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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ancient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reintroduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reintroduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Reintroduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reintroduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_spread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_spread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Western spread</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_spread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modern process</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Body_container" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body_container"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Body container</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body_container-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burning_and_ash_collection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burning_and_ash_collection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Burning and ash collection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burning_and_ash_collection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ash_weight_and_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ash_weight_and_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ash weight and composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ash_weight_and_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retention_or_disposal_of_remains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retention_or_disposal_of_remains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Retention or disposal of remains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retention_or_disposal_of_remains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reasons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reasons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reasons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reasons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religious views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglicanism_and_Lutheranism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglicanism_and_Lutheranism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Anglicanism and Lutheranism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglicanism_and_Lutheranism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Methodism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox_and_other_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodox_and_other_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Eastern Orthodox and other opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox_and_other_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.5</span> <span>Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Balinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Balinese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Baháʼí Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wicca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wicca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Wicca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wicca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoroastrianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Zoroastrianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Chinese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Recent controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recent_controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recent controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recent_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tri-State_Crematory_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tri-State_Crematory_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Tri-State Crematory incident</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tri-State_Crematory_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Rates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cremation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verassing" title="Verassing – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Verassing" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%89" title="حرق الموتى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرق الموتى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremaci%C3%B3n" title="Cremación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cremación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremasiya" title="Kremasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kremasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9_(%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0)" title="শবদাহ (ধর্মীয় আচার) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শবদাহ (ধর্মীয় আচার)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3e-ch%C3%B2ng" title="Hóe-chòng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hóe-chòng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Крэмацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Крэмацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кремация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кремация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremaci%C3%B3" title="Cremació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cremació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremace" title="Kremace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kremace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amlosgiad" title="Amlosgiad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Amlosgiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligbr%C3%A6nding" title="Ligbrænding – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ligbrænding" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feuerbestattung" title="Feuerbestattung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Feuerbestattung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Καύση των νεκρών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καύση των νεκρών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremaci%C3%B3n" title="Cremación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cremación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremacio" title="Kremacio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kremacio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errausketa_(hileta-ohikunea)" title="Errausketa (hileta-ohikunea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errausketa (hileta-ohikunea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آتش‌سپاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آتش‌سپاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9mation" title="Crémation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crémation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremaasje" title="Kremaasje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kremaasje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9amadh" title="Créamadh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Créamadh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremaci%C3%B3n" title="Cremación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cremación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%EC%9E%A5_(%EC%9E%A5%EB%A1%80)" title="화장 (장례) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화장 (장례)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Դիակիզում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դիակիզում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="अग्निदाह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अग्निदाह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremacija" title="Kremacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kremacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremasi" title="Kremasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kremasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cremation" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremazione" title="Cremazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cremazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="שרפת גווייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שרפת גווייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A9masi" title="Krémasi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Krémasi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კრემაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კრემაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кремация – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кремация" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кремация – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кремация" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krem%C4%81cija" title="Kremācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kremācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremacija" title="Kremacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kremacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamvaszt%C3%A1s" title="Hamvasztás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hamvasztás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кремација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кремација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembakaran_mayat" title="Pembakaran mayat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembakaran mayat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crematie" title="Crematie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Crematie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E8%91%AC" title="火葬 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="火葬" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likbrenning" title="Likbrenning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Likbrenning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likbrenning" title="Likbrenning – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Likbrenning" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremacja" title="Kremacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kremacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crema%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Cremação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cremação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incinera%C8%9Bie" title="Incinerație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Incinerație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кремация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кремация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cremation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кремација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кремација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflamacija_(antropologija)" title="Inflamacija (antropologija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Inflamacija (antropologija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuhkaus" title="Tuhkaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tuhkaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremering" title="Kremering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kremering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="தகனம் (உடல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தகனம் (உடல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9E" title="การเผาศพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเผาศพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremasyon" title="Kremasyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kremasyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Кремація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кремація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82_%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%B4" title="احتراق نعش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="احتراق نعش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%8Fa_t%C3%A1ng" title="Hỏa táng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hỏa táng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E8%91%AC" title="火葬 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="火葬" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E8%91%AC" title="火葬 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="火葬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E8%91%AC" title="火葬 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="火葬" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q207315#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Feuerhalle_Simmering_Ofen.jpg/290px-Feuerhalle_Simmering_Ofen.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Feuerhalle_Simmering_Ofen.jpg/435px-Feuerhalle_Simmering_Ofen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Feuerhalle_Simmering_Ofen.jpg/580px-Feuerhalle_Simmering_Ofen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>An electric cremator in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cremation</b> is a method of <a href="/wiki/Disposal_of_human_corpses" title="Disposal of human corpses">final disposition</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">dead body</a> through <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">burning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cremation may serve as a <a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">funeral</a> or post-funeral rite and as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">burial</a>. In some countries, including <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, cremation on an <a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">open-air pyre</a> is an ancient tradition. Starting in the 19th century, cremation was introduced or reintroduced into other parts of the world. In modern times, cremation is commonly carried out with a <a href="/wiki/Crematorium" title="Crematorium">closed furnace (cremator)</a>, at a crematorium. </p><p>Cremation leaves behind an average of 2.4 kg (5.3 lb) of remains known as <i>ashes</i> or <i>cremains</i>. This is not all <a href="/wiki/Ash" title="Ash">ash</a> but includes unburnt fragments of bone mineral, which are commonly ground into powder. They are inorganic and inert, and thus do not constitute a health risk and may be buried, interred in a memorial site, retained by relatives or scattered in various ways. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient">Ancient</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Secondary_cremation" title="Secondary cremation">Secondary cremation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CrematedHumanRemains.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CrematedHumanRemains.JPG/220px-CrematedHumanRemains.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CrematedHumanRemains.JPG/330px-CrematedHumanRemains.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CrematedHumanRemains.JPG/440px-CrematedHumanRemains.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a> container of ancient cremated human remains, complete with <a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">votive offering</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Cremation dates from at least 17,000 years ago<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the archaeological record, with the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mungo_remains" title="Lake Mungo remains">Mungo Lady</a>, the remains of a partly cremated body found at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mungo" title="Lake Mungo">Lake Mungo</a>, Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternative death rituals which emphasize one method of disposal – <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">burial</a>, cremation, or <a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">exposure</a> – have gone through periods of preference throughout history. </p><p>In the Middle East and Europe, both burial and cremation are evident in the archaeological record in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> era. Cultural groups had their own preferences and prohibitions. The ancient Egyptians developed an intricate transmigration-of-soul theology, which prohibited cremation. This was also widely adopted by Semitic peoples. The Babylonians, according to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, embalmed their dead. <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a> practiced both cremation and burial. From the <a href="/wiki/Cycladic_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycladic civilisation">Cycladic civilization</a> in 3000 BCE until the Sub-<a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> era in 1200–1100 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> practiced burial. Cremation appeared around the 12th century BCE, probably influenced by <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. Until the Christian era, when inhumation again became the only burial practice, both combustion and inhumation had been practiced, depending on the era and location.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome's</a> earliest history, both inhumation and cremation were in common use among all classes. Around the mid-Republic, inhumation was almost exclusively replaced by cremation, with some notable exceptions, and remained the most common funerary practice until the middle of the Empire, when it was almost entirely replaced by inhumation. </p><p>In Europe, there are traces of cremation dating to the Early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> (c. 2000 BCE) in the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Plain">Pannonian Plain</a> and along the middle <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>. The custom became dominant throughout Bronze Age Europe with the <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a> (from c. 1300 BCE). In the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhumation" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhumation">inhumation</a> again becomes more common, but cremation persisted in the <a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan culture</a> and elsewhere. <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s account of <a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a>' burial describes cremation with subsequent burial in a <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumulus</a>, similar to Urnfield burials, and qualifying as the earliest description of cremation rites. This may be an anachronism, as during Mycenaean times burial was generally preferred, and Homer may have been reflecting the more common use of cremation at the time the Iliad was written, centuries later. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Funeral_Rites_of_Auitzotl_WDL6755.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_Funeral_Rites_of_Auitzotl_WDL6755.png/220px-The_Funeral_Rites_of_Auitzotl_WDL6755.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_Funeral_Rites_of_Auitzotl_WDL6755.png/330px-The_Funeral_Rites_of_Auitzotl_WDL6755.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_Funeral_Rites_of_Auitzotl_WDL6755.png/440px-The_Funeral_Rites_of_Auitzotl_WDL6755.png 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Ahuitzotl" title="Ahuitzotl">Ahuitzotl</a> being cremated. Surrounding him are a necklace of jade and gold, an ornament of <a href="/wiki/Quetzal" title="Quetzal">quetzal</a> feathers, a <i>copilli</i> (crown), his name glyph, and three sacrificial vassals to accompany him in the afterlife.</figcaption></figure> <p>Criticism of burial rites is a common aspersion by competing religions and cultures, including the association of cremation with <a href="/wiki/Fire_sacrifice" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire sacrifice">fire sacrifice</a> or <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifice</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindu_funeral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hindu_funeral.jpg/220px-Hindu_funeral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hindu_funeral.jpg/330px-Hindu_funeral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hindu_funeral.jpg/440px-Hindu_funeral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2491" data-file-height="2313" /></a><figcaption>An 1820 painting showing a <a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Hindu funeral</a> procession in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>. The pyre is to the left, near a river, the lead mourner is walking in front, the dead body is wrapped in white and is being carried to the cremation pyre, relatives and friends follow.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> are notable for not only allowing but prescribing cremation. Cremation in India is first attested in the <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Cemetery H culture</a> (from c. 1900 BCE), considered the last phase of <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a> and beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic civilization">Vedic civilization</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> contains a reference to the emerging practice, in <a href="/wiki/Mandala_10" title="Mandala 10">RV 10</a>.15.14, where the forefathers "both cremated (<i>agnidagdhá-</i>) and uncremated (<i>ánagnidagdha-</i>)" are invoked. </p><p>Cremation remained common but not universal, in both ancient Greece and ancient Rome. According to Cicero, burial was considered the more archaic rite in Rome.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The rise of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> saw an end to cremation in Europe, though it may have already been in decline.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-15_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-15-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a>, cremation was usual but diminished by the 4th century. It then reappeared in the 5th and 6th centuries during the migration era, when sacrificed animals were sometimes included on the pyre, and the dead were dressed in costume and with ornaments for the burning. That custom was also very widespread among the Germanic peoples of the northern continental lands from which the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> migrants are supposed to have been derived, during the same period. These ashes were usually thereafter deposited in a vessel of clay or bronze in an "urn cemetery". The custom again died out with the Christian conversion of the Anglo-Saxons or Early English during the 7th century, when Christian burial became general.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In parts of Europe, cremation was forbidden by law, and even punishable by death if combined with <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Heathen</a> rites.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cremation was sometimes used by Catholic authorities as part of punishment for accused heretics, which included <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">burning at the stake</a>. For example, the body of <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliff" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wycliff">John Wycliff</a> was exhumed years after his death and burned to ashes, with the ashes thrown in a river,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> explicitly as a posthumous punishment for his denial of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholic</a> doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first to advocate for the use of cremation was the physician Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Browne" title="Thomas Browne">Thomas Browne</a> in Urne Buriall (1658) which interpreted cremation as means of oblivion and reveals plainly that "'there is no antidote against the Opium of time...".