ASSEMBLAGE, technique - Index - Encyclopædia Universalis

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On peut donc parler de m\u00e9canisme hydraulique...","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/encyclopedie\/mecanique-mecanismes\/","wordCount":"1816","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/_web\/static\/icons\/favicon.png"},"isPartOf":{"@type":"WebPage","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/encyclopedie\/mecanique-mecanismes\/","name":"M\u00c9CANIQUE - M\u00e9canismes"},"author":[{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Robert LE BORZEC","familyName":"LE BORZEC","givenName":"Robert","description":"Professeur \u00e0 l'\u00c9cole nationale sup\u00e9rieure des arts et m\u00e9tiers.","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/auteurs\/robert-le-borzec\/"}],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Encyclop\u00e6dia Universalis","alternateName":"Universalis","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/_web\/assets\/img\/banniere-fr.png"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/EncyclopedieUniversalis\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/encyclopaedia-universalis","https:\/\/www.twitter.com\/universalisfr","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UC0srTZiJaRaDw3fAvtCo4Ow"],"slogan":"Passeur de savoir"}}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":9,"item":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"ARTS DU M\u00c9TAL","headline":"ARTS DU M\u00c9TAL","description":"Les arts du m\u00e9tal regroupent un certain nombre de domaines et d'activit\u00e9s artistiques dont les principaux sont l' orf\u00e8vrerie , la poterie d' \u00e9tain , la ferronnerie, la dinanderie , les bronzes d'art et d'ameublement, l'armurerie et la bijouterie. 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Des p\u00e9riodes historiques n'ont-elles pas \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9sign\u00e9es par les appellations des vieilles cosmogonies, li\u00e9es \u00e0 certains m\u00e9taux\u00a0: l'\u00e2ge de l'or, l'\u00e2ge du bronze et l'\u00e2ge du fer\u00a0?...","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/encyclopedie\/arts-du-metal\/","wordCount":"11110","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/_web\/static\/icons\/favicon.png"},"isPartOf":{"@type":"WebPage","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/encyclopedie\/arts-du-metal\/","name":"ARTS DU M\u00c9TAL"},"author":[{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Catherine ARMINJON","familyName":"ARMINJON","givenName":"Catherine","description":"Conservateur de l'Inventaire, responsable des Objets mobiliers \u00e0 l'Inventaire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral.","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/auteurs\/catherine-arminjon\/"}],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Encyclop\u00e6dia Universalis","alternateName":"Universalis","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/_web\/assets\/img\/banniere-fr.png"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/EncyclopedieUniversalis\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/encyclopaedia-universalis","https:\/\/www.twitter.com\/universalisfr","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UC0srTZiJaRaDw3fAvtCo4Ow"],"slogan":"Passeur de savoir"}}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":10,"item":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"MORTAISE","headline":"MORTAISE","description":"Pour maintenir en place les blocs dans une architecture \u00e0 joints vifs, sans mortier, les Grecs eurent recours au mortaisage, proc\u00e9d\u00e9 de construction dont le principe \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 connu en Cr\u00e8te, en \u00c9gypte et en Orient et consistant \u00e0 creuser aux extr\u00e9mit\u00e9s jointives du lit sup\u00e9rieur de chaque bloc d'assise une petite cavit\u00e9 qui, mise en regard d'une autre, va abriter un scellement, ou tenon. Cette cavit\u00e9, ou mortaise, et ce scellement sont de plusieurs types.. Le type le plus ancien est celui de la mortaise \u00e0 queue d'aronde dans laquelle s'ins\u00e9rait primitivement une pi\u00e8ce de bois qui sera remplac\u00e9e rapidement par une agrafe m\u00e9tallique dont les extr\u00e9mit\u00e9s recourb\u00e9es se piquent verticalement au fond des queues d'aronde. ...","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/encyclopedie\/mortaise\/","wordCount":"371","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/_web\/static\/icons\/favicon.png"},"author":[{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Martine H\u00e9l\u00e8ne FOURMONT","familyName":"FOURMONT","givenName":"Martine H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","description":"Arch\u00e9ologue, r\u00e9dacteur en chef de la Revue arch\u00e9ologique, ing\u00e9nieur du C.N.R.S., Institut de recherche sur l'architecture antique, Centre de documentation photographique et photogramm\u00e9trique.","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/auteurs\/martine-helene-fourmont\/"}],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Encyclop\u00e6dia Universalis","alternateName":"Universalis","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/_web\/assets\/img\/banniere-fr.png"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/EncyclopedieUniversalis\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/encyclopaedia-universalis","https:\/\/www.twitter.com\/universalisfr","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UC0srTZiJaRaDw3fAvtCo4Ow"],"slogan":"Passeur