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href="#Developmental_stages_of_childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Developmental stages of childhood</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Developmental_stages_of_childhood-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Developmental stages of childhood subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Developmental_stages_of_childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early childhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Middle childhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Late childhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developmental_stages_post-childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developmental_stages_post-childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Developmental stages post-childhood</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Developmental_stages_post-childhood-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Developmental stages post-childhood subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Developmental_stages_post-childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adolescence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adolescence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Adolescence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adolescence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_concepts_of_childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_concepts_of_childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Modern concepts of childhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_concepts_of_childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthy_childhoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthy_childhoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Healthy childhoods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Healthy_childhoods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Healthy childhoods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Healthy_childhoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_of_parents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_parents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Role of parents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_parents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children's_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children's_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Children's health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children's_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Child protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Play" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Play"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Play</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Play-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Street_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Street_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Street culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Street_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographies_of_childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographies_of_childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Geographies of childhood</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographies_of_childhood-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographies of childhood subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographies_of_childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nature_deficit_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature_deficit_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Nature deficit disorder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature_deficit_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_responsibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_responsibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Age of responsibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_responsibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attitudes_toward_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitudes_toward_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Attitudes toward children</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attitudes_toward_children-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Attitudes toward children subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Attitudes_toward_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Child_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Child marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fertility_and_number_of_children_per_woman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fertility_and_number_of_children_per_woman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Fertility and number of children per woman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fertility_and_number_of_children_per_woman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emergencies_and_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergencies_and_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Emergencies and conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergencies_and_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_protection_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_protection_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Child protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_protection_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_abuse_and_child_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_abuse_and_child_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Child abuse and child labor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_abuse_and_child_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Child_mortality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_mortality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Child mortality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_mortality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Child</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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Available in 179 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-179" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">179 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kind" title="Kind – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kind" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kind" title="Kind – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kind" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%95%E1%8D%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%8D%E1%8C%85" title="ሕፃን ልጅ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሕፃን ልጅ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95" title="बालक – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बालक" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%84" title="طفل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طفل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nino" title="Nino – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nino" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochilu" title="Cochilu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Cochilu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81" title="শিশু – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শিশু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne%C3%B1u" title="Neñu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Neñu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awacic" title="Awacic – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Awacic" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="लरिका – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="लरिका" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit%C3%A3" title="Mitã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mitã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Лъимер – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Лъимер" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%9Faq" title="Uşaq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Uşaq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%82" title="اوشاق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوشاق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81" title="শিশু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিশু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakanakan" title="Kakanakan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kakanakan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%ADn-%C3%A1" title="Gín-á – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gín-á" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Бала – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бала" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Дзіця – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дзіця" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Дзіця – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дзіця" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aki" title="Aki – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Aki" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Дете – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дете" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindl" title="Kindl – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kindl" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%B4" title="ཕྲུ་གུ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཕྲུ་གུ" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijete" title="Dijete – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dijete" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugel" title="Bugel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bugel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B1%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Үхибүүн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Үхибүүн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nen" title="Nen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Ача – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ача" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADt%C4%9B" title="Dítě – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dítě" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwana" title="Mwana – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mwana" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plentyn" title="Plentyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Plentyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia" title="Bia – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Bia" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barn" title="Barn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Barn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kind" title="Kind – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kind" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%B9i%C5%9Be" title="Źiśe – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Źiśe" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laps" title="Laps – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Laps" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AF" title="Παιδί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παιδί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B1o" title="Niño – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Niño" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infano" title="Infano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Infano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haur" title="Haur – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Haur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9" title="کودک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کودک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larrkan" title="Larrkan – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Larrkan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfant" title="Enfant – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Enfant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern_(persoan)" title="Bern (persoan) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bern (persoan)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leanbh" title="Leanbh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leanbh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0iste" title="Pàiste – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pàiste" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neno" title="Neno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Neno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Бер – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Бер" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E4%BC%A2%E5%AD%90" title="細伢子 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="細伢子" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3%E0%AA%95" title="બાળક – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બાળક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovi" title="Ovi – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Ovi" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-ng%C3%ACn-%C3%A9" title="Se-ngìn-é – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Se-ngìn-é" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B4%EB%A6%B0%EC%9D%B4" title="어린이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="어린이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%A1" title="Երեխա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երեխա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BA%C4%9B%C4%87o" title="Dźěćo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Dźěćo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djeca" title="Djeca – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Djeca" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wala%27o" title="Wala'o – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Wala'o" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puero" title="Puero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Puero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anak" title="Anak – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Anak" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anak" title="Anak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infante" title="Infante – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Infante" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%B2%C3%A6%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Сывæллон – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сывæллон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barn" title="Barn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Barn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambino" title="Bambino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bambino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93_(%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D)" title="ילד (אדם) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ילד (אדם)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anak" title="Anak – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Anak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81" title="ಮಗು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಗು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Сабий – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Сабий" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ბავშვი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბავშვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8F%D8%B1" title="شُر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="شُر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Бала – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бала" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flogh" title="Flogh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Flogh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umwana" title="Umwana – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Umwana" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umwana" title="Umwana – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Umwana" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtoto" title="Mtoto – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mtoto" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timoun" title="Timoun – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Timoun" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timoun" title="Timoun – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Timoun" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarok" title="Zarok – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zarok" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Бала – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бала" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impubes" title="Impubes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Impubes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%93rns" title="Bērns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bērns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaikas" title="Vaikas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vaikas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindj" title="Kindj – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kindj" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mw%C7%8Ena" title="Mwǎna – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mwǎna" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfante" title="Enfante – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Enfante" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagai" title="Bagai – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bagai" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyermek" title="Gyermek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gyermek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE" title="बच्चा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बच्चा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Дете – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дете" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankizy" title="Ankizy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ankizy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="കുട്ടി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കുട്ടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tifel" title="Tifel – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Tifel" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamaiti" title="Tamaiti – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tamaiti" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ბაღანა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბაღანა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%84" title="طفل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طفل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanak-kanak" title="Kanak-kanak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kanak-kanak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%89%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1" title="ꯑꯉꯥꯡ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯉꯥꯡ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%A8-gi%C4%81ng" title="Niè-giāng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Niè-giāng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nino" title="Nino – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Nino" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B4" title="Хүүхэд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүүхэд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="ကလေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကလေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kind_(leeftijdsgroep)" title="Kind (leeftijdsgroep) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kind (leeftijdsgroep)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiend" title="Kiend – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kiend" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95" title="बालक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बालक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE" title="मचा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मचा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E4%BE%9B" title="子供 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="子供" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Бер – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бер" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barn" title="Barn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Barn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barn" title="Barn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Barn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89faunt" title="Éfaunt – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Éfaunt" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfant" title="Enfant – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Enfant" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Йоча – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Йоча" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola" title="Bola – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bola" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE" title="ਬੱਚਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੱਚਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="جواک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جواک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitni" title="Pitni – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Pitni" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%84" title="ក្មេង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ក្មេង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masn%C3%A0" title="Masnà – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Masnà" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kind" title="Kind – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kind" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dziecko" title="Dziecko – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dziecko" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crian%C3%A7a" title="Criança – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Criança" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panz" title="Panz – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Panz" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copil" title="Copil – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Copil" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chave" title="Chave – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Chave" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wawa" title="Wawa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wawa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%97%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Дїтина – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Дїтина" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Ребёнок – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ребёнок" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%95%D0%BE" title="Оҕо – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Оҕо" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/wawa" title="wawa – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="wawa" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F." title="ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟ. – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟ." data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bairn" title="Bairn – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bairn" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngwana" title="Ngwana – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Ngwana" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ABmija" title="Fëmija – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fëmija" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picciriddu" title="Picciriddu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Picciriddu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%85%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92" title="ළමයි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ළමයි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child" title="Child – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Child" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BB%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ٻار – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٻار" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die%C5%A5a" title="Dieťa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dieťa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otrok" title="Otrok – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Otrok" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Чадо – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Чадо" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%B5" title="مناڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مناڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Дете – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дете" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijete" title="Dijete – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dijete" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budak" title="Budak – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Budak" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapsi" title="Lapsi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lapsi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barn" title="Barn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Barn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bata" title="Bata – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bata" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88" title="பிள்ளை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிள்ளை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Бала – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бала" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="పిల్లలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పిల్లలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81" title="เด็ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เด็ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%AF%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Кӯдак – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кӯдак" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%B2%E1%8E%B5" title="ᎠᏲᎵ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏲᎵ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ocuk" title="Çocuk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çocuk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mm%C9%94fra" title="Mmɔfra – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Mmɔfra" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nggwon" title="Nggwon – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Nggwon" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Дитина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дитина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%84" title="طفل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طفل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwgnyez" title="Lwgnyez – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Lwgnyez" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocia" title="Bocia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bocia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laps%27" title="Laps' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Laps'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%BB_em" title="Trẻ em – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trẻ em" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lats" title="Lats – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Lats" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efant" title="Efant – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Efant" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bata" title="Bata – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bata" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%BA" title="小人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="小人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%27wana" title="N'wana – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="N'wana" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93" title="קינד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קינד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cm%E1%BB%8D" title="Ọmọ – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ọmọ" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%B7%AF" title="細路 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="細路" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1c" title="Qıc – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Qıc" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guus" title="Guus – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Guus" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81ks" title="Vāks – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vāks" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5" title="儿童 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="儿童" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daganak" title="Daganak – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Daganak" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" 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Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Childhood&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood">Childhood</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Human between birth and puberty</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Children" and "Childhood" redirect here. 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/International_children_dressed_in_their_native_costumes_participate_in_the_100th_anniversary_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty_-_DPLA_-_4461efafd5c4ba7fde8eedb1f13f439e.jpeg/330px-thumbnail.