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Honoretta Brooks Pratt became the first recorded cremated European individual in modern times when she died on 26 September 1769 and was illegally cremated at the <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s,_Hanover_Square#Burial_ground" title="St George's, Hanover Square">burial ground on Hanover Square in London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reintroduction">Reintroduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reintroduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woking_crematorium_1878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0e/Woking_crematorium_1878.jpg/220px-Woking_crematorium_1878.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0e/Woking_crematorium_1878.jpg/330px-Woking_crematorium_1878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0e/Woking_crematorium_1878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Woking_Crematorium" title="Woking Crematorium">Woking Crematorium</a>, built in 1878 as the first facility in England after a long campaign led by the <a href="/wiki/Cremation_Society_of_Great_Britain" title="Cremation Society of Great Britain">Cremation Society of Great Britain</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Europe, a movement to reintroduce cremation as a viable method for body disposal began in the 1870s. This was made possible by the invention of new furnace technology and contact with eastern cultures that practiced it.<sup id="cite_ref-arch-review_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arch-review-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, many proponents believed in the <a href="/wiki/Miasma_theory" title="Miasma theory">miasma theory</a>, and that cremation would reduce the "bad air" that caused diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These movements were associated with <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> and gained a following in cultural and intellectual circles.<sup id="cite_ref-arch-review_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arch-review-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Italy, the movement was associated with <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clericalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>, whereas these were not major themes of the movement in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-15_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-15-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1869, the idea was presented to the Medical International Congress of Florence by Professors Coletti and Castiglioni "in the name of public health and civilization". In 1873, Professor <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Gorini" title="Paolo Gorini">Paolo Gorini</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lodi,_Lombardy" title="Lodi, Lombardy">Lodi</a> and Professor Ludovico Brunetti of <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a> published reports of practical work they had conducted.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A model of Brunetti's cremating apparatus, together with the resulting ashes, was exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Exposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna Exposition">Vienna Exposition</a> in 1873 and attracted great attention<sup id="cite_ref-introduction_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-introduction-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Siemens" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles William Siemens">Charles William Siemens</a> had developed his <a href="/wiki/Open_hearth_furnace" class="mw-redirect" title="Open hearth furnace">regenerative furnace</a> in the 1850s. His furnace operated at a high temperature by using <a href="/wiki/Air_preheater" title="Air preheater">regenerative preheating</a> of fuel and air for <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>. In regenerative preheating, the exhaust gases from the furnace are pumped into a chamber containing bricks, where heat is transferred from the gases to the bricks. The flow of the furnace is then reversed so that fuel and air pass through the chamber and are heated by the bricks. Through this method, an open-hearth furnace can reach temperatures high enough to melt steel, and this process made cremation an efficient and practical proposal. Charles's nephew, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Siemens" title="Carl Friedrich von Siemens">Carl Friedrich von Siemens</a> perfected the use of this furnace for the incineration of organic material at his factory in <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>. The radical politician, Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wentworth_Dilke" title="Charles Wentworth Dilke">Charles Wentworth Dilke</a>, took the corpse of his dead wife there to be cremated in 1874. The efficient and cheap process brought about the quick and complete incineration of the body and was a fundamental technical breakthrough that finally made industrial cremation a practical possibility.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first crematorium in the Western World opened in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> in 1876. Milan's "Crematorium Temple" was built in the <a href="/wiki/Cimitero_Monumentale_di_Milano" title="Cimitero Monumentale di Milano">Monumental Cemetery</a>. The building still stands but ceased to be operational in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eoc-arch_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoc-arch-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Price_the_Druid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/William_Price_the_Druid.jpg/170px-William_Price_the_Druid.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/William_Price_the_Druid.jpg/255px-William_Price_the_Druid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/William_Price_the_Druid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>The trial of <a href="/wiki/William_Price_(physician)" title="William Price (physician)">William Price</a> confirmed that cremation was legal in the United Kingdom. He was himself cremated after his death in 1893.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Thompson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Thompson, 1st Baronet">Sir Henry Thompson, 1st Baronet</a>, a surgeon and <a href="/wiki/Physician_to_the_Queen" class="mw-redirect" title="Physician to the Queen">Physician to the Queen</a> <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a>, had seen Gorini's cremator at the Vienna Exhibition and had returned home to become the first and chief promoter of cremation in England.<sup id="cite_ref-introduction_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-introduction-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His main reason for supporting cremation was that "it was becoming a necessary sanitary precaution against the propagation of disease among a population daily growing larger in relation to the area it occupied". In addition, he believed, cremation would prevent premature burial, reduce the expense of funerals, spare mourners the necessity of standing exposed to the weather during interment, and urns would be safe from vandalism.<sup id="cite_ref-introduction_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-introduction-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He joined with other proponents to form the <i><a href="/wiki/Cremation_Society_of_Great_Britain" title="Cremation Society of Great Britain">Cremation Society of Great Britain</a></i> in 1874."<sup id="cite_ref-introduction_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-introduction-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They founded <a href="/wiki/Woking_Crematorium" title="Woking Crematorium">the United Kingdom's first crematorium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Woking" title="Woking">Woking</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Directorys_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Directorys-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Gorini travelling to England to assist the installation of a cremator. They first tested it on 17 March 1879 with the body of a horse. After protests and an intervention by the <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/R._A._Cross,_1st_Viscount_Cross" title="R. A. Cross, 1st Viscount Cross">Sir Richard Cross</a>, their plans were put on hold. In 1884, the Welsh <a href="/wiki/Neo-Druidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Druidism">Neo-Druidic</a> priest <a href="/wiki/William_Price_(physician)" title="William Price (physician)">William Price</a> was arrested and put on trial for attempting to cremate his son's body.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Price successfully argued in court that while the law did not state that cremation was legal, it also did not state that it was illegal. The case set a <a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">precedent</a> that allowed the Cremation Society to proceed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1885, the first official cremation in the United Kingdom took place in Woking. The deceased was <a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Pickersgill" title="Jeanette Pickersgill">Jeanette Pickersgill</a>, a well-known figure in literary and scientific circles.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the year, the Cremation Society of Great Britain had overseen 2 more cremations, a total of 3 out of 597,357 deaths in the UK that year.<sup id="cite_ref-Directorys_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Directorys-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1888, 28 cremations took place at the venue. In 1891, Woking Crematorium added a chapel, pioneering the concept of a crematorium being a venue for funerals as well as cremation.<sup id="cite_ref-eoc-arch_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoc-arch-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cremation_advertisement_1889.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Cremation_advertisement_1889.jpg/220px-Cremation_advertisement_1889.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Cremation_advertisement_1889.jpg/330px-Cremation_advertisement_1889.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Cremation_advertisement_1889.jpg/440px-Cremation_advertisement_1889.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement for woollen envelopes to wrap the body in for cremation, appearing in the <i>Undertaker's Journal</i>, 1889.</figcaption></figure> <p>Other early crematoria in Europe were built in 1878 in the town of <a href="/wiki/Gotha_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotha (town)">Gotha</a> in Germany and later in <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a> in 1891. The first modern crematory in the U.S. was built in 1876 by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Julius_LeMoyne" title="Francis Julius LeMoyne">Francis Julius LeMoyne</a> after hearing about its use in Europe. Like many early proponents, he was motivated by a belief it would be beneficial for public health.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before LeMoyne's crematory closed in 1901, it had performed 42 cremations.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanburn,_Josh_2013_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanburn,_Josh_2013-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other countries that opened their first crematorium included Sweden (1887 in Stockholm), Switzerland (1889 in Zurich) and France (1889 in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise</a>, Paris).<sup id="cite_ref-eoc-arch_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoc-arch-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_spread">Western spread</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Western spread"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the various Protestant churches came to accept cremation. In Anglican and Nordic Protestant countries, cremation gained acceptance (though it did not yet become the norm) first by the upper classes and cultural circles, and then by the rest of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-eoc-arch_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoc-arch-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1905, <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> interred ashes for the first time; by 1911 the Abbey was expressing a preference for interring ashes.<sup id="cite_ref-CremSoc_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CremSoc-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1908 <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> was critical of the development, referring to them as a "sinister movement" and associating them with <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>, although it said that "there is nothing directly opposed to any dogma of the Church in the practice of cremation."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the U.S. only about one crematory per year was built in the late 19th century. As embalming became more widely accepted and used, crematories lost their sanitary edge. Not to be left behind, crematories had an idea of making cremation beautiful. They started building crematories with stained-glass windows and marble floors with frescoed walls. </p><p>Australia also started to establish modern cremation movements and societies. Australians had their first purpose-built modern crematorium and chapel in the <a href="/wiki/West_Terrace_Cemetery" title="West Terrace Cemetery">West Terrace Cemetery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australian</a> capital of <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a> in 1901. This small building, resembling the buildings at <a href="/wiki/Woking" title="Woking">Woking</a>, remained largely unchanged from its 19th-century style and was in full operation until the late 1950s. The oldest operating crematorium in Australia is at <a href="/wiki/Rookwood_Cemetery" title="Rookwood Cemetery">Rookwood Cemetery</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>. It opened in 1925. </p><p>In the Netherlands, the foundation of the Association for Optional Cremation<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1874 ushered in a long debate about the merits and demerits of cremation. Laws against cremation were challenged and invalidated in 1915 (two years after the construction of the first crematorium in the Netherlands), though cremation did not become legally recognised until 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II <span class="anchor" id="Crematoria#World_War_II"></span><span class="anchor" id="Crematoria"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1939–45), <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> used specially built furnaces in at least six <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a> throughout <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Poland">occupied Poland</a> including at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majdanek" class="mw-redirect" title="Majdanek">Majdanek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a>, where the bodies of those murdered by gassing were disposed of using incineration. The efficiency of industrialised killing of <i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></i> during the most deadly phase of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> produced too many corpses, therefore the crematoria manufactured to SS specifications were put into use in all of them to handle the disposals around the clock, day and night.<sup id="cite_ref-Berenbaum_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berenbaum-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holocaust_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holocaust-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Vrba%E2%80%93Wetzler_report" title="Vrba–Wetzler report">Vrba–Wetzler report</a> offers the following description. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At present there are four crematoria in operation at B<small>IRKENAU</small>, two large ones, I and II, and two smaller ones, III and IV. Those of type I and II consist of 3 parts, i.e.,: (A) the furnace room; (B) the large halls; and (C) the gas chamber. A huge chimney rises from the furnace room around which are grouped nine furnaces, each having four openings. Each opening can take three normal corpses at once and after an hour and a half the bodies are completely burned. This corresponds to a daily capacity of about 2,000 bodies... Crematoria III and IV work on nearly the same principle, but their capacity is only half as large. Thus the total capacity of the four cremating and gassing plants at B<small>IRKENAU</small> amounts to about 6,000 daily.<sup id="cite_ref-Świebocki_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Świebocki-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vrba-Wetzler_report_sketch_(crematoria).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Vrba-Wetzler_report_sketch_%28crematoria%29.jpg/220px-Vrba-Wetzler_report_sketch_%28crematoria%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Vrba-Wetzler_report_sketch_%28crematoria%29.jpg/330px-Vrba-Wetzler_report_sketch_%28crematoria%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Vrba-Wetzler_report_sketch_%28crematoria%29.jpg/440px-Vrba-Wetzler_report_sketch_%28crematoria%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>A sketch from the <a href="/wiki/Vrba%E2%80%93Wetzler_report" title="Vrba–Wetzler report">Vrba–Wetzler report</a>, showing the rough layout of the crematoria used at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>, one of the several Nazi German <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a> in <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Poland">occupied Poland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Holocaust furnaces were supplied by a number of manufacturers, with the best known and most common being <a href="/wiki/Topf_and_Sons" title="Topf and Sons">Topf and Sons</a> as well as Kori Company of Berlin,<sup id="cite_ref-Kori_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kori-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose ovens were elongated to accommodate two bodies, slid inside from the back side. The ashes were taken out from the front side.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cremation_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by cremation rate">List of countries by cremation rate</a></div> <p>In the 20th century, cremation gained varying degrees of acceptance in most Christian denominations. <a href="/wiki/William_Temple_(bishop)" title="William Temple (bishop)">William Temple</a>, the most senior bishop in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, was cremated after his death in office in 1944. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> accepted the practice more slowly. In 1963, at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> lifted the ban on cremation,<sup id="cite_ref-kohmescher_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kohmescher-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1966 allowed Catholic priests to <a href="/wiki/Officiate" class="mw-redirect" title="Officiate">officiate</a> at cremation ceremonies. This is done on the condition that the ashes must be buried or interred, not scattered. Many countries where burial is traditional saw cremation rise to become a significant, if not the most common way of disposing of a dead body. In the 1960s and 1970s, there was an unprecedented phase of crematorium construction in the United Kingdom<sup id="cite_ref-arch-review_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arch-review-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in the 1960s, cremation has become more common than burial in several countries where the latter is traditional. This has included the United Kingdom (1968), Czechoslovakia (1980),<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada (early 2000s), the United States (2016) and Finland (2017). Factors cited include cheaper costs (especially a factor after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">2008 recession</a>), growth in secular attitudes and declining opposition in some Christian denominations.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_process">Modern process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verbrennung_eines_Toten_in_einem_Krematorium_2009-09-05.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Verbrennung_eines_Toten_in_einem_Krematorium_2009-09-05.JPG/220px-Verbrennung_eines_Toten_in_einem_Krematorium_2009-09-05.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Verbrennung_eines_Toten_in_einem_Krematorium_2009-09-05.JPG/330px-Verbrennung_eines_Toten_in_einem_Krematorium_2009-09-05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Verbrennung_eines_Toten_in_einem_Krematorium_2009-09-05.JPG/440px-Verbrennung_eines_Toten_in_einem_Krematorium_2009-09-05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2428" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Cremation of a <a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">human corpse</a> inside an electric cremator</figcaption></figure> <p>The cremation occurs in a cremator, which is located at a <i>crematorium</i> or <i>crematory</i>. In many countries, the crematorium is a venue for funerals as well as cremation.<sup id="cite_ref-arch-review_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arch-review-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A cremator is an industrial <a href="/wiki/Industrial_furnace" title="Industrial furnace">furnace</a> that is able to generate temperatures of 871–982 °C (1,600–1,800 °F) to ensure the disintegration of the corpse.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern cremator fuels include <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">oil</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a>, and, in Hong Kong, <a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">coal gas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern cremators automatically monitor their interior to tell when the cremation process is complete and have a spyhole so that an operator can see inside.<sup id="cite_ref-cambs_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambs-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The time required for cremation varies from body to body, with the average being 90 minutes for an adult body.<sup id="cite_ref-cambs_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambs-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chamber where the body is placed is called a <i>cremation chamber</i> or <i>retort</i> and is lined with heat-resistant <a href="/wiki/Refractory" title="Refractory">refractory</a> bricks. Refractory bricks are designed in several layers. The outermost layer is usually simply an insulation material, <i>e.g.