de savoir"}}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":11,"item":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"NAVIRES - Construction navale","headline":"NAVIRES - Construction navale","description":"Utilis\u00e9 depuis des temps imm\u00e9moriaux pour le transport des hommes et des marchandises, ou encore comme engin de combat, le navire a connu des \u00e9volutions lentes jusqu'\u00e0 l'apparition de la machine \u00e0 vapeur et de la construction m\u00e9canique, et ce n'est gu\u00e8re qu'au milieu du xix e \u00a0si\u00e8cle que la construction navale est devenue progressivement une v\u00e9ritable industrie. L'activit\u00e9 de construction est, en majeure partie, orient\u00e9e vers la satisfaction des besoins de la flotte de commerce et de la p\u00eache . Elle s'exerce \u00e9galement pour le compte des marines militaires nationales ou \u00e9trang\u00e8res. Elle est compl\u00e9t\u00e9e par l'activit\u00e9 de r\u00e9paration navale, parfois men\u00e9e par les m\u00eames chantiers....","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/encyclopedie\/navires-construction-navale\/","wordCount":"2824","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/_web\/static\/icons\/favicon.png"},"isPartOf":{"@type":"WebPage","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/encyclopedie\/navires-construction-navale\/","name":"NAVIRES - Construction navale"},"author":[{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Boris FEDOROVSKY","familyName":"FEDOROVSKY","givenName":"Boris","description":"Conseiller technique \u00e0 la chambre syndicale des chantiers navals, Paris.","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/auteurs\/boris-fedorovsky\/"}],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Encyclop\u00e6dia Universalis","alternateName":"Universalis","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/_web\/assets\/img\/banniere-fr.png"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/EncyclopedieUniversalis\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/encyclopaedia-universalis","https:\/\/www.twitter.com\/universalisfr","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UC0srTZiJaRaDw3fAvtCo4Ow"],"slogan":"Passeur de savoir"}}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":12,"item":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"PONTS","headline":"PONTS","description":"La fonction des ponts est de permettre le franchissement d'un obstacle par une voie de transport. \u00c0 l'origine, l'obstacle pouvait \u00eatre une rivi\u00e8re ou une gorge profonde, et la voie de transport une route ou une conduite d'eau. Le pont du Gard, construit au i er \u00a0si\u00e8cle apr\u00e8s J\u00e9sus-Christ, est le plus connu de ces ponts-aqueducs.. Avec le d\u00e9veloppement des moyens de transport et de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 industrielle, les ouvrages se sont multipli\u00e9s. \u00c0 partir du xvii e \u00a0si\u00e8cle, les canaux pouvaient franchir des rivi\u00e8res ou des vall\u00e9es par l'interm\u00e9diaire de ponts-canaux comme celui de Briare, construit par Gustave Eiffel en 1896....","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/encyclopedie\/ponts\/","wordCount":"12285","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/_web\/static\/icons\/favicon.png"},"isPartOf":{"@type":"WebPage","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/encyclopedie\/ponts\/","name":"PONTS"},"author":[{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Michel VIRLOGEUX","familyName":"VIRLOGEUX","givenName":"Michel","description":"Ing\u00e9nieur en chef des Ponts et Chauss\u00e9es, membre de l'Acad\u00e9mie de technologie.","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/auteurs\/michel-virlogeux\/"}],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Encyclop\u00e6dia Universalis","alternateName":"Universalis","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/_web\/assets\/img\/banniere-fr.png"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/EncyclopedieUniversalis\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/encyclopaedia-universalis","https:\/\/www.twitter.com\/universalisfr","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UC0srTZiJaRaDw3fAvtCo4Ow"],"slogan":"Passeur de savoir"}}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":13,"item":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"ST\u00c9R\u00c9OTOMIE","headline":"ST\u00c9R\u00c9OTOMIE","description":"Au sens premier du terme, la st\u00e9r\u00e9otomie est l'art de d\u00e9couper diff\u00e9rents volumes en vue de leur assemblage\u00a0; en architecture, elle d\u00e9signe plus sp\u00e9cifiquement l'art de la coupe des pierres en vue de la construction des vo\u00fbtes, trompes, coupoles ou vol\u00e9es d'escaliers... Si l'on parle encore de la \u00ab\u00a0st\u00e9r\u00e9otomie du bois\u00a0\u00bb \u00e0 propos de l'assemblage des bois de charpente, on constate que ce sens dispara\u00eet dans diff\u00e9rents dictionnaires d'architecture, que ce soit celui de D'Aviler, qui fait autorit\u00e9 au xviii e \u00a0si\u00e8cle, ou du Vocabulaire de l'architecture publi\u00e9 par le minist\u00e8re des Affaires culturelles en 1972. Ce glissement de sens n'est pas fortuit. Contrairement au charpentier qui r\u00e9alise le squelette d'un volume, ...","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/encyclopedie\/stereotomie\/","wordCount":"1044","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/_web\/static\/icons\/favicon.png"},"author":[{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Jo\u00ebl