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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>First World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_third_world_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_third_world_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Potential third world war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_third_world_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_global_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_global_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other global conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_global_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">World war</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حرب عالمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب عالمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_mundial" title="Guerra mundial – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra mundial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnya_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Dünya müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dünya müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="বিশ্বযুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিশ্বযুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сусветная вайна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сусветная вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Световна война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Световна война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svjetski_rat" title="Svjetski rat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Svjetski rat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_mundial" title="Guerra mundial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra mundial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubat_kalibotanon" title="Gubat kalibotanon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Gubat kalibotanon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%9Btov%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Světová válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Světová válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdenskrig" title="Verdenskrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Verdenskrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltkrieg" title="Weltkrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weltkrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C4%9Btowa_w%C3%B3jna" title="Swětowa wójna – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Swětowa wójna" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maailmas%C3%B5da" title="Maailmasõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maailmasõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Παγκόσμιος πόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παγκόσμιος πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_mundial" title="Guerra mundial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra mundial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondmilito" title="Mondmilito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mondmilito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جنگ جهانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ جهانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_mondiale" title="Guerre mondiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre mondiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_mundial" title="Guerra mundial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra mundial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EB%8C%80%EC%A0%84" title="세계 대전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세계 대전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Համաշխարհային պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համաշխարհային պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="विश्वयुद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विश्वयुद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C4%9Btowa_w%C3%B3jna" title="Swětowa wójna – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Swětowa wójna" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondomilito" title="Mondomilito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mondomilito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_dunia" title="Perang dunia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang dunia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_mondiale" title="Guerra mondiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra mondiale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D" title="מלחמת עולם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת עולם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Халықаралық қақтығыстар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Халықаралық қақтығыстар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_Kuu_ya_Dunia" title="Vita Kuu ya Dunia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vita Kuu ya Dunia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_mundanum" title="Bellum mundanum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bellum mundanum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasaules_kar%C5%A1" title="Pasaules karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pasaules karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasaulinis_karas" title="Pasaulinis karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pasaulinis karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil%C3%A1gh%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Világháború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Világháború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ady_Lehibe" title="Ady Lehibe – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ady Lehibe" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="विश्वयुद्ध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विश्वयुद्ध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wereldoorlog" title="Wereldoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wereldoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="विश्वयुद्ध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विश्वयुद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%A6" title="世界大戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="世界大戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdenskrig" title="Verdenskrig – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Verdenskrig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdskrig" title="Verdskrig – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Verdskrig" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_Mondiala" title="Guèrra Mondiala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra Mondiala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahon_urushi" title="Jahon urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jahon urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%93%DB%90%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AC%DA%AF%DA%93%D9%87" title="نړېواله جگړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نړېواله جگړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltkrieg" title="Weltkrieg – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Weltkrieg" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_%C5%9Bwiatowa" title="Wojna światowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna światowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_mundial" title="Guerra mundial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra mundial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboi_mondial" title="Război mondial – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Război mondial" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мировая война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мировая война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waareldkriege" title="Waareldkriege – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Waareldkriege" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_bot%C3%ABrore" title="Lufta botërore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta botërore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War" title="World War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="World War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetov%C3%A1_vojna" title="Svetová vojna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Svetová vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetovna_vojna" title="Svetovna vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Svetovna vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="شەڕی جیھانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی جیھانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Светски рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Светски рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svjetski_rat" title="Svjetski rat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Svjetski rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maailmansota" title="Maailmansota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maailmansota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rldskrig" title="Världskrig – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Världskrig" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81" title="สงครามโลก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามโลก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D2%B7%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Ҷанги ҷаҳонӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷанги ҷаҳонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnya_sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Dünya savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dünya savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Світова війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Світова війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85" title="جنگ عظیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنگ عظیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_th%E1%BA%BF_gi%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Chiến tranh thế giới – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh thế giới" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volakrig" title="Volakrig – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Volakrig" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyera_Pankalibutan" title="Gyera Pankalibutan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gyera Pankalibutan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xarey_%C3%A0dduna" title="Xarey àdduna – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Xarey àdduna" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="世界大战 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="世界大战" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">War involving major global states</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/World_war_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="World war (disambiguation)">World war (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M18_tank_destroyer_fires_its_90mm_gun_point-blank_at_a_Nazi_pillbox_emplacement_to_clear_a_path_through_a_side_street_in_Brest,_France._September,_1944._(49811749312).