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Les divers types d'appareils </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="APPAREIL, architecture, L'appareillage" href="/encyclopedie/appareil-architecture/2-l-appareillage/"> 2. L'appareillage </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="APPAREIL, architecture, Les parements" href="/encyclopedie/appareil-architecture/3-les-parements/"> 3. Les parements </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="APPAREIL, architecture, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/appareil-architecture/4-bibliographie/"> 4. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>APPAREIL, </strong><em>architecture</em> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><p class="text-sm text-muted mb-1">Article modifié le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yB921042_0"><i class="anchor" id="yB921042_0"></i><p> En termes d' architecture, l'appareil désigne les modalités d' assemblage, de liaison et de mise en valeur des matériaux de la construction. Il est un des éléments essentiels du caractère de l'édifice dont il souligne au premier coup d'œil les structures et souvent la fonction.</p><p>L'appareil, pour une part lié à la nature des matériaux, n'est pas exclusivement dépendant d'eux ; des modes d'appareillage demeurent souvent identiques ou inspirés par les mêmes principes quand, dans l'évolution historique, une architecture passe d'un matériau à un autre, du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le bois est un tissu végétal – xylème – dont le rôle a toujours été capital dans l'histoire de l'humanité. C'est, dans la plante vivante, un tissu conducteur de sève brute, dont les membranes incrustées de lignine jouent un rôle de soutien. La lignine est, de toutes les substances que crée la vie, la plus répandue sur le globe.. Le bois en tant que tissu conducteur ne se ..." title="Article : BOIS" href="/encyclopedie/bois/">bois</a> à la pierre, de la pierre au <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le béton est un mélange, en proportions diverses, de granulats de ciment , d'eau, d'additions minérales (remplaçant parfois le ciment), souvent d'adjuvants et parfois de fibres. C'est le matériau de construction le plus utilisé au monde : on estime que sa production annuelle correspond à environ une tonne par habitant de notre planète (en France, c'est environ trois fois plus). Ce su..." title="Article : BÉTON" href="/encyclopedie/beton/">béton</a>. L'esthétique propre à chaque matériau ne se dégage que lentement et se manifeste avec un temps de retard assez long par rapport au moment où ce nouveau matériau est d'abord employé. Dans une architecture « vraie », qui cherche ses valeurs d'expression dans les caractères propres de la fonction, l'appareil souligne l'emploi et l'adaptation du matériau suivant le rôle, l'esprit, le but de la structure fonctionnelle de l'édifice. Une fortification n'est pas dressée dans le même appareil qu'une résidence princière ou une <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Alors que le même terme désigne, à la majuscule près, les édifices destinés au culte du Christ et la communauté de ses disciples, on observe que l'histoire et les réformes de l'Église à travers les siècles concernent à la fois sa liturgie et son architecture. L'histoire de l'architecture chrétienne s'étend sur plus de seize siècles et a concerné une grande partie du globe, au f..." title="Article : ÉGLISE, architecture" href="/encyclopedie/eglise-architecture/">église</a>, à moins que l'une ou l'autre de ces dernières n'aient aussi à jouer un rôle défensif. Telle église fortifiée comme celle des Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer fait appel non seulement aux mêmes formes, mais aux mêmes procédés de construction et au même appareil qu'un château fort contemporain, lequel ne se distingue pas pour le style et la technique des murs d'une enceinte de ville.</p><p>Outre sa valeur fonctionnelle, l'appareil est souvent lié au milieu géographique qui exerce son influence, non seulement par les propriétés des matériaux qu'il fournit, mais par le cadre, les conditions climatiques, la nature de ses sols et les conditions de vie humaine. Il reflète, tout à la fois, les caractères historiques d'une période ou d'une région et les valeurs naturelles propres à cette région. On connaît les oppositions susceptibles d'exister entre deux versants montagneux, voire deux vallées d'un même massif.</p><p>Phénomène complexe, dépendant de facteurs divers, déterminé par les conditions historiques et géographiques du milieu, par les techniques et la valeur fonctionnelle des édifices, l'appareil est le premier élément qui intervient dans la définition d'une architecture, dans l'évaluation de son originalité et de sa physionomie.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yB921042_1"><i class="anchor" id="yB921042_1"></i><h2>Les divers types d'appareils</h2><p>Tel qu'on l'a défini, l'appareil n'est pas lié étroitement à des périodes historiques ou à certains types d'édifices. Tel appareil à bossage, où la pierre apparaît en saillie, se répétera à certains moments de l'architecture grecque, de l'architecture romaine et de l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Selon le locuteur et le contexte, l'expression d'« architecture classique » prend des sens extrêmement variés, en contenu et en extension. L'adjectif « classique » s'applique en effet à la fois à l'Antiquité gréco-romaine dans son ensemble et aux phénomènes liés à l'imitation de cette culture (on parle ainsi d'« archéologie classique », ou du « langage classique de l'archi..." title="Article : ARCHITECTURE CLASSIQUE" href="/encyclopedie/architecture-classique/">architecture classique</a> européenne. C'est donc pour leur nature propre que nous devons étudier les divers types d'appareil et d'après leur technique d'assemblage (mode de liaison, traitement des joints, des parements), en les classant suivant un ordre de complexité et d'habileté technique.