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/International_children_dressed_in_their_native_costumes_participate_in_the_100th_anniversary_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty_-_DPLA_-_4461efafd5c4ba7fde8eedb1f13f439e.jpeg/440px-thumbnail.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1993" /></a><figcaption>International children in traditional clothing at <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Weekend" title="Liberty Weekend">Liberty Weekend</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1040468660">.mw-parser-output .human-growth-dev-sidebar .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .human-growth-dev-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .human-growth-dev-sidebar .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist human-growth-dev-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Human_development" title="Category:Human development">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_human_body" title="Development of the human body">Human growth<br />and development</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg/100px-Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg/150px-Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg/200px-Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="556" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Stages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">Gamete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">Zygote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_embryonic_development" title="Human embryonic development">Embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">Fetus</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">Infant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toddler" title="Toddler">Toddler</a><br /></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preadolescence" title="Preadolescence">Preadolescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">Adolescent</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_adulthood_and_early_adulthood" title="Emerging adulthood and early adulthood">Emerging and early adulthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_adult" title="Young adult">Young adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_age" title="Middle age">Middle adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">Old adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying" title="Dying">Dying</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Biological milestones</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">Fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_motor_skill#Learning_to_walk" title="Gross motor skill">Walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">Language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">Puberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">Menopause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Development and psychology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_and_perinatal_psychology" title="Prenatal and perinatal psychology">Pre- and perinatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_development_stages" title="Child development stages">Infant and child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescence#psychology" title="Adolescence">Adolescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_youth_development" title="Positive youth development">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_adult" title="Young adult">Young adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_development" title="Adult development">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturity_(psychological)" title="Maturity (psychological)">Maturity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Developmental_stage_theories" title="Developmental stage theories">Developmental stage theories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_systems_theory" title="Ecological systems theory">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erikson%27s_stages_of_psychosocial_development" title="Erikson's stages of psychosocial development">Psychosocial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosexual_development" title="Psychosexual development">Psychosexual development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg%27s_stages_of_moral_development" title="Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaget%27s_theory_of_cognitive_development" title="Piaget's theory of cognitive development">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural-historical_psychology" title="Cultural-historical psychology">Cultural-historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_psychology" title="Evolutionary developmental psychology">Evolutionary</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/16px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/24px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/32px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_growth_and_development_sidebar" title="Template:Human growth and development sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_growth_and_development_sidebar" title="Template talk:Human growth and development sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_growth_and_development_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human growth and development sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>child</b> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr> <b>children</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> being between the stages of <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">birth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Child_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Child-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mosby_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mosby-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or between the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_human_body" title="Development of the human body">developmental period</a> of <a href="/wiki/Infancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Infancy">infancy</a> and puberty.<sup id="cite_ref-Rathus_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rathus-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term may also refer to an unborn human being.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In English-speaking countries, the legal definition of <i>child</i> generally refers to a <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minor</a>, in this case as a person younger than the local <a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">age of majority</a> (there are exceptions like, for example, the consume and purchase of <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverage</a> even after said age of majority<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), regardless of their physical, mental and sexual development as biological <a href="/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">adults</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Child_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Child-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children generally have fewer <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">rights</a> and responsibilities than adults. They are generally classed as unable to make serious decisions. </p><p><i>Child</i> may also describe a relationship with a <a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">parent</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">sons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daughter" title="Daughter">daughters</a> of any age)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphorically</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Authority_figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Authority figure">authority figure</a>, or signify group membership in a clan, tribe, or religion; it can also signify being strongly affected by a specific time, place, or circumstance, as in "a child of nature" or "a child of the Sixties."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological,_legal_and_social_definitions"><span id="Biological.2C_legal_and_social_definitions"></span>Biological, legal and social definitions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_games_Louvre_Ma99_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Children_games_Louvre_Ma99_n2.jpg/220px-Children_games_Louvre_Ma99_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Children_games_Louvre_Ma99_n2.jpg/330px-Children_games_Louvre_Ma99_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Children_games_Louvre_Ma99_n2.jpg/440px-Children_games_Louvre_Ma99_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3775" data-file-height="2120" /></a><figcaption>Children playing ball games, Roman artwork, 2nd century AD</figcaption></figure> <p>In the biological sciences, a child is usually defined as a person between birth and puberty,<sup id="cite_ref-Child_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Child-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mosby_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mosby-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or between the developmental period of infancy and puberty.<sup id="cite_ref-Rathus_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rathus-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legally, the term <i>child</i> may refer to anyone below the age of majority or some other age limit. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> defines <i>child</i> as, "A human being below the age of 18 years unless under the <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> applicable to the child, <a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">majority</a> is attained earlier."