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/M18_tank_destroyer_fires_its_90mm_gun_point-blank_at_a_Nazi_pillbox_emplacement_to_clear_a_path_through_a_side_street_in_Brest%2C_France._September%2C_1944._%2849811749312%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/M18_tank_destroyer_fires_its_90mm_gun_point-blank_at_a_Nazi_pillbox_emplacement_to_clear_a_path_through_a_side_street_in_Brest%2C_France._September%2C_1944._%2849811749312%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/M18_tank_destroyer_fires_its_90mm_gun_point-blank_at_a_Nazi_pillbox_emplacement_to_clear_a_path_through_a_side_street_in_Brest%2C_France._September%2C_1944._%2849811749312%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5071" data-file-height="3800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> supported by a <a href="/wiki/M18_Hellcat" title="M18 Hellcat">M18 tank destroyer</a> advancing through an enemy-occupied town during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the most recent conflict to widely be considered a "world war"</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></span><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">outline</a>)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War,_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers,_artist._LCCN91480633_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="1076" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">castles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">military revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">pike and shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industrial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">fourth-gen warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">Regular</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">Standing army</a> / <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">Militia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Specialties:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifleman" title="Rifleman">Rifleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Comms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">Commissar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Land units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanized_infantry" title="Mechanized infantry">Mechanized</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Naval units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Air units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Combat systems:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Development:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Aerospace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Specialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">foreign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_logistics" title="History of military logistics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">War economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_operating_base" title="Main operating base">MOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">FOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">Lawful</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">Foreign expatriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_laws_on_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish laws on war">Jewish laws on war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">Rules of engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_military_unit" title="Penal military unit">Penal military unit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">Air supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">Command of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_Warfare" title="Unrestricted Warfare">Unrestricted Warfare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Wargaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Exercises</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">Non-warfare</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">Disaster response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">Low-intensity conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_force" title="Show of force">Show of force</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">Battle cry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel">War novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_drill" title="Foot drill">Foot drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">Wargame</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>world war</b> is an international <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">conflict</a> that involves most or all of the world's <a href="/wiki/Major_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Major powers">major powers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conventionally, the term is reserved for two major international conflicts that occurred during the first half of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918) and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945), although some historians have also characterised other global conflicts as world wars, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_war&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> cited the first known usage in the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> newspaper, <i>The People's Journal</i>, in 1848: "A war among the great powers is now necessarily a world-war." The term "world war" is used by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and his associate, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a series of articles published around 1850 called <i>The Class Struggles in France</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rasmus_B._Anderson" title="Rasmus B. Anderson">Rasmus B. Anderson</a> in 1889 described an episode in <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic mythology">Teutonic mythology</a> as a "world war" (Swedish: <i>världskrig</i>), justifying this description by a line in an <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> epic poem, "<a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1" title="Völuspá">Völuspá</a>: folcvig fyrst I heimi" ("The first great war in the world").<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German writer August Wilhelm Otto Niemann used the term "world war" in the title of his anti-British novel, <i>Der Weltkrieg: Deutsche Träume</i> (<i>The World War: German Dreams</i>) in 1904, published in English as <i>The Coming Conquest of England</i>. </p><p>The term "first world war" was first used in September 1914 by German biologist and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a>, who claimed that "there is no doubt that the course and character of the feared 'European War' ... will become the first world war in the full sense of the word",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShapiroEpstein2006329_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapiroEpstein2006329-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> citing a wire service report in the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indianapolis_Star" title="The Indianapolis Star">Indianapolis Star</a></i> on 20 September 1914. In English, the term "First World War" had been used by Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%A0_Court_Repington" title="Charles à Court Repington">Charles à Court Repington</a>, as a title for his memoirs (published in 1920); he had noted his discussion on the matter with a Major Johnstone of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in his diary entry of September 10, 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "World War I" was coined by <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine on page 28 of its June 12, 1939, issue. In the same article, on page 32, the term "World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>II" was first used speculatively to describe the upcoming war. The first use for the actual war came in its issue of September 11, 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One week earlier, on September 4, the day after France and the United Kingdom declared war on Germany, the Danish newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Kristeligt_Dagblad" title="Kristeligt Dagblad">Kristeligt Dagblad</a></i> used the term on its front page, saying "The Second World War broke out yesterday at 11 a.m."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a> authors had been noting the concept of a Second World War in 1919 and 1920, when <a href="/wiki/Milo_Hastings" title="Milo Hastings">Milo Hastings</a> wrote his <a href="/wiki/Dystopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dystopian">dystopian</a> novel, <i>City of Endless Night</i>. </p><p>Other languages have also adopted the "world war" terminology; for example, in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, "world war" is translated as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">guerre mondiale</i></span>; in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Weltkrieg</i></span> (which, prior to the war, had been used in the more abstract meaning of a global conflict); in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">guerra mondiale</i></span>; in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">guerra mundial</i></span>; in <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">verdenskrig</i></span>; in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru">мировая война</i></span> (<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-LT">mirovaya voyna</i></span>); and in <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">maailmansota</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_war&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War">First World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_war&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_gouraud_french_army_world_war_i_machinegun_marne_1918.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/General_gouraud_french_army_world_war_i_machinegun_marne_1918.JPEG/220px-General_gouraud_french_army_world_war_i_machinegun_marne_1918.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/General_gouraud_french_army_world_war_i_machinegun_marne_1918.JPEG/330px-General_gouraud_french_army_world_war_i_machinegun_marne_1918.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/General_gouraud_french_army_world_war_i_machinegun_marne_1918.JPEG/440px-General_gouraud_french_army_world_war_i_machinegun_marne_1918.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2910" data-file-height="2047" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> soldiers holding a position in the ruins of a church during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a>, part of World War I</figcaption></figure> <p>The First World War occurred from 1914 to 1918. In terms of human <a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">technological history</a>, the scale of World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>I was enabled by the technological advances of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a> and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> that allowed global power projection and <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> of military hardware. It had been recognized that the complex system of opposing <a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">military alliances</a> (the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian</a> Empires against the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a> Empires) was likely, if war broke out, to lead to a worldwide conflict. That caused a very minute conflict between two countries to have the potential to set off a <a href="/wiki/Domino_effect" title="Domino effect">domino effect</a> of alliances, triggering a world war. The fact that the powers involved had large <a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">overseas empires</a> virtually guaranteed that such a war would be worldwide, as the colonies' resources would be a crucial strategic factor. The same strategic considerations also ensured that the combatants would strike at each other's colonies, thus spreading the wars far more widely than those of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> times. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (December 2022)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">War crimes</a> were perpetrated in World War I. <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons</a> were used in the war despite the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907</a> having outlawed the use of such weapons in warfare. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, during the First World War, as well as other war crimes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_war&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_the_Normandy_Campaign_1944_B8553.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/The_British_Army_in_the_Normandy_Campaign_1944_B8553.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_the_Normandy_Campaign_1944_B8553.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/The_British_Army_in_the_Normandy_Campaign_1944_B8553.jpg/330px-The_British_Army_in_the_Normandy_Campaign_1944_B8553.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/The_British_Army_in_the_Normandy_Campaign_1944_B8553.jpg/440px-The_British_Army_in_the_Normandy_Campaign_1944_B8553.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Mechanized_infantry" title="Mechanized infantry">mechanized infantry</a> <a href="/wiki/Churchill_tank" title="Churchill tank">Churchill</a> tank passing a destroyed <i><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Panzer_IV" title="Panzer IV">Panzer IV</a> tank during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a>, part of World War II</figcaption></figure> <p>The Second World War occurred from 1939 to 1945 and is the only conflict in which <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a> have been used; both <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Empire">Japanese Empire</a>, were <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">devastated</a> by atomic bombs dropped by the United States. The main Axis powers were <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>; while the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a> were the "<a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Four (World War II)">Big Four</a>" Allied powers.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, was responsible for <a href="/wiki/Genocides" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocides">genocides</a>, most notably <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, which murdered demographics considered <a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermensch</a> by the Nazis. These included about six million <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and about five million others, such as <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homosexuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuals">homosexuals</a>, and the physically and mentally disabled.