</i>, <a href="/wiki/Mineral_wool" title="Mineral wool">mineral wool</a>. Inside is typically a layer of insulation brick, mostly calcium silicate in nature. Heavy duty cremators are usually designed with two layers of fire bricks inside the insulation layer. The layer of fire bricks in contact with the combustion process protects the outer layer and must be replaced from time to time.<sup id="cite_ref-Schacht_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schacht-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The body is generally required to be inside a coffin or a combustible container.<sup id="cite_ref-cambs_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambs-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows the body to be quickly and safely slid into the cremator. It also reduces health risks to the operators. The coffin or container is inserted (charged) into the cremator as quickly as possible to avoid heat loss. Some crematoria allow relatives to view the charging. This is sometimes done for religious reasons, such as in traditional <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> funerals,<sup id="cite_ref-carlson1997_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carlson1997-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is also customary in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-arch-review_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arch-review-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body_container">Body container</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Body container"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cremation" title="Special:EditPage/Cremation">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chan_Kusalo_cremation_51.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Chan_Kusalo_cremation_51.jpg/170px-Chan_Kusalo_cremation_51.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Chan_Kusalo_cremation_51.jpg/255px-Chan_Kusalo_cremation_51.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Chan_Kusalo_cremation_51.jpg/340px-Chan_Kusalo_cremation_51.jpg 2x" data-file-width="892" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A relic found amid the ashes of Chan Kusalo (the Buddhist Patriarch of Northern Thailand) is placed inside a <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">chedi</a> shaped vial and displayed inside <a href="/wiki/Wat_Chedi_Luang" title="Wat Chedi Luang">Wat Chedi Luang</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States federal law does not dictate any container requirements for cremation. Certain states require an opaque or non-transparent container for all cremations. This can be a simple corrugated cardboard box or a wooden casket (<a href="/wiki/Coffin" title="Coffin">coffin</a>). Another option is a cardboard box that fits inside a wooden shell, which is designed to look like a traditional casket. After the funeral service, the box is removed from the shell before cremation, permitting the shell to be re-used.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, the body is not removed from the coffin and is not placed into a container as described above. The body is cremated with the coffin<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is why all British coffins that are to be used for cremation must be combustible. The Code of Cremation Practice<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forbids the opening of the coffin once it has arrived at the crematorium, and rules stipulate that it must be cremated within 72 hours of the funeral service.<sup id="cite_ref-doncaster.gov.uk_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doncaster.gov.uk-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, in the United Kingdom, bodies are cremated in the same coffin that they are placed in at the undertaker's, although the regulations allow the use of an approved "cover" during the funeral service.<sup id="cite_ref-doncaster.gov.uk_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doncaster.gov.uk-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is recommended that jewellery be removed before the coffin is sealed, for this reason. When cremation is finished, the remains are passed through a magnetic field to remove any metal, which will be interred elsewhere in the crematorium grounds or, increasingly, recycled.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ashes are entered into a cremulator<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to further grind the remains down into a finer texture before being given to relatives or loved ones or scattered in the crematorium grounds where facilities exist.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Germany, the process is mostly similar to that of the United Kingdom. The body is cremated in the coffin. A piece of fire clay with a number on it is used for identifying the remains of the dead body after burning.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remains are then placed in a container called an <i>ash capsule</i>, which generally is put into a cinerary urn. </p><p>In Australia, reusable or cardboard coffins are rare, with only a few manufacturers now supplying them.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For low cost, a plain, particle-board coffin (known in the trade as a "chippie", "shipper" or "pyro") can be used. Handles (if fitted) are plastic and approved for use in a cremator. </p><p>Cremations can be "delivery only", with no preceding chapel service at the crematorium (although a church service may have been held) or preceded by a service in one of the crematorium chapels. Delivery-only allows crematoria to schedule cremations to make best use of the cremators, perhaps by holding the body overnight in a refrigerator, allowing a lower fee to be charged. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burning_and_ash_collection">Burning and ash collection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Burning and ash collection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ball_mill" title="Ball mill">Ball mill</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 137.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schamottestein.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="(Germany) A piece of fire clay used for identifying the ash after burning the dead body"><img alt="(Germany) A piece of fire clay used for identifying the ash after burning the dead body" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Schamottestein.jpg/203px-Schamottestein.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Schamottestein.jpg/304px-Schamottestein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Schamottestein.jpg/406px-Schamottestein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(Germany) A piece of <a href="/wiki/Fire_clay" title="Fire clay">fire clay</a> used for identifying the ash after burning the dead body</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UrneGeschlossen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="(Germany) A cinerary urn. The laces are used to lower the urn into the ground"><img alt="(Germany) A cinerary urn. The laces are used to lower the urn into the ground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/UrneGeschlossen.jpg/204px-UrneGeschlossen.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/UrneGeschlossen.jpg/306px-UrneGeschlossen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/UrneGeschlossen.jpg/409px-UrneGeschlossen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="1054" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(Germany) A cinerary urn. The laces are used to lower the urn into the ground</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 131.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 129.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UrneOffenAschenkapsel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="(Germany) A sealed cinerary urn, showing the ash capsule containing the remains of the dead, along with the name and dates"><img alt="(Germany) A sealed cinerary urn, showing the ash capsule containing the remains of the dead, along with the name and dates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/UrneOffenAschenkapsel.jpg/194px-UrneOffenAschenkapsel.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/UrneOffenAschenkapsel.jpg/290px-UrneOffenAschenkapsel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/UrneOffenAschenkapsel.jpg/387px-UrneOffenAschenkapsel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="1112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(Germany) A sealed cinerary urn, showing the ash capsule containing the remains of the dead, along with the name and dates</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 107.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 105.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AschenkapselGeschlossen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="(Germany) The ash capsule"><img alt="(Germany) The ash capsule" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/AschenkapselGeschlossen.jpg/158px-AschenkapselGeschlossen.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/AschenkapselGeschlossen.jpg/237px-AschenkapselGeschlossen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/AschenkapselGeschlossen.jpg/317px-AschenkapselGeschlossen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="1112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(Germany) The ash capsule</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AschenkapselOffen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="(Germany) An open ash capsule showing the remains of the dead"><img alt="(Germany) An open ash capsule showing the remains of the dead" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/AschenkapselOffen.jpg/181px-AschenkapselOffen.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/AschenkapselOffen.jpg/271px-AschenkapselOffen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/AschenkapselOffen.jpg/361px-AschenkapselOffen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="1192" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(Germany) An open ash capsule showing the remains of the dead</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Feuerbestattung.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="(Germany) Ash capsule and cinerary urn after 15 years"><img alt="(Germany) Ash capsule and cinerary urn after 15 years" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Feuerbestattung.jpg/135px-Feuerbestattung.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Feuerbestattung.jpg/202px-Feuerbestattung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Feuerbestattung.jpg/270px-Feuerbestattung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(Germany) Ash capsule and cinerary urn after 15 years</div> </li> </ul> <p>The box containing the body is placed in the retort and <a href="/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration">incinerated</a> at a temperature of 760 to 1,150 °C (1,400 to 2,100 °F). During the cremation process, the greater portion of the body (especially the organs and other soft tissues) is <a href="/wiki/Vaporized" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaporized">vaporized</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidized</a> by the intense heat; gases released are discharged through the exhaust system. </p><p>Jewelry, such as necklaces, wrist-watches and rings, are ordinarily removed before cremation, and returned to the family. Several implanted devices are required to be removed. <a href="/wiki/Pacemaker" title="Pacemaker">Pacemakers</a> and other medical devices can cause large, dangerous explosions.<sup id="cite_ref-green2006_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green2006-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contrary to popular belief, the cremated remains are not ashes in the usual sense. After the incineration is completed, the dry bone fragments are swept out of the retort and pulverised by a machine called a <i>Cremulator</i>—essentially a high-capacity, high-speed <a href="/wiki/Pulverizer" title="Pulverizer">Pulverizer</a> —to process them into "ashes" or "cremated remains",<sup id="cite_ref-green2006_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green2006-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although pulverisation may also be performed by hand. This leaves the bone with a fine sand like texture and color, able to be scattered without need for mixing with any foreign matter,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the size of the grain varies depending on the Cremulator used. The mean weight of an adult's remains is 2.4 kg (5.3 lb); the mean weight for adult males is about 1 kg (2.2 lb) higher than that for adult females.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren,_M;_Maples,_W_(1997)_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren,_M;_Maples,_W_(1997)-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are various types of Cremulators, including rotating devices, grinders, and older models using heavy metal balls.<sup id="cite_ref-davies-crembola_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davies-crembola-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grinding process typically takes about 20 seconds. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kotsuage.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kotsuage.JPG/220px-Kotsuage.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kotsuage.JPG/330px-Kotsuage.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kotsuage.JPG/440px-Kotsuage.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Bone-picking ceremony at a Japanese funeral</figcaption></figure> <p>In most Asian countries, the bones are not pulverised, unless requested beforehand. When not pulverised, the bones are collected by the family and stored as one might do with ashes. </p><p>The appearance of cremated remains after grinding is one of the reasons they are called <i>ashes</i>, although a non-technical term sometimes used is "cremains",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson199780_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson199780-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sublette_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sublette-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of "cremated" and "remains". (The Cremation Association of North America prefers that the word "cremains" not be used for referring to "human cremated remains". The reason given is that "cremains" is thought to have less connection with the deceased, whereas a loved one's "cremated remains" has a more identifiable human connection.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>After final grinding, the ashes are placed in a container, which can be anything from a simple cardboard box to a decorative <a href="/wiki/Urn" title="Urn">urn</a>. The default container used by most crematoria, when nothing more expensive has been selected, is usually a hinged, snap-locking plastic box. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ash_weight_and_composition">Ash weight and composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ash weight and composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_cremains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Human_cremains.jpg/170px-Human_cremains.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Human_cremains.jpg/255px-Human_cremains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Human_cremains.jpg/340px-Human_cremains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Cremated ashes still in plastic bag</figcaption></figure> <p>Cremated remains are mostly dry <a href="/wiki/Calcium_phosphates" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium phosphates">calcium phosphates</a> with some minor minerals, such as salts of sodium and potassium. Sulfur and most carbon are driven off as oxidized gases during the process, although about 1–4% of carbon remains<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as carbonate. </p><p>The ash remaining represents very roughly 3.5% of the body's original mass (2.5% in children). Because the weight of dry bone fragments is so closely connected to skeletal mass, their weight varies greatly from person to person. Because many changes in body composition (such as fat and muscle loss or gain) do not affect the weight of cremated remains, the weight of the remains can be more closely predicted from the person's height and sex (which predicts skeletal weight), than it can be predicted from the person's simple weight. </p><p>Ashes of adults can be said to weigh from 876 to 3,784 g (1 lb 15 oz to 8 lb 5 oz), with women's ashes generally weighing below 2,750 g (6 lb 1 oz) and men's ashes generally weighing above 1,887 g (4 lb 3 oz).<sup id="cite_ref-Warren,_M;_Maples,_W_(1997)_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren,_M;_Maples,_W_(1997)-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bones are not all that remain after cremation. There may be melted metal lumps from missed jewellery; casket furniture; dental fillings; and surgical implants, such as hip replacements. Breast implants do not have to be removed before cremation.<sup id="cite_ref-scoop_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scoop-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some medical devices such as pacemakers may need to be removed before cremation to avoid the risk of explosion. Large items such as titanium hip replacements (which tarnish but do not melt) or casket hinges are usually removed before processing, as they may damage the processor. (If they are missed at first, they must ultimately be removed before processing is complete, as items such as titanium joint replacements are far too durable to be ground.) Implants may be returned to the family, but are more commonly sold as ferrous/non-ferrous <a href="/wiki/Scrap_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrap metal">scrap metal</a>. After the remains are processed, smaller bits of metal such as tooth fillings, and rings (commonly known as <i>gleanings</i>) are sieved out and may be later interred in common, <a href="/wiki/Consecrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecrate">consecrated</a> ground in a remote area of the cemetery. They may also be sold as precious metal scrap. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retention_or_disposal_of_remains">Retention or disposal of remains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Retention or disposal of remains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_030501-N-6141B-022_Officers_%5E_sailors_aboard_the_Arleigh_Burke_class_guided_missile_destroyer_USS_Donald_Cook_(DDG_75).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/US_Navy_030501-N-6141B-022_Officers_%5E_sailors_aboard_the_Arleigh_Burke_class_guided_missile_destroyer_USS_Donald_Cook_%28DDG_75%29.jpg/170px-US_Navy_030501-N-6141B-022_Officers_%5E_sailors_aboard_the_Arleigh_Burke_class_guided_missile_destroyer_USS_Donald_Cook_%28DDG_75%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/US_Navy_030501-N-6141B-022_Officers_%5E_sailors_aboard_the_Arleigh_Burke_class_guided_missile_destroyer_USS_Donald_Cook_%28DDG_75%29.jpg/255px-US_Navy_030501-N-6141B-022_Officers_%5E_sailors_aboard_the_Arleigh_Burke_class_guided_missile_destroyer_USS_Donald_Cook_%28DDG_75%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/US_Navy_030501-N-6141B-022_Officers_%5E_sailors_aboard_the_Arleigh_Burke_class_guided_missile_destroyer_USS_Donald_Cook_%28DDG_75%29.jpg/340px-US_Navy_030501-N-6141B-022_Officers_%5E_sailors_aboard_the_Arleigh_Burke_class_guided_missile_destroyer_USS_Donald_Cook_%28DDG_75%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>A U.S. Navy sailor scatters cremated remains at sea. Visible is the clear plastic inner bag containing the remains, and next to it the labeled black plastic box that contained the inner bag. This is normal in American packaging.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cremated remains are returned to the next of kin in different manners according to custom and country. In the United States, the cremated remains are almost always contained in a thick watertight <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a> <a href="/wiki/Plastic_bag" title="Plastic bag">plastic bag</a> contained within a hard snap-top rectangular <a href="/wiki/Plastic_container" title="Plastic container">plastic container</a>, which is labeled with a printed paper label. The basic sealed plastic container bag may be contained within a further cardboard box or velvet sack, or they may be contained within an urn if the family had already purchased one. An official certificate of cremation prepared under the authority of the crematorium accompanies the remains, and if required by law, the permit for disposition of human remains, which must remain with the cremated remains. </p><p>Cremated remains can be kept in an <a href="/wiki/Urn" title="Urn">urn</a>, stored in a special memorial building (<a href="/wiki/Columbarium" title="Columbarium">columbarium</a>), buried in the ground at many locations or sprinkled on a special field, mountain, or <a href="/wiki/Burial_at_sea" title="Burial at sea">in the sea</a>. In addition, there are several services in which the cremated remains will be scattered in a variety of ways and locations. Some examples are via a helium balloon, through fireworks, shot from shotgun shells, by boat or scattered from an aeroplane or drone. One service sends a lipstick-tube sized sample of the cremated remains into low earth orbit, where they remain for years (but not permanently) before reentering the atmosphere. Some companies offer a service to turn part of the <a href="/wiki/Memorial_diamond" title="Memorial diamond">cremated remains into synthetic diamonds</a> which can then be made into jewelry.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "cremation jewelry" is also known as funeral jewelry, remembrance jewelry or memorial jewelry. A portion of the cremated remains may be retained in a specially designed locket known as cremation jewelry, or even blown into special glass keepsakes and glass orbs </p><p>Cremated remains may also be incorporated, with urn and cement, into part of an artificial reef, or they can also be mixed into paint and made into a portrait of the deceased. Some individuals use a very small amount of the remains in tattoo ink, for remembrance portraits. Cremated remains can be scattered in national parks in the United States with a special permit. They can also be scattered on private property with the permission of the owner. The cremated remains may also be entombed. Most cemeteries will grant permission for burial of cremated remains in occupied cemetery plots that have already been purchased or are in use by the families disposing of the cremated remains without any additional charge or oversight. </p><p>Ashes are <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkaline.</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some areas such as <a href="/wiki/Snowdon" title="Snowdon">Snowdon</a>, Wales, environmental authorities have warned that the frequent scattering of ashes can change the nature of the soil, and may affect the ecology.