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The Kalbelias moved frequently from one place to another in ancient times. Their traditional occupation is catching snakes and trading [[snake venom]]. They rear snakes, dogs, hens, horses, donkeys, pigs and goats. Hence, the dance movements and the costumes of their community bear a resemblance to those of the serpents. They are also called Sapera and Jogira, Gattiwala and Poogiwara. The largest cluster of the Kalbelias is in [[Pali district]], followed by significant other groups in [[Ajmer]], [[Chittorgarh]] and [[Udaipur district]]. They live a [[nomadic]] life and belong to the [[scheduled tribes]].<ref>{{cite book|title=People of India Vol. XXXVIII |first1=Kumar Suresh |last1=Singh |first2=B. K. |last2=Lavania |first3=D. K. |last3=Samanta |first4=S. K. |last4=Mandal |first5=N. N. |last5=Vyas |author6=Anthropological Survey of India |article=Suthar |pages=1012 |publisher=Popular Prakashan}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Snake Charmers: The Jogi Nath Kalbelias of Rajastan |first=Miriam |last=Robertson |pages=323 |publisher=Illustrated Book Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=81-85683-29-8}}</ref> Traditionally, Kalbelia men carried cobras in cane baskets from door to door in villages while their women sang, danced and begged for alms. They revere the [[cobra]] and advocate the non-killing of such reptiles. In the villages, if a snake inadvertently happened to enter a home, a Kalbelia would be summoned to catch the serpent and to take it away without killing it. Kalbelias have traditionally been a fringe group in the society, living in spaces outside the village where they reside. They live in makeshift camps called ''deras''. The Kalbelias move their ''deras'' from one place to another in a circuitous route repeated over time. Over the generations, the Kalbelias acquired a unique understanding of the local flora and fauna, and are aware of [[herbal remedies]] for various diseases which, in turn, is an alternative source of income for them.{{fact|date=May 2022}} Since the enactment of the [[Wildlife Act of 1972]], the Kalbelias have been pushed out of their traditional profession of snake handling. Now performing arts are a major source of income for them and these have received widespread recognition within and outside India. Opportunities for performance are sporadic, and also depend on tourism, which is season specific, so members of the community work in the fields, or graze cattle to sustain themselves.<ref name="unesco"/> The Kalbelias are [[Cultural Hindus]] and practice [[snake worship]]; they worship the [[Nāga]] and [[Manasa]], and their holy day is [[Naga Panchami]]. The Kalbelias have different traditions from the majority of Hindus. The Kalbelia men wear a [[Apadravya]]. Kalbelias bury their dead, instead of cremating them (as is common with Hindus in the rest of the country). The groom has to pay the bride's father a price for the bride and the groom's father has to pay for the wedding.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://homegrown.co.in/article/803739/the-kalbelia-the-infamous-gypsies-of-rajasthans-deserts |title=The Kalbelia - the Infamous Gypsies of Rajasthan's Deserts}} </ref> == Kalbelia dance == [[File:Traditional Kalbeliya in Cold Desert Night.jpg|thumb|A Kalbelia dancer performing in desert]] The Kalbelia dance, folk dance of rajasthan performed as a celebration, is an integral part of Kalbelia culture. Their dances and songs are a matter of pride and a marker of identity for the Kalbelias, as they represent the creative adaptation of this community of snake charmers to changing socio-economic conditions and their own role in rural [[Rajasthani people|Rajasthani]] society. [[File:KAMLA SAPERA.jpg|thumb| An image of a dancer belonging to the Kalbelia tribe from Rajasthan, India]] The dancers are women in flowing black skirts who dance and twirl, replicating the movements of a serpent. They wear an upper body cloth called an ''angrakhi'' and a headcloth known as the ''odhani''; the lower body cloth is called a ''lehenga''. All these clothes are of mixed red and black hues and embroidered. The male participants play musical instruments, such as the [[pungi]], a woodwind instrument traditionally played to capture snakes, the [[daf|dufli]], [[pungi|been]], the [[khanjari]] - a percussion instrument, [[morsing|morchang]], ''khuralio'' and the [[dholak]] to create the rhythm on which the dancers perform. The dancers are tattooed in traditional designs and wear jewelry and garments richly embroidered with small mirrors and silver threads. As the performance progresses, the rhythm becomes faster and faster and so does the dance.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00340 |title=Kalbelia folk songs and dances of Rajasthan |publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref> Kalbelia songs are based on stories taken from folklore and mythology and special dances are performed during [[Holi]]. The Kalbelias have a reputation for composing lyrics spontaneously and improvising songs during performances. These songs and dances are part of an oral tradition that is handed down generations and for which there are neither texts nor any training manuals. In 2010, the Kalbelia folk songs and dances of [[Rajasthan]] were declared a part of its [[Intangible Heritage List]] by the [[UNESCO]].<ref name="unesco"/> == See also == * [[Gulabo Sapera]] * [[Ghoomar]]: Ghoomar is a traditional women's folk dance of Rajasthan, India. * [[Rajasthani people]] * [[Romani people]] * [[Dom people]] * [[Lom people]] == References == {{reflist}} == External links == * [http://www.rajasthanikalbeliyafolkdance.com Kalbelia: Kamla Sallu nath sapera & Party] * [http://artnetwork.com/videos/jaisalmer-ayo-gateway-fo-the-gypsies Jaisalmer Ayo:Gateway of the Gypsies] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170523095415/http://rajasthanikalbeliadance.com/ About culture of Kalbelia by Suramnath Kalbelia Sapera] * [http://www.galli.in/2012/03/kalbelias-christian-stejskal.html Photo essay on the Kalbelias] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090821112609/http://indianclothing.tribe.net/photos/680d7489-a138-452c-a528-3a5a4728aafd Kalbelia costume] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090609181740/http://www.kalbelia.com/Kalbelia.html Kalbelia: Rajki-Puran Nath Sapera & Party] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101230025847/http://worldmusiccentral.org/dokuwiki/doku.php/kalbelia "Kalbelia", World Music Central] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNUYGRn3W9Q Kalbelia: Cobra Gypsies - full documentary] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hg_lsEcy2mM KALBELIA FOLK MUSIC AND DANCE FROM RAJASTHAN] * [http://cultureshakti.com/Kalbelia Kalbelia in USA - Katrina Ji] {{Dom people}} {{Dance in India}} [[Category:Rajasthani culture]] [[Category:Folk dances of Rajasthan]] [[Category:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]] [[Category:Cultural heritage of India]] [[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Rajasthan]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" 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