SAKAROVITCH","familyName":"SAKAROVITCH","givenName":"Jo\u00ebl","description":"Auteur.","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/auteurs\/joel-sakarovitch\/"}],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Encyclop\u00e6dia Universalis","alternateName":"Universalis","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/_web\/assets\/img\/banniere-fr.png"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/EncyclopedieUniversalis\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/encyclopaedia-universalis","https:\/\/www.twitter.com\/universalisfr","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UC0srTZiJaRaDw3fAvtCo4Ow"],"slogan":"Passeur de savoir"}}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":14,"item":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"VITRAIL","headline":"VITRAIL","description":"Le mot \u00ab\u00a0vitrail\u00a0\u00bb a pris peu \u00e0 peu un sens pr\u00e9cis et d\u00e9signe actuellement une cl\u00f4ture de baie, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement de fen\u00eatre, faite de verre \u00e0 vitre d\u00e9coup\u00e9 suivant une composition d\u00e9corative ou figurative et assembl\u00e9e au moyen de plombs. Par ce principe d' assemblage, le vitrail se distingue des cl\u00f4tures en vitres non d\u00e9coup\u00e9es (vitrages), des assemblages, au moyen de ciment arm\u00e9, des verres tr\u00e8s \u00e9pais (dalle de verre), des assemblages de verre coll\u00e9, superposant plusieurs feuilles en \u00e9paisseur (\u00ab\u00a0les gemmaux\u00a0\u00bb, verre coll\u00e9). Il faut pourtant signaler que, dans les plus anciennes \u0153uvres occidentales connues par des vestiges ou des textes, les verres n'\u00e9taient pas assembl\u00e9s par des plombs, mais sertis dan...","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/encyclopedie\/vitrail\/","wordCount":"5916","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/_web\/static\/icons\/favicon.png"},"isPartOf":{"@type":"WebPage","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/encyclopedie\/vitrail\/","name":"VITRAIL"},"author":[{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Catherine BRISAC","familyName":"BRISAC","givenName":"Catherine","description":"Docteur de troisi\u00e8me cycle en histoire de l'art, documentaliste charg\u00e9e du vitrail \u00e0 la sous-direction des Monuments historiques, conservateur adjoint du mus\u00e9e des Plans-reliefs.","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/auteurs\/catherine-brisac\/"},{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Louis 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<div class="user-welcome"></div> <div class="login-form-wrapper-mobile"> <div class="login-form"> <div class="btn btn-sm btn-primary keep-label-space-top"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-user"></i> Mon Compte </div> </div> </div> <div class="d-lg-none text-center mb-3"> <a href="/abonnement" title="Je m'abonne" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Top (mobile)"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/6/csm_banner-cta_534716667b.webp" width="728" height="90" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" class="img-max shadow-sm"/> </a> </div> <div class="row"> <div id="main-content" class="col-lg-8 col-xl-9 pb-4"> <h1>ASSEMBLAGE, technique</h1> <ul class="nav nav-pills nav-justified d-print-none d-block my-3 my-md-5 d-md-flex"> <li class="nav-item mx-1 my-1"> <a class="nav-link active" aria-current="page" href="#index-main"> 14 articles </a> </li> <li class="nav-item mx-1 my-1"> <a class="nav-link bg-light" aria-current="page" href="#index-medias">18 médias</a> </li> </ul> <section class="mb-5 "> <h2 class="minor"> Articles </h2> <ul class="list-group"> </ul> <ul class="list-group"> </ul> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/appareil-architecture/"> <span class="rg">APPAREIL, </span><em class="it">architecture</em> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Roland MARTIN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 326 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 médias </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> En termes d' architecture, l'appareil désigne les modalités d' assemblage, de liaison et de mise en valeur des matériaux de la construction. Il est un des éléments essentiels du caractère de l'édifice dont il souligne au premier coup d'œil les structures et souvent la fonction....</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/architecture-materiaux-et-techniques-bois/#c31217"> <span class="rg">ARCHITECTURE </span><span class="rm">(Matériaux et techniques) - Bois</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Yves LESCROART</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 628 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">22 médias </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...la nature varie selon la fonction de l'élément : traction, flexion ou compression. La fourche naturelle de la branche a fourni le modèle primitif de l' assemblage. La matière fibreuse tirée de plantes ou d'écorces a permis les premiers assemblages par liens, dont l'usage s'est éteint récemment avec la... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/automobile-fabrication/#c31217"> <span class="rg">AUTOMOBILE - </span><span class="rm">Fabrication</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Freddy BALLÉ</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 944 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 médias </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Les emboutis sont assemblés selon différentes techniques – soudage par points, soudage à l'arc, collage, sertissage – pour constituer les units destinés à la fabrication de la caisse et des ouvrants. </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/bois/#c31217"> <span class="rg">BOIS</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Marie Elisabeth BORREDON</span> , <span rel="author">Édouard BOUREAU</span> , <span rel="author">Xavier DÉGLISE</span> et <span rel="author">Carlos VACA-GARCIA</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">9 105 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">8 médias </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Les assemblages sont de deux types, mécaniques et collés. </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/collage-physique/#c31217"> <span class="rg">COLLAGE, </span><em class="it">physique</em> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jacques COGNARD</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 456 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 médias </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Il est clair que, pour réaliser un assemblage, il faut qu'il y ait une continuité entre les liaisons chimiques qui assurent la cohésion des substrats et la colle (ou l'adhésif). L' origine de cette liaison a été attribuée à des liaisons chimiques faibles, dites « de Van der Waals », ou « dispersives... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/constructions-metalliques/#c31217"> <span class="rg">CONSTRUCTIONS MÉTALLIQUES</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">François CIOLINA</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">5 358 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">5 médias </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> L'assemblage des profilés en tôle nécessite des fixations permettant de transmettre les efforts supportés par la structure. Parmi les systèmes actuellement développés en charpente métallique, on peut citer : </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/mecanique-liaisons-mecaniques/#c31217"> <span class="rg">MÉCANIQUE - </span><span class="rm">Liaisons mécaniques</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Armand GIET</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">9 094 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">15 médias </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Dans les constructions de mécanique industrielle, on doit distinguer deux types de liaisons complètes, suivant que l'assemblage réalisé doit être démontable ou non démontable. </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/mecanique-mecanismes/#c31217"> <span class="rg">MÉCANIQUE - </span><span class="rm">Mécanismes</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Robert LE BORZEC</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 816 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">9 médias </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Les solides ou pièces sont assemblés entre eux ou liés l'un par rapport à l'autre. L'assemblage porte le nom de couple. Il peut être caractérisé par les équations de liaison issues de l'analyse des mouvements relatifs ainsi gênés, nommés « obstacles ». L'assemblage doit être réalisable et utilisable... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/arts-du-metal/#c31217"> <span class="rg">MÉTAL </span><span class="pc">ARTS DU</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Catherine ARMINJON</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">11 110 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 médias </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Lesassemblages de fer se font par soudure à chaud, sans apport d'autre métal : les pièces à assembler sont chauffées à blanc, martelées ou forgées, afin que les points d'attache deviennent invisibles. Pour les autres métaux, un apport d'un métal à degré inférieur de fusion est indispensable. Pour la... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/mortaise/"> <span class="rg">MORTAISE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Martine Hélène FOURMONT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">371 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Pour maintenir en place les blocs dans une architecture à joints vifs, sans mortier, les Grecs eurent recours au mortaisage, procédé de construction dont le principe était déjà connu en Crète, en Égypte et en Orient et consistant à creuser aux extrémités jointives du lit supérieur de chaque bloc...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/navires-construction-navale/#c31217"> <span class="rg">NAVIRES - </span><span class="rm">Construction navale</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Boris FEDOROVSKY</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 824 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 médias </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...levage peut dépasser 1 000 tonnes. Le passage aux cales sèches s'est opéré, dans l'ensemble, après 1950, parallèlement au développement de la soudure pour l'assemblage des éléments en remplacement du rivetage. L'inconvénient majeur des cales sèches réside dans leur coût d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'investissement est l'opération qui vise soit à maintenir, soit à accroître le stock de capital d'un agent économique. Par exemple, les ménages investissent lorsqu'ils achètent un logement, l'État investit lorsqu'il construit une route et les entreprises investissent lorsqu'elles achètent une machine. Cet article a pour objet l'investissement des entreprises, l'investissement produc..." title="Article : INVESTISSEMENT" href="/encyclopedie/investissement/">investissement...