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final disposition depends on the personal preferences of the deceased as well as their cultural and religious beliefs. Some religions will permit the cremated remains to be sprinkled or retained at home. Some religions, such as Roman Catholicism, prefer to either bury or entomb the remains. Hinduism obliges the closest male relative (son, grandson, etc.) of the deceased to immerse the cremated remains in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy river">holy river</a> <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>, preferably at one of the holy cities <a href="/wiki/Triveni_Sangam" title="Triveni Sangam">Triveni Sangam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a> in India. The <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> immerse the remains in the <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a>, usually at <a href="/wiki/Kiratpur_Sahib" title="Kiratpur Sahib">Kiratpur Sahib</a>. In southern India, the ashes are immersed in the river <a href="/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a> at Paschima vahini in <a href="/wiki/Srirangapattana" class="mw-redirect" title="Srirangapattana">Srirangapattana</a> at a stretch where the river flows from east to west, depicting the life of a human being from sunrise to sunset. In Japan and Taiwan, the remaining bone fragments are given to the family and are used in a burial ritual before final interment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reasons">Reasons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reasons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helsinki-cemetery-mini-gravestones-1841.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Helsinki-cemetery-mini-gravestones-1841.JPG/220px-Helsinki-cemetery-mini-gravestones-1841.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Helsinki-cemetery-mini-gravestones-1841.JPG/330px-Helsinki-cemetery-mini-gravestones-1841.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Helsinki-cemetery-mini-gravestones-1841.JPG/440px-Helsinki-cemetery-mini-gravestones-1841.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Cremation allows for very economical use of cemetery space. Mini-gravestones in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland.</figcaption></figure> <p>Aside from religious reasons (discussed below), some people find they prefer cremation over traditional burial for personal reasons. The thought of a long and slow decomposition process is unappealing to some;<sup id="cite_ref-aiken_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aiken-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many people find that they prefer cremation because it disposes of the body relatively quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-sublette-p53_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sublette-p53-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other people view cremation as a way of simplifying their funeral process. These people view a traditional ground burial as an unneeded complication of their funeral process, and thus choose cremation to make their services as simple as possible. Cremation is a more simple disposition method to plan than a burial funeral. This is because with a burial funeral one would have to plan for more transportation services for the body as well as embalming and other body preservation methods. With a burial funeral one will also have to purchase a casket, headstone, grave plot, opening and closing of the grave fee, and mortician fees. Cremation funerals only require planning the transportation of the body to a crematorium, cremation of the body, and a <a href="/wiki/Cremation_urn" class="mw-redirect" title="Cremation urn">cremation urn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cost factor tends to make cremation attractive. Generally speaking, cremation is cheaper than a traditional burial service,<sup id="cite_ref-NCRC_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCRC-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially if direct cremation (also known as bare cremation) is chosen, in which the body is cremated as soon as legally possible without any sort of services. For some, even cremation is still relatively expensive, especially as a lot of fuel is required to perform it. Methods to reduce fuel consumption/fuel cost include the use of different fuels (i.e. natural gas or propane, compared to wood) and by using an incinerator (retort) (closed cabin) rather than an open fire. </p><p>For surviving kin, cremation is preferred because of simple portability. Survivors relocating to another city or country have the option of transporting the remains of their loved ones with the ultimate goal of being interred or scattered together. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite being an obvious source of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon emissions">carbon emissions</a>, cremation does have <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environmental</a> advantages over burial, depending on local practice. Studies by Elisabeth Keijzer for the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Research found that cremation has less of an environmental impact than a traditional burial (the study did not address <a href="/wiki/Natural_burial" title="Natural burial">natural burials</a>), while the newer method of <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_hydrolysis_(body_disposal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline hydrolysis (body disposal)">alkaline hydrolysis</a> (sometimes called <i>green cremation</i> or <i>resomation</i>) had less impact than both.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study was based on Dutch practice; American crematoria are more likely to emit <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, but are less likely to burn hardwood coffins.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-ah_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-ah-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keijzer's studies also found that a cremation or burial accounts for only about a quarter of a funeral's environmental impact; the carbon emissions of people travelling to the funeral are far greater.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-ah_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-ah-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each cremation requires about 110 L (28 US gal) of fuel and releases about 240 kg (540 lb) of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Thus, the roughly 1 million bodies that are cremated annually in the United States produce about 240,000 t (270,000 short tons) of carbon dioxide, which is more CO<sub>2</sub> pollution than 22,000 average American homes generate in a year.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The environmental impact may be reduced by using cremators for longer periods, and relaxing the requirement for a cremation to take place on the same day that the coffin is received, which reduces the use of fossil fuel and hence carbon emissions. Cremation is therefore becoming more friendly toward the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some funeral and crematorium owners offer a carbon neutral funeral service incorporating efficient-burning coffins made from lightweight recycled <a href="/wiki/Sandwich-structured_composite" title="Sandwich-structured composite">composite</a> board.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Burial is a known source of certain environmental contaminants, with the major ones being <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> and the coffin itself. Cremation can also release contaminants, such as <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dental_restoration" title="Dental restoration">dental fillings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-ah_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-ah-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some countries such as the United Kingdom, the law now requires that cremators be fitted with abatement equipment (filters) that remove serious pollutants such as mercury. </p><p>Another environmental concern is that traditional burial takes up a great deal of space. In a traditional burial, the body is buried in a casket made from a variety of materials. In the United States, the casket is often placed inside a <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> vault or liner before burial in the ground. While individually this may not take much room, combined with other burials, it can over time cause serious space concerns. Many <a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">cemeteries</a>, particularly in Japan<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Europe as well as those in larger cities, have run out of permanent space. In <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, for example, traditional burial plots are extremely scarce and expensive,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, a space crisis led <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harriet Harman</a> to propose reopening old graves for "double-decker" burials.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some cities in Germany do not have plots for sale, only for lease. When the lease expires, the remains are disinterred and a specialist bundles the bones, inscribes the forehead of the skull with the information that was on the headstone, and places the remains in a special crypt. In Singapore, cremation is preferred by most Singaporeans because burial there is limited to 15 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics2019_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics2019-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religious views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cremation_in_Christianity" title="Cremation in Christianity">Cremation in Christianity</a></div> <p>In Christian countries and cultures, cremation has historically been discouraged and viewed as a desecration of God's image, and as interference with the resurrection of the dead taught in Scripture. It is now acceptable to some denominations, since a literal interpretation of Scripture is less common in modern reformist traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-GassmannLarson2001_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GassmannLarson2001-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Christians preferred to bury the dead rather than to cremate the remains, as was common in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> culture. The early church carried on Judaism's respect for the human body as being created in God's image, and followed their practices of speedy interment, in hopes of the future resurrection of all dead. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_catacombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman catacombs">Roman catacombs</a> and Medieval veneration of <a href="/wiki/Relics" class="mw-redirect" title="Relics">relics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_saint" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic saint">Roman Catholic saints</a> witness to this preference. For them, the body was not a mere receptacle for a spirit that was the real person, but an integral part of the human person.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They looked on the body as sanctified by the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacraments</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and itself the temple of the Holy Spirit,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus requiring to be disposed of in a way that honours and reveres it, and they saw many early practices involved with disposal of dead bodies as <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> in origin or an insult to the body.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea that cremation might interfere with God's ability to resurrect the body was refuted by the 2nd-century <i><a href="/wiki/Octavius_(dialogue)" title="Octavius (dialogue)">Octavius</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Minucius_Felix" title="Marcus Minucius Felix">Minucius Felix</a>, in which he said: "Every body, whether it is dried up into dust, or is dissolved into moisture, or is compressed into ashes, or is attenuated into smoke, is withdrawn from us, but it is reserved for God in the custody of the elements. Nor, as you believe, do we fear any loss from sepulture, but we adopt the ancient and better custom of burying in the earth."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar practice of <a href="/wiki/Mos_Teutonicus" title="Mos Teutonicus">boiling to remove flesh from bones</a> was also punished with excommunication in a 1300 decree of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And while there was a clear and prevailing preference for burial, there was no general Church law forbidding cremation until 1866. In <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a>, cremation was practiced mainly in situations where there were multitudes of corpses simultaneously present, such as after a <a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">battle</a>, after a <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">pestilence</a> or <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>, and where there was an imminent fear of diseases spreading from the corpses, since individual burials with digging graves would take too long and body decomposition would begin before all the corpses had been interred. </p><p>Beginning in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, and even more so in the 18th century and later, non-Christian rationalists and classicists began to advocate cremation again as a statement denying the resurrection and/or the afterlife,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the pro-cremation movement often took care to address these concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-prothero-p74_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prothero-p74-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sentiment within the Catholic Church against cremation became hardened in the face of the association of cremation with "professed enemies of God."<sup id="cite_ref-prothero-p74_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prothero-p74-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Masonic groups advocated cremation as a means of rejecting Christian belief in the resurrection, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> forbade Catholics to practise cremation in 1886. The 1917 Code of Canon Law incorporated this ban. In 1963, recognizing that, in general, cremation was being sought for practical purposes and not as a denial of bodily resurrection, the choice of cremation was permitted in some circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-McNamara_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNamara-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a>, states: "The Church earnestly recommends the pious custom of Christian burial be retained; but it does not entirely forbid cremation, except if this is chosen for reasons which are contrary to Christian teaching."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are no universal rules governing Catholic funeral rites in connection with cremation, but <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">episcopal conferences</a> have laid down rules for various countries.<sup id="cite_ref-McNamara_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNamara-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, perhaps the most elaborate are those established, with the necessary confirmation of the Holy See, by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="United States Conference of Catholic Bishops">United States Conference of Catholic Bishops</a> and published as Appendix II of the United States edition of the <i>Order of Christian Funerals</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Holy See has in some cases authorized bishops to grant permission for funeral rites to be carried out in the presence of cremated remains, it is preferred that the rites be carried out in the presence of a still intact body. Practices that show insufficient respect for the ashes of the dead such as turning them into jewelry or scattering them are forbidden for Catholics, but burial on land or sea or enclosing in a niche or columbarium is now acceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-McNamara_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNamara-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anglicanism_and_Lutheranism">Anglicanism and Lutheranism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Anglicanism and Lutheranism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1917, <i>Volume 6 of the American Lutheran Survey</i> stated that "The <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> clergy as a rule refuse" and that "<a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Episcopal</a> pastors often take a stand against it."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, in the 1870s, the Anglican <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishop of London</a> stated that the practice of cremation would "undermine the faith of mankind in the doctrine of the resurrection of the body, hasten rejection of a Scriptural worldview and so bring about a most disastrous social revolution."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>The Lutheran Pastor</i>, George Henry Gerberding stated: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Third. As to cremation. This is not a Biblical or Christian mode of disposing of the dead. The Old and New Testament agree and take for granted that as the body was taken originally from the earth, so it is to return to the earth again. Burial is the natural and Christian mode. There is a beautiful symbolism in it. The whole terminology of eschatology presupposes it. Cremation is purely heathenish. It was the main practice among pagan Greeks and Romans. The majority of Hindus thus dispose of their dead. It is dishonoring to the body, intended as a temple of the Holy Ghost and to bear the image of God. It is an insidious denial of the doctrine of the resurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerberding1902_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerberding1902-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> churches welcomed the use of cremation at a much earlier date than the Catholic Church; pro-cremation sentiment was not unanimous among Protestants, as some have retained a literal interpretation of Scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first crematoria in the Protestant countries were built in the 1870s, and in 1908, the Dean and Chapter of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>—one of the most famous <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> churches—required that remains be cremated for burial in the abbey's precincts.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, "scattering", or "strewing," is an acceptable practice in some Protestant denominations, and some churches have their own "garden of remembrance" on their grounds in which remains can be scattered. Some denominations, like Lutheran churches in Scandinavia, favour the urns being buried in family graves. A family grave can thus contain urns of many generations and also the urns of spouses and loved ones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Methodism">Methodism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Methodism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An 1898 <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> tract titled <i>Immortality and Resurrection</i> noted that "burial is the result of a belief in the <a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">resurrection of the body</a>, while cremation anticipates its annihilation."<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Methodist Review</i> noted in 1874 that "Three thoughts alone would lead us to suppose that the early Christians would have special care for their dead, namely, the essential Jewish origin of the Church; the mode of burial of their founder; and the doctrine of the resurrection of the body, so powerfully urged by the apostles, and so mighty in its influence on the <a href="/wiki/Christian_primitivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian primitivism">primitive Christians</a>. From these considerations, the Roman custom of cremation would be most repulsive to the Christian mind."<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since at least 1992, the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a> does not have a specific official statement that either endorses or condemns cremation, leaving the choice to individuals and families.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resources within the official ritual refer to the possible use of an urn and the interment of ashes.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_Orthodox_and_other_opposition">Eastern Orthodox and other opposition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodox and other opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some branches of Christianity entirely oppose cremation, including non-mainstream Protestant groups and the Orthodox churches.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> Churches forbid cremation. Exceptions are made for circumstances where it cannot be avoided (when civil authority demands it, in aftermath of war or during epidemics) or if it may be sought for good cause, such as the discovery of body already in the state of decomposition.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But when a cremation is specifically and willfully chosen for no good cause by the one who is deceased, he or she is not permitted a funeral in the church and may also be permanently excluded from burial in a Christian cemetery and liturgical prayers for the departed. In Orthodoxy, cremation is perceived as a rejection of the temple of God and of the <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a> of the general resurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most independent Bible churches, free churches, Holiness churches and those of <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> faiths will not practice cremation. As one example, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Restoration)" title="Church of God (Restoration)">Church of God (Restoration)</a> forbids the practice of cremation, believing as the Early Church did, that it continues to be a pagan practice.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) has, in past decades, discouraged cremation without expressly forbidding it. In the 1950s, for example, <a href="/wiki/Apostle_(Latter_Day_Saints)#Apostles_in_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Apostle (Latter Day Saints)">Apostle</a> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_R._McConkie" title="Bruce R. McConkie">Bruce R. McConkie</a><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrote that "only under the most extraordinary and unusual circumstances" would cremation be consistent with LDS teachings. </p><p>More recent LDS publications have provided instructions for how to dress the deceased when they have received their temple endowments (and thus wear <a href="/wiki/Temple_garments" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple garments">temple garments</a>) prior to cremation for those wishing to do so, or in countries where the law requires cremation. Except where required by law, the family of the deceased may decide whether the body should be cremated, though the Church "does not normally encourage cremation."