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> deported and <a href="/wiki/Interned" class="mw-redirect" title="Interned">interned</a> minority groups within their own borders and, largely because of the conflict, many ethnic <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> were later expelled from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. Japan was responsible for attacking <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutral nations</a> without a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declaration of war</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>. It is also known for its brutal treatment and killing of Allied <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> and the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. It also used Asians as <a href="/wiki/Forced_laborers" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced laborers">forced laborers</a> and was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a> in which 250,000 civilians were brutally murdered by Japanese troops. <a href="/wiki/Noncombatants" class="mw-redirect" title="Noncombatants">Noncombatants</a> suffered at least as badly as or worse than <a href="/wiki/Combatants" class="mw-redirect" title="Combatants">combatants</a>, and the distinction between combatants and noncombatants was often blurred by the belligerents of <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a> in both conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-stories_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stories-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The outcome of the war had a profound effect on the course of <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">world history</a>. The old European empires collapsed or they were dismantled as a direct result of the crushing costs of the war and in some cases, their fall was caused by the defeat of imperial powers. The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> became firmly established as the dominant global <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpower</a>, along with its close competitor and ideological foe, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The two superpowers exerted political influence over most of the world's <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation-states</a> for decades after the end of the Second World War. The modern international security, economic, and diplomatic system was created in the aftermath of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-stories_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stories-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> were established to collectivize international affairs, with the explicit goal of preventing another outbreak of general war. The wars had also greatly changed the course of daily life. Technologies developed during wartime had a profound effect on peacetime life as well, such as by advances in <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">jet aircraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear energy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic computers">electronic computers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stories_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stories-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Potential_third_world_war">Potential third world war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_war&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Potential third world war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">World War III</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DF-ST-82-06464_Troops_from_the_82nd_Airborne_Division_are_dropped_by_parachute_during_exercise_Reforger_%2780.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/DF-ST-82-06464_Troops_from_the_82nd_Airborne_Division_are_dropped_by_parachute_during_exercise_Reforger_%2780.jpeg/220px-DF-ST-82-06464_Troops_from_the_82nd_Airborne_Division_are_dropped_by_parachute_during_exercise_Reforger_%2780.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/DF-ST-82-06464_Troops_from_the_82nd_Airborne_Division_are_dropped_by_parachute_during_exercise_Reforger_%2780.jpeg/330px-DF-ST-82-06464_Troops_from_the_82nd_Airborne_Division_are_dropped_by_parachute_during_exercise_Reforger_%2780.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/DF-ST-82-06464_Troops_from_the_82nd_Airborne_Division_are_dropped_by_parachute_during_exercise_Reforger_%2780.jpeg/440px-DF-ST-82-06464_Troops_from_the_82nd_Airborne_Division_are_dropped_by_parachute_during_exercise_Reforger_%2780.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2810" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption>US Army paratroopers landing in a field in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> during <a href="/wiki/Exercise_Reforger" title="Exercise Reforger">Exercise Reforger 1984</a>, a Cold War-era <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">military exercise</a> used to prepare for potential conventional warfare against the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>; such a conflict was expected to be World War III.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> during the Second World War, there has been a widespread and prolonged fear of a potential third world war between nuclear-armed powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Biggs_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biggs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Worland_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Worland-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often suggested that it would become a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear war</a>, and be more devastating and violent than both the First and Second World Wars. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> is often quoted as having said in 1947 that "I know not with what weapons World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>III will be fought, but World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>IV will be fought with sticks and stones."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been anticipated and planned for by military and civil authorities, and it has also been <a href="/wiki/World_War_III_in_popular_culture" title="World War III in popular culture">explored in fiction</a>. Scenarios have ranged from conventional warfare to limited or total nuclear warfare.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Various former government officials, politicians, authors, and military leaders (including <a href="/wiki/James_Woolsey" title="James Woolsey">James Woolsey</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Marenches" title="Alexandre de Marenches">Alexandre de Marenches</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MarenchesWWIV_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarenchesWWIV-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eliot_Cohen" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliot Cohen">Eliot Cohen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CohenWWIV_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CohenWWIV-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Subcomandante Marcos</a><sup id="cite_ref-fourth_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fourth-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) have attempted to apply the labels of the "Third World War" and the "Fourth World War" to various past and present global wars since the end of the Second World War, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a> respectively. </p><p>During the early 21st century, the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">war in Afghanistan</a> (2001–2021), the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> (2010–2012), the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> (2011–present), the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003–2011), the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> (2014–present), the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a> (2014–present), and their worldwide spillovers are sometimes described as <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy wars</a> waged by the United States and Russia,<sup id="cite_ref-turnproxy_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turnproxy-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cain_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cain-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-prox_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prox-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stupid_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stupid-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which led some commentators<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2022)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> to characterize the situation as a "proto-world war", with many countries embroiled in overlapping conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-proto_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proto-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_global_conflicts">Other global conflicts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_war&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other global conflicts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wojciech_Kossak_The_Battle_of_Zorndorf_(1758)_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Wojciech_Kossak_The_Battle_of_Zorndorf_%281758%29_1899.jpg/220px-Wojciech_Kossak_The_Battle_of_Zorndorf_%281758%29_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Wojciech_Kossak_The_Battle_of_Zorndorf_%281758%29_1899.jpg/330px-Wojciech_Kossak_The_Battle_of_Zorndorf_%281758%29_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Wojciech_Kossak_The_Battle_of_Zorndorf_%281758%29_1899.jpg/440px-Wojciech_Kossak_The_Battle_of_Zorndorf_%281758%29_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1989" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>An artist's depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a> clashing with the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zorndorf" title="Battle of Zorndorf">Battle of Zorndorf</a>, part of the Seven Years' War, which some historians consider to be an early world war</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1754/56–1763) was fought across all of North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America. Most of the great powers of the era participated, notably including the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French Empire</a>, but polities from many continents played important roles. Some historians call it "World War Zero" as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians like Richard F. Hamilton and <a href="/wiki/Holger_H._Herwig" class="mw-redirect" title="Holger H. Herwig">Holger H. Herwig</a> created a list of eight world wars, including the two generally agreed-upon world wars, the Seven Years' War, and five others: the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a> (1689–1697), the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> (1701–1714), the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> (1740–1748), the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> (1792–1802), and the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> (1803–1815).<sup id="cite_ref-HamiltonHerwig2003_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HamiltonHerwig2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British historian John Robert Seeley dubbed all of those wars between France and Great Britain (later the UK) between 1689 and 1815 (including the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> from 1775 to 1783) as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Second Hundred Years' War">Second Hundred Years' War</a>, echoing an earlier period of conflict between France and England known as the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> (1337–1453).<sup id="cite_ref-AllisonFerreiro2018_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllisonFerreiro2018-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some writers have referred to the American Revolutionary War alone as a world war.<sup id="cite_ref-AllisonFerreiro2018_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllisonFerreiro2018-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others (like William R. Thompson or Chase-Dunn and Sokolovsky) also wants to include the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a> and <i>Dutch wars</i> [<a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Dutch-Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Wars" title="Anglo-Dutch Wars">Anglo-Dutch Wars</a>] as part of Global Wars, while clasificating WW1 and WW2 as the Global <i>German Wars</i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Coalition Wars</a> with <a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93Habsburg_rivalry#Nine_Years'_War" title="French–Habsburg rivalry">Wars of Louis XIV</a> as the 2nd and 1st Global <i>French Wars</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other historians prefer to see all of those conflicts as "Hegemonic Wars" or "General Wars", been inter-regional wars on the grand scale, but not worldly.