republik Kongo – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Demegraadisch Republik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratische_Republik_Kongo" title="Demokratische Republik Kongo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Demokratische Republik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%AE%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8E%DE%AF_(%DE%8B%DE%A8%DE%89%DE%A8%DE%A4%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%A0%DE%A9_%DE%96%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%B0%DE%80%DE%AB%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%94%DE%A7)" title="ކޮންގޯ (ދިމިޤްރާޠީ ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ) – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކޮންގޯ (ދިމިޤްރާޠީ ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ)" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naakaii_%C5%81izhinii_Bi%C5%82eeyoot%CA%BC%C4%AF%CC%81%CA%BC%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah_Ntsaa%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Naakaii Łizhinii Biłeeyootʼį́ʼí Bikéyah Ntsaaígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naakaii Łizhinii Biłeeyootʼį́ʼí Bikéyah Ntsaaígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratiska_republika_Kongo" title="Demokratiska republika Kongo – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Demokratiska republika Kongo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र कंगो – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र कंगो" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Demokraatlik_Vabariik" title="Kongo Demokraatlik Vabariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kongo Demokraatlik Vabariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία του Κονγκό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία του Κονγκό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Конгонь Демократиянь Республикась – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Конгонь Демократиянь Республикась" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Democr%C3%A1tica_del_Congo" title="República Democrática del Congo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="República Democrática del Congo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratia_Respubliko_Kongo" title="Demokratia Respubliko Kongo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Demokratia Respubliko Kongo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAbrica_Democr%C3%A1tica_del_Congu" title="Repúbrica Democrática del Congu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Repúbrica Democrática del Congu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongoko_Errepublika_Demokratikoa" title="Kongoko Errepublika Demokratikoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kongoko Errepublika Demokratikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%8Bgo_Kinshasa" title="Koŋgo Kinshasa – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Koŋgo Kinshasa" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Democratic Republic of the Congo" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88" title="جمهوری دموکراتیک کنگو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری دموکراتیک کنگو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Democratic Republic of the Congo" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3lkar%C3%A6%C3%B0iliga_L%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi%C3%B0_Kongo" title="Fólkaræðiliga Lýðveldið Kongo – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fólkaræðiliga Lýðveldið Kongo" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo" title="République démocratique du Congo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="République démocratique du Congo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratyske_Republyk_Kongo" title="Demokratyske Republyk Kongo – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Demokratyske Republyk Kongo" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konngo_(Ndenndaandi_Demokaraasiyankeeri_Konngo)" title="Konngo (Ndenndaandi Demokaraasiyankeeri Konngo) – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Konngo (Ndenndaandi Demokaraasiyankeeri Konngo)" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poblacht_Dhaonlathach_an_Chong%C3%B3" title="Poblacht Dhaonlathach an Chongó – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Poblacht Dhaonlathach an Chongó" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobblaght_Gheynlagh_y_Chongo" title="Pobblaght Gheynlagh y Chongo – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Pobblaght Gheynlagh y Chongo" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Demokratik_Respublikas%C4%B1" title="Kongo Demokratik Respublikası – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Kongo Demokratik Respublikası" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poblachd_Dheamocratach_na_Congo" title="Poblachd Dheamocratach na Congo – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Poblachd Dheamocratach na Congo" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Democr%C3%A1tica_do_Congo" title="República Democrática do Congo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="República Democrática do Congo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Конго – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Конго" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%9B%E6%9E%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="剛果民主共和國 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="剛果民主共和國" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Democratic Republic of the Congo" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="કોંગોનું પ્રજાસત્તાક ગણતંત્ર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કોંગોનું પ્રજાસત્તાક ગણતંત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_M%C3%ACn-ch%C3%BA_Khiung-f%C3%B2-koet" title="Congo Mìn-chú Khiung-fò-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Congo Mìn-chú Khiung-fò-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%A9%EA%B3%A0_%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC_%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="콩고 민주 공화국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콩고 민주 공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuriyar_Dimokura%C9%97iyyar_Kwango" title="Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կոնգոյի Դեմոկրատական Հանրապետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոնգոյի Դեմոկրատական Հանրապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="कांगो लोकतान्त्रिक गणराज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कांगो लोकतान्त्रिक गणराज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratiska_republika_Kongo" title="Demokratiska republika Kongo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Demokratiska republika Kongo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratska_Republika_Kongo" title="Demokratska Republika Kongo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Demokratska Republika Kongo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratial_Republiko_Kongo" title="Demokratial Republiko Kongo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Demokratial Republiko Kongo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Democratic Republic of the Congo" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratiko_a_Republika_ti_Kongo" title="Demokratiko a Republika ti Kongo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Demokratiko a Republika ti Kongo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="গনতান্ত্রিক কঙ্গো প্রজাতন্ত্র – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="গনতান্ত্রিক কঙ্গো প্রজাতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Demokratik_Kongo" title="Republik Demokratik Kongo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik Demokratik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Democratic_del_Congo" title="Republica Democratic del Congo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Republica Democratic del Congo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republica_de_Congo" title="Democratic Republica de Congo – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Democratic Republica de Congo" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%8Bku" title="Kaŋku – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Kaŋku" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Конгойы Демократон Республикæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Конгойы Демократон Республикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKhongo-Kinshasa" title="IKhongo-Kinshasa – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IKhongo-Kinshasa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BD%C3%B0stj%C3%B3rnarl%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi%C3%B0_Kong%C3%B3" title="Lýðstjórnarlýðveldið Kongó – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lýðstjórnarlýðveldið Kongó" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblica_Democratica_del_Congo" title="Repubblica Democratica del Congo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Repubblica Democratica del Congo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95" title="הרפובליקה הדמוקרטית של קונגו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרפובליקה הדמוקרטית של קונגו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publik_Dh%C3%A9mokratik_Kongo" title="Républik Dhémokratik Kongo – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Républik Dhémokratik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%94%C5%8Bgo_Kinsasa" title="Kɔŋgo Kinsasa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kɔŋgo Kinsasa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಕಾಂಗೋ ಪ್ರಜಾಸತ್ತಾತ್ಮಕ ಗಣರಾಜ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಂಗೋ ಪ್ರಜಾಸತ್ತಾತ್ಮಕ ಗಣರಾಜ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikang_Demokr%C3%A1tiku_ning_Konggu" title="Republikang Demokrátiku ning Konggu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Republikang Demokrátiku ning Konggu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="კონგოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კონგოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Конго Демократиялық Республикасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Конго Демократиялық Республикасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repoblek_Demokratek_an_Kongo" title="Repoblek Demokratek an Kongo – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Repoblek Demokratek an Kongo" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubulika_Iharanira_Demokarasi_ya_Kongo" title="Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuri_ya_Kidemokrasia_ya_Kongo" title="Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubilika_ya_K%C3%B4ngo_Demokratiki" title="Repubilika ya Kôngo Demokratiki – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Repubilika ya Kôngo Demokratiki" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokasanerotifa_Kongoa" title="Sokasanerotifa Kongoa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Sokasanerotifa Kongoa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_(Kinchasa)" title="Kongo (Kinchasa) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kongo (Kinchasa)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9piblik_d%C3%A9mokratik_di_Kongo" title="Répiblik démokratik di Kongo – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Répiblik démokratik di Kongo" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komara_Demokrat%C3%AEk_a_Kongoy%C3%AA" title="Komara Demokratîk a Kongoyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Komara Demokratîk a Kongoyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Конго Демократиялык Республикасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Конго Демократиялык Республикасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Конго Демократи Республика – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Конго Демократи Республика" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Democratica_dl_Congo" title="Republica Democratica dl Congo – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Republica Democratica dl Congo" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repuvlika_Demokratika_del_Kongo" title="Repuvlika Demokratika del Kongo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Repuvlika Demokratika del Kongo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94_%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%95_%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%81" title="ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ກົງໂກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ກົງໂກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konga_Demokratiskuo_Republika" title="Konga Demokratiskuo Republika – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Konga Demokratiskuo Republika" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_publica_democratica_Congensis" title="Res publica democratica Congensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Res publica democratica Congensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Demokr%C4%81tisk%C4%81_Republika" title="Kongo Demokrātiskā Republika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kongo Demokrātiskā Republika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratesch_Republik_Kongo" title="Demokratesch Republik Kongo – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Demokratesch Republik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Демократиядин Республика Конго – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Демократиядин Республика Конго" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Demokratin%C4%97_Respublika" title="Kongo Demokratinė Respublika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kongo Demokratinė Respublika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubbrica_Democratica_do_Congo" title="Repubbrica Democratica do Congo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Repubbrica Democratica do Congo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo-Kinshasa" title="Congo-Kinshasa – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Congo-Kinshasa" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong%C3%B3-Kins%C3%A1s%C3%A1" title="Kongó-Kinsásá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kongó-Kinsásá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Democrata_de_Congo" title="Republica Democrata de Congo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Republica Democrata de Congo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongon_Demokruatilline_Tazavaldu" title="Kongon Demokruatilline Tazavaldu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kongon Demokruatilline Tazavaldu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/roltrusi%27o_zei.kongos" title="roltrusi'o zei.kongos – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="roltrusi'o zei.kongos" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of Congo – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Democratic Republic of Congo" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BCblica_Demucratica_del_Congo" title="Repüblica Demucratica del Congo – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Repüblica Demucratica del Congo" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong%C3%B3i_Demokratikus_K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g" title="Kongói Demokratikus Köztársaság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kongói Demokratikus Köztársaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र कङ्गो – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र कङ्गो" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Демократска Република Конго – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Демократска Република Конго" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repoblika_Dem%C3%B4kratikan%27_i_K%C3%B4ng%C3%B4" title="Repoblika Demôkratikan' i Kôngô – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Repoblika Demôkratikan' i Kôngô" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B" title="ഡെമോക്രാറ്റിക് റിപബ്ലിക്ക് ഓഫ് കോംഗോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡെമോക്രാറ്റിക് റിപബ്ലിക്ക് ഓഫ് കോംഗോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblika_Demokratika_tal-Kongo" title="Repubblika Demokratika tal-Kongo – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Repubblika Demokratika tal-Kongo" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whenua_o_K%C5%8Dngo" title="Whenua o Kōngo – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Whenua o Kōngo" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="काँगोचे लोकशाही प्रजासत्ताक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="काँगोचे लोकशाही प्रजासत्ताक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="კონგოშ დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კონგოშ დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%87" title="جمهورية كونجو الديموقراطيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جمهورية كونجو الديموقراطيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="زئیر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="زئیر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Demokratik_Congo" title="Republik Demokratik Congo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Republik Demokratik Congo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%85_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%89%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%95_%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A3" title="ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯆꯕ ꯀꯣꯡꯒꯣ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯆꯕ ꯀꯣꯡꯒꯣ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Demokratik_Kongo" title="Republik Demokratik Kongo – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Republik Demokratik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_M%C3%ACng-ci%C5%8D_G%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3ng-hu%C3%B2-gu%C3%B3k" title="Congo Mìng-ciō Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Congo Mìng-ciō Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Democr%C3%A1tica_de_l_Congo" title="República Democrática de l Congo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="República Democrática de l Congo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Демократиянь Республикась Конго – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Демократиянь Республикась Конго" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D0%B3%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Бүгд Найрамдах Ардчилсан Конго Улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бүгд Найрамдах Ардчилсан Конго Улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ကွန်ဂိုဒီမိုကရက်တစ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကွန်ဂိုဒီမိုကရက်တစ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratik_Repoblik_of_di_Kongo" title="Demokratik Repoblik of di Kongo – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Demokratik Repoblik of di Kongo" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo-Kinshasa" title="Congo-Kinshasa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Congo-Kinshasa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratiese_Republiek_van_de_Kongo" title="Demokratiese Republiek van de Kongo – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Demokratiese Republiek van de Kongo" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र कङ्गो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र कङ्गो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र कङ्गो – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र कङ्गो" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="コンゴ民主共和国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンゴ民主共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Конгон Демократин Республика – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Конгон Демократин Республика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokraatisk_Republiik_Kongo" title="Demokraatisk Republiik Kongo – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Demokraatisk Republiik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_demokratiske_republikken_Kongo" title="Den demokratiske republikken Kongo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den demokratiske republikken Kongo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_demokratiske_republikken_Kongo" title="Den demokratiske republikken Kongo – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den demokratiske republikken Kongo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrati_Republike_de_Kongo" title="Demokrati Republike de Kongo – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Demokrati Republike de Kongo" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Democratica_de_C%C3%B2ngo" title="Republica Democratica de Còngo – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Republica Democratica de Còngo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D2%A5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Демократикле Коҥго Республик – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Демократикле Коҥго Республик" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AB_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8B" title="ଡେମୋକ୍ରେଟିକ ରିପବ୍ଲିକ ଅଫ କଙ୍ଗୋ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଡେମୋକ୍ରେଟିକ ରିପବ୍ଲିକ ଅଫ କଙ୍ଗୋ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riippabiliika_Dimookiraatawaa_Koongoo" title="Riippabiliika Dimookiraatawaa Koongoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Riippabiliika Dimookiraatawaa Koongoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Demokratik_Respublikasi" title="Kongo Demokratik Respublikasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kongo Demokratik Respublikasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਕਾਂਗੋ ਲੋਕਤੰਤਰੀ ਗਣਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਂਗੋ ਲੋਕਤੰਤਰੀ ਗਣਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo,_democratic_republic_of_the" title="Congo, democratic republic of the – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Congo, democratic republic of the" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88" title="لوکراج کانگو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوکراج کانگو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_demokratika_di_Kongo" title="Republika demokratika di Kongo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Republika demokratika di Kongo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%DA%A9_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="د کانګو ديموکراتيک جمهوريت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د کانګو ديموکراتيک جمهوريت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimokratik_Ripoblik_a_di_Kanggo" title="Dimokratik Ripoblik a di Kanggo – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Dimokratik Ripoblik a di Kanggo" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%99%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%84" title="សាធារណរដ្ឋប្រជាធិបតេយ្យកុងហ្គោ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សាធារណរដ្ឋប្រជាធិបតេយ្យកុងហ្គោ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blica_Democr%C3%A0tica_d%C3%ABl_C%C3%B2ngo" title="Repùblica Democràtica dël Còngo – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Repùblica Democràtica dël Còngo" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokraatsche_Republiek_Kongo" title="Demokraatsche Republiek Kongo – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Demokraatsche Republiek Kongo" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratyczna_Republika_Konga" title="Demokratyczna Republika Konga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Demokratyczna Republika Konga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Democr%C3%A1tica_do_Congo" title="República Democrática do Congo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="República Democrática do Congo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Demokratiyal%C4%B1q_Respublikas%C4%B1" title="Kongo Demokratiyalıq Respublikası – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Kongo Demokratiyalıq Respublikası" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Demokratik_Cumhuriyeti" title="Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratische_Republek_Kongo" title="Demokratische Republek Kongo – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Demokratische Republek Kongo" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Democratic%C4%83_Congo" title="Republica Democratică Congo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Republica Democratică Congo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunqu_Runakamaq_Ripuwlika" title="Kunqu Runakamaq Ripuwlika – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kunqu Runakamaq Ripuwlika" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%91%D0%BE" title="Демократічна републіка Конґо – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Демократічна републіка Конґо" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Демократическая Республика Конго – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Демократическая Республика Конго" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D3%A8%D1%80%D3%A9%D1%81%D0%BF%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Конго Демократ Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Конго Демократ Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Democratic Republic of the Congo" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripapelika_Timokiratika_o_le_Congo" title="Ripapelika Timokiratika o le Congo – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Ripapelika Timokiratika o le Congo" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="कांगो गणराज्यम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कांगो गणराज्यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B9od%C3%B9or%C3%B9os%C3%AAse_t%C3%AE_Ngunuhal%C3%ABzo_t%C3%AE_Kong%C3%B6" title="Kùodùorùosêse tî Ngunuhalëzo tî Kongö – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Kùodùorùosêse tî Ngunuhalëzo tî Kongö" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%B3_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟᱱᱛᱨᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱳ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱛᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟᱱᱛᱨᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱳ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱟᱛᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blica_Democr%C3%A0tica_de_su_Congo" title="Repùblica Democràtica de su Congo – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Repùblica Democràtica de su Congo" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_o_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic o the Congo – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Democratic Republic o the Congo" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Democratic Republic of the Congo" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratiske_Republik_Kongo" title="Demokratiske Republik Kongo – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Demokratiske Republik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rephabliki_ya_Demokrasi_ya_Kongo" title="Rephabliki ya Demokrasi ya Kongo – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Rephabliki ya Demokrasi ya Kongo" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Democratic Republic of the Congo" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Demokratike_e_Kongos" title="Republika Demokratike e Kongos – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Republika Demokratike e Kongos" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip%C3%B9bbrica_Dimucr%C3%A0tica_d%C3%BB_Congu" title="Ripùbbrica Dimucràtica dû Congu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ripùbbrica Dimucràtica dû Congu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9D_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BA" title="කොන්ගෝ ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ජනරජය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කොන්ගෝ ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ජනරජය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Democratic Republic of the Congo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88" title="عوامي جمهوريا ڪانگو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عوامي جمهوريا ڪانگو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKhongo" title="IKhongo – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IKhongo" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon%C5%BEsk%C3%A1_demokratick%C3%A1_republika" title="Konžská demokratická republika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Konžská demokratická republika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vzhodni_Kongo" title="Vzhodni Kongo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vzhodni Kongo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymokratyczno_Republika_K%C5%AFnga" title="Dymokratyczno Republika Kůnga – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Dymokratyczno Republika Kůnga" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuuriyada_Dimuqaraadiga_Kongo" title="Jamhuuriyada Dimuqaraadiga Kongo – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jamhuuriyada Dimuqaraadiga Kongo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%86" title="کۆماری دیموکراتیی کۆنگۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆماری دیموکراتیی کۆنگۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Демократска Република Конго – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Демократска Република Конго" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratska_Republika_Kongo" title="Demokratska Republika Kongo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Demokratska Republika Kongo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publik_D%C3%A9mokratik_Kongo" title="Républik Démokratik Kongo – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Républik Démokratik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongon_demokraattinen_tasavalta" title="Kongon demokraattinen tasavalta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kongon demokraattinen tasavalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo-Kinshasa" title="Kongo-Kinshasa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kongo-Kinshasa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratikong_Republika_ng_Congo" title="Demokratikong Republika ng Congo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Demokratikong Republika ng Congo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="காங்கோ மக்களாட்சிக் குடியரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காங்கோ மக்களாட்சிக் குடியரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagduda_Tadimuq%E1%B9%9Ba%E1%B9%ADit_n_Kungu" title="Tagduda Tadimuqṛaṭit n Kungu – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tagduda Tadimuqṛaṭit n Kungu" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagduda_Tamegdayt_n_Kungu" title="Tagduda Tamegdayt n Kungu – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tagduda Tamegdayt n Kungu" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubbleche_Democrateche_d%27u_Congo" title="Repubbleche Democrateche d'u Congo – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Repubbleche Democrateche d'u Congo" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Конго Демократик Республикасы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Конго Демократик Республикасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B8%E1%80%BD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%81%B8%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88_%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%99%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%9B%E1%82%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89_%E1%81%B6%E1%80%BD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းၸွမ်ပွင်ၸိုင်ႈ တီႇမူဝ်ႇၶရႅတ်ႉတိၵ်ႉ ၶွၼ်းၵူဝ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၸွမ်ပွင်ၸိုင်ႈ တီႇမူဝ်ႇၶရႅတ်ႉတိၵ်ႉ ၶွၼ်းၵူဝ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="The Democratic Republic of the Congo – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="The Democratic Republic of the Congo" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="కాంగో ప్రజాస్వామ్య గణతంత్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాంగో ప్రజాస్వామ్య గణతంత్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="สาธารณรัฐประชาธิปไตยคองโก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สาธารณรัฐประชาธิปไตยคองโก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paank%C9%94c_Miirl%C9%94ck%C9%94c_de_Ko%C5%8Bgo" title="Paankɔc Miirlɔckɔc de Koŋgo – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Paankɔc Miirlɔckɔc de Koŋgo" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D0%BC%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Ҷумҳурии Демократии Конго – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷумҳурии Демократии Конго" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%9A%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%98_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%96%E1%8F%97_%E1%8E%A7%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AA" title="ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎧᏂᎪ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎧᏂᎪ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Democratic Republic of the Congo" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Demokratik_Cumhuriyeti" title="Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Demokratik_Respublikasy" title="Kongo Demokratik Respublikasy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kongo Demokratik Respublikasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%CC%B1pobi%CC%B1lik_Di%CC%B1mokrasi_Konggo" title="Ri̱pobi̱lik Di̱mokrasi Konggo – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ri̱pobi̱lik Di̱mokrasi Konggo" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Конго Демократической Республика – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Конго Демократической Республика" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Демократична Республіка Конго – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Демократична Республіка Конго" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88" title="جمہوری جمہوریہ کانگو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جمہوری جمہوریہ کانگو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88_%D8%AF%DB%90%D9%85%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%83_%D8%AC%DB%87%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89" title="كونگو دېموكراتىك جۇمھۇرىيىتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كونگو دېموكراتىك جۇمھۇرىيىتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganggoj_Minzcuj_Gunghozgoz" title="Ganggoj Minzcuj Gunghozgoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ganggoj Minzcuj Gunghozgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republega_Democradega_del_Congo" title="Republega Democradega del Congo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Republega Democradega del Congo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongon_Demokratine_Tazovaldkund" title="Kongon Demokratine Tazovaldkund – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kongon Demokratine Tazovaldkund" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_D%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7_Congo" title="Cộng hòa Dân chủ Congo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cộng hòa Dân chủ Congo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo%C3%A4n_(Rep%C3%BCblik%C3%A4n_Demokratik)" title="Kongoän (Repüblikän Demokratik) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kongoän (Repüblikän Demokratik)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Demokraatlik_Vabariik" title="Kongo Demokraatlik Vabariik – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kongo Demokraatlik Vabariik" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo-Kinchassa" title="Congo-Kinchassa – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Congo-Kinchassa" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%9B%E6%9E%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="剛果民主共和國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="剛果民主共和國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo-Kinshasa" title="Congo-Kinshasa – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Congo-Kinshasa" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Demokratika_han_Congo" title="Republika Demokratika han Congo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Republika Demokratika han Congo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong%C3%B3o-Kinshasa" title="Kongóo-Kinshasa – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Kongóo-Kinshasa" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="刚果民主共和国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="刚果民主共和国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Democratic Republic of the Congo" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%90" title="דעמאקראטישע רעפובליק פון קאנגא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דעמאקראטישע רעפובליק פון קאנגא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%ADl%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-%C3%A8d%C3%A8_Ol%C3%B3m%C3%ACnira_%C3%92%E1%B9%A3%C3%A8l%C3%BA_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_K%C3%B3ng%C3%B2" title="Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%9B%E6%9E%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="剛果民主共和國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="剛果民主共和國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumhuriyet%C3%AA_Kongoy%C3%AA_Demokratiki" title="Cumhuriyetê Kongoyê Demokratiki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cumhuriyetê Kongoyê Demokratiki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konho-Kinshasa" title="Konho-Kinshasa – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Konho-Kinshasa" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuonga_Demuokrat%C4%97n%C4%97_Respobl%C4%97ka" title="Kuonga Demuokratėnė Respoblėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kuonga Demuokratėnė Respoblėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="刚果民主共和国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="刚果民主共和国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Kinshasa" title="Kongo Kinshasa – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Kongo Kinshasa" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiblik_Kera%27yatan_Kongo" title="Kiblik Kera'yatan Kongo – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kiblik Kera'yatan Kongo" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Demokratik_Kongo" title="Republik Demokratik Kongo – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Republik Demokratik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo – Southern Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Democratic Republic of the Congo" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Southern Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagaare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%94ngo-Kinchasa" title="Kɔngo-Kinchasa – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Kɔngo-Kinchasa" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Democratic Republic of the Congo" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Demokratik%C9%99_Ki%C5%A1v%C9%99r" title="Kongo Demokratikə Kišvər – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kongo Demokratikə Kišvər" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%93_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C" title="ⴽⵓⵏⴳⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⵓⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴽⵓⵏⴳⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⵓⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&params=3_S_24_E_type:country">3°S 24°E / 3°S 24°E / -3; 24</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_Congo&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Central Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the larger country. For the smaller country, see <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a>. For entities with similar names, see <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Republic of the Congo (disambiguation)">Republic of the Congo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"DRC" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/DRC_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="DRC (disambiguation)">DRC (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Democratic Republic of the Congo</div><div class="ib-country-names">République démocratique du Congo (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Flag of Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(black_spear).