<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 308.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 306.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Burning_ghats_of_Manikarnika,_Varanasi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Burning ghats of Manikarnika, at Varanasi, India."><img alt="Burning ghats of Manikarnika, at Varanasi, India." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Burning_ghats_of_Manikarnika%2C_Varanasi.jpg/460px-Burning_ghats_of_Manikarnika%2C_Varanasi.jpg" decoding="async" width="307" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Burning_ghats_of_Manikarnika%2C_Varanasi.jpg/691px-Burning_ghats_of_Manikarnika%2C_Varanasi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Burning_ghats_of_Manikarnika%2C_Varanasi.jpg/920px-Burning_ghats_of_Manikarnika%2C_Varanasi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Burning <a href="/wiki/Ghats" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghats">ghats</a></i> of Manikarnika, at <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>, India.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 312px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 310px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cremation_at_Rajghat.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Cremation of Mahatma Gandhi at Rajghat, 31 January 1948. It was attended by Jawaharlal Nehru, Lord and Lady Mountbatten, Maulana Azad, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Sarojini Naidu and other national leaders. His son Devdas Gandhi lit the pyre.[111]"><img alt="Cremation of Mahatma Gandhi at Rajghat, 31 January 1948. It was attended by Jawaharlal Nehru, Lord and Lady Mountbatten, Maulana Azad, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Sarojini Naidu and other national leaders. His son Devdas Gandhi lit the pyre.[111]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Cremation_at_Rajghat.gif" decoding="async" width="310" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="241" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cremation of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Raj_Ghat_and_associated_memorials" title="Raj Ghat and associated memorials">Rajghat</a>, 31 January 1948. It was attended by <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Lord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwina_Mountbatten,_Countess_Mountbatten_of_Burma" title="Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma">Lady Mountbatten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Maulana Azad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajkumari_Amrit_Kaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajkumari Amrit Kaur">Rajkumari Amrit Kaur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a> and other national leaders. His son <a href="/wiki/Devdas_Gandhi" title="Devdas Gandhi">Devdas Gandhi</a> lit the pyre.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 347.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 345.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bagmati_River,_Pashupatinath,_Nepal_%E3%83%90%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9E%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E5%B7%9D%E3%81%A8%E3%83%91%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%91%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E7%81%AB%E8%91%AC%E5%A0%B4_5790.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cremation process at Pashupatinath temple."><img alt="Cremation process at Pashupatinath temple." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bagmati_River%2C_Pashupatinath%2C_Nepal_%E3%83%90%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9E%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E5%B7%9D%E3%81%A8%E3%83%91%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%91%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E7%81%AB%E8%91%AC%E5%A0%B4_5790.jpg/518px-Bagmati_River%2C_Pashupatinath%2C_Nepal_%E3%83%90%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9E%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E5%B7%9D%E3%81%A8%E3%83%91%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%91%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E7%81%AB%E8%91%AC%E5%A0%B4_5790.jpg" decoding="async" width="346" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bagmati_River%2C_Pashupatinath%2C_Nepal_%E3%83%90%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9E%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E5%B7%9D%E3%81%A8%E3%83%91%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%91%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E7%81%AB%E8%91%AC%E5%A0%B4_5790.jpg/777px-Bagmati_River%2C_Pashupatinath%2C_Nepal_%E3%83%90%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9E%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E5%B7%9D%E3%81%A8%E3%83%91%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%91%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E7%81%AB%E8%91%AC%E5%A0%B4_5790.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bagmati_River%2C_Pashupatinath%2C_Nepal_%E3%83%90%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9E%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E5%B7%9D%E3%81%A8%E3%83%91%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%91%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E7%81%AB%E8%91%AC%E5%A0%B4_5790.jpg/1035px-Bagmati_River%2C_Pashupatinath%2C_Nepal_%E3%83%90%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9E%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E5%B7%9D%E3%81%A8%E3%83%91%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%91%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E7%81%AB%E8%91%AC%E5%A0%B4_5790.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2190" data-file-height="1460" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cremation process at Pashupatinath temple.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 308.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 306.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bagamati_cremation.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Hindu cremation rite in Nepal. The samskara above shows the body wrapped in saffron red on a pyre."><img alt="A Hindu cremation rite in Nepal. The samskara above shows the body wrapped in saffron red on a pyre." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bagamati_cremation.jpg/460px-Bagamati_cremation.jpg" decoding="async" width="307" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bagamati_cremation.jpg/691px-Bagamati_cremation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bagamati_cremation.jpg/920px-Bagamati_cremation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Hindu cremation rite in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Samskara_(Indian_philosophy)" title="Samskara (Indian philosophy)">samskara</a> above shows the body wrapped in saffron red on a pyre.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 347.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 345.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2015-03-09Bagmati_River,_Pashupatinath,_Nepal_%E3%83%90%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9E%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E5%B7%9D%E3%81%A8%E3%83%91%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%91%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E7%81%AB%E8%91%AC%E5%A0%B4DSCF6170%E2%98%86%E5%BD%A1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cremation taking place at Pashupatinath Temple."><img alt="Cremation taking place at Pashupatinath Temple." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/2015-03-09Bagmati_River%2C_Pashupatinath%2C_Nepal_%E3%83%90%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9E%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E5%B7%9D%E3%81%A8%E3%83%91%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%91%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E7%81%AB%E8%91%AC%E5%A0%B4DSCF6170%E2%98%86%E5%BD%A1.JPG/518px-2015-03-09Bagmati_River%2C_Pashupatinath%2C_Nepal_%E3%83%90%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9E%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E5%B7%9D%E3%81%A8%E3%83%91%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%91%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E7%81%AB%E8%91%AC%E5%A0%B4DSCF6170%E2%98%86%E5%BD%A1.JPG" decoding="async" width="346" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/2015-03-09Bagmati_River%2C_Pashupatinath%2C_Nepal_%E3%83%90%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9E%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E5%B7%9D%E3%81%A8%E3%83%91%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%91%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E7%81%AB%E8%91%AC%E5%A0%B4DSCF6170%E2%98%86%E5%BD%A1.JPG/777px-2015-03-09Bagmati_River%2C_Pashupatinath%2C_Nepal_%E3%83%90%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9E%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E5%B7%9D%E3%81%A8%E3%83%91%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%91%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E7%81%AB%E8%91%AC%E5%A0%B4DSCF6170%E2%98%86%E5%BD%A1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/2015-03-09Bagmati_River%2C_Pashupatinath%2C_Nepal_%E3%83%90%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9E%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E5%B7%9D%E3%81%A8%E3%83%91%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%91%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E7%81%AB%E8%91%AC%E5%A0%B4DSCF6170%E2%98%86%E5%BD%A1.JPG/1035px-2015-03-09Bagmati_River%2C_Pashupatinath%2C_Nepal_%E3%83%90%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9E%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E5%B7%9D%E3%81%A8%E3%83%91%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%91%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E7%81%AB%E8%91%AC%E5%A0%B4DSCF6170%E2%98%86%E5%BD%A1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cremation taking place at Pashupatinath Temple.</div> </li> </ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> practice cremation. The founder of Buddhism, the <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a>, was cremated. </p><p>A dead adult Hindu is mourned with a cremation, while a dead child is typically buried.<sup id="cite_ref-olsonant_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olsonant-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fowler_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rite of passage is performed in harmony with the Hindu religious view that the microcosm of all living beings is a reflection of a macrocosm of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-terje_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terje-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The soul (<a href="/wiki/Atman-Brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman-Brahman">Atman</a>, Brahman) is the essence and immortal that is released at the <i>Antyesti</i> ritual, but both the body and the universe are vehicles and transitory in various schools of Hinduism. They consist of <a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">five elements</a> – air, water, fire, earth, and space.<sup id="cite_ref-terje_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terje-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last rite of passage returns the body to the five elements and origins.<sup id="cite_ref-olsonant_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olsonant-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-terje_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terje-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The roots of this belief are found in the Vedas, for example in the hymns of <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> in section 10.16, as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Burn him not up, nor quite consume him, Agni: let not his body or his skin be scattered,<br /> O all possessing Fire, when thou hast matured him, then send him on his way unto the Fathers.<br /> When thou hast made him ready, all possessing Fire, then do thou give him over to the Fathers,<br /> When he attains unto the life that waits him, he shall become subject to the will of gods.<br /> The Sun receive thine eye, the Wind thy <i>Prana</i> (life-principle, breathe); go, as thy merit is, to earth or heaven.<br /> Go, if it be thy lot, unto the waters; go, make thine home in plants with all thy members.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>The final rite in the case of untimely death of a child is usually not cremation but a burial. This is rooted in Rigveda's section 10.18, where the hymns mourn the death of the child, praying to deity <a href="/wiki/Mrtyu" title="Mrtyu">Mrityu</a> to "neither harm our girls nor our boys", and pleads the earth to cover, protect the deceased child as a soft wool.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ashes of the cremated bodies are usually spread in rivers, which are considered holy in the Hindu practice. The <a href="/wiki/Ganga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganga">Ganges</a> is considered to be the holiest river, and <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>, situated on the banks of the river, is regarded as the most sacred site for cremation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Balinese">Balinese</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Balinese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ubud_Cremation_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ubud_Cremation_1.jpg/170px-Ubud_Cremation_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ubud_Cremation_1.jpg/255px-Ubud_Cremation_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ubud_Cremation_1.jpg/340px-Ubud_Cremation_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Cremation of the dead by Hindus in <a href="/wiki/Ubud" title="Ubud">Ubud</a>, Bali, Indonesia.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a> Hindu dead are generally buried inside the container for a period of time, which may exceed one <a href="/wiki/Month" title="Month">month</a> or more, so that the cremation ceremony (<a href="/wiki/Ngaben" title="Ngaben">Ngaben</a>) can occur on an auspicious day in the <a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a>-<a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendar</a> system ("<a href="/wiki/Saka_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Saka calendar">Saka</a>"). Additionally, if the departed was a court servant, member of the court or minor <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">noble</a>, the cremation can be postponed up to several years to coincide with the cremation of their <a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">Prince</a>. Balinese funerals are very expensive and the body may be interred until the family can afford it or until there is a group funeral planned by the village or family when costs will be less. The purpose of burying the corpse is for the <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decay</a> process to consume the <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluids</a> of the corpse, which allows for an easier, more rapid and more complete cremation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_funeral" title="Islamic funeral">Islamic funeral</a></div> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> believe Islam strictly forbids cremation. Its teaching is that cremation is not in line with the respect and dignity due to the deceased.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They believe Islam has <a href="/wiki/Islamic_funeral" title="Islamic funeral">specific rites</a> for the treatment of the body after death.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first reference to cremation in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> is found in 1 Samuel 31. In this passage, the dead bodies of <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> and his sons are burned, and their bones are buried.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> has traditionally disapproved of cremation in the past, as a rejection of the respect due to humans who are created in the image of God. Judaism has also disapproved of preservation of the dead by means of embalming and mummifying, as this involves mutilation and abuse of the corpse.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mummification was a practice of the ancient Egyptians, among whom the Israelites are said in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> to have lived as slaves. </p><p>Through history and up to the philosophical movements of the current era <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> movements in Judaism have maintained the historical practice and strict Biblical line against cremation and disapprove of it, as <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a> (Jewish law) forbids it. This halakhic concern is grounded in the literal interpretation of Scripture, viewing the body as created in the image of God and upholding a bodily <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a> as core beliefs of traditional Judaism. This interpretation was occasionally opposed by some Jewish groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, who denied resurrection. The <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> emphasizes burial as the normal practice, for instance Devarim (Deuteronomy) 21:23 (specifically commanding the burial of executed criminals), with both a positive command derived from this verse to command one to bury a dead body and a negative command forbidding neglecting to bury a dead body.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some from the generally liberal <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Jewish</a> also oppose cremation, some very strongly, seeing it as a rejection of God's design.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 19th and early 20th centuries, as the Jewish cemeteries in many European towns had become crowded and were running out of space, in a few cases cremation for the first time became an approved means of corpse disposal among emerging liberal and Reform Jewish movements in line with their general rejection of literal scripture interpretation and traditional Torah ritual laws. Current liberal movements like <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> still permit cremation, although burial remains the preferred option.<sup id="cite_ref-aiken_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aiken-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Conference_of_American_Rabbis" title="Central Conference of American Rabbis">Central Conference of American Rabbis</a> has issued a responsa stating that families are permitted to choose cremation, but Reform rabbis are allowed to discourage the practice. However, Reform rabbis are instructed not to refuse to officiate at cremations.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Israel religious ritual events including free burial and funeral services for all who die in Israel and all citizens including the majority Jewish population including for the secular or non-observant are almost universally facilitated through the Rabbinate of Israel. This is an Orthodox organization following historical and traditional Jewish law. In Israel there were no formal crematories until 2004 when B&L Cremation Systems Inc. became the first <a href="/wiki/Crematory" class="mw-redirect" title="Crematory">crematory</a> manufacturer to sell a retort to Israel. In August 2007, an orthodox youth group in Israel was accused of burning down the country's sole crematorium, which they see as an affront to God.<sup id="cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crematorium was rebuilt by its owner and the retort replaced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baháʼí_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Baháʼí Faith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Baháʼí Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> forbids cremation. A letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi to a National Spiritual Assembly states, "He feels that, in view of what 'Abdu'l-Bahá has said against cremation, the believers should be strongly urged, as an act of faith, to make provisions against their remains being cremated. Bahá'u'lláh has laid down as a law, in the Aqdas, the manner of Baháʼí burial, and it is so beautiful, befitting and dignified, that no believer should deprive himself of it."<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wicca">Wicca</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Wicca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both burial and cremation are practiced by <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wiccans</a> and there is no set directive on how the body should be disposed of after death. Wiccans believe that the body is merely a shell for the spirit so cremation is not viewed as irreverent or disrespectful.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckland_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckland-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One tradition practiced by Wiccans is to mix the ashes from cremation with soil which is then used to plant a tree.<sup id="cite_ref-MacMorgan_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacMorgan-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Zoroastrianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> disavows cremation or burial to preclude pollution of fire or earth. The traditional method of corpse disposal is through ritual exposure in a "<a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Silence" title="Tower of Silence">Tower of Silence</a>", but both burial and cremation are increasingly popular alternatives. Some contemporary adherents of the faith have opted for cremation. <a href="/wiki/Parsi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi people">Parsi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> singer <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mercury" title="Freddie Mercury">Freddie Mercury</a> of the group <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a> was cremated after his death.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese">Chinese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Chinese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a> under <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a> strongly discourages cremation of one's parents' corpses as <a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">unfilial</a>. Han Chinese traditionally practiced burial and viewed cremation as taboo and as a barbarian practice. </p><p>Traditionally, only Buddhist monks in China practiced cremation because ordinary Han Chinese detested cremation, refusing to do it. But now, the atheist Communist party enforces a strict cremation policy. Exceptions are made for <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> who do not cremate their dead due to Islamic beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The minority <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a> descendants originally practiced cremation as part of their culture. They adopted the practice of burial from the Han, but many Manchus continued to cremate their dead.