<sup id="cite_ref-un_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is ratified by 192 of 194 member countries. The term <i>child</i> may also refer to someone below another legally defined age limit unconnected to the age of majority. In <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, for example, a <i>child</i> is legally defined as someone under the age of 14 under the "Children and Young Persons Act" whereas the age of majority is 21.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In U.S. Immigration Law, a child refers to anyone who is under the age of 21.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some English definitions of the word <i>child</i> include the <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> (sometimes termed <i>the unborn</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-SeeShorter_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeeShorter-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many cultures, a child is considered an adult after undergoing a <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">rite of passage</a>, which may or may not correspond to the time of puberty. </p><p>Children generally have fewer rights than adults and are classed as unable to make serious decisions, and legally must always be under the care of a responsible adult or <a href="/wiki/Child_custody" title="Child custody">child custody</a>, whether their parents divorce or not. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developmental_stages_of_childhood">Developmental stages of childhood</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Child_development_stages" title="Child development stages">Child development stages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">Child development</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_childhood">Early childhood</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_Playing_Violin_Suzuki_Institute_2011.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Children_Playing_Violin_Suzuki_Institute_2011.JPG/220px-Children_Playing_Violin_Suzuki_Institute_2011.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Children_Playing_Violin_Suzuki_Institute_2011.JPG/330px-Children_Playing_Violin_Suzuki_Institute_2011.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Children_Playing_Violin_Suzuki_Institute_2011.JPG/440px-Children_Playing_Violin_Suzuki_Institute_2011.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="1305" /></a><figcaption>Children playing the <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a> in a group recital, Ithaca, New York, 2011</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malagasy_girls_Madagascar_Merina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Malagasy_girls_Madagascar_Merina.jpg/220px-Malagasy_girls_Madagascar_Merina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Malagasy_girls_Madagascar_Merina.jpg/330px-Malagasy_girls_Madagascar_Merina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Malagasy_girls_Madagascar_Merina.jpg/440px-Malagasy_girls_Madagascar_Merina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Children in <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, 2011</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Child_playing_piano_-_1984-11-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Child_playing_piano_-_1984-11-01.jpg/220px-Child_playing_piano_-_1984-11-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Child_playing_piano_-_1984-11-01.jpg/330px-Child_playing_piano_-_1984-11-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Child_playing_piano_-_1984-11-01.jpg/440px-Child_playing_piano_-_1984-11-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5639" data-file-height="4123" /></a><figcaption>Child playing piano, 1984</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood" title="Early childhood">Early childhood</a> follows the <a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">infancy</a> stage and begins with <a href="/wiki/Toddler" title="Toddler">toddlerhood</a> when the child begins speaking or taking steps independently.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While toddlerhood ends around age 3 when the child becomes less dependent on parental assistance for basic needs, early childhood continues approximately until the age of 5 or 6. However, according to the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Education_of_Young_Children" title="National Association for the Education of Young Children">National Association for the Education of Young Children</a>, early childhood also includes infancy. At this stage children are learning through observing, experimenting and communicating with others. Adults supervise and support the development process of the child, which then will lead to the child's autonomy. Also during this stage, a strong emotional bond is created between the child and the care providers. The children also start preschool and kindergarten at this age: and hence their social lives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_childhood">Middle childhood</h3></div> <p>Middle childhood begins at around age 7, and ends at around age 9 or 10.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together, early and middle childhood are called formative years. In this middle period, children develop socially and mentally. They are at a stage where they make new friends and gain new skills, which will enable them to become more independent and enhance their individuality. During middle childhood, children enter the school years, where they are presented with a different setting than they are used to. This new setting creates new challenges and faces for children.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_1984_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_1984-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the entrance of school, mental disorders that would normally not be noticed come to light. Many of these disorders include: <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">dyslexia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyscalculia" title="Dyscalculia">dyscalculia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Berger_2017_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger_2017-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 303–309">: 303–309 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Least_restrictive_environment" title="Least restrictive environment">least restrictive environment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Response_to_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Response to intervention">response to intervention</a> and <a href="/wiki/Individualized_education_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualized education plan">individualized education plans</a> are all specialized plans to help children with disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Berger_2017_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger_2017-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 310–311">: 310–311 </span></sup> </p><p>Middle childhood is the time when children begin to understand responsibility and are beginning to be shaped by their peers and parents. Chores and more responsible decisions come at this time, as do social comparison and social play.<sup id="cite_ref-Berger_2017_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger_2017-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 338">: 338 </span></sup> During social play, children learn from and teach each other, often through observation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_childhood">Late childhood</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Preadolescence" title="Preadolescence">Preadolescence</a></div> <p>Preadolescence is a stage of human development following early childhood and preceding <a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">adolescence</a>. Preadolescence is commonly defined as ages 9–12, ending with the major onset of puberty, with markers such as <a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">menarche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spermarche" title="Spermarche">spermarche</a>, and the peak of height velocity occurring. These changes usually occur between ages 11 and 14. It may also be defined as the 2-year period before the major onset of puberty.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preadolescence can bring its own challenges and anxieties. Preadolescent children have a different view of the world from younger children in many significant ways. Typically, theirs is a more realistic view of life than the intense, fantasy-oriented world of earliest childhood. Preadolescents have more mature, sensible, realistic thoughts and actions: 'the most "sensible" stage of development...the child is a much <i>less emotional being</i> now.'<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preadolescents may well view human <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">relationships</a> differently (e.g. they may notice the flawed, human side of <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> figures). Alongside that, they may begin to develop a sense of <a href="/wiki/Self_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self (psychology)">self</a>-<a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identity</a>, and to have increased feelings of <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a>: 'may feel an individual, no longer "just one of the family."'<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developmental_stages_post-childhood">Developmental stages post-childhood</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adolescence">Adolescence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_-_BEIC_6341393.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_-_BEIC_6341393.jpg/220px-Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_-_BEIC_6341393.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_-_BEIC_6341393.jpg/330px-Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_-_BEIC_6341393.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_-_BEIC_6341393.jpg/440px-Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_-_BEIC_6341393.