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other historians suggest even earlier conflicts to be world wars. For example, Russian ethnologist <a href="/wiki/Lev_Gumilev" title="Lev Gumilev">L. N. Gumilyov</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628">Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628</a> "the World War of the 7th century" because it evolved into a war between the fourfold alliance of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Chinese Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> against a triple union of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a>, with proxy conflicts in <a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Afro-Eurasia</a> (like the <a href="/wiki/Aksumite%E2%80%93Persian_wars" title="Aksumite–Persian wars">Aksumite–Persian wars</a>) and across the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others consider that the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_confrontations" title="Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations">Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a> can be considered as world conflicts, prototypes of the "<a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>, but between two main power-projecting and religious blocs, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>, as holders of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburgs</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> were not involved in those conflicts, in which case, other historians consider the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> (specially <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Iberian–Dutch War</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the first global conflict, pitting the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empires</a> against the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empires</a> and their allies (mostly <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Danish_colonial_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish colonial empire">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_colonial_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish colonial empire">Swedish oversea</a> expeditions) across the five continents.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another possible example is the <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a> (1998–2003) even though it was only waged on one continent. It involved nine nations and led to ongoing <a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-intensity warfare">low-intensity warfare</a> despite an official peace and the first democratic elections in 2006. It has been referred to as "Africa's World War".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="The_World_Wars"></span><span class="anchor" id="World_wars_of_the_20th_century"></span><span class="anchor" id="World_Wars"></span><span class="anchor" id="World_War_I"></span><span class="anchor" id="WWI"></span><span class="anchor" id="WW1"></span><span class="anchor" id="World_War_II"></span><span class="anchor" id="WWII"></span><span class="anchor" id="WW2"></span> </p> <table style="width:100%;" class="sortable wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#CCCC;"> <th>Event </th> <th>Casualties lowest estimate </th> <th>Casualties highest estimate </th> <th>Location </th> <th>From </th> <th>To </th> <th>Duration (years) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><div class=""> <div style="width: 256px; height: 128px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 256px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NineYearsWar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="NineYearsWar.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/NineYearsWar.png/256px-NineYearsWar.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/NineYearsWar.png/384px-NineYearsWar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/NineYearsWar.png/512px-NineYearsWar.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a><sup id="cite_ref-HamiltonHerwig2003_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HamiltonHerwig2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChildsChilds1991_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChildsChilds1991-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cohen2012_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen2012-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gillespie2021_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillespie2021-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>680,000<sup id="cite_ref-HamiltonHerwig2003_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HamiltonHerwig2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> </td> <td>1688 </td> <td>1697 </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><div class=""> <div style="width: 256px; height: 128px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 256px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WaroftheSpanishSuccession.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WaroftheSpanishSuccession.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/WaroftheSpanishSuccession.png/256px-WaroftheSpanishSuccession.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/WaroftheSpanishSuccession.png/384px-WaroftheSpanishSuccession.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/WaroftheSpanishSuccession.png/512px-WaroftheSpanishSuccession.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a><sup id="cite_ref-HamiltonHerwig2003_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HamiltonHerwig2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cohen2012_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen2012-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>700,000<sup id="cite_ref-Urlanis1971_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urlanis1971-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1,251,000<sup id="cite_ref-Levy2014_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy2014-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> </td> <td>1701 </td> <td>1714 </td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><div class=""> <div style="width: 256px; height: 128px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 256px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WaroftheAustrianSuccession.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WaroftheAustrianSuccession.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/WaroftheAustrianSuccession.png/256px-WaroftheAustrianSuccession.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/WaroftheAustrianSuccession.png/384px-WaroftheAustrianSuccession.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/WaroftheAustrianSuccession.png/512px-WaroftheAustrianSuccession.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a><sup id="cite_ref-HamiltonHerwig2003_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HamiltonHerwig2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lynn2013_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynn2013-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>359,000<sup id="cite_ref-HamiltonHerwig2003_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HamiltonHerwig2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> </td> <td>1740 </td> <td>1748 </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><div class=""> <div style="width: 256px; height: 128px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 256px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SevenYearsWar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="SevenYearsWar.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/SevenYearsWar.png/256px-SevenYearsWar.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/SevenYearsWar.png/384px-SevenYearsWar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/SevenYearsWar.png/512px-SevenYearsWar.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a><sup id="cite_ref-bbcfirstworldwars_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcfirstworldwars-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>992,000<sup id="cite_ref-HamiltonHerwig2003_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HamiltonHerwig2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1,500,000<sup id="cite_ref-horriblethings_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horriblethings-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> </td> <td>1754 </td> <td>1763 </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><div class=""> <div style="width: 256px; height: 128px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 256px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AmericanRevolutionaryWar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="AmericanRevolutionaryWar.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/AmericanRevolutionaryWar.png/256px-AmericanRevolutionaryWar.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/AmericanRevolutionaryWar.png/384px-AmericanRevolutionaryWar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/AmericanRevolutionaryWar.png/512px-AmericanRevolutionaryWar.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a><sup id="cite_ref-AllisonFerreiro2018_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllisonFerreiro2018-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>217,000 </td> <td>262,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> </td> <td>1775 </td> <td>1783 </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><div class=""> <div style="width: 256px; height: 128px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 256px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FrenchRevolutionaryWars.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="FrenchRevolutionaryWars.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/FrenchRevolutionaryWars.png/256px-FrenchRevolutionaryWars.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/FrenchRevolutionaryWars.png/384px-FrenchRevolutionaryWars.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/FrenchRevolutionaryWars.png/512px-FrenchRevolutionaryWars.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a><sup id="cite_ref-HamiltonHerwig2003_28-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HamiltonHerwig2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>663,000<sup id="cite_ref-HamiltonHerwig2003_28-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HamiltonHerwig2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> </td> <td>1792 </td> <td>1802 </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><div class=""> <div style="width: 256px; height: 128px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 256px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NapoleonicWars.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="NapoleonicWars.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/NapoleonicWars.png/256px-NapoleonicWars.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/NapoleonicWars.png/384px-NapoleonicWars.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/NapoleonicWars.png/512px-NapoleonicWars.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a><sup id="cite_ref-bbcfirstworldwars_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcfirstworldwars-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1,800,000<sup id="cite_ref-HamiltonHerwig2003_28-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HamiltonHerwig2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>7,000,000<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> </td> <td>1803 </td> <td>1815 </td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><div class=""> <div style="width: 256px; height: 128px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 256px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WWI-re.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WWI-re.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/WWI-re.png/256px-WWI-re.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/WWI-re.png/384px-WWI-re.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/WWI-re.png/512px-WWI-re.png 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> </td> <td>15,000,000<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>65,000,000<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Global </td> <td>1914 </td> <td>1918 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><div class=""> <div style="width: 256px; height: 128px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 256px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_participants_in_World_War_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of participants in World War II.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Map_of_participants_in_World_War_II.svg/256px-Map_of_participants_in_World_War_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Map_of_participants_in_World_War_II.svg/384px-Map_of_participants_in_World_War_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Map_of_participants_in_World_War_II.svg/512px-Map_of_participants_in_World_War_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="317" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> </td> <td>40,000,000<sup id="cite_ref-auto_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>85,000,000<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Global </td> <td>1939 </td> <td>1945 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><div class=""> <div style="width: 256px; height: 128px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 256px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cold_War_Map_1980.