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pets">Pets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Pets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Japan, more than 465 companion animal temples are in operation. These venues hold funerals and rituals for dead pets. In Australia, pet owners can purchase services to have their companion animal cremated and placed in a <a href="/wiki/Pet_cemetery" title="Pet cemetery">pet cemetery</a> or taken home.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cost of pet cremation depends on location, where the cremation is done, and time of cremation. The American Humane Society's cost for the cremation of a pet weighing under 22.5 kg (50 lb) costs $110, while a pet weighing over 23 kg (51 lb) is $145. The cremated remains are available for the owner to pick up in seven to ten business days. Urns for the companion animal range from $50 to $150.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though pet cremation has accelerated in recent years, Americans are still burying their pets by a 2:1 ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_controversies">Recent controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Recent controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tri-State_Crematory_incident">Tri-State Crematory incident</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Tri-State Crematory incident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tri-State_Crematory_scandal" title="Tri-State Crematory scandal">Tri-State Crematory scandal</a></div> <p>In early 2002, 334 corpses that were supposed to have been cremated in the previous few years at the <a href="/wiki/Tri-State_Crematory" class="mw-redirect" title="Tri-State Crematory">Tri-State Crematory</a> were found intact and decaying on the crematorium's grounds in the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, having been dumped there by the crematorium's proprietor. Many of the corpses were decayed beyond identification. Some families received "ashes" that were made of wood and concrete dust.<sup id="cite_ref-nbcnews.com_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbcnews.com-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Operator Ray Brent Marsh had 787 criminal charges filed against him. On 19 November 2004, Marsh pleaded guilty to all charges. Marsh was sentenced to two 12-year prison sentences, one each from <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee (U.S. state)">Tennessee</a>, to be served concurrently; he was also sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Probation" title="Probation">probation</a> for 75 years following his incarceration.<sup id="cite_ref-nbcnews.com_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbcnews.com-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Civil suits were filed against the Marsh family and a number of funeral homes who shipped bodies to Tri-State; these suits were ultimately settled. The property of the Marsh family has been sold, but collection of the full $80-million judgment remains doubtful. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rates">Rates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Rates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cremation_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by cremation rate">List of countries by cremation rate</a></div> <p>The cremation rate varies considerably across countries with Japan reporting a 99.97% cremation rate while Romania reported a rate of 0.5% in 2018. The cremation rate in the United Kingdom has been increasing steadily with the national average rate rising from 34.70% in 1960 to 78.10% in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics2019_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics2019-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the National Funeral Directors Association, the cremation rate in the United States in 2016 was 50.2% and this was in 2017 expected to increase to 63.8% by 2025 and 78.8% in 2035.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_at_sea" title="Burial at sea">Burial at sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_burial" title="Space burial">Burial in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation_in_Japan" title="Cremation in Japan">Cremation in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promession" title="Promession">Promession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_hydrolysis_(death_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline hydrolysis (death custom)">Resomation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">Self-immolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_digestion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tissue digestion">Tissue digestion</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text from </i>China revolutionized<i>, by John Stuart Thomson, a publication from 1913, now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in the United States.</i></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMatthews_Cremation_Division2006" class="citation cs2">Matthews Cremation Division (2006), <i>Cremation Equipment Operator Training Program</i>, p. 1</cite><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doctor+William+Price&rft.pub=Rhondda+Cynon+Taf+Library+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebapps.rhondda-cynon-taff.gov.uk%2Fheritagetrail%2Fenglish%2Ftaf%2Fdrwilliamprice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_History_Channel" class="citation web cs1">The History Channel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061230204229/http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/this_day_in_history/this_day_March_26.php">"26 March – This day in history"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/this_day_in_history/this_day_March_26.php">the original</a> on 30 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=26+March+%E2%80%93+This+day+in+history&rft.au=The+History+Channel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehistorychannel.co.uk%2Fsite%2Fthis_day_in_history%2Fthis_day_March_26.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acremation.com/First_Crematory_Built_in_the_United_States">"The LeMoyne Crematory"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Web. 16 September 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CremSoc-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CremSoc_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100803051500/http://www.srgw.demon.co.uk/CremSoc/History/HistSocy.html">"Woking Crematorium"</a>. <i>Internet</i>. The Cremation Society of Great Britain. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srgw.demon.co.uk/CremSoc/History/HistSocy.html">the original</a> on 3 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet&rft.atitle=Woking+Crematorium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srgw.demon.co.uk%2FCremSoc%2FHistory%2FHistSocy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04481c.htm">"Cremation"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. The Encyclopedia Press. <q>In conclusion, it must be remembered that there is nothing directly opposed to any dogma of the Church in the practice of cremation, and that, if ever the leaders of this sinister movement so far control the governments of the world as to make this custom universal, it would not be a lapse in the faith confided to her were she obliged to conform.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cremation&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=The+Encyclopedia+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F04481c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dutch, <i>Vereniging voor Facultatieve Lijkverbranding</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroenendijkVollaard,_Piet2006" class="citation book cs1">Groenendijk, Paul; Vollaard, Piet (2006). <i>Architectuurgids Nederland</i>. 010 Publishers. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6450-573-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-6450-573-X"><bdi>90-6450-573-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architectuurgids+Nederland&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=010+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=90-6450-573-X&rft.aulast=Groenendijk&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Vollaard%2C+Piet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berenbaum-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berenbaum_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerenbaumYisrael_Gutman1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a>; Yisrael Gutman (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrU2oS8fP3cC&pg=PA199"><i>Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20884-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20884-2"><bdi>978-0-253-20884-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+Auschwitz+Death+Camp&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20884-2&rft.aulast=Berenbaum&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Yisrael+Gutman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZrU2oS8fP3cC%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holocaust-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holocaust_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/camps.htm">Holocaust Timeline: The Camps.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100108092724/http://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/TIMELINE/camps.htm">Archived</a> 8 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Świebocki-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Świebocki_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holocaust Research Project, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/othercamps/auschproto.html">"The Vrba-Wetzler Report"</a>, part 2. <i>Alternate source: Świebocki (1997), pp. 218, 220, 224; in his reproduction of the Vrba–Wetzler report, Świebocki presents the material without paragraph breaks.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kori-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kori_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deathcamps.org/gas_chambers/gas_chambers_sonnenstein.html">"Kori Company (Berlin)"</a>. <i>The Gas Chamber at Sonnenstein</i>. ARC. 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gas+Chamber+at+Sonnenstein&rft.atitle=Kori+Company+%28Berlin%29&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deathcamps.org%2Fgas_chambers%2Fgas_chambers_sonnenstein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Majdanek5.html">"Crematorium at Majdanek"</a>. Jewish Virtual Library.org. 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Acremation.com&rft.atitle=Containers+for+Cremation+%E2%80%93+aCremation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acremation.com%2Fcremation-containers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-green2006-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-green2006_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-green2006_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In the Netherlands these are removed by either the undertaker or the hospital where the person died.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenGreen,_Michael2006" class="citation book cs1">Green, Jennifer; Green, Michael (2006). <i>Dealing With Death: Practices and Procedures</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pulveriser+for+Cremated+Remains&rft.date=1986-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patents.com%2FPulverizer-cremated-remains%2FUS4621774%2Fen-US%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warren,_M;_Maples,_W_(1997)-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warren,_M;_Maples,_W_(1997)_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warren,_M;_Maples,_W_(1997)_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarrenMaples,_W1997" class="citation journal cs1">Warren, M; Maples, W (1997). "The anthropometry of contemporary commercial cremation". <i>Journal of Forensic Sciences</i>. <b>42</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">417–</span>423. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1520%2FJFS14141J">10.1520/JFS14141J</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9144931">9144931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Forensic+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+anthropometry+of+contemporary+commercial+cremation&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E417-%3C%2Fspan%3E423&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1520%2FJFS14141J&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9144931&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Maples%2C+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davies-crembola-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-davies-crembola_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesMates,_Lewis_H.2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Davies, Douglas J.; Mates, Lewis H. (2005). "Cremulation". <i>Encyclopedia of Cremation</i>. Ashgate Publishing. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-3773-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-3773-5"><bdi>0-7546-3773-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cremulation&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Cremation&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7546-3773-5&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Douglas+J.&rft.au=Mates%2C+Lewis+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson199780-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson199780_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarlson1997">Carlson 1997</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sublette-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sublette_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubletteFlagg,_Martin1992" class="citation book cs1">Sublette, Kathleen; Flagg, Martin (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/finalcelebration0000subl/page/52"><i>Final Celebrations: A Guide for Personal and Family Funeral Planning</i></a>. Pathfinder Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/finalcelebration0000subl/page/52">52</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934793-43-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-934793-43-3"><bdi>0-934793-43-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Celebrations%3A+A+Guide+for+Personal+and+Family+Funeral+Planning&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Pathfinder+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-934793-43-3&rft.aulast=Sublette&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft.au=Flagg%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffinalcelebration0000subl%2Fpage%2F52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cremationassociation.org/?page=AboutCANA">"Cremation Association of North America – About CANA"</a>. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cremation+Association+of+North+America+%E2%80%93+About+CANA&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cremationassociation.org%2F%3Fpage%3DAboutCANA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zmescience.com/science/physics/cremation-science-memorial-diamonds-052634/">"Cremation & the Science of Memorial Diamonds"</a>. 14 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cremation+%26+the+Science+of+Memorial+Diamonds&rft.date=2020-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zmescience.com%2Fscience%2Fphysics%2Fcremation-science-memorial-diamonds-052634%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scoop-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scoop_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ted Eisenberg and Joyce K. Eisenberg, <i>The Scoop on Breasts: A Plastic Surgeon Busts the Myths,</i> Incompra Press, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9857249-3-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9857249-3-1">978-0-9857249-3-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2016" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Brian (10 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://huffingtonpost.com/entry/turning-the-dead-into-diamonds-meet-the-ghoul-jewelers_us_57ab1021e4b08c46f0e45afd">"Turning The Dead into Diamonds: Meet The Ghoul Jewelers of Switzerland"</a>. <i>Huffingtonpost.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffingtonpost.com&rft.atitle=Turning+The+Dead+into+Diamonds%3A+Meet+The+Ghoul+Jewelers+of+Switzerland&rft.date=2016-08-10&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhuffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Fturning-the-dead-into-diamonds-meet-the-ghoul-jewelers_us_57ab1021e4b08c46f0e45afd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/info/is-there-a-safe-way-to-bury-ashes.htm">"Planting With Cremains – Is There A Safe Way To Bury Ashes"</a>. <i>www.gardeningknowhow.com</i>. 30 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008130048/https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/info/is-there-a-safe-way-to-bury-ashes.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gardeningknowhow.com&rft.atitle=Planting+With+Cremains+%E2%80%93+Is+There+A+Safe+Way+To+Bury+Ashes&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gardeningknowhow.com%2Fgarden-how-to%2Finfo%2Fis-there-a-safe-way-to-bury-ashes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2006" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Rhodri (26 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/dont-scatter-ashes-snowdon-2359993">"(Don't) scatter my ashes on Snowdon"</a>. <i>Walesonline.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Walesonline.co.uk&rft.atitle=%28Don%27t%29+scatter+my+ashes+on+Snowdon&rft.date=2006-01-26&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Rhodri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwales-news%2Fdont-scatter-ashes-snowdon-2359993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aiken-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aiken_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aiken_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAiken2000" class="citation book cs1">Aiken, Lewis R. (2000). <i>Dying, Death, and Bereavement</i>. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-3504-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8058-3504-0"><bdi>0-8058-3504-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dying%2C+Death%2C+and+Bereavement&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8058-3504-0&rft.aulast=Aiken&rft.aufirst=Lewis+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sublette-p53-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sublette-p53_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sublette & Flagg, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://safepassageurns.com/blogs/blog/5-reasons-why-you-should-choose-cremation">"5 Reasons Why You Should Choose Cremation"</a>. <i>Safe Passage Urns</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Life+Cycle+Assessment&rft.atitle=The+environmental+impact+of+activities+after+life%3A+life+cycle+assessment+of+funerals&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E715-%3C%2Fspan%3E730&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A113516933%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11367-016-1183-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017IJLCA..22..715K&rft.aulast=Keijzer&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F148285704.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-ah-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc-ah_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc-ah_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc-ah_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/dissolving_the_dead">"Dissolving the dead: Alkaline hydrolysis, a new alternative to"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 22 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Dissolving+the+dead%3A+Alkaline+hydrolysis%2C+a+new+alternative+to&rft.date=2017-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fresources%2Fidt-sh%2Fdissolving_the_dead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzog2016" class="citation news cs1">Herzog, Katie (29 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2016/5/29/11775976/natural-green-burial">"A different way to die: the story of a natural burial"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+different+way+to+die%3A+the+story+of+a+natural+burial&rft.date=2016-05-29&rft.aulast=Herzog&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2016%2F5%2F29%2F11775976%2Fnatural-green-burial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpongbergBecks,_Paul_M.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Spongberg, Alison L.; Becks, Paul M. (January 2000). "Inorganic Soil Contamination from Cemetery Leachate". <i>Water, Air, & Soil Pollution</i>. <b>117</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">313–</span>327. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000WASP..117..313S">2000WASP..117..313S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1005186919370">10.1023/A:1005186919370</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:93957180">93957180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water%2C+Air%2C+%26+Soil+Pollution&rft.atitle=Inorganic+Soil+Contamination+from+Cemetery+Leachate&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E313-%3C%2Fspan%3E327&rft.date=2000-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A93957180%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1005186919370&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000WASP..117..313S&rft.aulast=Spongberg&rft.aufirst=Alison+L.&rft.au=Becks%2C+Paul+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225214108/http://www.carbonneutral.com.au/images/pdf/invocare.pdf">"Funeral Industry Case Study"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. carbonneutral.com.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carbonneutral.com.au/images/pdf/invocare.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Funeral+Industry+Case+Study&rft.pub=carbonneutral.com.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carbonneutral.com.au%2Fimages%2Fpdf%2Finvocare.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimizuMaruyama,_Meredith_EnmanTsurumaki,_Nancy_Smith1998" class="citation book cs1">Shimizu, Louise Picon; Maruyama, Meredith Enman; Tsurumaki, Nancy Smith (1998). <i>Japan Health Handbook</i>. Kodansha International. p. 335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7700-2356-1" title="Special:BookSources/4-7700-2356-1"><bdi>4-7700-2356-1</bdi></a>. <q>Not only is cremation of the body and interment of the ashes in an urn a long-standing Buddhist practice, it is also a highly practical idea today, given the scarcity of burial space in crowded modern Japan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+Health+Handbook&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=4-7700-2356-1&rft.aulast=Shimizu&rft.aufirst=Louise+Picon&rft.au=Maruyama%2C+Meredith+Enman&rft.au=Tsurumaki%2C+Nancy+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurse2002" class="citation book cs1">Furse, Raymond (2002). <i>Japan: An Invitation</i>. Tuttle Publishing. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8048-3319-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8048-3319-2"><bdi>0-8048-3319-2</bdi></a>. <q>[L]and prices so high that a burial plot in Tokyo a mere 21 feet square could easily cost $150,000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%3A+An+Invitation&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8048-3319-2&rft.aulast=Furse&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLand2006" class="citation news cs1">Land, John (30 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234849/http://www.24dash.com/content/news/viewNews.php?navID=2&newsID=6290">"Double burials in UK cemeteries to solve space shortage"</a>. <i>24dash.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.24dash.com/content/news/viewNews.php?navID=2&newsID=6290">the original</a> on 26 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=24dash.com&rft.atitle=Double+burials+in+UK+cemeteries+to+solve+space+shortage&rft.date=2006-05-30&rft.aulast=Land&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.24dash.com%2Fcontent%2Fnews%2FviewNews.php%3FnavID%3D2%26newsID%3D6290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statistics2019-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Statistics2019_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statistics2019_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cremation.org.uk/International-cremation-statistics-2019">"International Cremation Statistics 2019"</a>. The Cremation Society of Great Britain<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Cremation+Statistics+2019&rft.pub=The+Cremation+Society+of+Great+Britain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cremation.org.uk%2FInternational-cremation-statistics-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/after-death/crypt-burial-system">"Crypt Burial System"</a>. <i>www.nea.gov.sg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2023</span>. <q>The New Burial Policy, introduced in 1998 to address the issue of land scarcity, limits burial to 15 years. After this period, graves will be exhumed and the remains cremated or re-interred, depending on one's religious requirements.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nea.gov.sg&rft.atitle=Crypt+Burial+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nea.gov.sg%2Four-services%2Fafter-death%2Fcrypt-burial-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GassmannLarson2001-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GassmannLarson2001_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGassmannLarsonOldenburg2001" class="citation book cs1">Gassmann, Günther; Larson, Duane H.; Oldenburg, Mark W. (4 April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Htz8M1Xlqi4C&pg=PA48"><i>Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810866201" title="Special:BookSources/9780810866201"><bdi>9780810866201</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2014</span>. <q>Cremation was unheard of from the time Charlemagne outlawed it (784) until the 17th century. At that point, the practice was urged primarily by those opposed to the church, and for a long time cremation was forbidden by Roman Catholicism and practiced only reluctantly by a few Protestants who did not believe in the literal resurrection of the dead. Recently, these strictures have eased, less interpret Scripture literally and more and more churches have established columbaria or memorial gardens within their precincts for the reception of the ashes by the faithful.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Lutheranism&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2001-04-04&rft.isbn=9780810866201&rft.aulast=Gassmann&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnther&rft.au=Larson%2C+Duane+H.&rft.au=Oldenburg%2C+Mark+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHtz8M1Xlqi4C%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Pasnau, in the introduction to his translation of <i>Summa Theologiae</i>, says that Aquinas is "...quite clear in rejecting the sort of substance dualism proposed by Plato [...] which goes so far as to identify human beings with their souls alone, as if the body were a kind of clothing that we put on," and that Aquinas believed that "we are a composite of soul and body, that a soul all by itself would not be a human being." See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAquinas2002" class="citation book cs1">Aquinas, St. Thomas (2002). <i>Summa Theologiae 1a, 75–89</i>. trans. Pasnau. Hackett Publishing. p. xvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87220-613-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87220-613-0"><bdi>0-87220-613-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Summa+Theologiae+1a%2C+75%E2%80%9389&rft.pages=xvii&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-87220-613-0&rft.aulast=Aquinas&rft.aufirst=St.+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies & Mates, "Cremation, Death and Roman Catholicism", p. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/1+Corinthians+6:19">1 Corinthians 6:19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProthero2002" class="citation book cs1">Prothero, Stephen (2002). <i>Purified by Fire: A History of Cremation in America</i>. University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">73–</span>74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23688-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23688-2"><bdi>0-520-23688-2</bdi></a>. <q>To the traditionalists, cremation originated among "heathens" and "pagans" and was therefore anti-Christian.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Purified+by+Fire%3A+A+History+of+Cremation+in+America&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-520-23688-2&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The full text of <i>Octavius</i> is available online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-04/anf04-34.htm">from ccel.org</a>. See also Davies & Mates, p. 107-108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04481c.htm">"Cremation"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. The Encyclopedia Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cremation&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=The+Encyclopedia+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F04481c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prothero, p. 74-75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prothero-p74-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prothero-p74_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prothero-p74_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Prothero, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McNamara-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McNamara_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McNamara_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McNamara_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McNamara, Edward (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/mixing-ashes-of-the-dead-4718">"Mixing Ashes of the Dead"</a>, EWTN.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rkdocumenten.nl/rkdocs/index.php?mi=600&doc=4933">"Piam et constantem – Over de crematie – RKDocumenten.nl"</a>. <i>Rkdocumenten.nl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rkdocumenten.nl&rft.atitle=Piam+et+constantem+%E2%80%93+Over+de+crematie+%E2%80%93+RKDocumenten.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rkdocumenten.nl%2Frkdocs%2Findex.php%3Fmi%3D600%26doc%3D4933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P4A.HTM">Code of Canon Law, canon 1176 §3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008214742/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P4A.HTM">Archived</a> 8 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a5.htm#2301"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i>, 2301</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/CURIA/CDWCREMA.HTM">"LITURGICAL NORMS ON CREMATION"</a>. <i>Ewtn.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Selected+Church+Policies+and+Guidelines%3A+21.3.2+Cremation&rft.btitle=Handbook+2%3A+Administering+the+Church&rft.pub=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fhandbook-2-administering-the-church%2Fselected-church-policies-and-guidelines%2Fselected-church-policies%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Archives/1948/01/31/Cremation-of-Gandhis-body/1311719724408/">Cremation of Gandhi's body, JAMES MICHAELS, January 31, 1948</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-olsonant-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-olsonant_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-olsonant_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Olson (2007), The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical Introduction, Rutgers University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813540689" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813540689">978-0813540689</a>, pages 99–100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fowler-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fowler_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J Fowler (1996), Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1898723608" title="Special:BookSources/978-1898723608">978-1898723608</a>, pages 59–60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-terje-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-terje_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-terje_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-terje_114-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Terje Oestigaard, in The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death and Burial (Editors: <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Tarlow" title="Sarah Tarlow">Sarah Tarlow</a>, Liv Nilsson Stut), Oxford University Press, ISBN, pages 497–501</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatguru_Sivaya_Subramuniyaswami2001" class="citation book cs1">Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami (2001). <i>Living With Siva: Hinduism's Contemporary Culture</i>. Himalayan Academy. p. 750. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945497-98-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-945497-98-9"><bdi>0-945497-98-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+With+Siva%3A+Hinduism%27s+Contemporary+Culture&rft.pages=750&rft.pub=Himalayan+Academy&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-945497-98-9&rft.au=Satguru+Sivaya+Subramuniyaswami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanskrit: <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_१०.१६">ऋग्वेद: सूक्तं १०.१६</a> Wikisource;<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/rigvedasanhitc06wils#page/38/mode/2up">Sukta XVI – Rigveda</a>, English Translation: HH Wilson (Translator), pages 39–40;<br />Wendy Doniger (1981), The Rig Veda, Penguin Classics, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140449891" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140449891">978-0140449891</a>, see chapter on Death</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/rigvedasanhitc06wils#page/46/mode/2up">Sukta XVIII – Rigveda</a>, English Translation: HH Wilson (Translator), pages 46–49 with footnotes;<br />Wendy Doniger (1981), The Rig Veda, Penguin Classics, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140449891" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140449891">978-0140449891</a>, see chapter on Death</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaarKhitamy2001" class="citation journal cs1">Daar, A. S.; Khitamy, A. (9 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC80636">"Bioethics for clinicians: 21. Islamic bioethics. Case 1"</a>. <i>Canadian Medical Association Journal</i>. <b>164</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">60–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC80636">80636</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11202669">11202669</a>. <q>Mutilation, and thus cremation, is strictly prohibited in Islam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Medical+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=Bioethics+for+clinicians%3A+21.+Islamic+bioethics.+Case+1&rft.volume=164&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2001-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC80636%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11202669&rft.aulast=Daar&rft.aufirst=A.+S.&rft.au=Khitamy%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC80636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rogersfrankfort.com/18/Cremation-Services.html">"Cremation Services"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2019</span>. <q>In eastern religions such as Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism and Buddhism cremation is mandated, while in Islam it is strictly forbidden.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cremation+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frogersfrankfort.com%2F18%2FCremation-Services.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamweb.net/emainpage/index.php?page=showfatwa&Option=FatwaId&Id=84867">"Cremation in Islam"</a>. <i>Islamweb.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islamweb.net&rft.atitle=Cremation+in+Islam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamweb.net%2Femainpage%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dshowfatwa%26Option%3DFatwaId%26Id%3D84867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080518141806/http://islam.about.com/cs/elderly/a/funerals.htm">"Islamic Funeral Rites"</a>. <i>Islam.about.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islam.about.com/cs/elderly/a/funerals.htm">the original</a> on 18 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islam.about.com&rft.atitle=Islamic+Funeral+Rites&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislam.about.com%2Fcs%2Felderly%2Fa%2Ffunerals.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cremationsocietyofphiladelphia.com/bible-and-cremation/#:~:text=The%20first%20reference%20to%20cremation,and%20their%20bones%20are%20buried.">"Cremation & Christianity: What the Bible Says About Cremation"</a>. 29 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cremation+%26+Christianity%3A+What+the+Bible+Says+About+Cremation&rft.date=2022-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cremationsocietyofphiladelphia.com%2Fbible-and-cremation%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520first%2520reference%2520to%2520cremation%2Cand%2520their%2520bones%2520are%2520buried.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulweis" class="citation web cs1">Schulweis, Harold M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070223131128/http://www.vbs.org/religious/shailos.htm">"SHAILOS & TSUVAS: QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vbs.org/religious/shailos.htm">the original</a> on 23 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2007</span>. <q>Judaism is a tradition which affirms life. It has struggled from its inception against concentration on death and instead focuses on the celebration of God's gift of life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SHAILOS+%26+TSUVAS%3A+QUESTIONS+AND+ANSWERS&rft.aulast=Schulweis&rft.aufirst=Harold+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vbs.org%2Freligious%2Fshailos.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleich2002" class="citation book cs1">Bleich, J. David (2002). <i>Judaism and Healing: Halakhic Perspectives</i>. KTAV Publishing House. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88125-741-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88125-741-9"><bdi>0-88125-741-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+and+Healing%3A+Halakhic+Perspectives&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=KTAV+Publishing+House&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-88125-741-9&rft.aulast=Bleich&rft.aufirst=J.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Devarim (Deuteronomy) 21:23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro1986" class="citation web cs1">Shapiro, Rabbi Morris M. (1986). Binder, Rabbi Robert (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070528043355/http://www.uscj.org/Cremation_in_the_Jew7234.html">"Cremation in the Jewish Tradition"</a>. <i>The United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uscj.org/Cremation_in_the_Jew7234.html">the original</a> on 28 May 2007. <q>The subsequent weight of opinion is against cremation and there is no convincing reason why we should deviate from the sacred established method of burial.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+United+Synagogue+of+Conservative+Judaism&rft.atitle=Cremation+in+the+Jewish+Tradition&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Morris+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscj.org%2FCremation_in_the_Jew7234.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabow" class="citation book cs1">Rabow, Jerome A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060422002219/http://www.vbs.org/religious/mourning.htm#The%20Roles"><i>A Guide to Jewish Mourning and Condolence</i></a>. Valley Beth Shalom. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vbs.org/religious/mourning.htm#The%20Roles">the original</a> on 22 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2006</span>. <q>... cremation is un-questionably unacceptable to Conservative Judaism. The process of cremation would substitute an artificial and "instant" destruction for the natural process of decay and would have the disposition of the remains subject to manipulation by the survivors rather than submit to the universal processes of nature.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Jewish+Mourning+and+Condolence&rft.pub=Valley+Beth+Shalom&rft.aulast=Rabow&rft.aufirst=Jerome+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vbs.org%2Freligious%2Fmourning.htm%23The%2520Roles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothschild" class="citation web cs1">Rothschild, Rabbi Walter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061010034033/http://www.reformjudaism.org.uk/faqs/life-cycle-events/cremation.html">"Cremation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reformjudaism.org.uk/faqs/life-cycle-events/cremation.html">the original</a> on 10 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2007</span>. <q>[W]e have no ideological conflict with the custom which is now popularly accepted by many as clean and appropriate to modern conditions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cremation&rft.aulast=Rothschild&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformjudaism.org.uk%2Ffaqs%2Flife-cycle-events%2Fcremation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccarnet.org/ccar-responsa/arr-341-348/">"100. Cremation from the Jewish Standpoint"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Conference_of_American_Rabbis" title="Central Conference of American Rabbis">Central Conference of American Rabbis</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=100.+Cremation+from+the+Jewish+Standpoint&rft.pub=Central+Conference+of+American+Rabbis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccarnet.org%2Fccar-responsa%2Farr-341-348%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6959892.stm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Arson' at Tel Aviv crematorium"</a>. <i>BBC.co.uk</i>. 23 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC.co.uk&rft.atitle=%27Arson%27+at+Tel+Aviv+crematorium&rft.date=2007-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F6959892.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">he Research Department of the Universal House of Justice (2020) BAHÁ’Í BURIAL and Related Laws: Extracts from the Bahá'í Writings. Bahá’í Distribution Services. p.99 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://bahai-library.com/pdf/compilations/compilation_bahai_burial_laws.pdf">https://bahai-library.com/pdf/compilations/compilation_bahai_burial_laws.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckland-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buckland_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckland2003" class="citation book cs1">Buckland, Raymond (2003). <i>Wicca for Life: The Way of the Craft—From Birth to Summerland</i>. New York. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0806538651" title="Special:BookSources/0806538651"><bdi>0806538651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wicca+for+Life%3A+The+Way+of+the+Craft%E2%80%94From+Birth+to+Summerland&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=224&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0806538651&rft.aulast=Buckland&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacMorgan-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacMorgan_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacMorgan2001" class="citation book cs1">MacMorgan, Kaatryn (2001). <i>All One Wicca: A Study in the Universal Eclectic Tradition of Wicca</i> (Revised ed.). San Jose, California: Writers Club Press. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/059520273X" title="Special:BookSources/059520273X"><bdi>059520273X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+One+Wicca%3A+A+Study+in+the+Universal+Eclectic+Tradition+of+Wicca&rft.place=San+Jose%2C+California&rft.pages=113&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Writers+Club+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=059520273X&rft.aulast=MacMorgan&rft.aufirst=Kaatryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_V._Weekes1984" class="citation book cs1">Richard V. Weekes (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tiOSRAAACAAJ"><i>Muslim peoples: a world ethnographic survey, Volume 1</i></a>. Greenwood Press. p. 334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-23392-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-23392-6"><bdi>0-313-23392-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+peoples%3A+a+world+ethnographic+survey%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-313-23392-6&rft.au=Richard+V.+Weekes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtiOSRAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, Mark C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&pg=PA264"><i>The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China</i></a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804746842" title="Special:BookSources/0804746842"><bdi>0804746842</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manchu+Way%3A+The+Eight+Banners+and+Ethnic+Identity+in+Late+Imperial+China&rft.pages=264&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0804746842&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Mark+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_qtgoTIAiKUC%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chur-Hansen, Anna. "Cremation Services Upon The Death of a Companion Animal: Views Of Service Providers And Service Users." Society & Animals 19.3 (2011): 248–260. Academic Search Premier. Web. 16 September 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cremation Services." Animal Humane Society. N/D. Web. 11 October 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.funeralfide.com/funeralfide-survey-reveals-how-americans-are-coping-with-pandemic-deaths/">"FuneralFide Survey Reveals How Americans Are Coping With Pandemic Deaths"</a>. <i>Funeral Fide</i>. 