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="951" /></a><figcaption>An adolescent girl, photographed by <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Monti" title="Paolo Monti">Paolo Monti</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">Adolescence</a> is usually determined to be between the onset of puberty and legal adulthood: mostly corresponding to the teenage years (13–19). However, <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a> usually begins before the teenage years. Although biologically a child is a human being between the stages of <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">birth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Child_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Child-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mosby_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mosby-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adolescents are legally considered children, as they tend to lack adult rights and are still required to attend compulsory schooling in many cultures, though this varies. The onset of adolescence brings about various physical, <a href="/wiki/Psychological" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological">psychological</a> and behavioral changes. The end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood varies by country and by function, and even within a single nation-state or culture there may be different ages at which an individual is considered to be mature enough to be entrusted by society with certain tasks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_childhood" title="History of childhood">History of childhood</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Su_Han_Ch%27en_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Su_Han_Ch%27en_001.jpg/170px-Su_Han_Ch%27en_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Su_Han_Ch%27en_001.jpg/255px-Su_Han_Ch%27en_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Su_Han_Ch%27en_001.jpg/340px-Su_Han_Ch%27en_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="2295" /></a><figcaption><i>Playing Children</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese artist</a> Su Hanchen, c. 1150 AD.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the European <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, artistic depictions of children increased dramatically, which did not have much effect on the social attitude toward children, however.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French historian <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Ari%C3%A8s" title="Philippe Ariès">Philippe Ariès</a> argued that during the 1600s, the concept of childhood began to emerge in Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however other historians like <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Orme" title="Nicholas Orme">Nicholas Orme</a> have challenged this view and argued that childhood has been seen as a separate stage since at least the medieval period.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adults saw children as separate beings, innocent and in need of protection and training by the adults around them. The English philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> was particularly influential in defining this new attitude towards children, especially with regard to his theory of the <a href="/wiki/Tabula_rasa" title="Tabula rasa">tabula rasa</a>, which considered the mind at birth to be a "blank slate". A corollary of this doctrine was that the mind of the child was born blank, and that it was the duty of the parents to imbue the child with correct notions. During the early period of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, the rise of a large, commercial middle class, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> countries of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, brought about a new family ideology centred around the upbringing of children. <a href="/wiki/Puritanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritanism">Puritanism</a> stressed the importance of individual salvation and concern for the spiritual welfare of children.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fig_1_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_The_Age_of_Innocence._Painted_circa_1788._Frame_contemporary_with_picture._From_Houghton,_2005,_24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Fig_1_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_The_Age_of_Innocence._Painted_circa_1788._Frame_contemporary_with_picture._From_Houghton%2C_2005%2C_24.jpg/170px-Fig_1_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_The_Age_of_Innocence._Painted_circa_1788._Frame_contemporary_with_picture._From_Houghton%2C_2005%2C_24.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Fig_1_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_The_Age_of_Innocence._Painted_circa_1788._Frame_contemporary_with_picture._From_Houghton%2C_2005%2C_24.jpg/255px-Fig_1_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_The_Age_of_Innocence._Painted_circa_1788._Frame_contemporary_with_picture._From_Houghton%2C_2005%2C_24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Fig_1_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_The_Age_of_Innocence._Painted_circa_1788._Frame_contemporary_with_picture._From_Houghton%2C_2005%2C_24.jpg/340px-Fig_1_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_The_Age_of_Innocence._Painted_circa_1788._Frame_contemporary_with_picture._From_Houghton%2C_2005%2C_24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence_(painting)" title="The Age of Innocence (painting)">The Age of Innocence</a></i> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1785</span>/8. Reynolds emphasized the natural grace of children in his paintings.</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern notion of childhood with its own autonomy and goals began to emerge during the 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic period</a> that followed it.<sup id="cite_ref-cohen_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cohen-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reeves_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reeves-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Rousseau">Jean Jacques Rousseau</a> formulated the romantic attitude towards children in his famous 1762 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Emile:_or,_On_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile: or, On Education">Emile: or, On Education</a></i>. Building on the ideas of <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> and other 17th-century thinkers, Jean-Jaques Rousseau described childhood as a brief period of sanctuary before people encounter the perils and hardships of adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-cohen_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cohen-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Joshua Reynolds</a>' extensive children portraiture demonstrated the new enlightened attitudes toward young children. His 1788 painting <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence_(painting)" title="The Age of Innocence (painting)">The Age of Innocence</a></i> emphasizes the innocence and natural grace of the posing child and soon became a public favourite.<sup id="cite_ref-postle_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-postle-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Princesses_leopoldina_isabel_and_friend_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Princesses_leopoldina_isabel_and_friend_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Princesses_leopoldina_isabel_and_friend_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Princesses_leopoldina_isabel_and_friend_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Princesses_leopoldina_isabel_and_friend_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Princesses_leopoldina_isabel_and_friend_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Princesses_leopoldina_isabel_and_friend_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="1009" /></a><figcaption>Brazilian princesses <a href="/wiki/Princess_Leopoldina_of_Brazil" title="Princess Leopoldina of Brazil">Leopoldina</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Isabel,_Princess_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil">Isabel</a> (center) with an unidentified friend, c. 1860.</figcaption></figure> <p>The idea of childhood as a locus of divinity, purity, and innocence is further expounded upon in <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a>'s "Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood", the imagery of which he "fashioned from a complex mix of pastoral aesthetics, pantheistic views of divinity, and an idea of spiritual purity based on an Edenic notion of pastoral innocence infused with Neoplatonic notions of reincarnation".