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Emblem of Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28black_spear%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28black_spear%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28black_spear%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28black_spear%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28black_spear%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28black_spear%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Emblem of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: "Justice – Paix – Travail" ("Justice – Peace – Work")</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Debout_Congolais" title="Debout Congolais">Debout Congolais</a>" ("Arise, Congolese")<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="88" data-mwtitle="Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo's_national_anthem.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/3/3f/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%27s_national_anthem.ogg/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%27s_national_anthem.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3f/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%27s_national_anthem.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADemocratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%27s_national_anthem.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADemocratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%27s_national_anthem.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADemocratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%27s_national_anthem.ogg&lang=ln&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ln" label="lingála ‪(ln)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADemocratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%27s_national_anthem.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADemocratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%27s_national_anthem.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_AU_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Location_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_AU_Africa.svg/250px-Location_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_AU_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Location_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_AU_Africa.svg/375px-Location_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_AU_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Location_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_AU_Africa.svg/500px-Location_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_AU_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1300" /></a>Show map of Africa</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&params=4_19_S_15_19_E_type:city">4°19′S 15°19′E / 4.317°S 15.317°E / -4.317; 15.317</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognised national languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kituba_language" title="Kituba language">Kikongo ya leta</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lingala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingala language">Lingala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Luba-Kasai_language" title="Luba-Kasai language">Tshiluba</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-United_States_Department_of_State_2022-2">[1]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">95.4% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Christianity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Christianity</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">2.6% <a href="/wiki/African_Traditional_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African Traditional Religion">traditional faiths</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.5% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Islam in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Islam</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.5% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">others</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">none</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Demographics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congolese</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Suminwa" title="Judith Suminwa">Judith Suminwa</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Senate (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="National Assembly (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_the_Congo" title="International Association of the Congo">Colonised</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 November 1879</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1885</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 November 1908</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Independence</a> from <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 June 1960<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-3">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_142" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 142">Admitted to the United Nations</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 September 1960</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Democratic Republic </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 August 1964</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Republic of Zaire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 October 1971</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 May 1997</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 February 2006</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Democratic Republic of the Congo">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,345,409 km2 (905,567 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">11th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3.32</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Democratic Republic of the Congo">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2025 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 111,050,097<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">15th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">50/km2 (129.5/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $160.197 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CD-5">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $1,552<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CD-5">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $73.761 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CD-5">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $714<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CD-5">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2012)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 42.1<a href="#cite_note-gini-6">[5]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.481<a href="#cite_note-HDI-7">[6]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">low (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">180th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Congolese_franc" title="Congolese franc">Congolese franc</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">CDF</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1 to +2 (<a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Time" title="West Africa Time">WAT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa_Time" title="Central Africa Time">CAT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone numbers in Democratic Republic of the Congo">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Telephone numbers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">+243</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:CD" title="ISO 3166-2:CD">CD</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.cd" title=".cd">.cd</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Democratic Republic of the Congo<a href="#cite_note-8">[b]</a> (DRC), also known as the DR Congo, Congo-Kinshasa, or simply the Congo, is a country in <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>. By land area, the country is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_area" title="List of African countries by area">second-largest country in Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">11th-largest in the world</a>. With a population of around 111 million, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most populous nominally <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_French_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where French is an official language">Francophone country</a> in the world. The national capital and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>, which is also the economic center. The country is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>; <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>; <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> (across <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a>); <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Cabinda_Province" title="Cabinda Province">Cabinda exclave of Angola</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="South Atlantic Ocean">South Atlantic Ocean</a>. Centered on the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a>, the territory of the Congo was first inhabited by <a href="/wiki/African_Pygmies" title="African Pygmies">Central African foragers</a> around 90,000 years ago and was settled in the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a> about 2,000 to 3,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> In the west, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kingdom of Kongo</a> ruled around the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a> from the 14th to 19th centuries. In the center and east, the empires of <a href="/wiki/Mwene_Muji" title="Mwene Muji">Mwene Muji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Lunda">Lunda</a> ruled from the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. King <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">Leopold II of Belgium</a> formally acquired rights to the Congo territory from the colonial nations of Europe in 1885 and declared the land his private property, naming it the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a>. From 1885 to 1908, his <a href="/wiki/Force_Publique" title="Force Publique">colonial military</a> forced the local population to produce <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a> and committed <a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">widespread atrocities</a>. In 1908, Leopold <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium#Relinquishment_of_the_Congo" title="Leopold II of Belgium">ceded</a> the territory, which thus became a <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian colony</a>. Congo achieved <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">independence</a> from <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> on 30 June 1960 and was immediately confronted by a series of <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">secessionist movements</a>, the assassination of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a>, and the seizure of power by <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu Sese Seko</a> in a <a href="/wiki/1965_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1965 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup d'état">1965 coup d'état</a>. Mobutu renamed the country <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> in 1971 and imposed a harsh personalist <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> until his overthrow in 1997 by the <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-3">[2]</a> The country then had its name changed back and was confronted by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a> from 1998 to 2003, which resulted in the deaths of 5.4 million people and the assassination of President <a href="/wiki/Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila" title="Laurent-Désiré Kabila">Laurent-Désiré Kabila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IRC2007fullreport-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_deadliest_war_in_the_world-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-IRC2007Facts-13">[11]</a> The war ended under President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Joseph Kabila</a>, who governed the country from 2001 to 2019 and under whom <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">human rights in the country</a> remained poor and included frequent abuses such as <a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearance" title="Enforced disappearance">forced disappearances</a>, torture, arbitrary imprisonment and restrictions on civil liberties.<a href="#cite_note-:0-14">[12]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/2018_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election" title="2018 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election">2018 general election</a>, in the country's first <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power" title="Peaceful transition of power">peaceful transition of power</a> since independence, Kabila was succeeded as president in a highly contentious election won by <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a>, who has served as president since.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> Eastern Congo has remained unstable since the Congo Wars of the 1990s and has been the site of an <a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">ongoing military conflict</a> involving over 100 armed groups. The region's largest city, <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a>, was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">March 23 Movement</a> (M23) rebels <a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="M23 rebellion (2012–2013)">in 2012</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goma_(2025)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Goma (2025)">again in 2025</a>. Since 2022, there have also been <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_tensions_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda tensions (2022–present)">tensions</a> between the DRC and Rwanda, which has been providing military support to M23 and sending troops into Congolese territory.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters1-18">[16]</a> The Democratic Republic of the Congo is extremely rich in <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> but has suffered from political instability, a lack of infrastructure, corruption, and centuries of both commercial and colonial extraction and exploitation, followed by more than 60 years of independence, with little widespread development<a href="#cite_note-:9-19">[17]</a>; the nation is a potential example of the "<a href="/wiki/Resource_curse" title="Resource curse">resource curse</a>"<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a>. Besides the capital Kinshasa, the two next largest cities, <a href="/wiki/Lubumbashi" title="Lubumbashi">Lubumbashi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mbuji-Mayi" title="Mbuji-Mayi">Mbuji-Mayi</a>, are both <a href="/wiki/Mining_community" title="Mining community">mining communities</a>. The DRC's largest export is raw minerals, with China having accepted over 50% of its exports in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-3">[2]</a> In 2025, DR Congo's level of human development was ranked 180th out of 193 countries by the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> and is classified as being one of the <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed countries</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit">[update]</a>, following two decades of <a href="#Continental_and_civil_wars_(1996–2007)">various civil wars</a> and <a href="#Continued_conflicts_(2008–2018)">continued internal conflicts</a>, around 600,000 Congolese refugees were still living in neighbouring countries.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> Two million children risk starvation, and the fighting has displaced 4.5 million people.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> The country is a member of the United Nations, <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/COMESA" class="mw-redirect" title="COMESA">COMESA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_Central_African_States" title="Economic Community of Central African States">Economic Community of Central African States</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongo people</a></div> The Democratic Republic of the Congo is named after the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a>, which flows through the country. The Congo River is the world's deepest river and the world's third-largest river <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_discharge" title="List of rivers by discharge">by discharge</a>. The Comité d'études du haut Congo ("Committee for the Study of the Upper Congo"), established by King <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">Leopold II of Belgium</a> in 1876, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_the_Congo" title="International Association of the Congo">International Association of the Congo</a>, established by him in 1879, were also named after the river.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> The Congo River was named by early European sailors after the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kingdom of Kongo</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> inhabitants, the <a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongo people</a>, when they encountered them in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> The word Kongo comes from the <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Kongo language</a> (also called Kikongo). According to American writer Samuel Henry Nelson: "It is probable that the word 'Kongo' itself implies a public gathering and that it is based on the root konga, 'to gather' (trans[itive])."<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> The modern name of the Kongo people, Bakongo, was introduced in the early 20th century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Democratic Republic of the Congo has been known in the past as, in chronological order, the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Republic of the Congo-Léopoldville</a>, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Zaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Zaire">Republic of Zaire</a>, before returning to its current name the Democratic Republic of the Congo.<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-3">[2]</a> At the time of independence, the country was named the Republic of the Congo-Léopoldville to distinguish it from its neighbour <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Congo</a>, officially the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a>. With the promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Luluabourg_Constitution" title="Luluabourg Constitution">Luluabourg Constitution</a> on 1 August 1964, the country became the DRC but was renamed <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> (a past name for the Congo River) on 27 October 1971 by President <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu Sese Seko</a> as part of his <a href="/wiki/Authenticit%C3%A9_(Zaire)" title="Authenticité (Zaire)">Authenticité</a> initiative.<a href="#cite_note-kisanganibobb-28">[26]</a> The word Zaire is from a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> adaptation of a Kikongo word nzadi ("river"), a truncation of nzadi o nzere ("river swallowing rivers").<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> The river was known as Zaire during the 16th and 17th centuries; Congo seems to have replaced Zaire gradually in English usage during the 18th century, and Congo is the preferred English name in 19th-century literature, although references to Zaire as the name used by the natives (i.e., derived from Portuguese usage) remained common.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> In 1992, the Sovereign National Conference voted to change the name of the country to the "Democratic Republic of the Congo", but the change was not made.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> The country's name was later restored by President <a href="/wiki/Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila" title="Laurent-Désiré Kabila">Laurent-Désiré Kabila</a> when he overthrew Mobutu in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> To distinguish it from the neighboring Republic of the Congo, it is sometimes referred to as Congo (Kinshasa), Congo-Kinshasa, or Big Congo.<a href="#cite_note-little_congo-35">[33]</a> Its name is sometimes also abbreviated as Congo DR, DR Congo,<a href="#cite_note-DR-Congo-36">[34]</a> DRC,<a href="#cite_note-DRCabb-37">[35]</a> the DROC,<a href="#cite_note-DROC-38">[36]</a> and RDC (in French).<a href="#cite_note-DRCabb-37">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> Before <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a>, the territory comprising the Democratic Republic of the Congo was home to Central Africa's oldest settled groups, the <a href="/wiki/Mbuti_people" title="Mbuti people">Mbuti peoples</a>. Most of the remnants of their <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> culture remain in the present time. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Early_Congolese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Congolese history">Early Congolese history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kingdom of Kongo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nyangwe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Nyangwe.jpg/220px-Nyangwe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Nyangwe.jpg/330px-Nyangwe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Nyangwe.jpg/440px-Nyangwe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="1248" /></a><figcaption>Arab slave raid on <a href="/wiki/Nyangwe" title="Nyangwe">Nyangwe</a>, circa 1870</figcaption></figure> The geographical area now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo was populated as early as 90,000 years ago, as shown by the 1988 discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Semliki_harpoon" title="Semliki harpoon">Semliki harpoon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Katanda_Territory" title="Katanda Territory">Katanda</a>, one of the oldest barbed harpoons ever found, believed to have been used to catch <a href="/wiki/Bagrus" title="Bagrus">giant river catfish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu peoples</a> reached <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a> at some point during the first millennium BC, then gradually started to expand southward. Their propagation was accelerated by the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralism</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> techniques. The people living in the south and southwest were foraging groups, whose technology involved only minimal use of metal technologies. The development of metal tools during this time period revolutionized agriculture. This led to the displacement of the <a href="/wiki/African_pygmies" class="mw-redirect" title="African pygmies">African pygmies</a>. Following the Bantu migrations, a period of state and class formation began circa 700 with three centres in the modern-day territory; one to the west around <a href="/wiki/Pool_Malebo" title="Pool Malebo">Pool Malebo</a>, one east around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mai-Ndombe" title="Lake Mai-Ndombe">Lake Mai-Ndombe</a>, and a third even further east and south around the <a href="/wiki/Upemba_Depression" title="Upemba Depression">Upemba Depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:04-41">[39]</a>: 17–18  By the 13th century, there were three main confederations of states in the western Congo Basin around Pool Malebo. In the east were the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Kingdoms_of_Kongo_dia_Nlaza" title="Seven Kingdoms of Kongo dia Nlaza">Seven Kingdoms of Kongo dia Nlaza</a>, considered to be the oldest and most powerful, which likely included <a href="/wiki/Nsundi" title="Nsundi">Nsundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mbata_Kingdom" title="Mbata Kingdom">Mbata</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mpangu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mpangu (page does not exist)">Mpangu</a>, and possibly <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kundi_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kundi kingdom (page does not exist)">Kundi</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Okanga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okanga (page does not exist)">Okanga</a>. South of these was <a href="/wiki/Mpemba" title="Mpemba">Mpemba</a> which stretched from modern-day <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a>. It included various kingdoms such as <a href="/wiki/Mpemba_Kasi" title="Mpemba Kasi">Mpemba Kasi</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vunda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vunda (page does not exist)">Vunda</a>. To its west across the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a> was a confederation of three small states; <a href="/wiki/Vungu" title="Vungu">Vungu</a> (its leader), <a href="/wiki/Kakongo" title="Kakongo">Kakongo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ngoyo" title="Ngoyo">Ngoyo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a>: 24–25  The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kingdom of Kongo</a> was founded in the 14th century and dominated the western region. The empire of <a href="/wiki/Mwene_Muji" title="Mwene Muji">Mwene Muji</a> was founded around Lake Mai-Ndombe.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> From the Upemba Depression the <a href="/wiki/Luba_Empire" title="Luba Empire">Luba Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lunda_Empire" title="Lunda Empire">Lunda Empire</a> emerged in the 15th and 17th centuries respectfully dominated the eastern region. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congo_Free_State_(1877–1908)">Congo Free State (1877–1908)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Congo Free State (1877–1908)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Colonisation_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonisation of the Congo">Colonisation of the Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Atrocities in the Congo Free State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congo_Arab_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Congo Arab war">Congo Arab war</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanley_Founding_of_Congo_Free_State_186_View_of_Leopoldville_Station_and_Port_1884_The_Baptist_Mission_on_the_summit_of_Leopold_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Stanley_Founding_of_Congo_Free_State_186_View_of_Leopoldville_Station_and_Port_1884_The_Baptist_Mission_on_the_summit_of_Leopold_Hill.jpg/220px-Stanley_Founding_of_Congo_Free_State_186_View_of_Leopoldville_Station_and_Port_1884_The_Baptist_Mission_on_the_summit_of_Leopold_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Stanley_Founding_of_Congo_Free_State_186_View_of_Leopoldville_Station_and_Port_1884_The_Baptist_Mission_on_the_summit_of_Leopold_Hill.jpg/330px-Stanley_Founding_of_Congo_Free_State_186_View_of_Leopoldville_Station_and_Port_1884_The_Baptist_Mission_on_the_summit_of_Leopold_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Stanley_Founding_of_Congo_Free_State_186_View_of_Leopoldville_Station_and_Port_1884_The_Baptist_Mission_on_the_summit_of_Leopold_Hill.jpg/440px-Stanley_Founding_of_Congo_Free_State_186_View_of_Leopoldville_Station_and_Port_1884_The_Baptist_Mission_on_the_summit_of_Leopold_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1343" data-file-height="947" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Leopoldville</a> Station and Port in 1884</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Belgian exploration</a> and administration took place from the 1870s until the 1920s. It was first led by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley">Henry Morton Stanley</a>, who undertook his explorations under the sponsorship of King <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">Leopold II of Belgium</a>. The eastern regions of the precolonial Congo were heavily disrupted by constant <a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">slave raiding</a>, mainly from Arab–Swahili <a href="/wiki/Arab_slave_trade" title="Arab slave trade">slave traders</a> such as the infamous <a href="/wiki/Tippu_Tip" title="Tippu Tip">Tippu Tip</a>, who was well known to Stanley.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> Leopold had designs on what was to become the Congo as a colony.<a href="#cite_note-cfskeyes-45">[43]</a> In a succession of negotiations, Leopold, professing humanitarian objectives in his capacity as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Front_organization" title="Front organization">front organization</a> <a href="/wiki/Association_Internationale_Africaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Association Internationale Africaine">Association Internationale Africaine</a>, actually played one European rival against another.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] King Leopold formally acquired rights to the Congo territory at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Conference of Berlin</a> in 1885 and made the land his private property. He named it the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cfskeyes-45">[43]</a> Leopold's regime began various infrastructure projects, such as the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Matadi%E2%80%93Kinshasa_Railway" title="Matadi–Kinshasa Railway">railway that ran from the coast to the capital</a> of Leopoldville (now Kinshasa), which took eight years to complete. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sur_le_Haut-Congo_(1888)_(14577176430).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Sur_le_Haut-Congo_%281888%29_%2814577176430%29.jpg/220px-Sur_le_Haut-Congo_%281888%29_%2814577176430%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Sur_le_Haut-Congo_%281888%29_%2814577176430%29.jpg/330px-Sur_le_Haut-Congo_%281888%29_%2814577176430%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Sur_le_Haut-Congo_%281888%29_%2814577176430%29.jpg/440px-Sur_le_Haut-Congo_%281888%29_%2814577176430%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2846" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>Congo Free State official <a href="/wiki/Camille_Coquilhat" title="Camille Coquilhat">Camille Coquilhat</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Bangala_language" title="Bangala language">Bangala</a> chief Mata-Buiké in c. 1888</figcaption></figure> In the Free State, colonists coerced the local population into producing rubber, for which the spread of automobiles and development of rubber tires created a growing international market. Rubber sales made a fortune for Leopold, who built several buildings in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a> to honor himself and his country. To enforce the rubber quotas, the <a href="/wiki/Force_Publique" title="Force Publique">Force Publique</a> was called in and made the practice of cutting off the limbs of the natives a matter of policy.<a href="#cite_note-google748-46">[44]</a> Under the Congo Free State concessions were granted to private industry, granting a monopoly over violence and resource extraction. The most violent of these concession regions, were surrounding rubber plantations. Concession regions would align with villages, employing local chiefs to aid in enforce strict quotas. Failure to comply or to meet quotas would result in kidnaping of family, held ransom until quotas could be met or physical violence. Violence was carried out by "village sentries," European militias employed to ensure collection. These sentries were granted full impunity for violence, without proper oversight were known to kill and eat underperforming workers.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> During 1885–1908, millions of Congolese died as a consequence of exploitation and disease. In some areas the population declined dramatically – it has been estimated that <a href="/wiki/African_trypanosomiasis" title="African trypanosomiasis">sleeping sickness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> killed nearly half the population in the areas surrounding the lower Congo River.<a href="#cite_note-google748-46">[44]</a> News of the abuses began to circulate. In 1904, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British consul</a> at Boma in the Congo, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement">Roger Casement</a>, was instructed by the British government to investigate. His report, called the <a href="/wiki/Casement_Report" title="Casement Report">Casement Report</a>, confirmed the accusations of humanitarian abuses. The Belgian Parliament forced Leopold II to set up an independent commission of inquiry. Its findings confirmed Casement's report of abuses, concluding that the population of the Congo had been "reduced by half" during this period.<a href="#cite_note-b1-48">[46]</a> Determining precisely how many people died is impossible, as no accurate records exist. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgian_Congo_(1908–1960)">Belgian Congo (1908–1960)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Belgian Congo (1908–1960)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bugidi,_the_mission_engineer,_and_his_wife._Bakundi_was_a_Bateke_boy,_trained_by_Grenfell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bugidi%2C_the_mission_engineer%2C_and_his_wife._Bakundi_was_a_Bateke_boy%2C_trained_by_Grenfell.jpg/170px-Bugidi%2C_the_mission_engineer%2C_and_his_wife._Bakundi_was_a_Bateke_boy%2C_trained_by_Grenfell.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bugidi%2C_the_mission_engineer%2C_and_his_wife._Bakundi_was_a_Bateke_boy%2C_trained_by_Grenfell.jpg/255px-Bugidi%2C_the_mission_engineer%2C_and_his_wife._Bakundi_was_a_Bateke_boy%2C_trained_by_Grenfell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bugidi%2C_the_mission_engineer%2C_and_his_wife._Bakundi_was_a_Bateke_boy%2C_trained_by_Grenfell.jpg/340px-Bugidi%2C_the_mission_engineer%2C_and_his_wife._Bakundi_was_a_Bateke_boy%2C_trained_by_Grenfell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>1908 photograph of a married <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> couple.</figcaption></figure> In 1908, the Belgian parliament, in spite of initial reluctance, bowed to international pressure (especially from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>) and took over the Free State from King Leopold II.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> On 18 October 1908, the Belgian parliament voted in favour of annexing the Congo as a Belgian colony. Executive power went to the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Colonies_(Belgium)" title="Minister of the Colonies (Belgium)">Belgian minister of colonial affairs</a>, assisted by a Colonial Council (Conseil Colonial) (both located in Brussels). The Belgian parliament exercised legislative authority over the Belgian Congo. In 1923 the colonial capital moved from Boma to Léopoldville, some 300 kilometres (190 mi) further upstream into the interior.<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-50">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congo_belge_campagne_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Congo_belge_campagne_1918.jpg/170px-Congo_belge_campagne_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Congo_belge_campagne_1918.jpg/255px-Congo_belge_campagne_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Congo_belge_campagne_1918.jpg/340px-Congo_belge_campagne_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="974" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Force_Publique" title="Force Publique">Force Publique</a> soldiers in the Belgian Congo in 1918. At its peak, the Force Publique had around 19,000 Congolese soldiers, led by 420 Belgian officers.</figcaption></figure>The transition from the Congo Free State to the Belgian Congo was a break, but it also featured a large degree of continuity. The last governor-general of the Congo Free State, Baron <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Wahis" title="Théophile Wahis">Théophile Wahis</a>, remained in office in the Belgian Congo and the majority of Leopold II's administration with him.