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Funeral+Fide&rft.atitle=FuneralFide+Survey+Reveals+How+Americans+Are+Coping+With+Pandemic+Deaths&rft.date=2021-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.funeralfide.com%2Ffuneralfide-survey-reveals-how-americans-are-coping-with-pandemic-deaths%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nbcnews.com-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nbcnews.com_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbcnews.com_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6891712">"Crematory operator gets12 years in prison"</a>. <i>Nbcnews.com</i>. 1 February 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nbcnews.com&rft.atitle=Crematory+operator+gets12+years+in+prison&rft.date=2005-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna6891712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarron2017" class="citation news cs1">Barron, James (10 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/10/nyregion/cremations-increase-in-a-move-away-from-tradition.html">"In a Move Away From Tradition, Cremations Increase"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+a+Move+Away+From+Tradition%2C+Cremations+Increase&rft.date=2017-08-10&rft.aulast=Barron&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F08%2F10%2Fnyregion%2Fcremations-increase-in-a-move-away-from-tradition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACremation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cremation&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Death315" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cell_death14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Cell death</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">Necrosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulative_necrosis" title="Coagulative necrosis">Coagulative necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquefactive_necrosis" title="Liquefactive necrosis">Liquefactive necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrenous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caseous_necrosis" title="Caseous necrosis">Caseous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_necrosis" title="Fat necrosis">Fat necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrinoid_necrosis" title="Fibrinoid necrosis">Fibrinoid necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_necrosis" title="Temporal lobe necrosis">Temporal lobe necrosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activation-induced_cell_death" title="Activation-induced cell death">AICD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoikis" title="Anoikis">Anoikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autophagy" title="Autophagy">Autophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_apoptosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsic apoptosis">Intrinsic apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necroptosis" title="Necroptosis">Necroptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraptosis" title="Paraptosis">Paraptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthanatos" title="Parthanatos">Parthanatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoptosis" title="Phenoptosis">Phenoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoapoptosis" title="Pseudoapoptosis">Pseudoapoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroptosis" title="Pyroptosis">Pyroptosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolysis_(biology)" title="Autolysis (biology)">Autolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoschizis" title="Autoschizis">Autoschizis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschar" title="Eschar">Eschar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunogenic_cell_death" title="Immunogenic cell death">Immunogenic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_cell_death" title="Ischemic cell death">Ischemic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyknosis" title="Pyknosis">Pyknosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyorrhexis" title="Karyorrhexis">Karyorrhexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyolysis" title="Karyolysis">Karyolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitotic_catastrophe" title="Mitotic catastrophe">Mitotic catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_gene" title="Suicide gene">Suicide gene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_death" title="Accidental death">Accidental death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_death" title="Brain death">Brain death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brainstem_death" title="Brainstem death">Brainstem death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_death" title="Clinical death">Clinical death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_on_arrival" title="Dead on arrival">DOA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Death by natural causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_rattle" title="Death rattle">Death rattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthanasia" title="Dysthanasia">Dysthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_care" title="End-of-life care">End-of-life care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_sign" title="Lazarus sign">Lazarus sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_syndrome" title="Lazarus syndrome">Lazarus syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death#Medical_declaration" title="Legal death">Medical declaration of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_donation" title="Organ donation">Organ donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_illness" title="Terminal illness">Terminal illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Unnatural death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Death-related_lists" title="Category:Death-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate" title="List of causes of death by rate">Causes of death by rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deaths_by_year" title="Lists of deaths by year">Notable deaths by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_expressions_related_to_death" class="mw-redirect" title="List of expressions related to death">Expressions related to death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">Natural disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_cause_of_death" title="Lists of people by cause of death">People by cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premature_obituaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of premature obituaries">Premature obituaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventable_causes_of_death" title="Preventable causes of death">Preventable causes of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unusual_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of unusual deaths">Unusual deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_dishonor_the_dead" title="List of ways people dishonor the dead">List of ways people dishonor the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_honor_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ways people honor the dead">List of ways people honor the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mortality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthday_effect" title="Birthday effect">Birthday effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality" title="Excess mortality">Excess mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gompertz%E2%80%93Makeham_law_of_mortality" title="Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality">Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoshi" title="Karoshi">Karoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">Maternal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality_in_fiction" title="Maternal mortality in fiction">Maternal mortality in fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromort" title="Micromort">Micromort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">Mortality rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Risk_adjusted_mortality_rate" title="Risk adjusted mortality rate">RAMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_salience" title="Mortality salience">Mortality salience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">Body</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallor_mortis" title="Pallor mortis">Pallor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livor_mortis" title="Livor mortis">Livor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algor_mortis" title="Algor mortis">Algor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigor_mortis" title="Rigor mortis">Rigor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrefaction" title="Putrefaction">Putrefaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">Decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletonization" title="Skeletonization">Skeletonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryopreservation" title="Cryopreservation">Cryopreservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropreservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropreservation">Neuropreservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">Embalming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(bone)" title="Maceration (bone)">Maceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastination" title="Plastination">Plastination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosection" title="Prosection">Prosection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disposal_of_human_corpses" title="Disposal of human corpses">Disposal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_burial" title="Natural burial">Natural burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">Sky burial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excarnation" title="Excarnation">Excarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promession" title="Promession">Promession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_hydrolysis_(body_disposal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline hydrolysis (body disposal)">Resomation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beating_heart_cadaver" title="Beating heart cadaver">Beating heart cadaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_donation" title="Body donation">Body donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadaveric_spasm" title="Cadaveric spasm">Cadaveric spasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_birth" title="Coffin birth">Coffin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_erection" title="Death erection">Death erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">Dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">Gibbeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmortem_caloricity" title="Postmortem caloricity">Postmortem caloricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_interval" title="Post-mortem interval">Post-mortem interval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>Other aspects</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">Carrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_after_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Consciousness after death">Consciousness after death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Death_customs" title="Category:Death customs">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crematorium" title="Crematorium">Crematorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration_of_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecration of graves">Desecration of graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_oblivion" title="Eternal oblivion">Eternal oblivion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_examiner" title="Medical examiner">Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_the_Internet" title="Death and the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_midwife" title="Death midwife">Midwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">Mourning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_mourning" title="Online mourning">Online mourning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obituary" title="Obituary">Obituary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palingenesis" title="Palingenesis">Palingenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paranormal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">Near-death experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_studies" title="Near-death studies">Near-death studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reincarnation_research" title="Template:Reincarnation research">Reincarnation research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_death" title="Cause of death">Cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_death" title="Civil death">Civil death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">Coroner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-qualified_jury" title="Death-qualified jury">Death-qualified jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_certificate" title="Death certificate">Death certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_death" title="Presumption of death">Declared death <i>in absentia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_declaration" title="Dying declaration">Dying declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquest" title="Inquest">Inquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death" title="Legal death">Legal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necropolitics" title="Necropolitics">Necropolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_dying" title="Prohibition of dying">Prohibition of dying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicious_death" title="Suspicious death">Suspicious death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">Trust law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_tech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Death tech (page does not exist)">Death tech</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Tech" class="extiw" title="pt:Death Tech">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_director" title="Funeral director">Funeral director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_science" title="Mortuary science">Mortuary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Necrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taphonomy" title="Taphonomy">Taphonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biostratinomy" title="Biostratinomy">Biostratinomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatology" title="Thanatology">Thanatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_death" title="Apparent death">Apparent death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_burial_money" title="Chinese burial money">Chinese burial money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_for_the_dead" title="Coins for the dead">Coins for the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_tourism" title="Dark tourism">Dark tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Awards" title="Darwin Awards">Darwin Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anniversary" title="Death anniversary">Death anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anxiety" title="Death anxiety">Death anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_death_deities" title="List of death deities">Death deity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Personification of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">Dying-and-rising god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Death camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_education" title="Death education">Death education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_from_laughter" title="Death from laughter">Death from laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_hoax" title="Death hoax">Death hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_knell" title="Death knell">Death knell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death march</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_messenger" title="Death messenger">Death messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_notification" title="Death notification">Death notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_panel" title="Death panel">Death panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_poem" title="Death poem">Death poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opisthotonic_death_pose" title="Opisthotonic death pose">Death pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-positive_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Death-positive movement">Death-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_threat" title="Death threat">Death threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_trajectory" title="Death trajectory">Death trajectory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignified_death" title="Dignified death">Dignified death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_the_Dead" title="Festival of the Dead">Festival of the Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascination_with_death" title="Fascination with death">Fascination with death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_death" title="Hierarchy of death">Hierarchy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">Longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Death" title="Museum of Death">Museum of Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">Necrophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophobia" title="Necrophobia">Necrophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_death" title="Philosophy of death">Philosophy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanabot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thanabot (page does not exist)">Thanabot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grief_bot" class="extiw" title="ca:Grief bot">ca</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatosensitivity" title="Thanatosensitivity">Thanatosensitivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Death" title="Category:Death">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_death" title="Outline of death">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fire447" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fire" title="Template:Fire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fire" title="Template talk:Fire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fire447" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">Fire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_fires" title="Category:Lists of fires">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Control of fire by early humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fires" title="List of fires">Historic fires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_use_of_fire_in_ecosystems" title="Native American use of fire in ecosystems">Native American use of fire in ecosystems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chain_reaction" title="Chain reaction">Chain reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_explosion" title="Dust explosion">Dust explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_piston" title="Fire piston">Fire piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">Flash point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_protection" title="Fire protection">Fire protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">Pyrolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_combustion" title="Spontaneous combustion">Spontaneous combustion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">Fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">Heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame" title="Flame">Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">Smoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual fires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fires_by_type" title="Category:Fires by type">By type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fires_by_country" title="Category:Fires by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fires_by_year" title="Category:Fires by year">By year</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">Death by burning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyromania" title="Pyromania">Pyromanias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_pyromaniac" title="Child pyromaniac">Child</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighter" title="Firefighter">Firefighter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_preta" title="Terra preta">Terra preta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Flame_Research_Foundation" title="International Flame Research Foundation">International Flame Research Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Combustion_Institute" title="The Combustion Institute">The Combustion Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildfires" title="List of wildfires">List of wildfires</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backdraft" title="Backdraft">Backdraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting" title="Firefighting">Firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_whirl" title="Fire whirl">Fire whirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_lava" title="Blue lava">Blue lava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash" title="Ash">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">Slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_making" title="Fire making">Fire making</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fire" title="Category:Fire">Category</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fire" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fire">Commons</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Fire" class="extiw" title="wikt:Fire">Wiktionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology434" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/882749/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4154259-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85033903">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Crémation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12651816b">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Crémation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12651816b">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="kremace"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph162014&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cremación"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4596819">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007531381105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/028701">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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