<sup id="cite_ref-reeves_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reeves-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Romantic conception of childhood, historian Margaret Reeves suggests, has a longer history than generally recognized, with its roots traceable to similarly imaginative constructions of childhood circulating, for example, in the neo-platonic poetry of seventeenth-century metaphysical poet <a href="/wiki/Henry_Vaughan" title="Henry Vaughan">Henry Vaughan</a> (e.g., "The Retreate", 1650; "Childe-hood", 1655). Such views contrasted with the stridently didactic, Calvinist views of infant depravity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves201841–42_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves201841–42-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vazken_Andr%C3%A9assian_HoMenEtMen-Sgaoudagan_doghantsk_Konstantinobolis_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Vazken_Andr%C3%A9assian_HoMenEtMen-Sgaoudagan_doghantsk_Konstantinobolis_1918.jpg/170px-Vazken_Andr%C3%A9assian_HoMenEtMen-Sgaoudagan_doghantsk_Konstantinobolis_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Vazken_Andr%C3%A9assian_HoMenEtMen-Sgaoudagan_doghantsk_Konstantinobolis_1918.jpg/255px-Vazken_Andr%C3%A9assian_HoMenEtMen-Sgaoudagan_doghantsk_Konstantinobolis_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Vazken_Andr%C3%A9assian_HoMenEtMen-Sgaoudagan_doghantsk_Konstantinobolis_1918.jpg/340px-Vazken_Andr%C3%A9assian_HoMenEtMen-Sgaoudagan_doghantsk_Konstantinobolis_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1947" data-file-height="2605" /></a><figcaption>Armenian scouts in 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>With the onset of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">industrialisation</a> in England in 1760, the divergence between high-minded romantic ideals of childhood and the reality of the growing magnitude of child exploitation in the workplace, became increasingly apparent. By the late 18th century, British children were specially employed in factories and mines and as <a href="/wiki/Chimney_sweep" title="Chimney sweep">chimney sweeps</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Del_Col_1930_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Del_Col_1930-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often working long hours in dangerous jobs for low pay.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the century wore on, the contradiction between the conditions on the ground for poor children and the middle-class notion of childhood as a time of simplicity and innocence led to the first campaigns for the imposition of legal protection for children. </p><p>British reformers attacked <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">child labor</a> from the 1830s onward, bolstered by the horrific descriptions of London street life by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Factory_Acts" title="Factory Acts">Factory Acts</a>, which mitigated the exploitation of children at the workplace<sup id="cite_ref-Del_Col_1930_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Del_Col_1930-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_concepts_of_childhood">Modern concepts of childhood</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fountain_Fun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Fountain_Fun.jpg/220px-Fountain_Fun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Fountain_Fun.jpg/330px-Fountain_Fun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Fountain_Fun.jpg/440px-Fountain_Fun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Children play in a fountain in a summer evening, <a href="/wiki/Davis,_California" title="Davis, California">Davis, California</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_moment_in_the_garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/A_moment_in_the_garden.jpg/220px-A_moment_in_the_garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/A_moment_in_the_garden.jpg/330px-A_moment_in_the_garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/A_moment_in_the_garden.jpg/440px-A_moment_in_the_garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>An old man and his granddaughter in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepalese-children-with-cats.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nepalese-children-with-cats.jpg/220px-Nepalese-children-with-cats.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nepalese-children-with-cats.jpg/330px-Nepalese-children-with-cats.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nepalese-children-with-cats.jpg/440px-Nepalese-children-with-cats.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/People_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Nepal">Nepalese</a> children playing with <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harari_Girls,_Ethiopia_(8261348010).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Harari_Girls%2C_Ethiopia_%288261348010%29.jpg/170px-Harari_Girls%2C_Ethiopia_%288261348010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Harari_Girls%2C_Ethiopia_%288261348010%29.jpg/255px-Harari_Girls%2C_Ethiopia_%288261348010%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Harari_Girls%2C_Ethiopia_%288261348010%29.jpg/340px-Harari_Girls%2C_Ethiopia_%288261348010%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="1038" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harari_people" title="Harari people">Harari</a> girls in Ethiopia.</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern attitude to children emerged by the late 19th century; the Victorian middle and upper classes emphasized the role of the family and the sanctity of the child – an attitude that has remained dominant in Western societies ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genre of <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">children's literature</a> took off, with a proliferation of humorous, child-oriented books attuned to the child's imagination. <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>'s fantasy <i><a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a></i>, published in 1865 in England, was a landmark in the genre; regarded as the first "English masterpiece written for children", its publication opened the "First Golden Age" of children's literature. </p><p>The latter half of the 19th century saw the introduction of compulsory state schooling of children across Europe, which decisively removed children from the workplace into schools.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The market economy of the 19th century enabled the concept of childhood as a time of fun, happiness, and imagination. Factory-made dolls and doll houses delighted the girls and organized sports and activities were played by the boys.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scout" class="mw-redirect" title="Boy Scout">Boy Scouts</a> was founded by Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baden-Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Baden-Powell">Robert Baden-Powell</a> in 1908,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which provided young boys with outdoor activities aiming at developing character, citizenship, and personal fitness qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Ari%C3%A8s" title="Philippe Ariès">Philippe Ariès</a>, a French historian specializing in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval history">medieval history</a>, suggested that childhood was not a natural phenomenon, but a creation of society in his 1960 book <i><a href="/wiki/Centuries_of_Childhood" title="Centuries of Childhood">Centuries of Childhood</a></i>. In 1961 he published a study of paintings, gravestones, furniture, and school records, finding that before the 17th century, children were represented as mini-adults. </p><p>In 1966, the American philosopher <a href="/wiki/George_Boas" title="George Boas">George Boas</a> published the book <i>The Cult of Childhood</i>. Since then, historians have increasingly researched childhood in past times.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cunningham_(historian)" title="Hugh Cunningham (historian)">Hugh Cunningham</a> published the book <i>Invention of Childhood</i>, looking at British childhood from the year 1000, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, to what he refers to as the Post War Period of the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Childhood evolves and changes as lifestyles change and adult expectations alter. In the modern era, many adults believe that children should not have any worries or work, as life should be happy and trouble-free. Childhood is seen as a mixture of simplicity, innocence, happiness, fun, imagination, and wonder. It is thought of as a time of playing, learning, socializing, exploring, and worrying in a world without much adult interference.<sup id="cite_ref-cohen_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cohen-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reeves_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reeves-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A "loss of innocence" is a common concept, and is often seen as an integral part of <a href="/wiki/Coming_of_age" title="Coming of age">coming of age</a>. It is usually thought of as an experience or period in a child's life that widens their awareness of evil, pain or the world around them. This theme is demonstrated in the novels <i><a href="/wiki/To_Kill_a_Mockingbird" title="To Kill a Mockingbird">To Kill a Mockingbird</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Flies" title="Lord of the Flies">Lord of the Flies</a></i>. The fictional character <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan" title="Peter Pan">Peter Pan</a> was the embodiment of a childhood that never ends.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Healthy_childhoods">Healthy childhoods</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_parents">Role of parents</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children's_health"><span id="Children.27s_health"></span>Children's health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Childhood_obesity" title="Childhood obesity">Childhood obesity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Childhood_immunizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood immunizations">Childhood immunizations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_childhood_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of childhood diseases">List of childhood diseases</a></div> <p>Children's health includes the physical, mental and social well-being of children. Maintaining children's health implies offering them healthy foods, insuring they get enough sleep and exercise, and protecting their safety.