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> Opening up the Congo and its natural and mineral riches to the Belgian economy remained the main motive for colonial expansion – however, other priorities, such as healthcare and basic education, slowly gained in importance. Colonial administrators ruled the territory and a dual legal system existed (a system of European courts and another one of indigenous courts, tribunaux indigènes). Indigenous courts had only limited powers and remained under the firm control of the colonial administration. The Belgian authorities permitted no political activity in the Congo whatsoever,<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> and the Force Publique put down any attempts at rebellion. The Belgian Congo was directly involved in the two world wars. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918), an initial stand-off between the Force Publique and the German colonial army in <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a> turned into open warfare with a joint Anglo-Belgian-Portuguese invasion of German colonial territory in 1916 and 1917 during the <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East African campaign</a>. The Force Publique gained a notable victory when it marched into <a href="/wiki/Tabora" title="Tabora">Tabora</a> in September 1916 under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tombeur" title="Charles Tombeur">Charles Tombeur</a> after heavy fighting. After 1918, Belgium was rewarded for the participation of the Force Publique in the East African campaign with a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> mandate over the previously German colony of <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a>. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Belgian Congo provided a crucial source of income for the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_government_in_exile" title="Belgian government in exile">Belgian government in exile</a> in London, and the Force Publique again participated in <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">Allied campaigns in Africa</a>. Belgian Congolese forces under the command of Belgian officers notably fought against the Italian colonial army in Ethiopia in <a href="/wiki/Asosa" title="Asosa">Asosa</a>, Bortaï<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sa%C3%AFo" title="Siege of Saïo">Saïo</a> under Major-General <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Gilliaert" title="Auguste Gilliaert">Auguste-Eduard Gilliaert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WP-54">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_and_political_crisis_(1960–1965)">Independence and political crisis (1960–1965)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Independence and political crisis (1960–1965)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Kasa-Vubu_in_Israel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Joseph_Kasa-Vubu_in_Israel.png/170px-Joseph_Kasa-Vubu_in_Israel.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Joseph_Kasa-Vubu_in_Israel.png/255px-Joseph_Kasa-Vubu_in_Israel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Joseph_Kasa-Vubu_in_Israel.png 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>The leader of <a href="/wiki/ABAKO" title="ABAKO">ABAKO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kasa-Vubu" title="Joseph Kasa-Vubu">Joseph Kasa-Vubu</a>, first democratically elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">President</a> of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Congo-Léopoldville</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patrice_Lumumba_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Patrice_Lumumba_official_portrait.jpg/220px-Patrice_Lumumba_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Patrice_Lumumba_official_portrait.jpg/330px-Patrice_Lumumba_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Patrice_Lumumba_official_portrait.jpg/440px-Patrice_Lumumba_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a>, first democratically elected <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Prime Minister</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Congo-Léopoldville</a>, was murdered by Belgian-supported <a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">Katangan separatists</a> in 1961.</figcaption></figure> In May 1960, a growing nationalist movement, the <a href="/wiki/Mouvement_National_Congolais" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvement National Congolais">Mouvement National Congolais</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a>, won the <a href="/wiki/1960_Belgian_Congo_general_election" title="1960 Belgian Congo general election">parliamentary elections</a>. Lumumba became the first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Prime Minister</a> of the Republic of the Congo, on 24 June 1960. The parliament elected <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kasa-Vubu" title="Joseph Kasa-Vubu">Joseph Kasa-Vubu</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">president</a>, of the Alliance des Bakongo (<a href="/wiki/ABAKO" title="ABAKO">ABAKO</a>) party. Other parties that emerged included the <a href="/wiki/Parti_Solidaire_Africain" title="Parti Solidaire Africain">Parti Solidaire Africain</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Gizenga" title="Antoine Gizenga">Antoine Gizenga</a>, and the Parti National du Peuple led by Albert Delvaux and <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Mbariko" title="Laurent Mbariko">Laurent Mbariko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> The Belgian Congo achieved independence on 30 June 1960 under the name "République du Congo" ("Republic of Congo" or "Republic of the Congo" in English). Shortly after, on 15 August 1960, the neighboring French colony of <a href="/wiki/French_Congo" title="French Congo">Middle Congo</a> also gained independence and adopted the same name, '<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of Congo</a>.' To avoid confusion between the two, the former Belgian Congo became known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo), while the former French colony retained the name 'Republic of the Congo' (Congo). Shortly after independence the Force Publique mutinied, and on 11 July the <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">province of Katanga</a> (led by <a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%AFse_Tshombe" title="Moïse Tshombe">Moïse Tshombe</a>) and <a href="/wiki/South_Kasai" title="South Kasai">South Kasai</a> <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">engaged in secessionist struggles</a> against the new leadership.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> Most of the 100,000 Europeans who had remained behind after independence fled the country.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> After the United Nations rejected Lumumba's call for help to put down the secessionist movements, Lumumba asked for assistance from the Soviet Union, who accepted and sent military supplies and advisers. On 23 August, the Congolese armed forces <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_South_Kasai" title="Invasion of South Kasai">invaded South Kasai</a>. Lumumba was dismissed from office on 5 September 1960 by Kasa-Vubu who publicly blamed him for massacres by the armed forces in South Kasai and for involving Soviets in the country.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> On 7 September, Lumumba made a speech to the Congolese House of Representatives, arguing his dismissal was illegal under the nation's laws. Congolese law gave parliament, not the president, the authority to dismiss a government minister. The House and Senate both rejected the dismissal of Lumumba, but the removal proceeded unconstitutionally.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> On 14 September, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Joseph Mobutu</a>, with the backing of the US and Belgium, removed Lumumba from office. On 17 January 1961, Lumumba was handed over to Katangan authorities and executed by Belgian-led Katangan troops.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> A 2001 investigation by Belgium's Parliament found Belgium "morally responsible" for the murder of Lumumba, and the country has since officially apologised for its role in his death.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> On 18 September 1961, in ongoing negotiations of a ceasefire, a <a href="/wiki/1961_Ndola_United_Nations_DC-6_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="1961 Ndola United Nations DC-6 crash">plane crash near Ndola</a> resulted in the death of <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a>, along with all 15 passengers, setting off a succession crisis. Amidst widespread confusion and chaos, a temporary government was led by technicians (the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Commissioners-General" title="College of Commissioners-General">Collège des commissaires généraux</a>). Katangan secession ended in January 1963 with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">assistance of UN forces</a>. Several short-lived governments of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Il%C3%A9o" title="Joseph Iléo">Joseph Ileo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrille_Adoula" title="Cyrille Adoula">Cyrille Adoula</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%AFse_Tshombe" title="Moïse Tshombe">Moise Kapenda Tshombe</a> took over in quick succession. Meanwhile, in the east of the country, Soviet and Cuban-backed rebels called the <a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simbas</a> rose up, taking a significant amount of territory and proclaiming a communist "People's Republic of the Congo" in Stanleyville. The Simbas were pushed out of Stanleyville in November 1964 during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragon_Rouge" title="Operation Dragon Rouge">Operation Dragon Rouge</a>, a military operation conducted by Belgian and American forces to rescue hundreds of hostages. Congolese government forces fully defeated the Simba rebels by November 1965.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> Lumumba had previously appointed Mobutu chief of staff of the new Congo army, <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Armée Nationale Congolaise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> Taking advantage of the leadership crisis between Kasavubu and Tshombe, Mobutu garnered enough support within the army to launch a coup. A <a href="/wiki/1964_Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)_constitutional_referendum" title="1964 Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) constitutional referendum">constitutional referendum</a> the year before <a href="/wiki/Second_Mobutu_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Second Mobutu coup d'état">Mobutu's coup of 1965</a> resulted in the country's official name being changed to the "Democratic Republic of the Congo".<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-3">[2]</a> In 1971 Mobutu changed the name again, this time to "Republic of Zaire".<a href="#cite_note-britannica-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-kisanganibobb-28">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobutu_autocracy_and_Zaire_(1965–1997)">Mobutu autocracy and Zaire (1965–1997)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mobutu autocracy and Zaire (1965–1997)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobutu_Nixon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mobutu_Nixon.jpg/220px-Mobutu_Nixon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mobutu_Nixon.jpg/330px-Mobutu_Nixon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mobutu_Nixon.jpg/440px-Mobutu_Nixon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2956" data-file-height="1885" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu Sese Seko</a> and Richard Nixon in Washington, D.C., 1973.</figcaption></figure> Mobutu had the staunch support of the United States because of his <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">opposition to communism</a>; the U.S. believed that his administration would serve as an effective counter to communist movements in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> A <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">single-party system</a> was established, and Mobutu declared himself <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of heads of state of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">head of state</a>. He periodically held elections in which he was the only candidate. Although relative peace and stability were achieved, Mobutu's government was guilty of severe <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> violations, <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">political repression</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">corruption</a>. By late 1967, Mobutu had successfully neutralized his political opponents and rivals, either through co-opting them into his regime, arresting them, or rendering them otherwise politically impotent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungTurner201358-67">[65]</a> Throughout the late 1960s, Mobutu continued to shuffle his governments and cycle officials in and out of the office to maintain control. Joseph Kasa-Vubu's death in April 1969 ensured that no person with First Republic credentials could challenge his rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungTurner201361–62-68">[66]</a> By the early 1970s, Mobutu was attempting to assert Zaire as a leading African nation. He traveled frequently across the continent while the government became more vocal about African issues, particularly those relating to the southern region. Zaire established semi-clientelist relationships with several smaller African states, especially Burundi, Chad, and Togo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungTurner201364-69">[67]</a> Corruption became so common the term "le mal Zairois" or "Zairian sickness",<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> meaning gross corruption, theft and mismanagement, was coined, reportedly by Mobutu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungTurner201374-71">[69]</a> International aid, most often in the form of loans, enriched Mobutu while he allowed national infrastructure such as roads to deteriorate to as little as one-quarter of what had existed in 1960. Zaire became a <a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">kleptocracy</a> as Mobutu and his associates embezzled government funds. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Bernhard_and_Mobutu_Sese_Seko_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Prince_Bernhard_and_Mobutu_Sese_Seko_1973.jpg/220px-Prince_Bernhard_and_Mobutu_Sese_Seko_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Prince_Bernhard_and_Mobutu_Sese_Seko_1973.jpg/330px-Prince_Bernhard_and_Mobutu_Sese_Seko_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Prince_Bernhard_and_Mobutu_Sese_Seko_1973.jpg/440px-Prince_Bernhard_and_Mobutu_Sese_Seko_1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption>Mobutu with the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_of_Lippe-Biesterfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld">Prince Bernhard</a> in Kinshasa in 1973</figcaption></figure> In a campaign to identify himself with African nationalism, starting on 1 June 1966, Mobutu renamed the nation's cities: Léopoldville became Kinshasa (the country was known as Congo-Kinshasa), Stanleyville became <a href="/wiki/Kisangani" title="Kisangani">Kisangani</a>, Elisabethville became <a href="/wiki/Lubumbashi" title="Lubumbashi">Lubumbashi</a>, and Coquilhatville became <a href="/wiki/Mbandaka" title="Mbandaka">Mbandaka</a>. In 1971, Mobutu renamed the country the Republic of Zaire,<a href="#cite_note-kisanganibobb-28">[26]</a> its fourth name change in eleven years and its sixth overall. The Congo River was renamed the Zaire River. During the 1970s and 1980s, Mobutu was invited to visit the United States on several occasions, meeting with U.S. Presidents <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> U.S. relations with Mobutu cooled, as he was no longer deemed necessary as a <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> ally. Opponents within Zaire stepped up demands for reform. This atmosphere contributed to Mobutu's declaring the Third Republic in 1990, whose constitution was supposed to pave the way for democratic reform. The reforms turned out to be largely cosmetic. Mobutu continued in power until armed forces forced him to flee in 1997. "From 1990 to 1993, the United States facilitated Mobutu's attempts to hijack political change", one academic wrote, and "also assisted the rebellion of Laurent-Desire Kabila that overthrew the Mobutu regime."<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> In September 1997, Mobutu died in exile in Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continental_and_civil_wars_(1996–2007)">Continental and civil wars (1996–2007)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Continental and civil wars (1996–2007)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Congo_War_Africa_map_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Second_Congo_War_Africa_map_en.png/220px-Second_Congo_War_Africa_map_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Second_Congo_War_Africa_map_en.png/330px-Second_Congo_War_Africa_map_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Second_Congo_War_Africa_map_en.png/440px-Second_Congo_War_Africa_map_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1526" data-file-height="1444" /></a><figcaption>Belligerents of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></figcaption></figure> By 1996, following the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">genocide</a> and the ascension of a <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a>-led government in Rwanda, Rwandan <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a> militia forces (<a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</a>) fled to eastern Zaire and used refugee camps as bases for incursions against Rwanda. They allied with the Zairian Armed Forces to launch a campaign against Congolese ethnic Tutsis in eastern Zaire.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> A coalition of Rwandan and Ugandan armies invaded Zaire to overthrow the government of Mobutu, launching the First Congo War. The coalition allied with some opposition figures, led by <a href="/wiki/Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila" title="Laurent-Désiré Kabila">Laurent-Désiré Kabila</a>, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo">Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo</a>. In 1997 Mobutu fled and Kabila marched into Kinshasa, naming himself as president and reverting the name of the country to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> Kabila later requested that foreign military forces return to their own countries. Rwandan troops retreated to <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a> and launched a new Tutsi-led rebel military movement called the <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_Congolese_Democracy" title="Rally for Congolese Democracy">Rassemblement Congolais pour la Democratie</a> to fight Kabila, while Uganda instigated the creation of a rebel movement called the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_the_Congo" title="Movement for the Liberation of the Congo">Movement for the Liberation of the Congo</a>, led by Congolese warlord <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bemba" title="Jean-Pierre Bemba">Jean-Pierre Bemba</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The two rebel movements, along with Rwandan and Ugandan troops, started the Second Congo War by attacking the DRC army in 1998. Angolan, Zimbabwean, and Namibian militaries entered the hostilities on the side of the government. Kabila was assassinated in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> His son <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Joseph Kabila</a> succeeded him<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> and called for multilateral peace talks. UN peacekeepers, MONUC, now known as <a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a>, arrived in April 2001. In 2002–03, Bemba intervened in the Central African Republic on behalf of its former president, <a href="/wiki/Ange-F%C3%A9lix_Patass%C3%A9" title="Ange-Félix Patassé">Ange-Félix Patassé</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> Talks led to a peace accord under which Kabila would share power with former rebels. By June 2003 all foreign armies except those of Rwanda had pulled out of Congo. A <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">transitional government</a> was set up until after the election. A constitution was approved by voters; further, on 30 July 2006, DRC held its <a href="/wiki/2006_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election" title="2006 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election">first multi-party elections</a>. These were the first free national elections since 1960, which many believed would mark the end to violence in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-81">[79]</a> However, an election-result dispute between Kabila and Bemba turned into a skirmish between their supporters in Kinshasa. MONUC took control of the city. A new election took place in October 2006, which Kabila won, and in December 2006 he was sworn in as president. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Refugees_in_Congo.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Refugees_in_Congo.jpeg/220px-Refugees_in_Congo.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Refugees_in_Congo.jpeg/330px-Refugees_in_Congo.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Refugees_in_Congo.jpeg/440px-Refugees_in_Congo.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Refugees in the Congo</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continued_conflicts_(2008–2018)">Continued conflicts (2008–2018)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Continued conflicts (2008–2018)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2018_Yumbi_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Yumbi violence">2018 Yumbi violence</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_(6988913212).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_%286988913212%29.jpg/220px-Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_%286988913212%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_%286988913212%29.jpg/330px-Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_%286988913212%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_%286988913212%29.jpg/440px-Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_%286988913212%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>People fleeing their villages due to fighting between <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">FARDC</a> and rebel groups, <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a>, 2012</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FARDC_and_MONUSCO_reinforce_their_presence_in_and_around_Goma_following_a_second_day_(21_May_2013)_of_clashes_between_M23_and_National_troops._(8782972992).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FARDC_and_MONUSCO_reinforce_their_presence_in_and_around_Goma_following_a_second_day_%2821_May_2013%29_of_clashes_between_M23_and_National_troops._%288782972992%29.jpg/220px-FARDC_and_MONUSCO_reinforce_their_presence_in_and_around_Goma_following_a_second_day_%2821_May_2013%29_of_clashes_between_M23_and_National_troops._%288782972992%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FARDC_and_MONUSCO_reinforce_their_presence_in_and_around_Goma_following_a_second_day_%2821_May_2013%29_of_clashes_between_M23_and_National_troops._%288782972992%29.jpg/330px-FARDC_and_MONUSCO_reinforce_their_presence_in_and_around_Goma_following_a_second_day_%2821_May_2013%29_of_clashes_between_M23_and_National_troops._%288782972992%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FARDC_and_MONUSCO_reinforce_their_presence_in_and_around_Goma_following_a_second_day_%2821_May_2013%29_of_clashes_between_M23_and_National_troops._%288782972992%29.jpg/440px-FARDC_and_MONUSCO_reinforce_their_presence_in_and_around_Goma_following_a_second_day_%2821_May_2013%29_of_clashes_between_M23_and_National_troops._%288782972992%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Government troops near <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a> during the <a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="M23 rebellion (2012–2013)">M23 rebellion</a> in May 2013</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Nkunda" title="Laurent Nkunda">Laurent Nkunda</a>, a member of <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_Congolese_Democracy%E2%80%93Goma" title="Rally for Congolese Democracy–Goma">Rally for Congolese Democracy–Goma</a>, defected along with troops loyal to him and formed the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_for_the_Defence_of_the_People" title="National Congress for the Defence of the People">National Congress for the Defence of the People</a> (CNDP), which began an armed rebellion against the government. In March 2009, after a deal between the DRC and Rwanda, Rwandan troops entered the DRC and arrested Nkunda and were allowed to pursue FDLR militants. The CNDP signed a peace treaty with the government in which it agreed to become a political party and to have its soldiers integrated into the national army in exchange for the release of its imprisoned members.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> In 2012 <a href="/wiki/Bosco_Ntaganda" title="Bosco Ntaganda">Bosco Ntaganda</a>, the leader of the CNDP, and troops loyal to him, mutinied and formed the rebel military <a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">March 23 Movement</a> (M23), claiming the government had violated the treaty.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> In the resulting <a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="M23 rebellion (2012–2013)">M23 rebellion</a>, M23 briefly captured the provincial capital of Goma in November 2012.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> Neighboring countries, particularly Rwanda, have been accused of arming rebel groups and using them as proxies to gain control of the resource-rich country, an accusation they deny.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> In March 2013, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> authorized the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Force_Intervention_Brigade" title="United Nations Force Intervention Brigade">United Nations Force Intervention Brigade</a> to neutralize armed groups.<a href="#cite_note-UN1-88">[86]</a> On 5 November 2013, M23 declared an end to its insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> Additionally, in northern <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mai-Mai" title="Mai-Mai">Mai-Mai</a> created by Laurent Kabila slipped out of the control of Kinshasa with <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9d%C3%A9on_Kyungu" title="Gédéon Kyungu">Gédéon Kyungu Mutanga</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mai-Mai_Kata_Katanga" title="Mai-Mai Kata Katanga">Mai Mai Kata Katanga</a> briefly invading the provincial capital of <a href="/wiki/Lubumbashi" title="Lubumbashi">Lubumbashi</a> in 2013 and 400,000 persons displaced in the province as of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> On and off fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a> occurred between the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_and_Integrationist_Front" title="Nationalist and Integrationist Front">Nationalist and Integrationist Front</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Congolese_Patriots" title="Union of Congolese Patriots">Union of Congolese Patriots</a> who claimed to represent the <a href="/wiki/Lendu_language" title="Lendu language">Lendu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hema_people" title="Hema people">Hema</a> ethnic groups, respectively. In the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kony" title="Joseph Kony">Joseph Kony</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army" title="Lord's Resistance Army">Lord's Resistance Army</a> moved from their original bases in Uganda and South Sudan to DR Congo in 2005 and set up camps in the <a href="/wiki/Garamba_National_Park" title="Garamba National Park">Garamba National Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> The war in the Congo has been described as the bloodiest war since World War II.<a href="#cite_note-:9-19">[17]</a> In 2009, The New York Times reported that people in the Congo continued to die at a rate of an estimated 45,000 per month<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> – estimates of the number who have died from the long conflict range from 900,000 to 5,400,000.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> The death toll is caused by widespread disease and famine; reports indicate that almost half of the individuals who have died are children under five years of age.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> There have been frequent reports of weapon bearers killing civilians, of the destruction of property, of widespread sexual violence,<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> causing hundreds of thousands of people to flee their homes, and of other breaches of humanitarian and human rights law. One study found that more than <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">400,000 women are raped</a> in the Democratic Republic of Congo every year.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> In 2018 and 2019, Congo reported the highest levels of sexual violence in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-81">[79]</a> According to the Human Rights Watch and the New York University-based Congo Research Group, armed troops in DRC's eastern Kivu region have killed over 1,900 civilians and kidnapped at least 3,300 people since June 2017 to June 2019.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> On 10 May 2018, Congolese gynecologist <a href="/wiki/Denis_Mukwege" title="Denis Mukwege">Denis Mukwege</a> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> for his effort to end <a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/19_January_2015_DRC_protests" title="19 January 2015 DRC protests">major protests</a> broke out across the country and protesters demanded that Kabila step down as president. The protests began after the passage of a law by the Congolese lower house that, if also passed by the Congolese upper house, would keep Kabila in power at least until a national census was conducted (a process which would likely take several years and therefore keep him in power past the planned 2016 elections, which he is constitutionally barred from participating in). This bill passed; however, it was gutted of the provision that would keep Kabila in power until a census took place. A census is supposed to take place, but it is no longer tied to when the elections take place. In 2015, elections were scheduled for late 2016 and a tenuous peace held in the Congo.<a href="#cite_note-The_DRC-100">[98]</a> On 27 November 2016 Congolese foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Tshibanda" title="Raymond Tshibanda">Raymond Tshibanda</a> told the press no elections would be held in 2016: "it has been decided that the voter registration operation will end on July 31, 2017, and that election will take place in April 2018."<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/December_2016_Congolese_protests" title="December 2016 Congolese protests">Protests broke out in the country on 20 December</a> when Kabila's term in office ended. Across the country, dozens of protesters were killed and hundreds were arrested. According to <a href="/wiki/Jan_Egeland" title="Jan Egeland">Jan Egeland</a>, presently Secretary-General of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Refugee_Council" title="Norwegian Refugee Council">Norwegian Refugee Council</a>, the situation in the DRC became much worse in 2016 and 2017 and is a major moral and humanitarian challenge comparable to the wars in Syria and Yemen, which receive much more attention. Women and children are abused sexually and "abused in all possible manners". Besides the conflict in <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a>, violence increased in the <a href="/wiki/Kasa%C3%AF_region" title="Kasaï region">Kasai region</a>. The armed groups were after gold, diamonds, oil, and cobalt to line the pockets of rich men both in the region and internationally. There were also ethnic and cultural rivalries at play, as well as religious motives and the political crisis with postponed elections. Egeland says people believe the situation in the DRC is "stably bad" but in fact, it has become much, much worse. "The big wars of the Congo that were really on top of the agenda 15 years ago are back and worsening".<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> Disruption in planting and harvesting caused by the conflict was estimated to escalate starvation in about two million children.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> Human Rights Watch said in 2017 that Kabila recruited former 23 March Movement fighters to put down country-wide protests over his refusal to step down from office at the end of his term. "M23 fighters patrolled the streets of Congo's main cities, firing on or arresting protesters or anyone else deemed to be a threat to the president," they said.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> Fierce fighting has erupted in Masisi between government forces and a powerful local warlord, General Delta. The United Nations mission in the DRC is its largest and most expensive peacekeeping effort, but it shut down five UN bases near Masisi in 2017, after the U.S. led a push to cut costs.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> A tribal conflict erupted on 16–17 December 2018 at <a href="/wiki/Yumbi" title="Yumbi">Yumbi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mai-Ndombe_Province" title="Mai-Ndombe Province">Mai-Ndombe Province</a>. Nearly 900 Banunu people from four villages were slaughtered by members of the Batende community in a deep-rooted rivalry over monthly tribal duties, land, fields and water resources. Some 100 Banunus fled to Moniende island in the Congo River, and another 16,000 to <a href="/wiki/Makotimpoko_District" title="Makotimpoko District">Makotimpoko District</a> in Republic of Congo. Military-style tactics were employed in the bloodbath, and some assailants were clothed in army uniforms. Local authorities and elements within the security forces were suspected of lending them support.<a href="#cite_note-afp1-106">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018_election_and_new_president_(2018–present)">2018 election and new president (2018–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2018 election and new president (2018–present)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/M23_campaign_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="M23 campaign (2022–present)">M23 campaign (2022–present)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi_%26_Denis_Sassou-Nguesso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi_%26_Denis_Sassou-Nguesso.jpg/220px-F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi_%26_Denis_Sassou-Nguesso.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi_%26_Denis_Sassou-Nguesso.jpg/330px-F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi_%26_Denis_Sassou-Nguesso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi_%26_Denis_Sassou-Nguesso.jpg/440px-F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi_%26_Denis_Sassou-Nguesso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1723" data-file-height="1075" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a> with the president of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a> <a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a> in 2020; both wear <a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic">face masks</a> due to the ongoing <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.</figcaption></figure> On 30 December 2018, a <a href="/wiki/2018_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election" title="2018 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election">general election</a> was held. On 10 January 2019, the electoral commission announced opposition candidate <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a> as the winner of the presidential vote,<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> and he was officially sworn in as president on 24 January.<a href="#cite_note-inaug-108">[106]</a> However, there were widespread suspicions that the results were rigged and that a deal had been made between Tshisekedi and Kabila. The Catholic Church said that the official results did not correspond to the information its election monitors had collected.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> The government had also "delayed" the vote until March in some areas, citing the <a href="/wiki/Kivu_Ebola_epidemic" title="Kivu Ebola epidemic">Ebola outbreak in Kivu</a> as well as the ongoing military conflict. This was criticized as these regions are known as opposition strongholds.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> In August 2019, six months after the inauguration of Félix Tshisekedi, a coalition government was announced.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> The political allies of Kabila maintained control of key ministries, the legislature, judiciary and security services. However, Tshisekedi succeeded in strengthening his hold on power. In a series of moves, he won over more legislators, gaining the support of almost 400 out of 500 members of the National Assembly. The pro-Kabila speakers of both houses of parliament were forced out. In April 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Lukonde_cabinet" title="Lukonde cabinet">new government</a> was formed without the supporters of Kabila.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> A <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_measles_outbreak_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="2019–2020 measles outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">major measles outbreak</a> in the country left nearly 5,000 dead in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> The Ebola outbreak ended in June 2020, after causing 2,280 deaths over 2 years.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> Another, smaller <a href="/wiki/2018_%C3%89quateur_province_Ebola_outbreak" title="2018 Équateur province Ebola outbreak">Ebola outbreak in the Équateur Province</a> began in June 2020, ultimately causing 55 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> The global <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> also <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">reached the DRC</a> in March 2020, with a <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">vaccination campaign</a> beginning on 19 April 2021.