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cold War Map 1980.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cold_War_Map_1980.svg/256px-Cold_War_Map_1980.svg.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cold_War_Map_1980.svg/384px-Cold_War_Map_1980.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cold_War_Map_1980.svg/512px-Cold_War_Map_1980.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Global </td> <td>1947 </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>47 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><div class=""> <div style="width: 256px; height: 128px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 256px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battlefields_in_The_Global_War_on_Terror.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Battlefields in The Global War on Terror.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Battlefields_in_The_Global_War_on_Terror.svg/256px-Battlefields_in_The_Global_War_on_Terror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Battlefields_in_The_Global_War_on_Terror.svg/384px-Battlefields_in_The_Global_War_on_Terror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Battlefields_in_The_Global_War_on_Terror.svg/512px-Battlefields_in_The_Global_War_on_Terror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> </td> <td>4,500,000<sup id="cite_ref-brownuni2023_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brownuni2023-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>4,600,000<sup id="cite_ref-brownuni2023_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brownuni2023-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Global </td> <td>2001 </td> <td>Present </td> <td>22 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_war&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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data-file-height="3002" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">List of largest empires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_conflicts_spanning_multiple_wars" title="List of military conflicts spanning multiple wars">List of military conflicts spanning multiple wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">List of ongoing armed conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">Military history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_war&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/world%20war">"World War"</a>. Merriam-Webster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211050834/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/world%20war">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+War&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fworld%2520war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngels" class="citation web cs1">Engels, Frederick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1887/12/15.htm">"Introduction to Borkheim"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180716152910/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1887/12/15.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Borkheim&rft.aulast=Engels&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1887%2F12%2F15.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rasmus_Bj%C3%B6rn_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasmus Björn Anderson">Rasmus Björn Anderson</a> (translator: <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Rydberg" title="Viktor Rydberg">Viktor Rydberg</a>), <i>Teutonic Mythology</i>, vol. 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-uJRw32enFQC&pg=PT237">p. 139</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200126230205/https://books.google.com/books?id=-uJRw32enFQC&pg=PT237">Archived</a> 2020-01-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, London: S. Sonnenschein & Co., 1889 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/626839">626839</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapiroEpstein2006329-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShapiroEpstein2006329_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShapiroEpstein2006">Shapiro & Epstein 2006</a>, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProffitt2014" class="citation news cs1">Proffitt, Michael (2014-06-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.oed.com/blog/june-2014-update-chief-editors-notes-june-2014/">"Chief Editor's notes June 2014"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary's blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220415031658/https://public.oed.com/blog/june-2014-update-chief-editors-notes-june-2014/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary%27s+blog&rft.atitle=Chief+Editor%27s+notes+June+2014&rft.date=2014-06-13&rft.aulast=Proffitt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.oed.com%2Fblog%2Fjune-2014-update-chief-editors-notes-june-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103043739/https://qi.com/infocloud/the-first-world-war">"The First World War"</a>. <i>Quite Interesting</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qi.com/infocloud/the-first-world-war">the original</a> on 2014-01-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quite+Interesting&rft.atitle=The+First+World+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqi.com%2Finfocloud%2Fthe-first-world-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span> Also aired on <a href="/wiki/List_of_QI_episodes" title="List of QI episodes">QI Series I</a> Episode 2, 16 September 2011, BBC Two.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3195322/world-war-grey-friday/">"Grey Friday: TIME Reports on World War II Beginning"</a>. <i>TIME</i>. September 11, 1939. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141011180303/http://time.com/3195322/world-war-grey-friday/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2014</span>. <q>World War II began last week at 5:20 a. m. (Polish time) Friday, September 1, when a German bombing plane dropped a projectile on Puck, fishing village and airbase in the armpit of the Hel Peninsula.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=Grey+Friday%3A+TIME+Reports+on+World+War+II+Beginning&rft.date=1939-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3195322%2Fworld-war-grey-friday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Den anden Verdenskrig udbrød i Gaar Middags Kl. 11", <i>Kristeligt Dagblad</i>, September 4, 1939, Extra edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSainsbury1986" class="citation book cs1">Sainsbury, Keith (1986). <i>The Turning Point: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-Shek, 1943: The Moscow, Cairo, and Teheran Conferences</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turning+Point%3A+Roosevelt%2C+Stalin%2C+Churchill%2C+and+Chiang+Kai-Shek%2C+1943%3A+The+Moscow%2C+Cairo%2C+and+Teheran+Conferences&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Sainsbury&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/documenting-numbers-of-victims-of-the-holocaust-and-nazi-persecution">"Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution"</a>. <i>encyclopedia.ushmm.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220011124/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/documenting-numbers-of-victims-of-the-holocaust-and-nazi-persecution">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Documenting+Numbers+of+Victims+of+the+Holocaust+and+Nazi+Persecution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fdocumenting-numbers-of-victims-of-the-holocaust-and-nazi-persecution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stories-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stories_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stories_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stories_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://storiespreschool.com/worldwar.html">"World War"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191111061254/https://storiespreschool.com/worldwar.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstoriespreschool.com%2Fworldwar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biggs-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biggs_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biggs, Lindy and Hansen, James (editors), 2004, <i>Readings in Technology and Civilisation</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7593-3869-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7593-3869-8">0-7593-3869-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Worland-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Worland_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Worland, Rick, 2006, <i>The Horror Film: An Introduction</i>, Blackwell Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-3902-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-3902-1">1-4051-3902-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalaprice2005" class="citation book cs1">Calaprice, Alice (2005). <i>The new quotable Einstein</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12075-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12075-1"><bdi>978-0-691-12075-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+quotable+Einstein&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12075-1&rft.aulast=Calaprice&rft.aufirst=Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7406337">"The culture of Einstein"</a>. NBC News. 2005-04-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005132629/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7406337/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+culture+of+Einstein&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft.date=2005-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna7406337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/30745506/">"24 Jun 1948, Page 4 - The Berkshire Eagle at Newspapers.com"</a>. <i>Newspapers.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220422225558/http://www.newspapers.com/image/30745506/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newspapers.com&rft.atitle=24+Jun+1948%2C+Page+4+-+The+Berkshire+Eagle+at+Newspapers.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F30745506%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/einstein-world-war-iv-sticks-stones/">"Did Albert Einstein Say World War IV Will be Fought 'With Sticks and Stones'?"</a>. <i>Snopes.com</i>. 16 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220422225558/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/einstein-world-war-iv-sticks-stones/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snopes.com&rft.atitle=Did+Albert+Einstein+Say+World+War+IV+Will+be+Fought+%27With+Sticks+and+Stones%27%3F&rft.date=2018-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Ffact-check%2Feinstein-world-war-iv-sticks-stones%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarenchesWWIV-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MarenchesWWIV_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndelmanMarenchesMarenchesAndelman1992" class="citation book cs1">Andelman, Professor David; Marenches, Comte Alexandre de; Marenches, Count De; Andelman, David (1992). <i>The Fourth World War: Diplomacy and Espionage<span class="nowrap"> </span>..</i>. Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0688092187" title="Special:BookSources/0688092187"><bdi>0688092187</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fourth+World+War%3A+Diplomacy+and+Espionage%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3E...&rft.pub=Morrow&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0688092187&rft.aulast=Andelman&rft.aufirst=Professor+David&rft.au=Marenches%2C+Comte+Alexandre+de&rft.au=Marenches%2C+Count+De&rft.au=Andelman%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span>Book regarding alleged WWIV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CohenWWIV-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CohenWWIV_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=95001493">"World War IV: Let's call this conflict what it is"</a>. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100327142047/http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=95001493">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-03-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+War+IV%3A+Let%27s+call+this+conflict+what+it+is.&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opinionjournal.com%2Feditorial%2Ffeature.html%3Fid%3D95001493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span>Why war on terrorism should be called WWIV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fourth-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fourth_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubcomandante_Marcos2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Subcomandante Marcos</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/nep/v002/2.3marcos.html">"The Fourth World War Has Begun"</a>. <i>Nepantla: Views from South</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 559–572. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029232312/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=%2Fjournals%2Fnep%2Fv002%2F2.3marcos.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nepantla%3A+Views+from+South&rft.atitle=The+Fourth+World+War+Has+Begun&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=559-572&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Subcomandante+Marcos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Flogin%3Fauth%3D0%26type%3Dsummary%26url%3D%2Fjournals%2Fnep%2Fv002%2F2.3marcos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turnproxy-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-turnproxy_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_Barnard_and_Karen_Shoumali2015" class="citation news cs1">Anne Barnard and Karen Shoumali (12 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/13/world/middleeast/syria-russia-airstrikes.html?_r=0">"U.S. Weaponry Is Turning Syria Into Proxy War With Russia"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015002734/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/13/world/middleeast/syria-russia-airstrikes.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Weaponry+Is+Turning+Syria+Into+Proxy+War+With+Russia&rft.date=2015-10-12&rft.au=Anne+Barnard+and+Karen+Shoumali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F10%2F13%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria-russia-airstrikes.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cain-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cain_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Pengelly2015" class="citation news cs1">Martin Pengelly (4 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/oct/04/john-mccain-russia-us-proxy-war-syria-obama-putin">"John McCain says US is engaged in proxy war with Russia in Syria"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151012181525/http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/oct/04/john-mccain-russia-us-proxy-war-syria-obama-putin">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=John+McCain+says+US+is+engaged+in+proxy+war+with+Russia+in+Syria&rft.date=2015-10-04&rft.au=Martin+Pengelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2015%2Foct%2F04%2Fjohn-mccain-russia-us-proxy-war-syria-obama-putin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prox-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prox_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolly_Yan_and_Mark_Morgenstein2015" class="citation news cs1">Holly Yan and Mark Morgenstein (13 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2015/10/13/middleeast/syria-civil-war/index.html">"U.S., Russia escalate involvement in Syria"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017044948/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/10/13/middleeast/syria-civil-war/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.S.%2C+Russia+escalate+involvement+in+Syria&rft.date=2015-10-13&rft.au=Holly+Yan+and+Mark+Morgenstein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2015%2F10%2F13%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria-civil-war%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stupid-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stupid_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaub2015" class="citation news cs1">Taub, Amanda (1 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2015/10/1/9434365/putin-syria-russia-mistake">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Russians have made a serious mistake": how Putin's Syria gambit will backfire"</a>. <i>Vox</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151022072913/http://www.vox.com/2015/10/1/9434365/putin-syria-russia-mistake">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=%22The+Russians+have+made+a+serious+mistake%22%3A+how+Putin%27s+Syria+gambit+will+backfire&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft.aulast=Taub&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2015%2F10%2F1%2F9434365%2Fputin-syria-russia-mistake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-proto-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-proto_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/10/16/world/middleeast/untangling-the-overlapping-conflicts-in-the-syrian-war.html">"Untangling the Overlapping Conflicts in the Syrian War"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 18 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019023347/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/10/16/world/middleeast/untangling-the-overlapping-conflicts-in-the-syrian-war.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Untangling+the+Overlapping+Conflicts+in+the+Syrian+War&rft.date=2015-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2015%2F10%2F16%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Funtangling-the-overlapping-conflicts-in-the-syrian-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2014/07/01/why-the-first-world-war-wasnt-really">"Why the first world war wasn't really"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 2014-07-01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180530034837/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2014/07/01/why-the-first-world-war-wasnt-really">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-05-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Why+the+first+world+war+wasn%27t+really&rft.date=2014-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fthe-economist-explains%2F2014%2F07%2F01%2Fwhy-the-first-world-war-wasnt-really&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevetakTannock2017" class="citation web cs1">Devetak, Richard; Tannock, Emily (January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/6787/chapter-abstract/150921217?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"The Globalization of International Society: Imperial Rivalry and the First Global War"</a>. <i>academic.oup.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=academic.oup.com&rft.atitle=The+Globalization+of+International+Society%3A+Imperial+Rivalry+and+the+First+Global+War&rft.date=2017-01&rft.aulast=Devetak&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Tannock%2C+Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F6787%2Fchapter-abstract%2F150921217%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HamiltonHerwig2003-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HamiltonHerwig2003_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HamiltonHerwig2003_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HamiltonHerwig2003_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HamiltonHerwig2003_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HamiltonHerwig2003_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HamiltonHerwig2003_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HamiltonHerwig2003_28-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HamiltonHerwig2003_28-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HamiltonHerwig2003_28-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HamiltonHerwig2003_28-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamiltonHerwig2003" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Richard F.; Herwig, Holger H. (24 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fcILAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">"Chapter 1: World Wars: Definition and Causes"</a>. In Richard F. Hamilton; Holger H. Herwig (eds.). <i>The Origins of World War I</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 4–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-39386-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-39386-8"><bdi>978-1-107-39386-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121060914/https://books.google.com/books?id=fcILAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+World+Wars%3A+Definition+and+Causes&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+World+War+I&rft.pages=4-9&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003-02-24&rft.isbn=978-1-107-39386-8&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rft.au=Herwig%2C+Holger+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfcILAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AllisonFerreiro2018-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AllisonFerreiro2018_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllisonFerreiro2018_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AllisonFerreiro2018_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_K._AllisonLarrie_D._Ferreiro2018" class="citation book cs1">David K. Allison; Larrie D. Ferreiro, eds. (6 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IlpnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52"><i>The American Revolution: A World War</i></a>. Smithsonian Institution. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58834-659-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58834-659-9"><bdi>978-1-58834-659-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1061862132">1061862132</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121061952/https://books.google.com/books?id=IlpnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Revolution%3A+A+World+War&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2018-11-06&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1061862132&rft.isbn=978-1-58834-659-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIlpnDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1983" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, William R. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600689">"World Wars, Global Wars, and the Cool Hand Luke Syndrome: A Reply to Chase-Dunn and Sokolovsky"</a>. <i>International Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 369–374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2600689">10.2307/2600689</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-8833">0020-8833</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600689">2600689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=World+Wars%2C+Global+Wars%2C+and+the+Cool+Hand+Luke+Syndrome%3A+A+Reply+to+Chase-Dunn+and+Sokolovsky&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=369-374&rft.date=1983&rft.issn=0020-8833&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2600689%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2600689&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2600689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy1985" class="citation journal cs1">Levy, Jack S. (April 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/theories-of-general-war/67FF1194166413E399BE9C6475F720F8">"Theories of General War"</a>. <i>World Politics</i>. <b>37</b> (3): 344–374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2010247">10.2307/2010247</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3338">1086-3338</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2010247">2010247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=Theories+of+General+War&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=344-374&rft.date=1985-04&rft.issn=1086-3338&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2010247%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2010247&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Jack+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fworld-politics%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Ftheories-of-general-war%2F67FF1194166413E399BE9C6475F720F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelko2001" class="citation journal cs1">Melko, Matthew (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23607788">"The Importance of General Wars in World History"</a>. <i>Peace Research</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 83–100. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4697">0008-4697</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23607788">23607788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peace+Research&rft.atitle=The+Importance+of+General+Wars+in+World+History&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-100&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23607788%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0008-4697&rft.aulast=Melko&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23607788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gumilyov L. N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot15.htm">Ancient Turks. Chapter XV. World War VII.</a> - M. : Iris-Press, 2009. - 560 p. — (Library of history and culture). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-8112-3742-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-8112-3742-5">978-5-8112-3742-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crowley, Roger Empires of the Sea: The siege of Malta, the battle of Lepanto and the contest for the center of the world, <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historycooperative.org/journal/the-ottoman-discovery-of-the-indian-ocean-in-the-sixteenth-century-the-age-of-exploration-from-an-islamic-perspective/">"The Ottoman 'Discovery' of the Indian Ocean in the Sixteenth Century: The Age of Exploration from an Islamic Perspective"</a>. <i>History Cooperative</i>. 