</p><div class="block_2" data-ucode="yB921042_1_0"><i class="anchor" id="yB921042_1_0"></i><h3>L'appareil en pierres sèches</h3><p> Les murs en pierres sèches, constitués par un empilement de matériaux à peine dégrossis, appartiennent à toutes les époques et à tous les milieux géographiques pourvus de roches. Ils se rencontrent dans toutes les cultures préhistoriques ou protohistoriques du monde méditerranéen.</p><p>Les plus beaux exemples sont conservés sans doute en Sardaigne dans les <em>nuraghi </em>comme dans les habitats et les <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mot « fortification » apparaît au xiv e siècle. C'est un latinisme, emprunté au bas latin fortificare , fortificatio , dont la racine est fortis et qui signifie, d'une part, action de fortifier et, de l'autre, ouvrage défensif.. Il n'y a, pour une cité, de meilleurs remparts que la poitrine de ses défenseurs, a affirmé Lycurgue ( iv e siècle av. J.-C.). Pourtant, avant et ..." title="Article : FORTIFICATIONS" href="/encyclopedie/fortifications/">fortifications</a> indigènes du midi de la France. La simplicité de cet appareil en petites dalles imbriquées, dont le seul parement extérieur est dressé, n'a pas nui à la complexité de certaines constructions comme les tours dressées sur plan circulaire ou les maisons couvertes<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="B921042_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="MARTIN, Roland"><a title="Auteur : Roland MARTIN" rel="author" href="/auteurs/roland-martin/"><strong>Roland MARTIN</strong></a> : membre de l'Institut </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : APPAREIL, architecture" href="/carte-mentale/appareil-architecture/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yB921042_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Arts" href="/classification/arts/"> Arts </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Architecture" href="/classification/arts/architecture/"> Architecture </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Techniques de construction, architecture" href="/classification/arts/architecture/techniques-de-construction-architecture/"> Techniques de construction, architecture </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Appareil, architecture"> <a title="Classification : Appareil, architecture" href="/classification/arts/architecture/techniques-de-construction-architecture/appareil-architecture/"> Appareil, architecture </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yB921042_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH99I404" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Bogazköy, plateau anatolien, Turquie" href="/media/bogazkoy-plateau-anatolien-turquie-ph99i404/"> <img id="PH99I404" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/1/csm_ph99i404_a5ffe6be8d.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Bogazköy, plateau anatolien, Turquie - crédits : mathes/ Fotosearch LBRF/ Age Fotostock" data-description="La porte des Lions, entrée de la capitale de l'empire hittite, Bogazköy, Hattusha de son nom antique. Cappadoce, Turquie." data-copyright="mathes/ Fotosearch LBRF/ Age Fotostock" width="1024" height="683" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Bogazköy, plateau anatolien, Turquie </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> mathes/ Fotosearch LBRF/ Age Fotostock </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH992775" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Palazzo Pitti, Florence" href="/media/palazzo-pitti-florence-ph992775/"> <img id="PH992775" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/3/csm_ph992775_5205e2f170.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Palazzo Pitti, Florence - crédits : Bridgeman Images " data-description="Palazzo Pitti, Florence, 1446. Projet de l'architecte Flippo Brunelleschi." data-copyright=" Bridgeman Images " width="800" height="535" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Palazzo Pitti, Florence </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Bridgeman Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yB921042_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/acropole-d-athenes/#c1618"> <span class="rg">ACROPOLE D'ATHÈNES</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Bernard HOLTZMANN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">8 217 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">9 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ACROPOLE D'ATH&Egrave;NES" href="/encyclopedie/acropole-d-athenes/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Acropole, Athènes - crédits : Saga Photo and Video/ shutterstock" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/c/csm_ph996850_7d57c76359.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...récent : 1550-1050) pour que l'Acropole entre vraiment dans l'histoire : entre 1250 et 1200 est construite autour du plateau une imposante muraille en appareil cyclopéen, de 3 à 4 mètres d'épaisseur, qui donne au site la configuration qu'il conservera<span class="pc">i</span>), sauf du côté sud, où des travaux... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/architecture-themes-generaux-l-architecte/#c1618"> <span class="rg">ARCHITECTURE </span><span class="rm">(Thèmes généraux) - L'architecte</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Florent CHAMPY</span> , <span rel="author">Carol HEITZ</span> , <span rel="author">Roland MARTIN</span> , <span rel="author">Raymonde MOULIN</span> et <span rel="author">Daniel RABREAU</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">16 594 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">10 médias </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...l'économie de l'époque. L'importance, par exemple, des chantiers amiénois ainsi que la rapidité de la construction s'expliquent par cette modernisation. Au <span class="pc">xiii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, les appareils étaient largement systématisés, et bien des membres architecturaux presque entièrement composés en série. Cela suppose... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/architecture-materiaux-et-techniques-brique-et-pierre/#c1618"> <span class="rg">ARCHITECTURE </span><span class="rm">(Matériaux et techniques) - Brique et pierre</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Josiane SARTRE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 575 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ARCHITECTURE (Mat&eacute;riaux et techniques) - Brique et pierre" href="/encyclopedie/architecture-materiaux-et-techniques-brique-et-pierre/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Château de Maintenon - crédits : Patrick/ Flickr ; CC BY-SA 2.0" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/8/csm_ph995393_d4e3fc26fd.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <em>...aux plinthes et aux corniches</em>. La seconde manière consiste à l'inverse à faire <em>les saillies de brique et les panneaux couverts de crépi</em>. L' appareil du mur n'est plus un assemblage de briques mais de pierres non équarries appelées moellons, dont l'aspect grossier nécessite un crépi, mélange... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/monastere-de-daphni/"> <span class="rg">DAPHNI </span><span class="pc">MONASTÈRE DE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Pierre SODINI</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 105 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Le monastère de Daphni se trouve à une dizaine de kilomètres à l'ouest d'Athènes, près de l'antique route d'Éleusis, à l'emplacement supposé d'un temple dédié à Apollon. À l'époque paléochrétienne (<span class="pc">v</span><sup>e</sup>-<span class="pc">vi</span><sup>e</sup> s.), un monastère existait déjà...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/appareil-architecture/"> Afficher les 15 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none article-indexes learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yB921042_INDEXES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Voir aussi</p> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet"> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : LIANT, bâtiment et travaux publics" href="/index/liant-batiment-et-travaux-publics/"> <span class="rg">LIANT, </span><em class="it">bâtiment et travaux publics</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CHAÎNAGE, architecture" href="/index/chainage-architecture/"> <span class="rg">CHAÎNAGE, </span><em class="it">architecture</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PAREMENT" href="/index/parement/"> <span class="rg">PAREMENT</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : BOSSAGE" href="/index/bossage/"> <span class="rg">BOSSAGE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : TIRYNTHE" href="/index/tirynthe/"> <span class="rg">TIRYNTHE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : BRIQUE, architecture" href="/index/brique-architecture/"> <span class="rg">BRIQUE, </span><em class="it">architecture</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PIERRE, architecture" href="/index/pierre-architecture/"> <span class="rg">PIERRE, </span><em class="it">architecture</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CYCLOPÉEN APPAREIL" href="/index/appareil-cyclopeen/"> <span class="rg">CYCLOPÉEN </span><span class="pc">APPAREIL</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES DE" href="/index/techniques-de-construction/"> <span class="rg">CONSTRUCTION </span><span class="pc">TECHNIQUES DE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ASSEMBLAGE, technique" href="/index/assemblage-technique/"> <span class="rg">ASSEMBLAGE, </span><em class="it">technique</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MOULAGE" href="/index/moulage/"> <span class="rg">MOULAGE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MATÉRIAUX, architecture" href="/index/materiaux-architecture/"> <span class="rg">MATÉRIAUX, </span><em class="it">architecture</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MORTIERS" href="/index/mortiers/"> <span class="rg">MORTIERS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PISÉ, matériau" href="/index/pise-materiau/"> <span class="rg">PISÉ, </span><em class="it">matériau</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : BÉTON, architecture" href="/index/beton-architecture/"> <span class="rg">BÉTON, </span><em class="it">architecture</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : GRECQUE ARCHITECTURE" href="/index/grecque-architecture/"> <span class="rg">GRECQUE </span><span class="pc">ARCHITECTURE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ANTIQUITÉ, architecture" href="/index/antiquite-architecture/"> <span class="rg">ANTIQUITÉ, </span><em class="it">architecture</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : POLYGONAL APPAREIL" href="/index/appareil-polygonal/"> <span class="rg">POLYGONAL </span><span class="pc">APPAREIL</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : COFFRAGE" href="/index/coffrage/"> <span class="rg">COFFRAGE</span> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 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