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Italy_to_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of ambassadors of Italy to the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Italian ambassador</a> to the DRC, <a href="/wiki/Luca_Attanasio" title="Luca Attanasio">Luca Attanasio</a>, and his bodyguard were <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Luca_Attanasio" class="mw-redirect" title="Killing of Luca Attanasio">killed in North Kivu on 22 February 2021</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> On 22 April 2021, meetings between Kenyan President <a href="/wiki/Uhuru_Kenyatta" title="Uhuru Kenyatta">Uhuru Kenyatta</a> and Tshisekedi resulted in new agreements increasing international trade and security (counterterrorism, immigration, cyber security, and customs) between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> In February 2022, <a href="/wiki/2022_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_allegations" title="2022 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup d'état allegations">allegations of a coup d'état</a> in the country led to uncertainty,<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> but the coup attempt failed.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> After <a href="/wiki/2023_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election" title="2023 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election">the 2023 presidential election</a>, Tshisekedi had a clear lead in his run for a second term.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> On 31 December 2023, officials said that President Felix Tshisekedi had been re-elected with 73% of the vote. Nine opposition candidates signed a declaration rejecting the election and called for a rerun.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> In May 2024, during a parliamentary crisis related to the election for the leadership of parliament, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Malanga" title="Christian Malanga">Christian Malanga</a> led an <a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_attempt" title="2024 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt">attempted coup</a> which was repelled by security forces loyal to President <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:03-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-129">[127]</a> Three belligerents reportedly carrying <a href="/wiki/United_States_passport" title="United States passport">US passports</a> were arrested by security forces,<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> and videos of their capture were shared online. Due to <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>'s support for the <a href="/wiki/2025_Goma_offensive" title="2025 Goma offensive">Goma offensive</a> by the <a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">M23 rebels</a>, the DRC severed diplomatic ties between the two countries on 26 January 2025.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> President Tshisekedi called for a national mobilization, urging citizens to rally behind <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">FARDC</a> against what he called "Rwanda's barbaric aggression".<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> Nearly 3,000 people were killed in the fighting in <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> It was reported that hundreds of female inmates were raped and burned alive during the mass jailbreak from Goma's prison.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Special:EditPage/Democratic Republic of the Congo">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cg-map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cg-map.png/220px-Cg-map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Cg-map.png 1.5x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>The map of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_COD_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Koppen-Geiger_Map_COD_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_COD_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Koppen-Geiger_Map_COD_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_COD_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Koppen-Geiger_Map_COD_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_COD_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Democratic Republic of the Congo map of Köppen climate classification</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Geology of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Geology of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> The DRC is located in central <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>, bordered to the northwest by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a>, to the north by the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, to the northeast by <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>, to the east by <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, and by <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> (across Lake Tanganyika), to the south and southeast by <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, to the southwest by <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, and to the west by the South Atlantic Ocean and the <a href="/wiki/Cabinda_Province" title="Cabinda Province">Cabinda Province exclave of Angola</a>. The country lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/6th_parallel_north" title="6th parallel north">6°N</a> and <a href="/wiki/14th_parallel_south" title="14th parallel south">14°S</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/12th_meridian_east" title="12th meridian east">12°E</a> and <a href="/wiki/32nd_meridian_east" title="32nd meridian east">32°E</a>. It straddles the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>, with one-third to the north and two-thirds to the south. With an area of 2,345,408 square kilometres (905,567 sq mi), it is the second-largest country in Africa by area, after Algeria. As a result of its equatorial location, the DRC experiences high precipitation and has the highest frequency of thunderstorms in the world. The annual rainfall can total upwards of 2,000 millimetres (80 in) in some places, and the area sustains the <a href="/wiki/Congolian_rainforests" title="Congolian rainforests">Congo rainforest</a>, the second-largest rainforest in the world after the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a>. This massive expanse of lush jungle covers most of the vast, low-lying central <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">basin</a> of the river, which slopes toward the Atlantic Ocean in the west. This area is surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateaus</a> merging into <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannas</a> in the south and southwest, by mountainous terraces in the west, and dense <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a> extending beyond the Congo River in the north. The glaciated <a href="/wiki/Rwenzori_Mountains" title="Rwenzori Mountains">Rwenzori Mountains</a> are found in the extreme eastern region. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainforest_-_Ituri_(20874628148).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Rainforest_-_Ituri_%2820874628148%29.jpg/220px-Rainforest_-_Ituri_%2820874628148%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Rainforest_-_Ituri_%2820874628148%29.jpg/330px-Rainforest_-_Ituri_%2820874628148%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Rainforest_-_Ituri_%2820874628148%29.jpg/440px-Rainforest_-_Ituri_%2820874628148%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ituri_Rainforest" title="Ituri Rainforest">Ituri Rainforest</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical climate</a> produced the Congo River system which dominates the region topographically along with the rainforest it flows through. The <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a> occupies nearly the entire country and an area of nearly 1,000,000 km2 (390,000 sq mi). The river and its tributaries form the backbone of Congolese economics and transportation. Major tributaries include the <a href="/wiki/Kasai_River" title="Kasai River">Kasai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sangha_River" title="Sangha River">Sangha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ubangi_River" title="Ubangi River">Ubangi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruzizi_River" title="Ruzizi River">Ruzizi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aruwimi_River" title="Aruwimi River">Aruwimi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lulonga_River" title="Lulonga River">Lulonga</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dem_congo_sat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Dem_congo_sat.jpg/220px-Dem_congo_sat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Dem_congo_sat.jpg/330px-Dem_congo_sat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Dem_congo_sat.jpg/440px-Dem_congo_sat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2293" data-file-height="2261" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of Democratic Republic of the Congo</figcaption></figure> The Congo River has the second-largest flow and the second-largest <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a> of any river in the world (trailing the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon</a> in both respects). The sources of the Congo River are in the <a href="/wiki/Albertine_Rift" title="Albertine Rift">Albertine Rift</a> Mountains that flank the western branch of the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mweru" title="Lake Mweru">Lake Mweru</a>. The river flows generally west from Kisangani just below <a href="/wiki/Boyoma_Falls" title="Boyoma Falls">Boyoma Falls</a>, then gradually bends southwest, passing by <a href="/wiki/Mbandaka" title="Mbandaka">Mbandaka</a>, joining with the Ubangi River, and running into the <a href="/wiki/Pool_Malebo" title="Pool Malebo">Pool Malebo</a> (Stanley Pool). Kinshasa and <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a> are on opposite sides of the river at the Pool. Then the river narrows and falls through a number of cataracts in deep canyons, collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Livingstone_Falls" title="Livingstone Falls">Livingstone Falls</a>, and runs past <a href="/wiki/Boma,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Boma</a> into the Atlantic Ocean. The river and a 37-kilometre-wide (23 mi) strip of coastline on its north bank provide the country's only outlet to the Atlantic. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nord-Kivu,_RD_Congo_-_Vue_sur_un_crat%C3%A8re_aux_abords_de_la_ville_de_Goma._(22722760943).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Nord-Kivu%2C_RD_Congo_-_Vue_sur_un_crat%C3%A8re_aux_abords_de_la_ville_de_Goma._%2822722760943%29.jpg/220px-Nord-Kivu%2C_RD_Congo_-_Vue_sur_un_crat%C3%A8re_aux_abords_de_la_ville_de_Goma._%2822722760943%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Nord-Kivu%2C_RD_Congo_-_Vue_sur_un_crat%C3%A8re_aux_abords_de_la_ville_de_Goma._%2822722760943%29.jpg/330px-Nord-Kivu%2C_RD_Congo_-_Vue_sur_un_crat%C3%A8re_aux_abords_de_la_ville_de_Goma._%2822722760943%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Nord-Kivu%2C_RD_Congo_-_Vue_sur_un_crat%C3%A8re_aux_abords_de_la_ville_de_Goma._%2822722760943%29.jpg/440px-Nord-Kivu%2C_RD_Congo_-_Vue_sur_un_crat%C3%A8re_aux_abords_de_la_ville_de_Goma._%2822722760943%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Kivu" title="Lake Kivu">Lake Kivu</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a> province</figcaption></figure> The Albertine Rift plays a key role in shaping the Congo's geography. Not only is the northeastern section of the country much more mountainous, but tectonic movement results in <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanic</a> activity, occasionally with loss of life. The geologic activity in this area also created the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a>, four of which lie on the Congo's eastern frontier: <a href="/wiki/Lake_Albert_(Africa)" title="Lake Albert (Africa)">Lake Albert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Kivu" title="Lake Kivu">Lake Kivu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Edward" title="Lake Edward">Lake Edward</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">rift valley</a> has exposed an enormous amount of mineral wealth throughout the south and east of the Congo, making it accessible to mining. <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a>, copper, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, industrial and gem-quality <a href="/wiki/Diamonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamonds">diamonds</a>, gold, silver, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>, iron ore, and coal are all found in plentiful supply, especially in the Congo's southeastern Katanga region.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> The gold production in 2015 is 37 metric tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> On 17 January 2002, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Nyiragongo" title="Mount Nyiragongo">Mount Nyiragongo</a> <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic eruption">erupted</a>, with three streams of extremely fluid <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">lava</a> running out at 64 km/h (40 mph) and 46 m (50 yd) wide. One of the three streams flowed directly through Goma, killing 45 people and leaving 120,000 homeless. Over 400,000 people were evacuated from the city during the eruption. The lava flowed into and poisoned the water of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Kivu" title="Lake Kivu">Lake Kivu</a> killing its plants, animals and fish. Only two planes left the local airport because of the possibility of the explosion of stored petrol. The lava flowed through and past the airport, destroying a runway and trapping several parked airplanes. Six months after the event, nearby <a href="/wiki/Nyamuragira" title="Nyamuragira">Mount Nyamuragira</a> also erupted. The mountain subsequently erupted again in 2006, and once again in January 2010.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate change">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Climate_change" title="Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo § Climate change</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> As of 2023, the DRC is the 18th highest emitting nation of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> and the highest emitter on the African continent.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> The majority of these emissions arise from <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a> change and <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, as the country uses little <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> and only one-fifth of the population has access to electricity.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> The DRC is one of the most vulnerable nations to climate change and the least prepared to deal with its impacts.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> Climate change in the DRC is predicted to cause more frequent and intense floods, droughts and exacerbated disease epidemics.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> Sectors vulnerable to climate change include agriculture, forestry and energy.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity_and_conservation">Biodiversity and conservation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Biodiversity and conservation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Wildlife of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Wildlife of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institut_Congolais_pour_la_Conservation_de_la_Nature" title="Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature">Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Environmental issues in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Environmental issues in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of ecoregions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">List of ecoregions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_Gorilla_(Humba_family)_%E2%80%93_Virunga_National_Park_(29).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mountain_Gorilla_%28Humba_family%29_%E2%80%93_Virunga_National_Park_%2829%29.jpg/220px-Mountain_Gorilla_%28Humba_family%29_%E2%80%93_Virunga_National_Park_%2829%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mountain_Gorilla_%28Humba_family%29_%E2%80%93_Virunga_National_Park_%2829%29.jpg/330px-Mountain_Gorilla_%28Humba_family%29_%E2%80%93_Virunga_National_Park_%2829%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mountain_Gorilla_%28Humba_family%29_%E2%80%93_Virunga_National_Park_%2829%29.jpg/440px-Mountain_Gorilla_%28Humba_family%29_%E2%80%93_Virunga_National_Park_%2829%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The endangered <a href="/wiki/Mountain_gorilla" title="Mountain gorilla">mountain gorilla</a>; half of its population live in the DRC's <a href="/wiki/Virunga_National_Park" title="Virunga National Park">Virunga National Park</a>, making the park a critical habitat for these animals.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Okapi2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/220px-Okapi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/330px-Okapi2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/440px-Okapi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="1482" /></a><figcaption>Found in the <a href="/wiki/Congolian_rainforests" title="Congolian rainforests">Congolian rainforests</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">okapi</a> was unknown to science until 1901</figcaption></figure> The rainforests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo contain great <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, including many rare and <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> species, such as the common <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzee</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">bonobo</a> (or pygmy chimpanzee), the <a href="/wiki/African_forest_elephant" title="African forest elephant">African forest elephant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_gorilla" title="Mountain gorilla">mountain gorilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">okapi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forest_buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest buffalo">forest buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_leopard" title="African leopard">leopard</a> and, further south in the country, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_white_rhinoceros" title="Southern white rhinoceros">southern white rhinoceros</a>. Five of the country's national parks are listed as <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Garamba_National_Park" title="Garamba National Park">Garumba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kahuzi-Bi%C3%A9ga_National_Park" title="Kahuzi-Biéga National Park">Kahuzi-Biega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salonga_National_Park" title="Salonga National Park">Salonga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virunga_National_Park" title="Virunga National Park">Virunga National Parks</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Okapi_Wildlife_Reserve" title="Okapi Wildlife Reserve">Okapi Wildlife Reserve</a>. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is one of 17 <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">Megadiverse countries</a> and is the most biodiverse African country.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> Conservationists have particularly worried about <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a>. The Congo is inhabited by several <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">great ape</a> species: the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), the bonobo (Pan paniscus), the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_gorilla" title="Eastern gorilla">eastern gorilla</a> (Gorilla beringei), and possibly a population of the <a href="/wiki/Western_gorilla" title="Western gorilla">western gorilla</a> (Gorilla gorilla).<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> It is the only country in the world in which bonobos are found in the wild. Much concern has been raised about great ape extinction. Because of hunting and habitat destruction, the numbers of chimpanzee, bonobo and gorilla (each of whose populations once numbered in the millions) have now dwindled down to only about 200,000 gorillas, 100,000 chimpanzees and possibly only about 10,000 bonobos.<a href="#cite_note-gorillas-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-chimpanzees-147">[145]</a> The gorillas, chimpanzee, bonobo, and okapi are all classified as <a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">endangered</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">World Conservation Union</a>. Major environmental issues in DRC include <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a>, which threatens wildlife populations, water pollution and mining. From 2015 to 2019, the rate of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> doubled.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> In 2021, deforestation of the <a href="/wiki/Congolian_rainforests" title="Congolian rainforests">Congolian rainforests</a> increased by 5%.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_kabila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Joseph_kabila.jpg/170px-Joseph_kabila.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Joseph_kabila.jpg/255px-Joseph_kabila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Joseph_kabila.jpg/340px-Joseph_kabila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1615" data-file-height="1973" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Joseph Kabila</a> was President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from January 2001 to January 2019.</figcaption></figure> After a four-year interlude between two constitutions, with new political institutions established at the various levels of government, as well as new administrative divisions for the provinces throughout the country, a new constitution came into effect in 2006 and politics in the Democratic Republic of the Congo finally settled into a stable <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">democratic republic</a>. The 2003 transitional constitution<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> had established a parliament with a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> legislature, consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Senate</a> and a <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">National Assembly</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Senate_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Senate (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Senate</a> had, among other things, the charge of drafting the new constitution of the country. The executive branch was vested in a 60-member cabinet, headed by a <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">President</a> and four vice presidents. The President was also the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. The transitional constitution also established a relatively independent judiciary, headed by a Supreme Court with constitutional interpretation powers.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> The 2006 constitution, also known as the Constitution of the Third Republic, came into effect in February 2006. It had concurrent authority, however, with the transitional constitution until the inauguration of the elected officials who emerged from the July 2006 elections. Under the new constitution, the legislature remained bicameral; the executive was concomitantly undertaken by a President and the government, led by a Prime Minister, appointed from the party able to secure a majority in the National Assembly. The government – not the President – is responsible to the Parliament. The new constitution also granted new powers to the provincial governments, creating provincial parliaments which have oversight of the Governor and the head of the provincial government, whom they elect. The new constitution also saw the disappearance of the Supreme Court, which was divided into three new institutions. The constitutional interpretation prerogative of the Supreme Court is now held by the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Constitutional Court of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Constitutional Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> Although located in the Central African <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">UN subregion</a>, the nation is also economically and regionally affiliated with Southern Africa as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a> (SADC).<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Administrative divisions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> The country is currently divided into the city-province of Kinshasa and 25 other <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">provinces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-3">[2]</a> The provinces are subdivided into 145 <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">territories</a> and 33 <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Cities of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">cities</a>. Before 2015, the country had 11 provinces.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> <table style="border-spacing: 20px 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="13"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Provinces_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo_-_2005.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Provinces_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo_-_2005.svg/280px-Provinces_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo_-_2005.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Provinces_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo_-_2005.svg/420px-Provinces_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo_-_2005.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Provinces_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo_-_2005.svg/560px-Provinces_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo_-_2005.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>1. <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></td> <td>14. <a href="/wiki/Ituri_Province" title="Ituri Province">Ituri Province</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2. <a href="/wiki/Kongo_Central" title="Kongo Central">Kongo Central</a></td> <td>15. <a href="/wiki/Haut-Uele" class="mw-redirect" title="Haut-Uele">Haut-Uele</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3. <a href="/wiki/Kwango" title="Kwango">Kwango</a></td> <td>16. <a href="/wiki/Tshopo" title="Tshopo">Tshopo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4. <a href="/wiki/Kwilu_Province" title="Kwilu Province">Kwilu Province</a></td> <td>17. <a href="/wiki/Bas-Uele" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-Uele">Bas-Uele</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5. <a href="/wiki/Mai-Ndombe_Province" title="Mai-Ndombe Province">Mai-Ndombe Province</a></td> <td>18. <a href="/wiki/Nord-Ubangi" title="Nord-Ubangi">Nord-Ubangi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6. <a href="/wiki/Kasa%C3%AF_Province" title="Kasaï Province">Kasaï Province</a></td> <td>19. <a href="/wiki/Mongala" title="Mongala">Mongala</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7. <a href="/wiki/Kasa%C3%AF-Central" title="Kasaï-Central">Kasaï-Central</a></td> <td>20. <a href="/wiki/Sud-Ubangi" title="Sud-Ubangi">Sud-Ubangi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8. <a href="/wiki/Kasa%C3%AF-Oriental" title="Kasaï-Oriental">Kasaï-Oriental</a></td> <td>21. <a href="/wiki/Province_of_%C3%89quateur" title="Province of Équateur">Équateur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9. <a href="/wiki/Lomami_Province" title="Lomami Province">Lomami Province</a></td> <td>22. <a href="/wiki/Tshuapa" title="Tshuapa">Tshuapa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10. <a href="/wiki/Sankuru" title="Sankuru">Sankuru</a></td> <td>23. <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Province" title="Tanganyika Province">Tanganyika Province</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11. <a href="/wiki/Maniema" title="Maniema">Maniema</a></td> <td>24. <a href="/wiki/Haut-Lomami" title="Haut-Lomami">Haut-Lomami</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12. <a href="/wiki/South_Kivu" title="South Kivu">South Kivu</a></td> <td>25. <a href="/wiki/Lualaba_Province" title="Lualaba Province">Lualaba Province</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13. <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a></td> <td>26. <a href="/wiki/Haut-Katanga_Province" title="Haut-Katanga Province">Haut-Katanga Province</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Kabila_with_Obamas_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Joseph_Kabila_with_Obamas_2014.jpg/220px-Joseph_Kabila_with_Obamas_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Joseph_Kabila_with_Obamas_2014.jpg/330px-Joseph_Kabila_with_Obamas_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Joseph_Kabila_with_Obamas_2014.jpg/440px-Joseph_Kabila_with_Obamas_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3960" data-file-height="2640" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Joseph Kabila</a> with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in August 2014</figcaption></figure> The global growth in demand for scarce raw materials and the industrial surges in China, India, Russia, Brazil and other <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> require that <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a> employ new, integrated and responsive strategies for identifying and ensuring, on a continual basis, an adequate supply of strategic and critical materials required for their security needs.<a href="#cite_note-:8-155">[153]</a> Highlighting the DR Congo's importance to United States national security, the effort to establish an elite Congolese unit is the latest push by the U.S. to professionalize armed forces in this "strategically important" region.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> There are economic and strategic incentives (for external countries) to bring more "security" to the Congo, which is rich in natural resources such as <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, a metal used in many industrial and military applications.<a href="#cite_note-:8-155">[153]</a> The largest use of cobalt is in <a href="/wiki/Superalloy" title="Superalloy">superalloys</a>, used to make <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engine</a> parts for high speed war planes. Cobalt is also used in <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_alloy" title="Magnetic alloy">magnetic alloys</a> and in cutting and wear-resistant materials such as cemented <a href="/wiki/Carbide" title="Carbide">carbides</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemical industry</a> consumes significant quantities of cobalt in a variety of applications including <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalysts</a> for petroleum and chemical processing; drying agents for paints and inks; ground coats for porcelain enamels; decolorant for ceramics and glass; and pigments for ceramics, paints, and plastics. The country possesses 80% of the world's cobalt reserves.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> It is thought that due to the importance of cobalt for batteries for electric vehicles and stabilization of electric grids with large proportions of intermittent renewables in the electricity mix, the DRC could become an object of increased geopolitical competition.<a href="#cite_note-:8-155">[153]</a> In the 21st century, <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_relations#Present_economic_relations" title="China–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations">Chinese investment</a> in the DRC and Congolese exports to China have grown rapidly. In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including DRC, have signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending China's <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_re-education_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang re-education camps">treatment of Uyghurs</a> and other Muslim ethnic minorities.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> In 2021, President <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a> called for a review of mining contracts signed with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> by his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Joseph Kabila</a>,<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> in particular the Sicomines multibillion <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_relations#Sicomines" title="China–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations">'minerals-for-infrastructure' deal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dungu,_Haut-U%C3%A9l%C3%A9_Province,_DR_Congo_As_part_of_operation_%22RED_KITE%22,_Moroccan_soldiers_of_MONUSCO_train_FARDC_soldiers_(38702370071).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Dungu%2C_Haut-U%C3%A9l%C3%A9_Province%2C_DR_Congo_As_part_of_operation_%22RED_KITE%22%2C_Moroccan_soldiers_of_MONUSCO_train_FARDC_soldiers_%2838702370071%29.jpg/220px-Dungu%2C_Haut-U%C3%A9l%C3%A9_Province%2C_DR_Congo_As_part_of_operation_%22RED_KITE%22%2C_Moroccan_soldiers_of_MONUSCO_train_FARDC_soldiers_%2838702370071%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Dungu%2C_Haut-U%C3%A9l%C3%A9_Province%2C_DR_Congo_As_part_of_operation_%22RED_KITE%22%2C_Moroccan_soldiers_of_MONUSCO_train_FARDC_soldiers_%2838702370071%29.jpg/330px-Dungu%2C_Haut-U%C3%A9l%C3%A9_Province%2C_DR_Congo_As_part_of_operation_%22RED_KITE%22%2C_Moroccan_soldiers_of_MONUSCO_train_FARDC_soldiers_%2838702370071%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Dungu%2C_Haut-U%C3%A9l%C3%A9_Province%2C_DR_Congo_As_part_of_operation_%22RED_KITE%22%2C_Moroccan_soldiers_of_MONUSCO_train_FARDC_soldiers_%2838702370071%29.jpg/440px-Dungu%2C_Haut-U%C3%A9l%C3%A9_Province%2C_DR_Congo_As_part_of_operation_%22RED_KITE%22%2C_Moroccan_soldiers_of_MONUSCO_train_FARDC_soldiers_%2838702370071%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Congolese soldiers being trained by UN personnel.</figcaption></figure> The military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, known as the <abbr title="Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo">FARDC</abbr>, consists of the <a href="/wiki/Land_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Land Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Land Forces</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Air Force</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Navy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Navy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Navy</a>. There is also a separate <a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Republican Guard (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Republican Guard</a> that is outside of the FARDC command structure, being directly responsible to the president.<a href="#cite_note-iiss2023-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-ACSS-163">[161]</a> In 2023 there were 103,000 soldiers in the Land Forces, 6,700 in the Navy, 2,550 in the Air Force, 14,000 in the central command, and 8,000 in the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Republican Guard (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Republican Guard</a>. All services together numbered 134,250 personnel, nominally making the FARDC the largest military in Central Africa.<a href="#cite_note-iiss2023-162">[160]</a> However, the FARDC has been undermined by low levels of professionalism, training, morale, pay, and equipment, along with rampant corruption, and its lack of vehicles and aircraft makes it difficult to move troops across the country's large territory.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters1-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-iiss2023-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-ACSS-163">[161]</a> The FARDC was established in 2003 after the end of the Second Congo War with the integration of many former rebel groups into its ranks,<a href="#cite_note-ACSS-163">[161]</a> and it still also works with pro-government militias.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters1-18">[16]</a> Since then it has been a diverse combination of the former Zairian armed forces, rebel groups from the Congo Wars, and other militias that were integrated more recently. President Félix Tshisekedi announced the beginning of military reforms in 2022 to create a more cohesive national army.<a href="#cite_note-EA22-164">[162]</a> This effort included replacing most of the high command with younger officers that had a record of success and providing more military spending for the years between 2022 and 2024.<a href="#cite_note-iiss2023-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-EA22-164">[162]</a> The armed forces are organized on the basis of geographic joint commands known as defense zones, one each for the western, south-central, and eastern DRC,<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> which are further divided into military regions.<a href="#cite_note-iiss2023-162">[160]</a> The Land Forces consist of brigades, and in 2011, those in Eastern Congo were reorganized into regiments. It was estimated in 2023 that in total there are nine brigades, 27 regiments, one artillery battalion, and one military police battalion.<a href="#cite_note-iiss2023-162">[160]</a> Many units are reported to be at half of their official strength or less because of combat losses and desertions.