2021-08-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21313%2Fhawaii%2F9780824865917.003.0006">10.21313/hawaii/9780824865917.003.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-6591-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-6591-7"><bdi>978-0-8248-6591-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encounters+Old+and+New+in+World+History%3A+The+Sixteenth-Century+World+War+and+the+Roots+of+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2017-06-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21313%2Fhawaii%2F9780824865917.003.0006&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-6591-7&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPike2023" class="citation book cs1">Pike, John (2023-01-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mVaWzgEACAAJ"><i>The Thirty Years War, 1618 - 1648: The First Global War and the End of Habsburg Supremacy</i></a>. Pen & Sword Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-7575-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-7575-7"><bdi>978-1-5267-7575-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirty+Years+War%2C+1618+-+1648%3A+The+First+Global+War+and+the+End+of+Habsburg+Supremacy&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books+Limited&rft.date=2023-01-16&rft.isbn=978-1-5267-7575-7&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmVaWzgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historiskamedia.se/bok/trettioariga-kriget/">"Trettioåriga kriget"</a>. <i>Historiska Media</i> (in Swedish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2010). «The History of the Greatest Empire Ever Known: Chapter 5, Felipe III (Los Austrias)».</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/gh/article/38/4/550/5820729">"Globalizing the Thirty Years War: Early German Newspapers and their Geopolitical Perspective on the Atlantic World"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Barnes & Noble. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195374209" title="Special:BookSources/9780195374209"><bdi>9780195374209</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa%27s+World+War%3A+Congo%2C+the+Rwandan+Genocide%2C+and+the+Making+of+a+Continental+Catastrophe&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780195374209&rft.aulast=Prunier&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricasworldwarc0000prun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChildsChilds1991-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChildsChilds1991_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Charles_Roger_ChildsJohn_Childs1991" class="citation book cs1">John Charles Roger Childs; John Childs (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q_3HAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA5"><i>The Nine Years' War and the British Army, 1688–1697: The Operations in the Low Countries</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3461-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3461-9"><bdi>978-0-7190-3461-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1166971747">1166971747</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121060909/https://books.google.com/books?id=q_3HAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nine+Years%27+War+and+the+British+Army%2C+1688%E2%80%931697%3A+The+Operations+in+the+Low+Countries&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1166971747&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-3461-9&rft.au=John+Charles+Roger+Childs&rft.au=John+Childs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq_3HAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen2012-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen2012_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen2012_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliot_A._Cohen2012" class="citation book cs1">Eliot A. Cohen (13 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0oIwBsuA8K4C&pg=PA339"><i>Conquered Into Liberty: Two Centuries of Battles Along the Great Warpath that Made the American Way of War</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-2411-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-2411-3"><bdi>978-1-4516-2411-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121060910/https://books.google.com/books?id=0oIwBsuA8K4C&pg=PA339">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquered+Into+Liberty%3A+Two+Centuries+of+Battles+Along+the+Great+Warpath+that+Made+the+American+Way+of+War&rft.pages=339&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2012-11-13&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-2411-3&rft.au=Eliot+A.+Cohen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0oIwBsuA8K4C%26pg%3DPA339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillespie2021-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gillespie2021_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Gillespie2021" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Gillespie (14 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y7EVEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA452"><i>The Causes of War: Volume IV: 1650 – 1800</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 452. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5099-1218-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5099-1218-6"><bdi>978-1-5099-1218-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1232140043">1232140043</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121060911/https://books.google.com/books?id=y7EVEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA452">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Causes+of+War%3A+Volume+IV%3A+1650+%E2%80%93+1800&rft.pages=452&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021-01-14&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1232140043&rft.isbn=978-1-5099-1218-6&rft.au=Alexander+Gillespie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy7EVEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urlanis1971-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urlanis1971_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrlanis1971" class="citation book cs1">Urlanis, Boris Cezarevič (1971). <i>Wars and Population</i>. Progress Publishing. p. 187.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+and+Population&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Progress+Publishing&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Urlanis&rft.aufirst=Boris+Cezarevi%C4%8D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levy2014-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levy2014_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2014" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Jack (2014). <i>War in the Modern Great Power System: 1495 to 1975</i>. University of Kentucky. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813163659" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813163659"><bdi>978-0813163659</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+the+Modern+Great+Power+System%3A+1495+to+1975&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=University+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0813163659&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lynn2013-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lynn2013_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_A._Lynn2013" class="citation book cs1">John A. Lynn (19 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yy9mAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA261"><i>The Wars of Louis XIV 1667–1714</i></a>. Routledge. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89951-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89951-8"><bdi>978-1-317-89951-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121060913/https://books.google.com/books?id=yy9mAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA261">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+Louis+XIV+1667%E2%80%931714&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-12-19&rft.isbn=978-1-317-89951-8&rft.au=John+A.+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyy9mAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcfirstworldwars-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbcfirstworldwars_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcfirstworldwars_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28057198">"WW1: Was it really the first world war?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 28 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120202946/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28057198">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=WW1%3A+Was+it+really+the+first+world+war%3F&rft.date=2014-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-28057198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hodgson, Quentin E (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/30528#:~:text=The%20Seven%20Years'%20War%2Dknown,global%20war%20in%20modern%20history.">"The First Global War"</a>. <i>SAIS Review</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 291–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsais.2001.0016">10.1353/sais.2001.0016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1945-4724">1945-4724</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154584277">154584277</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180601224625/http://muse.jhu.edu/article/30528#:~:text=The%20Seven%20Years'%20War%2Dknown,global%20war%20in%20modern%20history.">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SAIS+Review&rft.atitle=The+First+Global+War&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=291-294&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154584277%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1945-4724&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsais.2001.0016&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=Quentin+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F30528%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520Seven%2520Years%27%2520War%252Dknown%2Cglobal%2520war%2520in%2520modern%2520history.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-horriblethings-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-horriblethings_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2012" class="citation book cs1">White, Matthew (2012). <i>The Great Big Book of Horrible Things: The Definitive Chronicle of History's 100 Worst Atrocities</i>. W. W. Norton. pp. 529–530. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08192-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08192-3"><bdi>978-0-393-08192-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Big+Book+of+Horrible+Things%3A+The+Definitive+Chronicle+of+History%27s+100+Worst+Atrocities&rft.pages=529-530&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-393-08192-3&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ageofrevolution.org/waterloo-timeline/1812-the-first-world-war/">"1812: The First World War"</a>. <i>Age of Revolution</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120202948/https://ageofrevolution.org/waterloo-timeline/1812-the-first-world-war/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Age+of+Revolution&rft.atitle=1812%3A+The+First+World+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fageofrevolution.org%2Fwaterloo-timeline%2F1812-the-first-world-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Esdaile "Napoleon's Wars: An International History".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillmott2003">Willmott 2003</a>, p. 307</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaubenbergerMorens2006" class="citation journal cs1">Taubenberger, Jeffery K.; Morens, David M. (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-0979.htm">"1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics"</a>. <i>Emerging Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>12</b> (1). CDC: 15–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1209.05-0979">10.3201/eid1209.05-0979</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1805%2F733">1805/733</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3291398">3291398</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16494711">16494711</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091006002531/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol12no01/05-0979.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=1918+Influenza%3A+the+Mother+of+All+Pandemics&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-22&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3291398%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16494711&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1805%2F733&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3201%2Feid1209.05-0979&rft.aulast=Taubenberger&rft.aufirst=Jeffery+K.&rft.au=Morens%2C+David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fncidod%2FEID%2Fvol12no01%2F05-0979.