</a> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/ponts/#c31217"> <span class="rg">PONTS</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Michel VIRLOGEUX</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">12 285 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">19 médias </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...Parallèlement à l'amélioration de la limite d'élasticité de l'acier, l'évolution de la construction métallique a été marquée par celle des modes d' assemblage et celle de la couverture des ponts. Dans les premiers ouvrages en fer et en acier, les différentes pièces étaient assemblées par rivetage... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/stereotomie/"> <span class="rg">STÉRÉOTOMIE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Joël SAKAROVITCH</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 044 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Au sens premier du terme, la stéréotomie est l'art de découper différents volumes en vue de leur assemblage ; en architecture, elle désigne plus spécifiquement l'art de la coupe des pierres en vue de la construction des voûtes, trompes, coupoles ou volées d'escaliers... Si l'on parle encore...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/vitrail/"> <span class="rg">VITRAIL</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Catherine BRISAC</span> et <span rel="author">Louis GRODECKI</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">5 916 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 médias </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Le mot « vitrail » a pris peu à peu un sens précis et désigne actuellement une clôture de baie, généralement de fenêtre, faite de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les verres constituent un ensemble extrêmement varié de produits dont les propriétés sont innombrables. Celles-ci dépendent fortement des traitements subis, thermiques notamment.. Leur mise au point résulte aujourd'hui des progrès des connaissances théoriques sur la structure des matériaux . La caractéristique de tous les verres rencontrés est leur isotropie due à leur nature ..." title="Article : VERRE" href="/encyclopedie/verre/">verre</a> à vitre découpé suivant une composition décorative ou figurative et assemblée au moyen de plombs. Par ce principe d' assemblage, le vitrail se distingue...</p> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class="d-print-none pagination justify-content-center my-3"> </ul> </section> <section class="mb-5"> <i id="index-medias" class="anchor"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V040309D" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Assemblage d'un pan de bois" href="/media/assemblage-dun-pan-de-bois-v040309d/"> <img id="V040309D" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/a/csm_v040309d_afd7a9ec8f.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Assemblage d'un pan de bois - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Le pan de bois." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="768" height="512" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Assemblage d'un pan de bois </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V120076A" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Assemblage d'une balustrade de stupa" href="/media/assemblage-dune-balustrade-de-stupa-v120076a/"> <img id="V120076A" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/1/csm_v120076a_bb7880c0da.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Assemblage d'une balustrade de stupa - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Influence de l'architecture de bois à la période archaïque : procédé d'assemblage d'une balustrade de stupa (pierre) à Sañci (d'après P. 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crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Reconstitution d'une habitation scandinave : assemblages à liens et enfourchements, ive-ve après J.-C." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="768" height="475" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Reconstitution d'une habitation scandinave </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH994453" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Usine Ford" href="/media/usine-ford-ph994453/"> <img id="PH994453" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/2/8/csm_ph994453_d58896183f.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Usine Ford - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Les ouvriers de l'usine Ford, de Dearborn, dans le Michigan, devant la chaîne d'assemblage de voitures, en 1928." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="796" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Usine Ford </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_74169bae4d.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Crédits images Accueil" rel="nofollow" href="/credits-illustrations/">Crédits images</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire </a> de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2025 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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