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters1-18">[16]</a> The FARDC has spent decades fighting against over 100 armed groups in Eastern Congo and the <a href="/wiki/Kasa%C3%AF_region" title="Kasaï region">Kasaï region</a>, including local <a href="/wiki/Mai-Mai" title="Mai-Mai">Mai-Mai</a> militias, the Rwandan-backed March 23 Movement (M23), <a href="/wiki/Nduma_Defense_of_Congo-Renovated" title="Nduma Defense of Congo-Renovated">Nduma Defense of Congo-Renovated</a> (NDC-R), the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces" title="Allied Democratic Forces">Allied Democratic Forces</a> (which has become part of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army" title="Lord's Resistance Army">Lord's Resistance Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> The Democratic Republic of Congo signed the UN <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement_and_crime">Law enforcement and crime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Law enforcement and crime">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Crime in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Crime in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Congolese_National_Police" title="Congolese National Police">Congolese National Police</a> are the primary police force in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corruption">Corruption</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Corruption">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> A relative of Mobutu explained how the government illicitly collected revenue during his rule: "Mobutu would ask one of us to go to the bank and take out a million. We'd go to an intermediary and tell him to get five million. He would go to the bank with Mobutu's authority and take out ten. Mobutu got one, and we took the other nine."<a href="#cite_note-a-169">[167]</a> Mobutu institutionalized corruption to prevent political rivals from challenging his control, leading to an <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#1990s" title="Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">economic collapse in 1996</a>.<a href="#cite_note-b-170">[168]</a> Mobutu allegedly amassed between US$50 million and $125 million during his rule.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> He was not the first corrupt Congolese leader by any means: "Government as a system of organized theft goes back to King Leopold II," noted <a href="/wiki/Adam_Hochschild" title="Adam Hochschild">Adam Hochschild</a> in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-AH-173">[171]</a> In July 2009, a Swiss court determined that the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_limitations" title="Statute of limitations">statute of limitations</a> had run out on an <a href="/wiki/International_asset_recovery" title="International asset recovery">international asset recovery</a> case of about $6.7 million of deposits of Mobutu's in a Swiss bank, and therefore the assets should be returned to Mobutu's family.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> President Kabila established the Commission of Repression of Economic Crimes upon his ascension to power in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-d-175">[173]</a> However, in 2016 the <a href="/wiki/Enough_Project" title="Enough Project">Enough Project</a> issued a report claiming that the Congo is run as a violent <a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">kleptocracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> In June 2020, a court in the Democratic Republic of Congo found President Tshisekedi's chief of staff <a href="/wiki/Vital_Kamerhe" title="Vital Kamerhe">Vital Kamerhe</a> guilty of corruption. He was sentenced to 20 years' hard labour, after facing charges of embezzling almost $50m (£39m) of public funds. He was the most high-profile figure to be convicted of corruption in the DRC.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> However, Kamerhe was released already in December 2021.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> In November 2021, a judicial investigation targeting Kabila and his associates was opened in Kinshasa after revelations of alleged embezzlement of $138 million.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Human rights">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DRC-_Child_Soldiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/DRC-_Child_Soldiers.jpg/220px-DRC-_Child_Soldiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/DRC-_Child_Soldiers.jpg/330px-DRC-_Child_Soldiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/DRC-_Child_Soldiers.jpg/440px-DRC-_Child_Soldiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1352" /></a><figcaption>A group of demobilized <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Child soldiers">child soldiers</a> in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_macho-violence_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Military macho-violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Military macho-violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> was initiated by Kabila in April 2004. The International Criminal Court prosecutor opened the case in June 2004. <a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a> have been used on a large scale in DRC, and in 2011 it was estimated that 30,000 children were still operating with armed groups.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> Instances of child labor and <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labor</a> have been observed and reported in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">U.S. Department of Labor</a>'s Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor in the DRC in 2013<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> and six goods produced by the country's mining industry appear on the department's December 2014 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Goods_Produced_by_Child_Labor_or_Forced_Labor" title="List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor">List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor</a>. The Democratic Republic of the Congo has prohibited <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> since 2006,<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> and attitudes towards the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">LGBT community</a> are generally negative throughout the nation.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a> seems to be perceived by large sectors of society to be normal.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> The 2013–2014 <a href="/wiki/Demographic_and_Health_Surveys" title="Demographic and Health Surveys">DHS survey</a> (pp. 299) found that 74.8% of women agreed that a husband is justified in beating his wife in certain circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> The United Nations <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women</a> in 2006 expressed concern that in the post-war transition period, the promotion of women's human rights and gender equality is not seen as a priority.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> Mass rapes, sexual violence and sexual slavery are used as a weapon of war by the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and armed groups in the eastern part of the country.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> The eastern part of the country in particular has been described as the "rape capital of the world" and the prevalence of sexual violence there described as the worst in the world.<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-189">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a> (FGM) is also practiced in DRC, although not on a large scale. The prevalence of FGM is estimated at 5% of women.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> FGM is illegal: the law imposes a penalty of two to five years of prison and a fine of 200,000 Congolese francs on any person who violates the "physical or functional integrity" of the genital organs.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> In July 2007, the International Committee of the Red Cross expressed concern about the situation in eastern DRC.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> A phenomenon of "pendulum displacement" has developed, where people hasten at night to safety. According to Yakin Ertürk, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Special Rapporteur">UN Special Rapporteur</a> on Violence against Women who toured eastern Congo in July 2007, violence against women in North and South Kivu included "unimaginable brutality". Ertürk added that "Armed groups attack local communities, loot, rape, kidnap women and children, and make them work as sexual slaves".<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> In December 2008, GuardianFilms of <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> released a film documenting the testimony of over 400 women and girls who had been abused by marauding militia.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> In June 2010, <a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a> reported a dramatic increase in the number of rapes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and researchers from <a href="/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a> discovered that rapes committed by civilians had increased seventeenfold.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> In June 2014, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_Torture" title="Freedom from Torture">Freedom from Torture</a> published reported rape and sexual violence being used routinely by state officials in Congolese prisons as punishment for politically active women.<a href="#cite_note-freedomfromtorture.org-199">[197]</a> The women included in the report were abused in several locations across the country including the capital Kinshasa and other areas away from the conflict zones.<a href="#cite_note-freedomfromtorture.org-199">[197]</a> In 2015, figures both inside and outside of the country, such as Filimbi and Emmanuel Weyi, spoke out about the need to curb violence and instability as the 2016 elections approached.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/GDP_per_capita_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/GDP_per_capita_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/GDP_per_capita_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Change in per capita GDP of Congo, 1950–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Congo" title="Central Bank of the Congo">Central Bank of the Congo</a> is responsible for developing and maintaining the <a href="/wiki/Congolese_franc" title="Congolese franc">Congolese franc</a>, which serves as the primary form of currency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 2007, The World Bank decided to grant the Democratic Republic of Congo up to $1.3 billion in assistance funds over the following three years.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> The Congolese government started negotiating membership in the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_the_Harmonization_of_Business_Law_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa">Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa</a> (OHADA), in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-ohada.com-203">[201]</a> The DRC is widely considered one of the world's richest countries in natural resources; its untapped deposits of raw minerals are estimated to be worth in excess of US$24 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> The DRC has 70% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Coltan" title="Coltan">coltan</a>, a third of its cobalt, more than 30% of its diamond reserves, and a tenth of its copper.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> Despite such vast mineral wealth, the economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo has declined drastically since the mid-1980s. The DRC generated up to 70% of its export revenue from minerals in the 1970s and 1980s and was particularly hit when resource prices deteriorated at that time. By 2005, 92% of the DRC's revenues derived from its minerals.<a href="#cite_note-ExenbergerHartmann2007-209">[207]</a> Congolese citizens are among the poorest people on Earth. In 2023, 60% of Congolese subsisted on less than $2.15 a day, and <a href="/wiki/Food_price_inflation" class="mw-redirect" title="Food price inflation">food-price inflation</a> had reached 173%.<a href="#cite_note-:1-210">[208]</a> DR Congo consistently has the lowest, or nearly the lowest, <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">nominal GDP per capita</a> in the world. The DRC is also one of the twenty lowest-ranked countries on the <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mining">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamonds-_Zaire,_(DR_Congo)_(8458935824).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Diamonds-_Zaire%2C_%28DR_Congo%29_%288458935824%29.jpg/220px-Diamonds-_Zaire%2C_%28DR_Congo%29_%288458935824%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Diamonds-_Zaire%2C_%28DR_Congo%29_%288458935824%29.jpg/330px-Diamonds-_Zaire%2C_%28DR_Congo%29_%288458935824%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Diamonds-_Zaire%2C_%28DR_Congo%29_%288458935824%29.jpg/440px-Diamonds-_Zaire%2C_%28DR_Congo%29_%288458935824%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>Rough diamonds ≈1 to 1.5 mm in size from DR Congo</figcaption></figure> The DRC is the world's largest producer of cobalt ore, and a major producer of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> As of 2023, the country is estimated to possess around 70% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> production.<a href="#cite_note-:1-210">[208]</a> Diamonds come from <a href="/wiki/Kasa%C3%AF_Province" title="Kasaï Province">Kasaï Province</a> in the west. By far the largest mines in the DRC are located in southern <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga Province</a> and are highly mechanized, with a capacity of several million tons per year of copper and cobalt ore, and refining capability for metal ore. The DRC is the second-largest diamond-producing nation in the world,<a href="#cite_note-212">[c]</a> and artisanal and small-scale miners account for most of its production. At independence in 1960, DRC was the second-most-industrialized country in Africa after South Africa; it boasted a thriving mining sector and a relatively productive agriculture sector.<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> Foreign businesses have curtailed operations because of uncertainty about the outcome of long-term conflicts, lack of infrastructure, and the difficult operating environment. The wars intensified the impact of such basic problems as an uncertain legal framework, corruption, inflation, and lack of openness in government economic policy and financial operations. Conditions improved in late 2002, when a large portion of the invading foreign troops withdrew. A number of <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> missions met with the government to help it develop a coherent economic plan, and President Kabila began implementing reforms. Much economic activity still lies outside the GDP data. Through 2011, the DRC had the lowest Human Development Index of the 187 ranked countries.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo,_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo%2C_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png/330px-Democratic_Republic_of_Congo%2C_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo%2C_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png 1.5x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>DR Congo's <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> scores, 1970–2010.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basankusu_collecting_firewood_by_Francis_Hannaway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Basankusu_collecting_firewood_by_Francis_Hannaway.jpg/220px-Basankusu_collecting_firewood_by_Francis_Hannaway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Basankusu_collecting_firewood_by_Francis_Hannaway.jpg/330px-Basankusu_collecting_firewood_by_Francis_Hannaway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Basankusu_collecting_firewood_by_Francis_Hannaway.jpg/440px-Basankusu_collecting_firewood_by_Francis_Hannaway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2063" data-file-height="1754" /></a><figcaption>Collecting firewood in <a href="/wiki/Basankusu" title="Basankusu">Basankusu</a>.</figcaption></figure> The economy of DRC relies heavily on mining. However, the smaller-scale economic activity from <a href="/wiki/Artisanal_mining" title="Artisanal mining">artisanal mining</a> occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Informal_economy" title="Informal economy">informal sector</a> and is not reflected in GDP data.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> A third of the DRC's diamonds are believed to be smuggled out of the country, making it difficult to quantify diamond production levels.<a href="#cite_note-Kitco-216">[213]</a> In 2002, tin was discovered in the east of the country but to date has only been mined on a small scale.<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> Smuggling of <a href="/wiki/Conflict_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict resource">conflict minerals</a> such as coltan and <a href="/wiki/Cassiterite" title="Cassiterite">cassiterite</a>, ores of <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a> and tin, respectively, helped to fuel the war in the eastern Congo.<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Mining" title="Katanga Mining">Katanga Mining Limited</a>, a Swiss-owned company, owns the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luilu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luilu (page does not exist)">Luilu</a> Metallurgical Plant, which has a capacity of 175,000 tonnes of copper and 8,000 tonnes of cobalt per year, making it the largest cobalt refinery in the world. After a major rehabilitation program, the company resumed copper production operations in December 2007 and cobalt production in May 2008.<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> In April 2013, anti-corruption NGOs revealed that Congolese tax authorities had failed to account for $88 million from the mining sector, despite booming production and positive industrial performance. The missing funds date from 2010 and tax bodies should have paid them into the central bank.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> Later in 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Extractive_Industries_Transparency_Initiative" title="Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative">Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative</a> suspended the country's candidacy for membership due to insufficient reporting, monitoring and independent audits, but in July 2013 the country improved its accounting and transparency practices to the point where the EITI gave the country full membership. In February 2018, global asset management firm <a href="/wiki/AllianceBernstein" title="AllianceBernstein">AllianceBernstein</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> defined the DRC as economically "the Saudi Arabia of the electric vehicle age," because of its cobalt resources, cobalt being essential in the production of the <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion batteries</a> that power many <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> Open-pit cobalt mining has led to <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">deforestation</a> and habitat destruction.<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Rail transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Rail transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_train_in_Kindu,_DRC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/First_train_in_Kindu%2C_DRC.jpg/220px-First_train_in_Kindu%2C_DRC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/First_train_in_Kindu%2C_DRC.jpg/330px-First_train_in_Kindu%2C_DRC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/First_train_in_Kindu%2C_DRC.jpg/440px-First_train_in_Kindu%2C_DRC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Train from <a href="/wiki/Lubumbashi" title="Lubumbashi">Lubumbashi</a> arriving in <a href="/wiki/Kindu" title="Kindu">Kindu</a> on a newly refurbished line.</figcaption></figure> Ground transport in the Democratic Republic of Congo has always been difficult. The terrain and climate of the Congo Basin present serious barriers to road and rail construction, and the distances are enormous across this vast country. The DRC has more navigable rivers and moves more passengers and goods by boat and ferry than any other country in Africa, but air transport remains the only effective means of moving goods and people between many places within the country, especially in rural areas. Chronic economic mismanagement, political corruption and internal conflicts have led to long-term under-investment of infrastructure.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Train_rdc.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Train_rdc.svg/280px-Train_rdc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Train_rdc.svg/420px-Train_rdc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Train_rdc.svg/560px-Train_rdc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="671" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>Map of rail network</figcaption></figure> Rail transportation is provided by the Congo Railroad Company (<a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_nationale_des_chemins_de_fer_du_Congo" title="Société nationale des chemins de fer du Congo">Société nationale des chemins de fer du Congo</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_commerciale_des_transports_et_des_ports" title="Société commerciale des transports et des ports">Office National des Transports Congo</a> and the Office of the Uele Railways (Office des Chemins de fer des Ueles, CFU). The DRC has fewer all-weather paved highways than any country of its population and size in Africa — a total of 2,250 km (1,400 mi), of which only 1,226 km (762 mi) is in good condition. To put this in perspective, the road distance across the country in any direction is more than 2,500 km (1,600 mi) (e.g. Matadi to Lubumbashi, 2,700 km (1,700 mi) by road). The figure of 2,250 km (1,400 mi) converts to 35 km (22 mi) of paved road per one million of population. Comparative figures for Zambia and Botswana are 721 km (448 mi) and 3,427 km (2,129 mi), respectively.<a href="#cite_note-224">[d]</a> Three routes in the <a href="/wiki/Trans-African_Highway_network" title="Trans-African Highway network">Trans-African Highway network</a> pass through DR Congo: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli%E2%80%93Cape_Town_Highway" title="Tripoli–Cape Town Highway">Tripoli–Cape Town Highway</a>: this route crosses the western extremity of the country on National Road No. 1 between Kinshasa and <a href="/wiki/Matadi" title="Matadi">Matadi</a>, a distance of 285 km (177 mi) on one of the only paved sections in fair condition.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos%E2%80%93Mombasa_Highway" title="Lagos–Mombasa Highway">Lagos–Mombasa Highway</a>: the DR Congo is the main missing link in this east–west highway; it requires a new road to be constructed before it can function.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beira%E2%80%93Lobito_Highway" title="Beira–Lobito Highway">Beira–Lobito Highway</a>: this east–west highway crosses Katanga and requires re-construction over most of its length, being an earth track between the Angolan border and <a href="/wiki/Kolwezi" title="Kolwezi">Kolwezi</a>, a paved road in very poor condition between Kolwezi and <a href="/wiki/Lubumbashi" title="Lubumbashi">Lubumbashi</a>, and a paved road in fair condition over the short distance to the Zambian border.</li></ul> The DRC has thousands of kilometres of <a href="/wiki/Navigable" class="mw-redirect" title="Navigable">navigable</a> <a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">waterways</a>. Traditionally water transport has been the dominant means of moving around in approximately two-thirds of the country. As of February 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit">[update]</a>, DR Congo had one major national airline (<a href="/wiki/Congo_Airways" title="Congo Airways">Congo Airways</a>) that offered flights inside DR Congo. Congo Airways was based at <a href="/wiki/N%27djili_Airport" title="N'djili Airport">Kinshasa's international airport</a>. All air carriers certified by the DRC have been banned from European Union airports by the European Commission, because of inadequate safety standards.<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a> Several international airlines service Kinshasa's international airport and a few also offer international flights to <a href="/wiki/Lubumbashi_International_Airport" title="Lubumbashi International Airport">Lubumbashi International Airport</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Energy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Renewable energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> Both coal and crude oil resources were mainly used domestically up to 2008. The DRC has the infrastructure for hydro-electricity from the Congo River at the <a href="/wiki/Inga_dams" title="Inga dams">Inga dams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> The country also possesses 50% of Africa's forests and a river system that could provide hydro-electric power to the entire continent, according to a UN report on the country's strategic significance and its potential role as an economic power in central Africa.<a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a> The generation and distribution of electricity are controlled by <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Nationale_d%27%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9" title="Société Nationale d'Électricité">Société nationale d'électricité</a>, but only 15% of the country has access to electricity.<a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a> The DRC is a member of three electrical power pools. These are Southern African Power Pool, East African Power Pool, and Central African Power Pool. Because of abundant sunlight, the potential for solar development is very high in the DRC. There are already about 836 solar power systems in the DRC, with a total power of 83 MW, located in <a href="/wiki/Province_of_%C3%89quateur" title="Province of Équateur">Équateur</a> (167), Katanga (159), Nord-Kivu (170), the two Kasaï provinces (170), and Bas-Congo (170). Also, the 148 Caritas network system has a total power of 6.31 MW.<a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Demographics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Demographics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Child marriage in Democratic Republic of the Congo">Child marriage in Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Population">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_population.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_population.svg/220px-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_population.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_population.svg/330px-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_population.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_population.svg/440px-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_population.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Democratic Republic of the Congo's population between 1960 and 2017.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a> estimated the population to be over 115 million as of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a> Between 1950 and 2000, the country's population nearly quadrupled from 12.2 million to 46.9 million.<a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a> Since 2000, it has maintained a high growth rate of about 3–3.5% per year, growing from 47 million to an estimated 111 million. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups">edit</a>]</div> Over 250 ethnic groups and 450 tribes (ethnic subgroups) populate the DRC. They are in the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudanic_languages" title="Sudanic languages">Sudanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_languages" title="Nilotic languages">Nilotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adamawa%E2%80%93Ubangi_languages" title="Adamawa–Ubangi languages">Ubangian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Pygmy_languages" title="Classification of Pygmy languages">Pygmy</a> linguistic groups. Because of this diversity, there is no dominant ethnic group in the Congo, however the following ethnic groups account for 51.5% of the population:<a href="#cite_note-:0-14">[12]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DRC_Ethnic_Groups.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DRC_Ethnic_Groups.png/245px-DRC_Ethnic_Groups.png" decoding="async" width="245" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DRC_Ethnic_Groups.png/368px-DRC_Ethnic_Groups.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DRC_Ethnic_Groups.png/490px-DRC_Ethnic_Groups.png 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Breakdown of the largest ethnic groups in DRC</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luba-Kasai_language" title="Luba-Kasai language">Luba-Kasaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongo_people" title="Mongo people">Mongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luba-Katanga_language" title="Luba-Katanga language">Lubakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulua_people" title="Lulua people">Lulua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetela_people" title="Tetela people">Tetela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nande_language" title="Nande language">Nande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbandi_people" title="Ngbandi people">Ngbandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngombe_language" title="Ngombe language">Ngombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaka_people" title="Yaka people">Yaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbaka_languages" title="Ngbaka languages">Ngbaka</a></li></ul> In 2021, the UN estimated the country's population to be 96 million,<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-232">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-233">[229]</a> a rapid increase from 39.1 million in 1992 despite the ongoing war.<a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a> As many as 250 ethnic groups have been identified and named. About 600,000 <a href="/wiki/Congo_Pygmies" class="mw-redirect" title="Congo Pygmies">Pygmies</a> live in the DRC.<a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Largest cities">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in the Democratic Republic of the Congo <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Province</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:La_ville_de_Kinshasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kinshasa"><img alt="Kinshasa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/La_ville_de_Kinshasa.jpg/120px-La_ville_de_Kinshasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/La_ville_de_Kinshasa.jpg/180px-La_ville_de_Kinshasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/La_ville_de_Kinshasa.jpg/240px-La_ville_de_Kinshasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="436" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Mbuji-Mayi_Airport,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo,_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mbuji-Mayi"><img alt="Mbuji-Mayi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Mbuji-Mayi_Airport%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%2C_2008.jpg/120px-Mbuji-Mayi_Airport%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%2C_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Mbuji-Mayi_Airport%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%2C_2008.jpg/180px-Mbuji-Mayi_Airport%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%2C_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Mbuji-Mayi_Airport%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%2C_2008.jpg/240px-Mbuji-Mayi_Airport%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%2C_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="1728" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mbuji-Mayi" title="Mbuji-Mayi">Mbuji-Mayi</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,628,000 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Lubumbashi,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_-_20061130.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lubumbashi"><img alt="Lubumbashi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Downtown_Lubumbashi%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_-_20061130.jpg/120px-Downtown_Lubumbashi%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_-_20061130.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Downtown_Lubumbashi%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_-_20061130.jpg/180px-Downtown_Lubumbashi%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_-_20061130.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Downtown_Lubumbashi%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_-_20061130.jpg/240px-Downtown_Lubumbashi%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_-_20061130.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lubumbashi" title="Lubumbashi">Lubumbashi</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Kananga_Vue_a%C3%A9rienne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kisangani"><img alt="Kisangani" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kananga_Vue_a%C3%A9rienne.jpg/120px-Kananga_Vue_a%C3%A9rienne.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kananga_Vue_a%C3%A9rienne.jpg/180px-Kananga_Vue_a%C3%A9rienne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kananga_Vue_a%C3%A9rienne.jpg/240px-Kananga_Vue_a%C3%A9rienne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="705" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kisangani" title="Kisangani">Kisangani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mbuji-Mayi" title="Mbuji-Mayi">Mbuji-Mayi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kasai-Oriental" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasai-Oriental">Kasai-Oriental</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,765,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lubumbashi" title="Lubumbashi">Lubumbashi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Haut-Katanga_Province" title="Haut-Katanga Province">Haut-Katanga</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,695,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kisangani" title="Kisangani">Kisangani</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tshopo" title="Tshopo">Tshopo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,640,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kananga" title="Kananga">Kananga</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kasa%C3%AF-Central" title="Kasaï-Central">Kasaï-Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,593,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mbandaka" title="Mbandaka">Mbandaka</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_%C3%89quateur" title="Province of Équateur">Équateur</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,188,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bukavu" title="Bukavu">Bukavu</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Kivu" title="South Kivu">South Kivu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,190,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tshikapa" title="Tshikapa">Tshikapa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kasa%C3%AF_Province" title="Kasaï Province">Kasaï</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,024,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bunia" title="Bunia">Bunia</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ituri_Province" title="Ituri Province">Ituri</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">768,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">707,000 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration">Migration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Migration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_(7134901927).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_%287134901927%29.jpg/220px-Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_%287134901927%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_%287134901927%29.jpg/330px-Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_%287134901927%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_%287134901927%29.jpg/440px-Opening_ceremony_of_new_PNC_headquarters_in_Goma_%287134901927%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Population fleeing their villages due to fighting between FARDC and rebels groups, Sake North Kivu 30 April 2012</figcaption></figure> Given the often unstable situation in the country and the condition of state structures, it is extremely difficult to obtain reliable migration data. However, evidence suggests that DRC continues to be a destination country for immigrants, in spite of recent declines in their numbers. Immigration is very diverse in nature; refugees and asylum-seekers – products of the numerous and violent conflicts in the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes Region</a> – constitute an important subset of the population. Additionally, the country's large mine operations attract migrant workers from Africa and beyond. There is also considerable migration for commercial activities from other African countries and the rest of the world, but these movements are not well studied.<a href="#cite_note-IOMProfile-238">[234]</a> Transit migration towards South Africa and Europe also plays a role. Immigration to the DRC has decreased steadily over the past two decades, most likely as a result of the armed violence that the country has experienced. According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a>, the number of immigrants in the DRC has fallen from just over one million in 1960, to 754,000 in 1990, to 480,000 in 2005, to an estimated 445,000 in 2010. Official figures are unavailable, partly due to the predominance of the <a href="/wiki/Informal_economy" title="Informal economy">informal economy</a> in the DRC. Data are also lacking on irregular immigrants, however given neighbouring countries' ethnic links to DRC nationals, irregular migration is assumed to be a significant phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-IOMProfile-238">[234]</a> Figures for Congolese nationals abroad vary greatly depending on the source; sources believe three are between three to six million Congolese living abroad. This discrepancy is due to a lack of official, reliable data. Emigrants from the DRC are above all long-term emigrants, the majority of whom live in Africa and to a lesser extent in Europe; 79.7% and 15.3% respectively, according to estimated 2000 data. New destination countries include South Africa and various points en route to Europe. The DRC has produced a considerable number of <a href="/wiki/Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees">refugees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asylum-seekers" class="mw-redirect" title="Asylum-seekers">asylum-seekers</a> located in the region and beyond. These numbers peaked in 2004 when, according to <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a>, there were more than 460,000 refugees from the DRC; in 2008, Congolese refugees numbered 367,995 in total, 68% of whom were living in other African countries.