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallechinsky1996" class="citation book cs1">Wallechinsky, David (1996-09-01). <i>David Wallechinskys 20th Century: History With the Boring Parts Left Out</i>. Little Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-92056-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-92056-8"><bdi>978-0-316-92056-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+Wallechinskys+20th+Century%3A+History+With+the+Boring+Parts+Left+Out&rft.pub=Little+Brown&rft.date=1996-09-01&rft.isbn=978-0-316-92056-8&rft.aulast=Wallechinsky&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fink, George: <i>Stress of War, Conflict and Disaster</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brownuni2023-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brownuni2023_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brownuni2023_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/figures/2021/WarDeathToll">"Human Cost of Post-9/11 Wars: Direct War Deaths in Major War Zones, Afghanistan & Pakistan (Oct. 2001 – Aug. 2021); Iraq (March 2003 – Aug. 2021); Syria (Sept. 2014 – May 2021); Yemen (Oct. 2002–Aug. 2021) and Other Post-9/11 War Zones"</a>. <i>The Costs of War</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Costs+of+War&rft.atitle=Human+Cost+of+Post-9%2F11+Wars%3A+Direct+War+Deaths+in+Major+War+Zones%2C+Afghanistan+%26+Pakistan+%28Oct.+2001+%E2%80%93+Aug.+2021%29%3B+Iraq+%28March+2003+%E2%80%93+Aug.+2021%29%3B+Syria+%28Sept.+2014+%E2%80%93+May+2021%29%3B+Yemen+%28Oct.+2002%E2%80%93Aug.+2021%29+and+Other+Post-9%2F11+War+Zones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwatson.brown.edu%2Fcostsofwar%2Ffigures%2F2021%2FWarDeathToll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2023" class="citation news cs1">Berger, Miriam (15 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230529144019/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/05/15/war-on-terror-911-deaths-afghanistan-iraq/">"Post-9/11 wars have contributed to some 4.5 million deaths, report suggests"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/05/15/war-on-terror-911-deaths-afghanistan-iraq/">the original</a> on 29 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Post-9%2F11+wars+have+contributed+to+some+4.5+million+deaths%2C+report+suggests&rft.date=2023-05-15&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2F05%2F15%2Fwar-on-terror-911-deaths-afghanistan-iraq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavell2023" class="citation web cs1">Savell, Stephanie (15 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230609194652/https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2023/Indirect%20Deaths.pdf">"How Death Outlives War: The Reverberating Impact of the Post-9/11 Wars on Human Health"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Costs of War</i>. Watson Institute of International & Public Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2023/Indirect%20Deaths.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Costs+of+War&rft.atitle=How+Death+Outlives+War%3A+The+Reverberating+Impact+of+the+Post-9%2F11+Wars+on+Human+Health&rft.date=2023-05-15&rft.aulast=Savell&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwatson.brown.edu%2Fcostsofwar%2Ffiles%2Fcow%2Fimce%2Fpapers%2F2023%2FIndirect%2520Deaths.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_war&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiroEpstein2006" class="citation book cs1">Shapiro, Fred R.; Epstein, Joseph (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300107982"><i>The Yale Book of Quotations</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10798-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10798-2"><bdi>978-0-300-10798-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yale+Book+of+Quotations&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10798-2&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Fred+R.&rft.au=Epstein%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780300107982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillmott2003" class="citation book cs1">Willmott, H. P. (2003). <i>World War I</i>. Dorling Kindersley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7894-9627-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7894-9627-0"><bdi>978-0-7894-9627-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52541937">52541937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52541937&rft.isbn=978-0-7894-9627-0&rft.aulast=Willmott&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+war" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_war&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501122844/http://www.ubishops.ca/baudrillardstudies/spiegel.htm">This is the Fourth World War</a>, an interview with philosopher Jean Baudrillard</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Globalization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_globalization" title="Outline of globalization">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deglobalization" title="Deglobalization">Deglobalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_globalization" title="Democratic globalization">Democratic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_globalization" title="Environmental globalization">Environmental globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship" title="Global citizenship">Global citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship_education" title="Global citizenship education">education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_system" title="Global financial system">Global financial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_migration" title="International migration">Global migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_politics" title="Global politics">Global politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_workforce" title="Global workforce">Global workforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globality" title="Globality">Globality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_globalization" title="History of globalization">History of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_globalization" title="Archaic globalization">archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-globalization" title="Proto-globalization">early modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_globalization" title="Military globalization">Military globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_globalization" title="Political globalization">Political globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_globalization" title="Trade globalization">Trade globalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Global</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_digital_divide" title="Global digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_labor_arbitrage" title="Global labor arbitrage">Labor arbitrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_and_globalization" title="Multilingualism and globalization">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax havens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">Tax inversions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Other</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">Brain drain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_brain_drain" title="Reverse brain drain">reverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Care_drain" title="Care drain">Care drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">Development aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">Endangered languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illicit_financial_flows" title="Illicit financial flows">Illicit financial flows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_imperialism" title="Academic imperialism">academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_imperialism" title="Media imperialism">media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_imperialism" title="Scientific imperialism">scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investor-state_dispute_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Investor-state dispute settlement">Investor-state disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldization" title="McDonaldization">McDonaldization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_international_division_of_labour" title="New international division of labour">New international division of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in the World">North–South divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshoring" title="Offshoring">Offshoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_bottom" title="Race to the bottom">Race to the bottom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">pollution havens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_organized_crime" title="Transnational organized crime">Transnational crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">World war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_theory" title="Development theory">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_localism" title="Fiscal localism">Fiscal localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">Modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modernisation_theory" title="History of modernisation theory">history of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Economics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Autor" title="David Autor">David Autor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baldwin_(economist)" title="Richard Baldwin (economist)">Richard Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Batra" title="Ravi Batra">Ravi Batra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Bhagwati" title="Jagdish Bhagwati">Jagdish Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brenner" title="Robert Brenner">Robert Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayati_Ghosh" title="Jayati Ghosh">Jayati Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hudson_(economist)" title="Michael Hudson (economist)">Michael Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Branko Milanović">Branko Milanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_O%27Rourke" title="Kevin O'Rourke">Kevin O'Rourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_Rodrik" title="Dani Rodrik">Dani Rodrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Political <br />economy</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrighi" title="Giovanni Arrighi">Giovanni Arrighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Cox" title="Robert W. Cox">Robert W. Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank">Andre Gunder Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gill_(political_scientist)" title="Stephen Gill (political scientist)">Stephen Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gowan" title="Peter Gowan">Peter Gowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronen_Palan" title="Ronen Palan">Ronen Palan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Strange" title="Susan Strange">Susan Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wade_(scholar)" title="Robert Wade (scholar)">Robert Wade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Politics / <br /> sociology</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Appadurai" title="Arjun Appadurai">Arjun Appadurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi" title="Daniele Archibugi">Daniele Archibugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">K. Anthony Appiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Beck" title="Ulrich Beck">Ulrich Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden_Bello" title="Walden Bello">Walden Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Manuel Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Chase-Dunn" title="Christopher Chase-Dunn">Christopher Chase-Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_W._Crosby" title="Alfred W. Crosby">Alfred Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Nancy Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_George_(political_scientist)" title="Susan George (political scientist)">Susan George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Held" title="David Held">David Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hirst" title="Paul Hirst">Paul Hirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._H._M._Ling" title="L. H. M. Ling">L. H. M. Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ritzer" title="George Ritzer">George Ritzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskia_Sassen" title="Saskia Sassen">Saskia Sassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Urry_(sociologist)" title="John Urry (sociologist)">John Urry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Non–academic</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Thomas Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ralston_Saul" title="John Ralston Saul">John R. Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandana_Shiva" title="Vandana Shiva">Vandana Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Globalization" title="Category:Globalization">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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