<a href="#cite_note-IOMProfile-238">[234]</a> Since 2003, more than 400,000 Congolese migrants have been expelled from <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_-_DR_Congo,_major_languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Map_-_DR_Congo%2C_major_languages.svg/220px-Map_-_DR_Congo%2C_major_languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Map_-_DR_Congo%2C_major_languages.svg/330px-Map_-_DR_Congo%2C_major_languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Map_-_DR_Congo%2C_major_languages.svg/440px-Map_-_DR_Congo%2C_major_languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>The four Bantu languages with elevated "national" status.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is culturally accepted as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>, facilitating communication among the many different ethnic groups of the Congo. According to a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">OIF</a> report, 49 million Congolese people (51% of the population) could read and write in French.<a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a> A 2021 survey found that 74% of the population could speak French, making it the most widely spoken language in the country.<a href="#cite_note-lingala-241">[237]</a> In Kinshasa, 67% of the population in 2014 could read and write French, and 68.5% could speak and understand it.<a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a> In 2024, there were around 12 million native French speakers in the country.<a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a> Approximately 242 languages are spoken in the country, of which four have the status of national languages: <a href="/wiki/Kituba_language" title="Kituba language">Kituba</a> (Kikongo), <a href="/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala">Lingala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luba-Kasai_language" title="Luba-Kasai language">Tshiluba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> (<a href="/wiki/Congo_Swahili" title="Congo Swahili">Congo Swahili</a>). Although some limited number of people speak these as first languages, most of the population speak them as a second language, after the native language of their own ethnic group. Lingala was the official language of the Force Publique under Belgian colonial rule and remains to this day the predominant language of the armed forces. Since the recent rebellions, a good part of the army in the east also uses Swahili, where it competes to be the regional lingua franca. Under Belgian rule, the Belgians instituted teaching and use of the four national languages in primary schools, making it one of the few African nations to have had literacy in local languages during the European colonial period. This trend was reversed after independence, when French became the sole language of education at all levels.<a href="#cite_note-lang_educ-244">[240]</a> Since 1975, the four national languages have been reintroduced in the first two years of primary education, with French becoming the sole language of education from the third year onward, but in practice many primary schools in urban areas solely use French from the first year of school onward.<a href="#cite_note-lang_educ-244">[240]</a> Portuguese is taught in the Congolese schools as a foreign language. The lexical similarity and phonology with French makes Portuguese a relatively easy language for the people to learn. Most of the roughly 175,000 Portuguese speakers in the DRC are Angolan and Mozambican expatriates. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lubumbashi_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lubumbashi_Cathedral.jpg/220px-Lubumbashi_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lubumbashi_Cathedral.jpg/330px-Lubumbashi_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lubumbashi_Cathedral.jpg/440px-Lubumbashi_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sts._Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Lubumbashi" title="Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral, Lubumbashi">The Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lubumbashi" title="Lubumbashi">Lubumbashi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedrale_notre_dame_de_la_victoire_bukavu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cathedrale_notre_dame_de_la_victoire_bukavu.png/220px-Cathedrale_notre_dame_de_la_victoire_bukavu.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cathedrale_notre_dame_de_la_victoire_bukavu.png/330px-Cathedrale_notre_dame_de_la_victoire_bukavu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cathedrale_notre_dame_de_la_victoire_bukavu.png/440px-Cathedrale_notre_dame_de_la_victoire_bukavu.png 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2178" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Peace_Cathedral,_Bukavu" title="Our Lady of Peace Cathedral, Bukavu">Our Lady of Peace Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bukavu" title="Bukavu">Bukavu</a></figcaption></figure> Christianity is the predominant religion of the DRC. A 2013–14 survey, conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Demographic_and_Health_Surveys" title="Demographic and Health Surveys">Demographic and Health Surveys</a> Program in 2013–2014 indicated that Christians constituted 93.7% of the population (with Catholics making up 29.7%, Protestants 26.8%, and other Christians 37.2%). A new Christian religious movement, <a href="/wiki/Kimbanguism" title="Kimbanguism">Kimbanguism</a>, had the adherence of 2.8%, while Muslims made up 1%.<a href="#cite_note-DHS_2013-14-245">[241]</a> Other recent estimates have found Christianity the majority religion, followed by 95.8% of the population according to a 2010 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a><a href="#cite_note-religion-246">[242]</a> estimate, while the <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a> reports this figure to be 95.9%.<a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a> The proportion of followers of Islam is variously estimated from 1%<a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a> to 12%.<a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a> There are about 35 million Catholics in the country<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-3">[2]</a> with six <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese">archdioceses</a> and 41 <a href="/wiki/Dioceses" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioceses">dioceses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a> The impact of the Catholic Church is difficult to overestimate. Schatzberg has called it the country's "only truly national institution apart from the state."<a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a> Its schools have educated over 60% of the nation's primary school students and more than 40% of its secondary students. The church owns and manages an extensive network of hospitals, schools, and clinics, as well as many diocesan economic enterprises, including farms, ranches, stores, and artisans' shops.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Sixty-two Protestant denominations are federated under the umbrella of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_in_the_Congo" title="Church of Christ in the Congo">Church of Christ in the Congo</a>. It is often referred to as the Protestant Church, since it covers most of the DRC Protestants. With more than 25 million members, it constitutes <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_Protestant_denominations" title="List of the largest Protestant denominations">one of the largest Protestant bodies</a> in the world. Kimbanguism was seen as a threat to the colonial regime and was banned by the Belgians. Kimbanguism, officially "the church of Christ on Earth by the prophet Simon Kimbangu", has about three million members,<a href="#cite_note-Adherents-252">[248]</a> primarily among the Bakongo of <a href="/wiki/Kongo_Central" title="Kongo Central">Kongo Central</a> and Kinshasa. Islam has been present in the Democratic Republic of the Congo since the 18th century, when Arab traders from <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> pushed into the interior for ivory- and slave-trading purposes. Today, Muslims constitute approximately 1% of the Congolese population according to the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. The majority are <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> Muslims.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paroisse_St_Esprit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Paroisse_St_Esprit.jpg/220px-Paroisse_St_Esprit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Paroisse_St_Esprit.jpg/330px-Paroisse_St_Esprit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Paroisse_St_Esprit.jpg/440px-Paroisse_St_Esprit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Catholic Church in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Roman Catholic Church</a> in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</figcaption></figure> The first members of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> to live in the country came from Uganda in 1953. Four years later,the first local administrative council was elected. In 1970, the National Spiritual Assembly (national administrative council) was first elected. Though the religion was banned in the 1970s and 1980s, due to misrepresentations of foreign governments, the ban was lifted by the end of the 1980s. In 2012, plans were announced to build a national <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_House_of_Worship" title="Baháʼí House of Worship">Baháʼí House of Worship</a> in the country.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Traditional religions embody such concepts as <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">vitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spirit_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit worship">spirit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">ancestor worship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>, and sorcery and vary widely among ethnic groups. The syncretic sects often merge elements of Christianity with traditional beliefs and rituals and are not recognized by mainstream churches as part of Christianity. New variants of ancient beliefs have become widespread, led by US-inspired Pentecostal churches which have been in the forefront of witchcraft accusations, particularly against children and the elderly.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a> Children accused of witchcraft are sent away from homes and family, often to live on the street, which can lead to physical violence against these children.<a href="#cite_note-254">[250]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a> There are charities supporting street children such as the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Children_Trust" title="Congo Children Trust">Congo Children Trust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[252]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Congo_Children_Trust" title="Congo Children Trust">Congo Children Trust</a>'s flagship project is Kimbilio,<a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a> which works to reunite street children in <a href="/wiki/Lubumbashi" title="Lubumbashi">Lubumbashi</a>. The usual term for these children is enfants sorciers (child witches) or enfants dits sorciers (children accused of witchcraft). Non-denominational church organizations have been formed to capitalize on this belief by charging exorbitant fees for <a href="/wiki/Exorcisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Exorcisms">exorcisms</a>. Though recently outlawed, children have been subjected in these exorcisms to often-violent abuse at the hands of self-proclaimed prophets and priests.<a href="#cite_note-258">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DRC_classroom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/DRC_classroom.jpg/220px-DRC_classroom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/DRC_classroom.jpg/330px-DRC_classroom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/DRC_classroom.jpg/440px-DRC_classroom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1197" /></a><figcaption>A classroom in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.</figcaption></figure> In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> rate for the population between the ages of 15 and 49 was estimated to be 75.9% (88.1% male and 63.8% female) according to a <a href="/wiki/Demographic_and_Health_Surveys" title="Demographic and Health Surveys">DHS</a> nationwide survey.<a href="#cite_note-259">[255]</a> The education system is governed by three government ministries: the Ministère de l'Enseignement Primaire, Secondaire et Professionnel (MEPSP), the Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et Universitaire (MESU) and the Ministère des Affaires Sociales (MAS). Primary education is neither free nor compulsory,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] even though the Congolese constitution says it should be (Article 43 of the 2005 Congolese Constitution).<a href="#cite_note-260">[256]</a> As a result of the <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo Wars</a> in the late 1990s—early 2000s, over 5.2 million children in the country did not receive any education.<a href="#cite_note-ilab-261">[257]</a> Since the end of the civil war, the situation has improved tremendously, with the number of children enrolled in primary schools rising from 5.5 million in 2002 to 16.8 million in 2018, and the number of children enrolled in secondary schools rising from 2.8 million in 2007 to 4.6 million in 2015 according to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a> Actual school attendance has also improved greatly in recent years, with primary school net attendance estimated to be 82.4% in 2014 (82.4% of children ages 6–11 attended school; 83.4% for boys, 80.6% for girls).<a href="#cite_note-263">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Health in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Health in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="HIV/AIDS in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">HIV/AIDS in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_DR_Congo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Life_expectancy_in_DR_Congo.svg/220px-Life_expectancy_in_DR_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Life_expectancy_in_DR_Congo.svg/330px-Life_expectancy_in_DR_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Life_expectancy_in_DR_Congo.svg/440px-Life_expectancy_in_DR_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Development of life expectancy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of hospitals in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">hospitals in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (DRC) include the <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa_General_Hospital" title="Kinshasa General Hospital">General Hospital of Kinshasa</a>. The DRC has the world's second-highest rate of <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> (after Chad). In April 2011, through aid from <a href="/wiki/GAVI" title="GAVI">Global Alliance for Vaccines</a>, a new vaccine to prevent <a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae" title="Streptococcus pneumoniae">pneumococcal disease</a> was introduced around Kinshasa.<a href="#cite_note-264">[260]</a> In 2012, it was estimated that about 1.1% of adults aged 15–49 were living with <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-265">[261]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[263]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> are problems.<a href="#cite_note-268">[264]</a> In May 2019, the death toll from the <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Kivu_Ebola_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="2018–19 Kivu Ebola epidemic">Ebola outbreak</a> in DRC surpassed 1,000.<a href="#cite_note-269">[265]</a> The incidence of yellow fever-related fatalities in DRC is relatively low. According to the World Health Organization's (WHO) report in 2021, only two individuals died due to yellow fever in DRC.<a href="#cite_note-270">[266]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a>, in 2016, 26,529 people died on the roads in DRC due to traffic accidents.<a href="#cite_note-271">[267]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">Maternal health</a> is poor in DRC. According to 2010 estimates, DRC has the 17th highest <a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">maternal mortality</a> rate in the world.<a href="#cite_note-272">[268]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>, 43.5% of children under five are <a href="/wiki/Stunted_growth" title="Stunted growth">stunted</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[269]</a> United Nations emergency food relief agency warned that amid the escalating conflict and worsening situation following <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronavirus disease 2019">COVID-19</a> in the DRC, millions of lives were at risk as they could die of hunger. According to the data of the <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a>, in 2020 four in ten people in Congo lacked food security and about 15.6 million were facing a potential hunger crisis.<a href="#cite_note-274">[270]</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a> levels in the Democratic Republic of the Congo are very unhealthy. In 2020, annual average air pollution in the DRC stood at 34.2 μg/m3, which is almost 6.8 times the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> PM2.5 guideline (5 μg/m3: set in September 2021).<a href="#cite_note-uchicago1-275">[271]</a> These pollution levels are estimated to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> of an average citizen of the DRC by almost 2.9 years.<a href="#cite_note-uchicago1-275">[271]</a> Currently, the DRC does not have a national ambient air quality standard.<a href="#cite_note-276">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemba_male_figure1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hemba_male_figure1.jpg/170px-Hemba_male_figure1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hemba_male_figure1.jpg/255px-Hemba_male_figure1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hemba_male_figure1.jpg/340px-Hemba_male_figure1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Hemba" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemba">Hemba</a> male statue</figcaption></figure> The culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo reflects the diversity of its numerous ethnic groups and their differing ways of life throughout the country—from the mouth of the River Congo on the coast, upriver through the rainforest and savanna in its centre, to the more densely populated mountains in the far east. Since the late 19th century, traditional ways of life have undergone changes brought about by colonialism, the struggle for independence, the stagnation of the Mobutu era, and most recently, the First and Second Congo Wars. Despite these pressures, the customs and cultures of the Congo have retained much of their individuality. The country's 81 million inhabitants (2016) are mainly rural. The 30% who live in urban areas have been the most open to <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western</a> influences. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_writers" title="List of Democratic Republic of the Congo writers">Congolese authors</a> use literature as a way to develop a sense of <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national consciousness</a> amongst the people of the DRC. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Kambemba_Yamusangie" title="Frederick Kambemba Yamusangie">Frederick Kambemba Yamusangie</a> writes literature for the between generations of those who grew up in the Congo, during the time when they were colonised, fighting for independence and after. Yamusangie in an interview<a href="#cite_note-277">[273]</a> said he felt the distance in literature and wanted to remedy that he wrote the novel, Full Circle, which is a story of a boy named Emanuel who in the beginning of the book feels a difference in culture among the different groups in the Congo and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-278">[274]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AFs_Neza_Boneza" title="Raïs Neza Boneza">Rais Neza Boneza</a>, an author from the Katanga province, wrote novels and poems to promote artistic expressions as a way to address and deal with conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-279">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Congolese_rumba" title="Congolese rumba">Congolese rumba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soukous" title="Soukous">Soukous</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ndombolo" title="Ndombolo">Ndombolo</a></div> Congo has a rich musical heritage, rooted in traditional rhythms.<a href="#cite_note-280">[276]</a> The earliest known form of popular <a href="/wiki/Partner_dance" title="Partner dance">partnered dance</a> music in Congo was Maringa, denoting a <a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongolese</a> dance practised within the former <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Loango" title="Kingdom of Loango">Kingdom of Loango</a>, encompassing parts of the present-day Republic of the Congo, southern Gabon and <a href="/wiki/Cabinda_Province" title="Cabinda Province">Cabinda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[277]</a> The style gained popularity in the 1920s–1930s, introducing the "bar-dancing" culture in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Léopoldville</a> (now Kinshasa), incorporating unique elements like a <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a>, a bottle as a <a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">triangle</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">accordion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-282">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-283">[279]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Luambo_Luanzo_Makiadi_se_produisant_au_Za%C3%AFre_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Fran%C3%A7ois_Luambo_Luanzo_Makiadi_se_produisant_au_Za%C3%AFre_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Luambo_Luanzo_Makiadi_se_produisant_au_Za%C3%AFre_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Fran%C3%A7ois_Luambo_Luanzo_Makiadi_se_produisant_au_Za%C3%AFre_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Luambo_Luanzo_Makiadi_se_produisant_au_Za%C3%AFre_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Fran%C3%A7ois_Luambo_Luanzo_Makiadi_se_produisant_au_Za%C3%AFre_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Luambo_Luanzo_Makiadi_se_produisant_au_Za%C3%AFre_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4551" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franco_Luambo" title="Franco Luambo">Franco Luambo</a> and his <a href="/wiki/TPOK_Jazz" title="TPOK Jazz">OK Jazz</a> orchestra performing live at <a href="/wiki/Zaire_74" title="Zaire 74">Zaire 74</a></figcaption></figure> In the 1940s and 1950s, the influence of <a href="/wiki/Son_cubano" title="Son cubano">Cuban son</a> bands transformed Maringa into "<a href="/wiki/Congolese_rumba" title="Congolese rumba">Congolese rumba</a>". Imported records by Sexteto Habanero and Trio Matamoros, often mislabeled as "rumba", played a significant role.<a href="#cite_note-:22-284">[280]</a> Artists such as Antoine Kasongo, Paul Kamba, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bowane" title="Henri Bowane">Henri Bowane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wendo_Kolosoy" title="Wendo Kolosoy">Antoine Wendo Kolosoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franco_Luambo" title="Franco Luambo">Franco Luambo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Grand_Kall%C3%A9" title="Le Grand Kallé">Le Grand Kallé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicky_Longomba" title="Vicky Longomba">Vicky Longomba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nico_Kasanda" title="Nico Kasanda">Nico Kasanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabu_Ley_Rochereau" title="Tabu Ley Rochereau">Tabu Ley Rochereau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Papa_No%C3%ABl_Nedule" title="Papa Noël Nedule">Papa Noël Nedule</a> authentically popularized the style and made significant contributions to it in the 1940s and 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-:22-284">[280]</a> The 1960s and 1970s saw the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Soukous" title="Soukous">soukous</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary_music" title="Urban contemporary music">urban</a> <a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">dance music</a> style that evolved from Congolese rumba. Soukous led to diverse offshoots, such as ekonda saccadé, reflecting the <a href="/wiki/Mongo_people" title="Mongo people">Mongo</a> rhythmic influence, and mokonyonyon, emulating <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_thrust" title="Pelvic thrust">pelvic thrust</a> dance movements from the <a href="/wiki/Tetela_people" title="Tetela people">Otetela</a> ethnic background.<a href="#cite_note-:22-284">[280]</a> The same soukous, under the guidance of "<a href="/wiki/La_Sape" title="La Sape">le sapeur</a>", <a href="/wiki/Papa_Wemba" title="Papa Wemba">Papa Wemba</a>, have set the tone for a generation of young men always dressed up in exorbitant designer clothes. They came to be known as the fourth generation of Congolese music and mostly come from the former prominent band <a href="/wiki/Wenge_Musica" title="Wenge Musica">Wenge Musica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[285]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abeti_Masikini,_1978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Abeti_Masikini%2C_1978.jpg/203px-Abeti_Masikini%2C_1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Abeti_Masikini%2C_1978.jpg/305px-Abeti_Masikini%2C_1978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Abeti_Masikini%2C_1978.jpg/406px-Abeti_Masikini%2C_1978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abeti_Masikini" title="Abeti Masikini">Abeti Masikini</a> in 1978</figcaption></figure> Political and economic challenges under Mobutu prompted a mass exodus of musicians to Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, expanding the spread of Congolese urban music.<a href="#cite_note-:22-284">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[287]</a> Notably, the quartet Ry-Co Jazz played a crucial role in globalizing Congolese music, touring <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, and France.<a href="#cite_note-:22-284">[280]</a> By the 1980s, numerous Congolese musicians were based in Europe, facilitating the global dissemination of their musical prowess. Congolese lead guitarists became a sought-after commodity, attracting bands worldwide eager to infuse a Congolese flavor into their compositions or learn the intricate art of Congolese guitar dexterity.<a href="#cite_note-:22-284">[280]</a> In the late 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Ndombolo" title="Ndombolo">Ndombolo</a> emerged as a fast-paced, hip-swaying dance music, drawing inspiration from Congolese rumba and soukous.<a href="#cite_note-:92-292">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-293">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-:110-294">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[293]</a> This genre gained widespread popularity in Africa, Europe, and the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, with musicians like Papa Wemba, <a href="/wiki/Koffi_Olomide" title="Koffi Olomide">Koffi Olomide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werrason" title="Werrason">Werrason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awilo_Longomba" title="Awilo Longomba">Awilo Longomba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quartier_Latin_International" title="Quartier Latin International">Quartier Latin International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defao" title="Defao">Général Defao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aurlus_Mab%C3%A9l%C3%A9" title="Aurlus Mabélé">Aurlus Mabélé</a>, Exra Musica, <a href="/wiki/Wenge_Musica" title="Wenge Musica">Wenge Musica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenge_Musica_Maison_M%C3%A8re" title="Wenge Musica Maison Mère">Wenge Musica Maison Mére</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fally_Ipupa" title="Fally Ipupa">Fally Ipupa</a> making significant contributions to its evolution and international stage.<a href="#cite_note-:42-298">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mass media in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mass media in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> Newspapers of the DRC include <a href="/wiki/L%27Avenir_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Avenir (Democratic Republic of the Congo newspaper)">L'Avenir</a>, Radion Télévision Mwangaza, <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Conscience&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Conscience (page does not exist)">La Conscience</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Conscience" class="extiw" title="fr:La Conscience">fr</a>], <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Observateur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Observateur (page does not exist)">L'Observateur</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Observateur_(RDC)" class="extiw" title="fr:L'Observateur (RDC)">fr</a>], Le Phare, <a href="/wiki/Le_Potentiel" title="Le Potentiel">Le Potentiel</a>, Le Soft and LeCongolais.CD,<a href="#cite_note-301">[297]</a> a web-based daily.<a href="#cite_note-302">[298]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio-T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_nationale_congolaise" title="Radio-Télévision nationale congolaise">Radio Télévision Nationale Congolaise</a> (RTNC) is the national broadcaster of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. RTNC currently broadcasts in <a href="/wiki/Lingala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingala language">Lingala</a> and French. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Congolese cuisine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Football_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Football in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Football in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Rugby union in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Rugby union in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> Many sports are played in the DRC, including <a href="/wiki/Football_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Football in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">football</a>, basketball, baseball, and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Rugby union in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">rugby</a>. The sports are played in numerous stadiums throughout the country, including the <a href="/wiki/Stade_Frederic_Kibassa_Maliba" title="Stade Frederic Kibassa Maliba">Stade Frederic Kibassa Maliba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-303">[299]</a> As Zaire, they participated in the <a href="/wiki/1974_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1974 FIFA World Cup">1974 FIFA World Cup</a>. Internationally, the country is especially famous for its professional basketball <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> and football players. <a href="/wiki/Dikembe_Mutombo" title="Dikembe Mutombo">Dikembe Mutombo</a> is one of the best African basketball players to ever play the game. Mutombo is well known for humanitarian projects in his home country. <a href="/wiki/Bismack_Biyombo" title="Bismack Biyombo">Bismack Biyombo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Eyenga" title="Christian Eyenga">Christian Eyenga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Kuminga" title="Jonathan Kuminga">Jonathan Kuminga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mudiay" title="Emmanuel Mudiay">Emmanuel Mudiay</a> are others who gained significant international attention in basketball. Several Congolese players and players of Congolese descent—including strikers <a href="/wiki/Romelu_Lukaku" title="Romelu Lukaku">Romelu Lukaku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yannick_Bolasie" title="Yannick Bolasie">Yannick Bolasie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dieumerci_Mbokani" title="Dieumerci Mbokani">Dieumerci Mbokani</a>—have gained prominence in world football. DR Congo has twice won the <a href="/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="Africa Cup of Nations">African Cup of Nations</a> football tournament. DR Congo's women's national volleyball team lastly qualified for the <a href="/wiki/2021_Women%27s_African_Nations_Volleyball_Championship" title="2021 Women's African Nations Volleyball Championship">2021 Women's African Nations Volleyball Championship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-304">[300]</a> The country featured a national team in <a href="/wiki/Beach_volleyball" title="Beach volleyball">beach volleyball</a> that competed at the <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932020_CAVB_Beach_Volleyball_Continental_Cup" title="2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup">2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup</a> in both the women's and the men's section.<a href="#cite_note-305">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Portal:Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Outline of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Outline of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Democratic Republic of the Congo-related articles">Index of Democratic Republic of the Congo-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93South_Sudan_border" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–South Sudan border">Democratic Republic of the Congo–South Sudan border</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> The term "Kikongo" in the Constitution is actually referring to the Kituba language – which is known as Kikongo ya leta by its speakers – not the <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Kongo language</a> proper. The confusion arises from the fact that the government of the DRC officially recognizes and refers to the language as "Kikongo". </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: République démocratique du Congo </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> In terms of annual carats produced </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> The figures are obtained by dividing the population figures in the Wikipedia country articles by the paved roads figure in the 'Transport in [country]' articles. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-United_States_Department_of_State_2022-2"><a href="#cite_ref-United_States_Department_of_State_2022_2-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/">"Democratic Republic of the Congo"</a>. 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The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210222023329/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fcongo-democratic-republic-of-the%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/democratic-republic-of-the-congo-population/">"DR Congo Population (2025) - Worldometer"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DR+Congo+Population+%282025%29+-+Worldometer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldometers.info%2Fworld-population%2Fdemocratic-republic-of-the-congo-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.CD-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.CD_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.CD_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.CD_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.CD_5-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=636,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2025&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition"</a>. 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LIT Verlag Münster. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-13473-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-13473-8"><bdi>978-3-643-13473-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo.+La+R%C3%A9publique+D%C3%A9mocratique+du+Congo&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-643-13473-8&rft.aulast=Bobineau&rft.aufirst=Julien&rft.au=Gieg%2C+Philipp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFmadDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKisangani2016" class="citation book cs1">Kisangani, Emizet Francois (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sj9mDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA158">Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-7316-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-7316-0"><bdi>978-1-4422-7316-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-7316-0&rft.aulast=Kisangani&rft.aufirst=Emizet+Francois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsj9mDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2000" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, David (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79">Africa's Urban Past</a>. James Currey Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-761-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-761-7"><bdi>978-0-85255-761-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191201133106/https://books.google.com/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa%27s+Urban+Past&rft.pub=James+Currey+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-85255-761-7&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0IwMwBVfr0sC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Nelson, Samuel Henry. Colonialism In The Congo Basin, 1880–1940. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1994 </li> <li id="cite_note-kisanganibobb-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kisanganibobb_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kisanganibobb_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kisanganibobb_28-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmizet_Francois_KisanganiScott_F._Bobb2010" class="citation book cs1">Emizet Francois Kisangani; Scott F. Bobb (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FvAWPTaRvFYC&pg=PR51">Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>. Scarecrow Press. p. i. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6325-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6325-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-6325-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311161025/https://books.google.com/books?id=FvAWPTaRvFYC&pg=PR51">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo&rft.pages=i&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6325-5&rft.au=Emizet+Francois+Kisangani&rft.au=Scott+F.+Bobb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFvAWPTaRvFYC%26pg%3DPR51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Forbath, Peter. The River Congo (1977), p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Ghislain C. Kabwit, Zaïre: the Roots of the Continuing Crisis, Cambridge University Press, 1979 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Jean-Jacques Arthur Malu-Malu, Le Congo Kinshasa, KARTHALA Editions, 2014, p. 171 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> James Barbot, An Abstract of a Voyage to Congo River, Or the Zair and to Cabinde in the Year 1700 (1746). James Hingston Tuckey, Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire, Usually Called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816 (1818). "Congo River, called Zahir or Zaire by the natives" John Purdy, Memoir, Descriptive and Explanatory, to Accompany the New Chart of the Ethiopic or Southern Atlantic Ocean, 1822, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNzongola-Ntalaja,_Georges2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Nzongola-Ntalaja" title="Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja">Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cvjNXc0tsyEC&pg=PA5">From Zaire to the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>. Nordic Africa Institute. pp. 5–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7106-538-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7106-538-4"><bdi>978-91-7106-538-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505033037/https://books.google.com/books?id=cvjNXc0tsyEC&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Zaire+to+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo&rft.pages=5-&rft.pub=Nordic+Africa+Institute&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-91-7106-538-4&rft.au=Nzongola-Ntalaja%2C+Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcvjNXc0tsyEC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYusuf,_A.A.1998" class="citation book cs1">Yusuf, A.A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iVd1jaPmtl0C&pg=PA49">African Yearbook of International Law, 1997</a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1055-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1055-8"><bdi>978-90-411-1055-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160510111059/https://books.google.com/books?id=iVd1jaPmtl0C&pg=PA49">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Yearbook+of+International+Law%2C+1997&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-411-1055-8&rft.au=Yusuf%2C+A.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiVd1jaPmtl0C%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-little_congo-35"><a href="#cite_ref-little_congo_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGjelten2007" class="citation web cs1">Gjelten, Tom (28 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2007/04/28/9896339/a-visit-to-the-other-congo-the-forgotten-congo">"A Visit to the Other Congo, the Forgotten Congo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175033/https://www.npr.org/2007/04/28/9896339/a-visit-to-the-other-congo-the-forgotten-congo">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 8 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=A+Visit+to+the+Other+Congo%2C+the+Forgotten+Congo&rft.date=2007-04-28&rft.aulast=Gjelten&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2007%2F04%2F28%2F9896339%2Fa-visit-to-the-other-congo-the-forgotten-congo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DR-Congo-36"><a href="#cite_ref-DR-Congo_36-0">^</a> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/03/30/dr-congo-rampant-intercommunal-violence-west">"DR Congo: Rampant Intercommunal Violence in West"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230429041547/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/03/30/dr-congo-rampant-intercommunal-violence-west">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=DR+Congo%3A+Rampant+Intercommunal+Violence+in+West&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2023%2F03%2F30%2Fdr-congo-rampant-intercommunal-violence-west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13283212">"DR Congo country profile"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 14 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181010202252/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13283212">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=DR+Congo+country+profile&rft.date=2023-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-13283212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/dr-congo-childrens-access-education-under-threat-ongoing-violence-kasai-region">"DR Congo: Children's access to education under threat from ongoing violence in Kasai region"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>. 15 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230429041545/https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/dr-congo-childrens-access-education-under-threat-ongoing-violence-kasai-region">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNICEF&rft.atitle=DR+Congo%3A+Children%27s+access+to+education+under+threat+from+ongoing+violence+in+Kasai+region&rft.date=2017-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fpress-releases%2Fdr-congo-childrens-access-education-under-threat-ongoing-violence-kasai-region&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-DRCabb-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DRCabb_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DRCabb_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dlca.logcluster.org/51-democratic-republic-congo-acronyms-and-abbreviations">"5.1 Democratic Republic of Congo Acronyms and Abbreviations | Digital Logistics Capacity Assessments"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230508184028/https://dlca.logcluster.org/51-democratic-republic-congo-acronyms-and-abbreviations">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=5.1+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo+Acronyms+and+Abbreviations+%26%23124%3B+Digital+Logistics+Capacity+Assessments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdlca.logcluster.org%2F51-democratic-republic-congo-acronyms-and-abbreviations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DROC-38"><a href="#cite_ref-DROC_38-0">^</a> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigert2011" class="citation book cs1">Weigert, Stephen L. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wUpdAQAAQBAJ&q=droc">Angola: A Modern Military History, 1961–2002</a> (electronic ed.). <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. PT122, PT157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230337831" title="Special:BookSources/9780230337831"><bdi>9780230337831</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210315110703/https://books.google.com/books?id=wUpdAQAAQBAJ&q=droc">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angola%3A+A+Modern+Military+History%2C+1961%E2%80%932002&rft.pages=PT122%2C+PT157&rft.edition=electronic&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780230337831&rft.aulast=Weigert&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwUpdAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddroc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7uNZAAAAYAAJ&q=droc">Worldmark Yearbook 2000</a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Gale_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale Group">Gale Group</a>. 2000. pp. 79, 645. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780787649333" title="Special:BookSources/9780787649333"><bdi>9780787649333</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200811185537/https://books.google.com/books?id=7uNZAAAAYAAJ&q=droc">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worldmark+Yearbook+2000&rft.pages=79%2C+645&rft.pub=Gale+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780787649333&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7uNZAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Ddroc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThom1999" class="citation journal cs1">Thom, William G. (Fall 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/4358/5015">"Congo-Zaire's 1996-97 civil war in the context of evolving patterns of military conflict in Africa in the era of independence"</a>. Journal of Conflict Studies. XIX (2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126041112/https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/4358/5015">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Conflict+Studies&rft.atitle=Congo-Zaire%27s+1996-97+civil+war+in+the+context+of+evolving+patterns+of+military+conflict+in+Africa+in+the+era+of+independence&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=XIX&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Thom&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lib.unb.ca%2Findex.php%2Fjcs%2Farticle%2Fview%2F4358%2F5015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallingerStringerSchmeda-Lopez2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ballinger, Benjamin; Stringer, Martin; Schmeda-Lopez, Diego R. 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Retrieved 22 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kinshasa+%E2%80%93+national+capital%2C+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo&rft.btitle=britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F318863%2FKinshasa%2F9050%2FHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Stengers, Jean (2005), Congo: Mythes et réalités, Brussels: Editions Racine. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeredith2005" class="citation book cs1">Meredith, Martin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fateofafricafrom00mere">The Fate of Africa</a>. 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Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-296-13069-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-296-13069-2"><bdi>978-2-296-13069-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200812082851/https://books.google.com/books?id=ylvnPFp0wmgC">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borta%C3%AF%3A+journal+de+campagne%3A+Abyssinie+1941%2C+offensive+belgo-congolaise%2C+Faradje%2C+Asosa%2C+Gambela%2C+Saio&rft.pub=Harmattan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-296-13069-2&rft.au=Philippe+Brousmiche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DylvnPFp0wmgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WP-54"><a href="#cite_ref-WP_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCrummen2009" class="citation news cs1">McCrummen, Stephanie (4 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/03/AR2009080302959.html">"Nearly Forgotten Forces of WWII"</a>. The Washington Post. Washington Post Foreign Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014073325/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/03/AR2009080302959.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Nearly+Forgotten+Forces+of+WWII&rft.date=2009-08-04&rft.aulast=McCrummen&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F08%2F03%2FAR2009080302959.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Congo 1960, dossiers du CRISP, Belgium </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,826488-4,00.html">Jungle Shipwreck</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216231712/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,826488-4,00.html">Archived</a> 16 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Time, 25 July 1960. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heinonline.org/HOL/Welcome?message=Please%20log%20in&url=%2FHOL%2FPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.cow%2Fcowcs0092%26size%3D2%26collection%3Dcow%26id%3D1">"- HeinOnline.org"</a>. www.heinonline.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116131729/https://www.heinonline.org/HOL/Welcome?message=Please%20log%20in&url=%2FHOL%2FPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.cow%2Fcowcs0092%26size%3D2%26collection%3Dcow%26id%3D1">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.heinonline.org&rft.atitle=-+HeinOnline.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heinonline.org%2FHOL%2FWelcome%3Fmessage%3DPlease%2520log%2520in%26url%3D%252FHOL%252FPage%253Fhandle%253Dhein.cow%252Fcowcs0092%2526size%253D2%2526collection%253Dcow%2526id%253D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/united_nations_congo.htm">"The United Nations and the Congo"</a>. Historylearningsite.co.uk. 30 March 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601233005/http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/united_nations_congo.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2013. 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New York: Palgrave. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-053-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-053-5"><bdi>978-1-84277-053-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congo%2C+From+Leopold+to+Kabila%3A+A+People%27s+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=108&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-053-5&rft.aulast=Nzongola-Ntalaja&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcongofromleopold00geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.versobooks.com/products/1754-the-assassination-of-lumumba?srsltid=AfmBOorcKVjIXTZ4xQOcoheR8SjdfPichI8olgMRxm9c59b_YePHbByt">"The Assassination of Lumumba"</a>. Verso. Retrieved 1 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Verso&rft.atitle=The+Assassination+of+Lumumba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.versobooks.com%2Fproducts%2F1754-the-assassination-of-lumumba%3Fsrsltid%3DAfmBOorcKVjIXTZ4xQOcoheR8SjdfPichI8olgMRxm9c59b_YePHbByt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2011/1/21/patrice_lumumba_50_years_later_remembering">"Patrice Lumumba: 50 Years Later, Remembering the U.S.-Backed Assassination of Congo's First Democratically Elected Leader"</a>. Democracy Now!. 21 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150310085021/http://www.democracynow.org/2011/1/21/patrice_lumumba_50_years_later_remembering">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Democracy+Now%21&rft.atitle=Patrice+Lumumba%3A+50+Years+Later%2C+Remembering+the+U.S.-Backed+Assassination+of+Congo%27s+First+Democratically+Elected+Leader&rft.date=2011-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2011%2F1%2F21%2Fpatrice_lumumba_50_years_later_remembering&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/belgians-accused-of-war-crimes-in-killing-of-congo-leader-lumumba-2007587.html">"Belgians accused of war crimes in killing of Congo leader Lumumba"</a>. The Independent. 23 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171003225243/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/belgians-accused-of-war-crimes-in-killing-of-congo-leader-lumumba-2007587.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Belgians+accused+of+war+crimes+in+killing+of+Congo+leader+Lumumba&rft.date=2010-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fbelgians-accused-of-war-crimes-in-killing-of-congo-leader-lumumba-2007587.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott2014" class="citation book cs1">Abbott, Peter (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j6ajCwAAQBAJ">Modern African Wars (4): The Congo 1960–2002</a>. Oxford; New York City: Osprey Publishing. pp. 14–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-076-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-076-1"><bdi>978-1-78200-076-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111170046/https://books.google.com/books?id=j6ajCwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. 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Retrieved 22 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+April+2009+report+to+Congress+by+the+National+Defense+Stockpile+Center&rft.pub=Stripes.com&rft.au=Vandiver%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stripes.com%2Fnews%2Fgis-retrain-congo-troops-known-for-being-violent-1.101774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/">"Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat_(magazine)" title="The Diplomat (magazine)">The Diplomat</a>. 15 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190716160658/https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Which+Countries+Are+For+or+Against+China%27s+Xinjiang+Policies%3F&rft.date=2019-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2019%2F07%2Fwhich-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/drcs-tshisekedi-has-secured-his-power-base-now-its-time-to-deliver-170282">"DRC's Tshisekedi has secured his power base: now it's time to deliver"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a>. 27 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207205828/https://theconversation.com/drcs-tshisekedi-has-secured-his-power-base-now-its-time-to-deliver-170282">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=DRC%27s+Tshisekedi+has+secured+his+power+base%3A+now+it%27s+time+to+deliver&rft.date=2021-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fdrcs-tshisekedi-has-secured-his-power-base-now-its-time-to-deliver-170282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-28/congo-reviews-6-2-billion-china-mining-deal-as-criticism-grows">"Congo Reviews $6.2 Billion China Mining Deal as Criticism Grows"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Congo+Reviews+%246.2+Billion+China+Mining+Deal+as+Criticism+Grows&rft.date=2021-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2021-09-28%2Fcongo-reviews-6-2-billion-china-mining-deal-as-criticism-grows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-11-28/africa-s-biggest-data-leak-reveals-china-money-role-in-kabila-s-congo-looting">"China Cash Flowed Through Congo Bank to Former President's Cronies"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=China+Cash+Flowed+Through+Congo+Bank+to+Former+President%27s+Cronies&rft.date=2021-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2F2021-11-28%2Fafrica-s-biggest-data-leak-reveals-china-money-role-in-kabila-s-congo-looting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iiss2023-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iiss2023_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iiss2023_162-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iiss2023_162-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iiss2023_162-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iiss2023_162-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iiss2023_162-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIISS2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">IISS</a> (2023). 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Retrieved 14 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+XXVI%3A+Disarmament+%E2%80%93+No.+9+Treaty+on+the+Prohibition+of+Nuclear+Weapons&rft.pub=United+Nations+Treaty+Collection&rft.date=2017-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2FPages%2FViewDetails.aspx%3Fsrc%3DTREATY%26mtdsg_no%3DXXVI-9%26chapter%3D26%26clang%3D_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c57UNFOGOwwC&pg=PT56">Democratic Republic of the Congo: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper-Progress Report (EPub)</a>. International Monetary Fund. 2010. pp. 56–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4552-2241-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4552-2241-4"><bdi>978-1-4552-2241-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509161750/https://books.google.com/books?id=c57UNFOGOwwC&pg=PT56">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2016. 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University Press of Kentucky. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingofmountain00arno_0/page/72">72</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2233-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2233-5"><bdi>978-0-8131-2233-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+of+the+Mountain%3A+The+Nature+of+Political+Leadership&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2233-5&rft.aulast=Ludwig&rft.aufirst=Arnold+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingofmountain00arno_0%2Fpage%2F72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-b-170"><a href="#cite_ref-b_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNafzigerRaimo_Frances_Stewart2000" class="citation book cs1">Nafziger, E. 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Faculty of Philosophy Columbia University. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829739-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829739-0"><bdi>978-0-19-829739-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+Hunger%2C+and+Displacement%3A+The+Origins+of+Humanitarian+Emergencies&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Faculty+of+Philosophy+Columbia+University&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829739-0&rft.aulast=Nafziger&rft.aufirst=E.+Wayne&rft.au=Raimo+Frances+Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Washington Post, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/10/03/mobutu-a-rich-man-in-poor-standing/49e66628-3149-47b8-827f-159dff8ac1cd/">"Mobutu: A Rich man In Poor Standing".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925132512/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/10/03/mobutu-a-rich-man-in-poor-standing/49e66628-3149-47b8-827f-159dff8ac1cd/">Archived</a> 25 September 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 2 October 1991. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> The New York Times, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/29/world/mobutu-s-village-basks-in-his-glory.html/">"Mobutu's village basks in his glory".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327121638/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/29/world/mobutu-s-village-basks-in-his-glory.html/">Archived</a> 27 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 29 September 1988. </li> <li id="cite_note-AH-173"><a href="#cite_ref-AH_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Hochschild2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Adam Hochschild (13 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2009/08/13/rape-of-the-congo/">"Rape of the Congo"</a>. New York Review of Books. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164520/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2009/08/13/rape-of-the-congo/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Rape+of+the+Congo&rft.date=2009-08-13&rft.au=Adam+Hochschild&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2009%2F08%2F13%2Frape-of-the-congo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assetrecovery.org/kc/node/f00029e9-7084-11de-aa2f-77980ee7d563.11">"Court agrees to release Mobutu assets"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175440/http://www.assetrecovery.org/kc/node/f00029e9-7084-11de-aa2f-77980ee7d563.11">Archived</a> 23 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Swissinfo, Basel Institute of Governance, 14 July 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-d-175"><a href="#cite_ref-d_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerve2006" class="citation book cs1">Werve, Jonathan (2006). The Corruption Notebooks 2006. p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Corruption+Notebooks+2006&rft.pages=57&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Werve&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enoughproject.org/press-releases/new-study-shows-congo-run-violent-kleptocracy">"New Study Shows Congo is Run as Violent Kleptocracy"</a>. enough. 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Retrieved 6 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=enough&rft.atitle=New+Study+Shows+Congo+is+Run+as+Violent+Kleptocracy&rft.date=2016-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenoughproject.org%2Fpress-releases%2Fnew-study-shows-congo-run-violent-kleptocracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53121994">"Vital Kamerhe: DRC president's chief of staff found guilty of corruption"</a>. BBC News. 20 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207104756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53121994">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Vital+Kamerhe%3A+DRC+president%27s+chief+of+staff+found+guilty+of+corruption&rft.date=2020-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-53121994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theafricareport.com/154150/drc-under-what-conditions-has-vital-kamerhe-been-released/">"DRC: Under what conditions has Vital Kamerhe been released?"</a>. The Africa Report.com. 7 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221111204217/https://www.theafricareport.com/154150/drc-under-what-conditions-has-vital-kamerhe-been-released/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Africa+Report.com&rft.atitle=DRC%3A+Under+what+conditions+has+Vital+Kamerhe+been+released%3F&rft.date=2021-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theafricareport.com%2F154150%2Fdrc-under-what-conditions-has-vital-kamerhe-been-released%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africanews.com/2021/11/24/drc-investigation-opens-on-joseph-kabila-over-138-million-embezzlement/">"DRC: Investigation opens on Joseph Kabila over $138 million embezzlement"</a>. 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Oxford University Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199592654" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199592654"><bdi>978-0199592654</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reimagining+Child+Soldiers+in+International+Law+and+Policy&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0199592654&rft.aulast=Drumbl&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/congo_democratic_republic.htm">"Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor – Democratic Republic of the Congo"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+Labor&rft.atitle=Findings+on+the+Worst+Forms+of+Child+Labor+%E2%80%93+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dol.gov%2Filab%2Freports%2Fchild-labor%2Fcongo_democratic_republic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060812032926/http://www.presidentrdc.cd/constitution.html">"Constitution de la République Démocratique du Congo"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidentrdc.cd/constitution.html">the original</a> on 12 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+de+la+R%C3%A9publique+D%C3%A9mocratique+du+Congo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidentrdc.cd%2Fconstitution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/local-laws-and-customs">"Foreign travel advice – Democratic Republic of the Congo"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gov.uk&rft.atitle=Foreign+travel+advice+%E2%80%93+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fforeign-travel-advice%2Fdemocratic-republic-of-the-congo%2Flocal-laws-and-customs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080217035544/http://www.onug.ch/__80256edd006b9c2e.nsf/%28httpNewsByYear_en%29/a4f381eea9d4ab63c12573280031fbf3?OpenDocument&Click=">"UN expert on violence against women expresses serious concerns following visit to Democratic Republic of Congo"</a>. UNOG.ch. 30 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onug.ch/__80256edd006b9c2e.nsf/%28httpNewsByYear_en%29/a4f381eea9d4ab63c12573280031fbf3?OpenDocument&Click=">the original</a> on 17 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+expert+on+violence+against+women+expresses+serious+concerns+following+visit+to+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo&rft.pub=UNOG.ch&rft.date=2007-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onug.ch%2F__80256edd006b9c2e.nsf%2F%2528httpNewsByYear_en%2529%2Fa4f381eea9d4ab63c12573280031fbf3%3FOpenDocument%26Click%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Ministère du Plan et Suivi de la Mise en œuvre de la Révolution de la Modernité (MPSMRM), Ministère de la Santé Publique (MSP) et ICF International (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR300/FR300.pdf">Enquête Démographique et de Santé en République Démocratique du Congo 2013–2014</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226192128/http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR300/FR300.pdf">Archived</a> 26 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Rockville, Maryland, USA : MPSMRM, MSP and ICF International </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cedaw36/cc/DRC/0647846E.pdf">"Concluding comments of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women: Democratic Republic of the Congo"</a> (PDF). United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084538/http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cedaw36/cc/DRC/0647846E.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concluding+comments+of+the+Committee+on+the+Elimination+of+Discrimination+against+Women%3A+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fwomenwatch%2Fdaw%2Fcedaw%2Fcedaw36%2Fcc%2FDRC%2F0647846E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070925192704/http://www.peacewomen.org/un/ecosoc/CEDAW/36th_session/DRC/NGO_report.pdf">"Violence Against Women in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)"</a> (PDF). peacewomen.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peacewomen.org/un/ecosoc/CEDAW/36th_session/DRC/NGO_report.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Violence+Against+Women+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo+%28DRC%29&rft.pub=peacewomen.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peacewomen.org%2Fun%2Fecosoc%2FCEDAW%2F36th_session%2FDRC%2FNGO_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Countries/AfricaRegion/Pages/CDIndex.aspx">"OHCHR | Africa Region"</a>. 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Retrieved 20 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ohchr.org&rft.atitle=OHCHR+%7C+Africa+Region&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FCountries%2FAfricaRegion%2FPages%2FCDIndex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-washingtonpost.com-189"><a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCrummen2007" class="citation news cs1">McCrummen, Stephanie (9 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/08/AR2007090801194.html">"Prevalence of Rape in E. Congo Described as Worst in World"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516092502/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/08/AR2007090801194.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+Rape+in+E.+Congo+Described+as+Worst+in+World&rft.date=2007-09-09&rft.aulast=McCrummen&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F09%2F08%2FAR2007090801194.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8650112.stm">"UN official calls DR Congo 'rape capital of the world.'"</a>. BBC. 28 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121122182050/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8650112.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UN+official+calls+DR+Congo+%27rape+capital+of+the+world.%27&rft.date=2010-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F8650112.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatundu_MbambiFaray-Kele2010" class="citation web cs1">Matundu Mbambi, Annie; Faray-Kele, Marie-Claire (April–December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peacewomen.org/assets/file/Resources/NGO/hrinst_genderinequalityinthedrc_wilpf_december2010english.pdf">"Gender Inequality and Social Institutions in the D.R.Congo"</a> (PDF). peacewomen.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141031190906/http://www.peacewomen.org/assets/file/Resources/NGO/hrinst_genderinequalityinthedrc_wilpf_december2010english.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=peacewomen.org&rft.atitle=Gender+Inequality+and+Social+Institutions+in+the+D.R.Congo&rft.date=2010-04%2F2010-12&rft.aulast=Matundu+Mbambi&rft.aufirst=Annie&rft.au=Faray-Kele%2C+Marie-Claire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peacewomen.org%2Fassets%2Ffile%2FResources%2FNGO%2Fhrinst_genderinequalityinthedrc_wilpf_december2010english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brighamandwomens.org/Departments_and_Services/obgyn/services/africanwomenscenter/FGCprevalence.aspx">"Female Genital Cutting Rates | African Women's Health Center at BWH"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129052427/http://www.brighamandwomens.org/Departments_and_Services/obgyn/services/africanwomenscenter/FGCprevalence.aspx">Archived</a> 29 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. brighamandwomens.org. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/eoir/vll/country/canada_coi/dem%20rep%20of%20congo/COD104024.E.pdf">RESPONSES TO INFORMATION REQUESTS (RIRs)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140414042910/http://www.justice.gov/eoir/vll/country/canada_coi/dem%20rep%20of%20congo/COD104024.E.pdf">Archived</a> 14 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. justice.gov. 17 April 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> The law on sexual violence, DRC 2006 (Les lois sur les violences sexuelles) reads (in French): "Article 3, Paragraphe 7: De la mutilation sexuelle; Article 174g; Sera puni d'une peine de servitude pénale de deux à cinq ans et d'une amende de deux cent mille francs congolais constants, quiconque aura posé un acte qui porte atteinte à l'intégrité physique ou fonctionnelle des organes génitaux d'une personne. Lorsque la mutilation a entraîné la mort, la peine est de servitude pénale à perpétuité."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085226/http://monusco.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=aXFfmf5vsm8%3D&tabid=11245&mid=14386&language=en-US">"Les lois sur les violences sexuelles"</a> [The laws against sexual violence]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monusco.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=aXFfmf5vsm8%3D&tabid=11245&mid=14386&language=en-US">the original</a> on 19 August 2014. 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Retrieved 11 March 2015. <q>The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has expressed concern over abuses against civilians, especially women and children, in South Kivu in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. It frequently receives reports of abductions, executions, rapes, and pillage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DRC%3A+%27Civilians+bearing+brunt+of+South+Kivu+violence%27&rft.date=2007-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2Freport%2F73033%2Fdrc-civilians-bearing-brunt-of-south-kivu-violence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report/73524/drc-pendulum-displacement-in-the-kivus">"DRC: 'Pendulum displacement' in the Kivus"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Data+for+Africa&rft.atitle=Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo+Demographic+Trends&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrcongo.opendataforafrica.org%2Fdebdbhd%2Fdemocratic-republic-of-the-congo-demographic-trends&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP-232"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">"World Population Prospects 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division. 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Retrieved 27 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft.atitle=Zaire+%E2%80%93+Population&rft.date=2004-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%252Fcstdy%253A%2540field%2528DOCID%2Bzr0053%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/05/22/1053585643490.html">"Pygmies want UN tribunal to address cannibalism"</a>. The Sydney Morning Herald. 23 May 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100121110837/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/05/22/1053585643490.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2010. Retrieved 27 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Pygmies+want+UN+tribunal+to+address+cannibalism&rft.date=2003-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Farticles%2F2003%2F05%2F22%2F1053585643490.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the">"The World Factbook: Africa – Congo, Democratic Republic of the"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200511000300/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2020. 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Paris: Éditions Nathan. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-09-882654-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-09-882654-0"><bdi>978-2-09-882654-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/">the original</a> on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+langue+fran%C3%A7aise+dans+le+monde+2014&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Nathan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-09-882654-0&rft.au=Organisation+internationale+de+la+Francophonie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.francophonie.org%2FLangue-Francaise-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLu2024" class="citation web cs1">Lu, Marcus (31 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visualcapitalist.com/mapped-top-15-countries-by-native-french-speakers/">"Mapped: Top 15 Countries by Native French Speakers"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mapped%3A+Top+15+Countries+by+Native+French+Speakers&rft.date=2024-08-31&rft.aulast=Lu&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visualcapitalist.com%2Fmapped-top-15-countries-by-native-french-speakers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lang_educ-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lang_educ_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lang_educ_244-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrganisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702202909/http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/">La langue française dans le monde 2014</a>. Paris: Éditions Nathan. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-09-882654-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-09-882654-0"><bdi>978-2-09-882654-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/">the original</a> on 2 July 2015. 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Ministère du Plan et Suivi de la Mise en œuvre de la Révolution de la Modernité, Ministère de la Santé Publique. p. 36. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010190605/https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR300/FR300.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. 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Retrieved 25 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Music+in+Africa&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+popular+music+in+DRC&rft.date=2014-12-07&rft.aulast=Mukuna&rft.aufirst=Kazadi+wa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicinafrica.net%2Fmagazine%2Fbrief-history-popular-music-drc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redbullmusicacademy.com/lectures/papa-wemba-lecture">"Papa Wemba"</a>. www.redbullmusicacademy.com. Paris, France. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329170431/https://www.redbullmusicacademy.com/lectures/papa-wemba-lecture/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.redbullmusicacademy.com&rft.atitle=Papa+Wemba&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redbullmusicacademy.com%2Flectures%2Fpapa-wemba-lecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenselow2016" class="citation news cs1">Denselow, Robin (24 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2016/apr/24/papa-wemba-congolese-musics-dandy-with-a-dark-side">"Papa Wemba: Congolese music's dandy with a dark side"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 15 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Papa+Wemba%3A+Congolese+music%27s+dandy+with+a+dark+side&rft.date=2016-04-24&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Denselow&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusicblog%2F2016%2Fapr%2F24%2Fpapa-wemba-congolese-musics-dandy-with-a-dark-side&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guyanachronicle.com/2017/08/02/the-legendary-papa-wemba/">"The Legendary Papa Wemba"</a>. Guyana Chronicle. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230513075754/https://guyanachronicle.com/2017/08/02/the-legendary-papa-wemba/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guyana+Chronicle&rft.atitle=The+Legendary+Papa+Wemba&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguyanachronicle.com%2F2017%2F08%2F02%2Fthe-legendary-papa-wemba%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUkabam2016" class="citation web cs1">Ukabam, Chinedu (29 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefader.com/2016/04/29/papa-wemba-congo-sapeurs">"Why Papa Wemba's Legacy Will Outlive Us All"</a>. The FADER. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231215130939/https://www.thefader.com/2016/04/29/papa-wemba-congo-sapeurs">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+FADER&rft.atitle=Why+Papa+Wemba%27s+Legacy+Will+Outlive+Us+All&rft.date=2016-04-29&rft.aulast=Ukabam&rft.aufirst=Chinedu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefader.com%2F2016%2F04%2F29%2Fpapa-wemba-congo-sapeurs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer2016" class="citation web cs1">Bauer, George (24 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trueafrica.co/article/papa-wemba-the-king-of-rumba-le-prince-de-la-sape/">"Papa Wemba: the King of Rumba, 'le Prince de la Sape'"</a>. TRUE Africa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231215130939/https://trueafrica.co/article/papa-wemba-the-king-of-rumba-le-prince-de-la-sape/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TRUE+Africa&rft.atitle=Papa+Wemba%3A+the+King+of+Rumba%2C+%27le+Prince+de+la+Sape%27&rft.date=2016-04-24&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrueafrica.co%2Farticle%2Fpapa-wemba-the-king-of-rumba-le-prince-de-la-sape%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrillo2002" class="citation book cs1">Trillo, Richard (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=99x5ea1Gq-cC">Kenya</a>. London, United Kingdom: Rough Guides. p. 723. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-859-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-859-8"><bdi>978-1-85828-859-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kenya&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=723&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85828-859-8&rft.aulast=Trillo&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D99x5ea1Gq-cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NwfaAAAAMAAJ&q=congolese%20artists%20move%20to%20Kenya">Ethnomusicology</a>. Middletown, Connecticut, United States: Wesleyan University Press for the Society for Ethnomusicology. 2008. pp. 297–309.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnomusicology&rft.place=Middletown%2C+Connecticut%2C+United+States&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E297-%3C%2Fspan%3E309&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press+for+the+Society+for+Ethnomusicology&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNwfaAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dcongolese%2520artists%2520move%2520to%2520Kenya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:92-292"><a href="#cite_ref-:92_292-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://miziki-ya-congo.jimdofree.com/le-ndombolo/">"Le Ndombolo"</a>. Site de miziki-ya-congo ! (in French). 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231112181201/https://miziki-ya-congo.jimdofree.com/le-ndombolo/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Site+de+miziki-ya-congo+%21&rft.atitle=Le+Ndombolo&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmiziki-ya-congo.jimdofree.com%2Fle-ndombolo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-293"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_293-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTchakam2003" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tchakam, Stéphane (2 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200312020974.html">"Cameroun: L'autre danse congolaise"</a>. Cameroon Tribune (in French). Retrieved 8 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cameroon+Tribune&rft.atitle=Cameroun%3A+L%27autre+danse+congolaise&rft.date=2003-12-02&rft.aulast=Tchakam&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.allafrica.com%2Fstories%2F200312020974.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:110-294"><a href="#cite_ref-:110_294-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtiso2013" class="citation book cs1">Otiso, Kefa M. (24 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BKnIEAAAQBAJ&dq=ndombolo+dance+music&pg=PT361">Culture and Customs of Tanzania</a>. New York City, New York State, United States: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-216-06991-1" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-216-06991-1"><bdi>979-8-216-06991-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240113050452/https://books.google.com/books?id=BKnIEAAAQBAJ&dq=ndombolo+dance+music&pg=PT361">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Tanzania&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+State%2C+United+States&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2013-01-24&rft.isbn=979-8-216-06991-1&rft.aulast=Otiso&rft.aufirst=Kefa+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBKnIEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dndombolo%2Bdance%2Bmusic%26pg%3DPT361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobania2003" class="citation book cs1">Sobania, Neal W. (30 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fHzDEAAAQBAJ&dq=ndombolo+dance+music+east+africa&pg=PA207">Culture and Customs of Kenya</a>. Santa Barbara, California, United States: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 207–208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-03936-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-03936-2"><bdi>978-0-313-03936-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240113050528/https://books.google.com/books?id=fHzDEAAAQBAJ&dq=ndombolo+dance+music+east+africa&pg=PA207">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Kenya&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California%2C+United+States&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2003-06-30&rft.isbn=978-0-313-03936-2&rft.aulast=Sobania&rft.aufirst=Neal+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfHzDEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dndombolo%2Bdance%2Bmusic%2Beast%2Bafrica%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfroConex2023" class="citation web cs1">AfroConex (9 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afroconex.online/post/spreading-ndombolo-across-africa-with-bush-sebar">"Spreading Ndombolo Dance Across Africa with Bush Sebar"</a>. AfroConex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108140857/https://www.afroconex.online/post/spreading-ndombolo-across-africa-with-bush-sebar">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AfroConex&rft.atitle=Spreading+Ndombolo+Dance+Across+Africa+with+Bush+Sebar&rft.date=2023-03-09&rft.au=AfroConex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afroconex.online%2Fpost%2Fspreading-ndombolo-across-africa-with-bush-sebar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabwe2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kabwe, Jason (15 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.czech.radio/node/5231154">"Ndombolo Craze"</a>. Czech Radio (in Czech). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231109081222/https://www.czech.radio/node/5231154">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Czech+Radio&rft.atitle=Ndombolo+Craze&rft.date=2013-03-15&rft.aulast=Kabwe&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.czech.radio%2Fnode%2F5231154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-298"><a href="#cite_ref-:42_298-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgeCarr2008" class="citation book cs1">George, Nelson; Carr, Daphne (20 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vtBj4psmJlcC&dq=ndombolo+dance+music&pg=PA129">Best Music Writing 2008</a>. New York City, New York State, United States: Hachette Books. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-2612-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-2612-7"><bdi>978-0-7867-2612-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240113025944/https://books.google.com/books?id=vtBj4psmJlcC&dq=ndombolo+dance+music&pg=PA129">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Best+Music+Writing+2008&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+State%2C+United+States&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Hachette+Books&rft.date=2008-10-20&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-2612-7&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Nelson&rft.au=Carr%2C+Daphne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvtBj4psmJlcC%26dq%3Dndombolo%2Bdance%2Bmusic%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuettner2016" class="citation book cs1">Buettner, Elizabeth (24 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4QjPDAAAQBAJ&dq=many+congolese+move+to+europe+in+1990s&pg=PA313">Europe after Empire: Decolonization, Society, and Culture</a>. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-59470-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-59470-4"><bdi>978-1-316-59470-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240113050543/https://books.google.com/books?id=4QjPDAAAQBAJ&dq=many+congolese+move+to+europe+in+1990s&pg=PA313">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+after+Empire%3A+Decolonization%2C+Society%2C+and+Culture&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016-03-24&rft.isbn=978-1-316-59470-4&rft.aulast=Buettner&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4QjPDAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmany%2Bcongolese%2Bmove%2Bto%2Beurope%2Bin%2B1990s%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakumeno2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Makumeno, Emery (1 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/c84xqw9ppk1o">"Musique : qu'est-ce que le clan Wenge, pionnier de la danse Ndombolo ?"</a>. BBC News Afrique (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231112193042/https://www.bbc.com/afrique/articles/c84xqw9ppk1o">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Afrique&rft.atitle=Musique+%3A+qu%27est-ce+que+le+clan+Wenge%2C+pionnier+de+la+danse+Ndombolo+%3F&rft.date=2022-07-01&rft.aulast=Makumeno&rft.aufirst=Emery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fafrique%2Farticles%2Fc84xqw9ppk1o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational" class="citation web cs1">International, Courrier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courrierinternational.com/notule-source/le-congolais">"Le Congolais"</a>. Courrierinternational.com/. Courrier International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151126234501/http://www.courrierinternational.com/notule-source/le-congolais">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Courrierinternational.com%2F&rft.atitle=Le+Congolais&rft.aulast=International&rft.aufirst=Courrier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courrierinternational.com%2Fnotule-source%2Fle-congolais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/congok/congoknews.html">Countries: Democatric Republic of the Congo: News</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213055112/http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/congok/congoknews.html">Archive</a>). [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> Libraries & Academic Information Resources. Retrieved 28 April 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstadiums.com/africa/countries/dr_congo.shtml">Stadiums in the Democratic Republic Congo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130206213344/http://www.worldstadiums.com/africa/countries/dr_congo.shtml">Archived</a> 6 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. World Stadiums. Retrieved 27 February 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allafrica.com/stories/202109120099.html">"Rwanda Kicks Off Quest for Africa Women's Volleyball Championship Against Morocco"</a>. Damas Sikubwabo (<a href="/wiki/AllAfrica" title="AllAfrica">AllAfrica</a>). 12 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018072259/https://allafrica.com/stories/202109120099.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Damas+Sikubwabo+%28AllAfrica%29&rft.atitle=Rwanda+Kicks+Off+Quest+for+Africa+Women%27s+Volleyball+Championship+Against+Morocco&rft.date=2021-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F202109120099.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/continental-cup-finals-start-in-africa?id=94414">"Continental Cup Finals start in Africa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FIVB" class="mw-redirect" title="FIVB">FIVB</a>. 22 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210807141038/https://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/continental-cup-finals-start-in-africa?id=94414">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FIVB&rft.atitle=Continental+Cup+Finals+start+in+Africa&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fivb.com%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fcontinental-cup-finals-start-in-africa%3Fid%3D94414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> Sources <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungTurner2013" class="citation book cs1">Young, M. Crawford; Turner, Thomas Edwin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R5pJxgosjIIC">The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State</a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-10113-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-10113-8"><bdi>978-0-299-10113-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415084309/https://books.google.com/books?id=R5pJxgosjIIC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Decline+of+the+Zairian+State&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-299-10113-8&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=M.+Crawford&rft.au=Turner%2C+Thomas+Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR5pJxgosjIIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Clark, John F., The African Stakes of the Congo War, 2004.</li> <li>Callaghy, T., The State-Society Struggle: Zaire in Comparative Perspective. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-05720-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-05720-2">0-231-05720-2</a>.</li> <li>Deibert, Michael: The Democratic Republic of Congo: Between Hope and Despair, Zed Books, 2013.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Devlin" title="Larry Devlin">Devlin, Larry</a> (2007). Chief of Station, Congo: A Memoir of 1960–67. New York: PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-405-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-405-7"><bdi>978-1-58648-405-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chief+of+Station%2C+Congo%3A+A+Memoir+of+1960%E2%80%9367&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-405-7&rft.aulast=Devlin&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemocratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Drummond, Bill and Manning, Mark, The Wild Highway, 2005.</li> <li>Edgerton, Robert, The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo. St. Martin's Press, 2002.</li> <li>Exenberger, Andreas/Hartmann, Simon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eeecon.uibk.ac.at/wopec2/repec/inn/wpaper/2007-31.pdf">The Dark Side of Globalization. The Vicious Cycle of Exploitation from World Market Integration: Lesson from the Congo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110815122645/http://eeecon.uibk.ac.at/wopec2/repec/inn/wpaper/2007-31.pdf">Archived</a> 15 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Working Papers in Economics and Statistics 31, University Innsbruck 2007.</li> <li>Exenberger, Andreas/Hartmann, Simon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110901165807/http://vkc.library.uu.nl/vkc/seh/research/Lists/Events/Attachments/6/Paper.ExenbergerHartmann.pdf">Doomed to Disaster? Long-term Trajectories of Exploitation in the Congo</a>, Paper to be presented at the Workshop "Colonial Extraction in the Netherlands Indies and Belgian Congo: Institutions, Institutional Change and Long Term Consequences", Utrecht 3–4 December 2010.</li> <li>Gondola, Ch. Didier, "The History of Congo", Westport: Greenwood Press, 2002.</li> <li>Joris, Lieve, translated by Waters, Liz, The Rebels' Hour, Atlantic, 2008.</li> <li>Justenhoven, Heinz-Gerhard; Ehrhart, Hans Georg. Intervention im Kongo: eine kritische Analyse der Befriedungspolitik von UN und EU. <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kohlhammer_Verlag" title="Kohlhammer Verlag">Kohlhammer Verlag</a>, 2008. (In German) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-17-020781-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-17-020781-3">978-3-17-020781-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Kingsolver" title="Barbara Kingsolver">Kingsolver, Barbara</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Poisonwood_Bible" title="The Poisonwood Bible">The Poisonwood Bible</a> HarperCollins, 1998.</li> <li>Larémont, Ricardo René, ed. 2005. Borders, nationalism and the African state. Boulder, Colorado and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.</li> <li>Lemarchand, Reni and Hamilton, Lee; Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide. Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1994.</li> <li>Mealer, Bryan: "All Things Must Fight To Live", 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59691-345-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-59691-345-2">1-59691-345-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Melvern" title="Linda Melvern">Melvern, Linda</a>, Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide and the International Community. Verso, 2004.</li> <li>Miller, Eric: "The Inability of Peacekeeping to Address the Security Dilemma", 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8383-4027-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8383-4027-2">978-3-8383-4027-2</a>.</li> <li>Mwakikagile, Godfrey, Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era, Third Edition, New Africa Press, 2006, "Chapter Six: Congo in The Sixties: The Bleeding Heart of Africa", pp. 147–205, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9802534-1-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9802534-1-2">978-0-9802534-1-2</a>; Mwakikagile, Godfrey, Africa and America in The Sixties: A Decade That Changed The Nation and The Destiny of A Continent, First Edition, New Africa Press, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9802534-2-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9802534-2-9">978-0-9802534-2-9</a>; Congo in The Sixties, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1448665709" title="Special:BookSources/978-1448665709">978-1448665709</a>, 2009; Africa: Dawn of a New Era, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9987160488" title="Special:BookSources/978-9987160488">978-9987160488</a>, 2015.</li> <li>Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges, The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People's History, 2002.</li> <li>O'Hanlon, Redmond, Congo Journey, 1996.</li> <li>O'Hanlon, Redmond, No Mercy: A Journey into the Heart of the Congo, 1998.</li> <li>Prunier, Gérard, Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe, 2011 (also published as From Genocide to Continental War: The Congolese Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa: The Congo Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa).</li> <li>Renton, David; Seddon, David; Zeilig, Leo. The Congo: Plunder and Resistance, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-485-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-485-4">978-1-84277-485-4</a>.</li> <li>Reyntjens, Filip, The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006 , 2009.</li> <li>Rorison, Sean, Bradt Travel Guide: Congo  — Democratic Republic/Republic, 2008.</li> <li>Schulz, Manfred. Entwicklungsträger in der DR Kongo: Entwicklungen in Politik, Wirtschaft, Religion, Zivilgesellschaft und Kultur, Berlin: Lit, 2008, (in German) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-0425-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-0425-1">978-3-8258-0425-1</a>.</li> <li>Stearns, Jason: <a href="/wiki/Dancing_in_the_Glory_of_Monsters:_The_Collapse_of_the_Congo_and_the_Great_War_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa">Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa</a>, Public Affairs, 2011.</li> <li>Tayler, Jeffrey, Facing the Congo, 2001.</li> <li>Turner, Thomas, The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth and Reality, 2007.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Van_Reybrouck" title="David Van Reybrouck">Van Reybrouck</a>, David, Congo: The Epic History of a People, 2014</li> <li>Wrong, Michela, In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Democratic Republic of the Congo at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Democratic Republic of the Congo">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_D%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo" class="extiw" title="c:République Démocratique du Congo">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Democratic Republic of the Congo">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, 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Congo">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974" class="extiw" title="d:Q974">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a topic profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q974" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/topic/Q974">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://republique.cd">Official website.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13283212">Country Profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the/">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080727023932/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/DRCongo.htm">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Democratic Republic of the Congo">Wikimedia Atlas of Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/192795">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalissues.org/article/87/the-democratic-republic-of-congo">The Democratic Republic of Congo from Global Issues</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Karen Fung (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/zaire.html">"Democratic Republic of the Congo"</a>. Africa South of the Sahara: Selected Internet Resources. 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_topics" title="Template:Democratic Republic of the Congo topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_topics" title="Template talk:Democratic Republic of the Congo topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Republic of the Congo topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_articles811" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-colonial_history_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Pre-colonial history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Congo_Basin" title="Colonization of the Congo Basin">Colonization (1867–85)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_the_Congo_Free_State_and_Belgian_Congo" title="List of colonial governors of the Congo Free State and Belgian Congo">Colonial governors (1885–1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State (1885–1908)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Atrocities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo (1908–60)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">World War II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Congo-Léopoldville (1960–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis (1960–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">State of Katanga (1960–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire (1965–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War (1996–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War (1998–2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="2000s in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">2000s</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Transitional Government (2003–06)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="M23 rebellion (2012–2013)">M23 rebellion (2012–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="M23 offensive (2022–present)">M23 offensive (2022–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nature_conservation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Nature conservation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of ecoregions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Mountain ranges of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of rivers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of volcanoes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Wildlife of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_place_names_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Former place names in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Former place names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Subdivisions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Court of Cassation (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Mobutu_Sese_Seko_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Mobutu Sese Seko administration">Foreign policy under Mobutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Law enforcement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Chief of Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Senate (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="National Assembly (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">National Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of political parties in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of prime ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Agriculture in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Congo" title="Central Bank of the Congo">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of companies of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_franc" title="Congolese franc">Franc (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Telecommunications in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Tourism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Society of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Child marriage in Democratic Republic of the Congo">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Crime in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Demographics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Health in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Human trafficking in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Prostitution in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" title="Social issues in the Democratic Republic of Congo">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Cinema of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Football in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mass media in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Public holidays in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Public holidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Outline of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Democratic Republic of the Congo–related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Portal:Democratic Republic of the Congo">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa699" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories fully part of non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Southern_African_Development_Community_(SADC)77" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Template:Southern African Development Community"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Template talk:Southern African Development Community"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southern African Development Community"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southern_African_Development_Community_(SADC)77" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a> (SADC)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Chairpersons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levy_Mwanawasa" title="Levy Mwanawasa">Levy Mwanawasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Secretaries-General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaire_Mbuende" title="Kaire Mbuende">Kaire Mbuende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prega_Ramsamy" title="Prega Ramsamy">Prega Ramsamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomaz_Salom%C3%A3o" title="Tomaz Salomão">Tomaz Salomão</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Coordination_Conference" title="Southern African Development Coordination Conference">Southern African Development Coordination Conference (forerunner)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">Southern African Customs Union (SACU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Monetary_Area" title="Common Monetary Area">Common Monetary Area (CMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Union350" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Union" title="Template:African Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union" title="Template talk:African Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Union350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union" title="History of the African Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Group" title="Casablanca Group">Casablanca Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monrovia_Group" title="Monrovia Group">Monrovia Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_and_Malagasy_Union" title="African and Malagasy Union">African and Malagasy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Abuja Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Lome Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity">Secretary General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_African_Union" title="Geography of the African Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries bordering the African Union">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of the African Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Permanent Representatives' Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialized Technical Committees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Deputy Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex" title="African Union Conference Center and Office Complex">AUCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_African_Union_Commission_Chairperson_election" title="2025 African Union Commission Chairperson election">2025 election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_Convention_Centre" title="Gallagher Convention Centre">Gallagher Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">ECOSOCC Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Committee" title="Peace and Security Committee">Peace and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Political Affairs Committee (African Union)">Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_and_Energy_Committee" title="Infrastructure and Energy Committee">Infrastructure and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_and_Health_Committee" title="Social Affairs and Health Committee">Social Affairs and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee" title="Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee">HR, Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_Industry_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Trade and Industry Committee (African Union)">Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Economy_and_Agriculture_Committee" title="Rural Economy and Agriculture Committee">Rural Economy and Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Economic Affairs Committee (African Union)">Economic Affairs</a></li> <li>Women and Gender</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee" title="Cross-Cutting Programs Committee">Cross-Cutting Programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund" title="African Monetary Fund">African Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises" title="African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises">ACIRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise" title="Panel of the Wise">Panel of the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur">UNAMID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi" title="African Union Mission in Burundi">AMIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" title="African Union Mission in Sudan">AMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISCA" title="MISCA">MISCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised agencies and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">APRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">United States Africa Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_ambassadors_to_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States ambassadors to the African Union">United States ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="African Union–Ethiopia relations">African Union–Ethiopia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the African Union">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together" title="Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union" title="Emblem of the African Union">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union" title="Flag of the African Union">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Passport" title="African Union Passport">Passport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_African_Union" title="Economy of the African Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Currencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold_standard#Advocates" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">NEPAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_African_Air_Transport_Market" title="Single African Air Transport Market">Single African Air Transport Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Day" title="Africa Day">Africa Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Border_Day" title="African Border Day">African Border Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Afro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Africa">Federal Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie304" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2551" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2551" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122899107">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/134864542">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1208723/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbGQjgd4GrJ9wgw379FKd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4067357-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80061022">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13339496v">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13339496v">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574550">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134279&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000135095&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/jgvxw1623z0vp37">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007548188405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/d1733e16-9064-3181-961d-d56f8599969b">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/3ba2a4a7-ce57-40a0-bb58-97af9c4de193">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/UMKeNVtk">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/050165070">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003474">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035688">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=4673">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kongo-demokratik-cumhuriyeti">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&params=3_S_24_E_type:country">3°S 24°E / 3°S 24°E / -3; 24</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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