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children in certain parts of the world often suffer from <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>, which is often associated with other conditions, such diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_protection">Child protection</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">Child labor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_labor_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor laws">Child labor laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risk_aversion" title="Risk aversion">Risk aversion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Children_Act" title="Protection of Children Act">Protection of Children Act</a></div> <p>Child protection, according to UNICEF, refers to "preventing and responding to violence, exploitation and abuse against children – including <a href="/wiki/Commercial_sexual_exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial sexual exploitation">commercial sexual exploitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Child trafficking">trafficking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labour</a> and harmful traditional practices, such as <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a>/cutting and <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriage</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> protects the fundamental rights of children. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Play">Play</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">Play (activity)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Playground" title="Playground">Playground</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imaginary_friend" title="Imaginary friend">Imaginary friend</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Childhood_secret_club" title="Childhood secret club">Childhood secret club</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MOPC_60.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/MOPC_60.png/170px-MOPC_60.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/MOPC_60.png/255px-MOPC_60.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/MOPC_60.png/340px-MOPC_60.png 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>Dancing at Mother of Peace AIDs orphanage, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Play is essential to the cognitive, physical, social, and emotional well-being of children.<sup id="cite_ref-Ginsburg_2007_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ginsburg_2007-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It offers children opportunities for physical (running, jumping, climbing, etc.), intellectual (social skills, community norms, ethics and general knowledge) and emotional development (empathy, compassion, and friendships). Unstructured play encourages creativity and imagination. Playing and interacting with other children, as well as some adults, provides opportunities for friendships, social interactions, conflicts and resolutions. However, adults tend to (often mistakenly) assume that virtually all children's social activities can be understood as "play" and, furthermore, that children's play activities do not involve much skill or effort.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is through play that children at a very early age engage and interact in the world around them. Play allows children to create and explore a world they can master, conquering their fears while practicing adult roles, sometimes in conjunction with other children or adult caregivers.<sup id="cite_ref-Ginsburg_2007_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ginsburg_2007-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Undirected play allows children to learn how to work in groups, to share, to negotiate, to resolve conflicts, and to learn self-advocacy skills. However, when play is controlled by adults, children acquiesce to adult rules and concerns and lose some of the benefits play offers them. This is especially true in developing creativity, leadership, and group skills.<sup id="cite_ref-Ginsburg_2007_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ginsburg_2007-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ralph_Hedley_The_tournament_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ralph_Hedley_The_tournament_1898.jpg/220px-Ralph_Hedley_The_tournament_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ralph_Hedley_The_tournament_1898.jpg/330px-Ralph_Hedley_The_tournament_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ralph_Hedley_The_tournament_1898.jpg/440px-Ralph_Hedley_The_tournament_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5103" data-file-height="3998" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Hedley" title="Ralph Hedley">Ralph Hedley</a>, <i>The Tournament,</i> 1898. It depicts poorer boys playing outdoors in a rural part of the <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">Northeast of England</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Play is considered to be very important to optimal child development that it has been recognized by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Commission on Human Rights">United Nations Commission on Human Rights</a> as a right of every child.<sup id="cite_ref-un_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children who are being raised in a hurried and pressured style may limit the protective benefits they would gain from child-driven play.<sup id="cite_ref-Ginsburg_2007_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ginsburg_2007-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The initiation of play in a classroom setting allows teachers and students to interact through playfulness associated with a learning experience. Therefore, playfulness aids the interactions between adults and children in a learning environment. “Playful Structure” means to combine informal learning with formal learning to produce an effective learning experience for children at a young age.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though play is considered to be the most important to optimal child development, the environment affects their play and therefore their development. Poor children confront widespread environmental inequities as they experience less social support, and their parents are less responsive and more authoritarian. Children from low income families are less likely to have access to books and computers which would enhance their development.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14992634_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14992634-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Street_culture">Street culture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_street_culture" title="Children's street culture">Children's street culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_street_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's street games">Children's street games</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boys_in_front_of_the_movie_theatre_on_Dundas_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Boys_in_front_of_the_movie_theatre_on_Dundas_Street.jpg/220px-Boys_in_front_of_the_movie_theatre_on_Dundas_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Boys_in_front_of_the_movie_theatre_on_Dundas_Street.jpg/330px-Boys_in_front_of_the_movie_theatre_on_Dundas_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Boys_in_front_of_the_movie_theatre_on_Dundas_Street.jpg/440px-Boys_in_front_of_the_movie_theatre_on_Dundas_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Children in front of a movie theatre, Toronto, 1920s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Children's street culture refers to the cumulative <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> created by young children and is sometimes referred to as their <i>secret world</i>. It is most common in children between the ages of seven and twelve. It is strongest in urban <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> <a href="/wiki/Industrial_district" title="Industrial district">industrial districts</a> where children are traditionally free to play out in the streets for long periods without supervision. It is invented and largely sustained by children themselves with little adult interference. </p><p>Young children's street culture usually takes place on quiet backstreets and pavements, and along routes that venture out into local <a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">parks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Playground" title="Playground">playgrounds</a>, scrub and wasteland, and to local shops. It often imposes imaginative status on certain sections of the urban realm (local buildings, kerbs, street objects, etc.). Children designate specific areas that serve as informal meeting and relaxation places (see: Sobel, 2001). An urban area that looks faceless or neglected to an adult may have deep '<a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_place" title="Spirit of place">spirit of place</a>' meanings in to children. Since the advent of indoor distractions such as <a href="/wiki/Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">video games</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, concerns have been expressed about the vitality – or even the survival – of children's street culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographies_of_childhood">Geographies of childhood</h2></div> <p>The geographies of childhood involves how (adult) society perceives the idea of childhood, the many ways adult attitudes and behaviors affect children's lives, including the environment which surrounds children and its implications.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The geographies of childhood is similar in some respects to <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_geographies" title="Children's geographies">children's geographies</a> which examines the places and spaces in which children live.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature_deficit_disorder">Nature deficit disorder</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nature_deficit_disorder" title="Nature deficit disorder">Nature deficit disorder</a></div> <p>Nature Deficit Disorder, a term coined by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Louv" title="Richard Louv">Richard Louv</a> in his 2005 book <i><a href="/wiki/Last_Child_in_the_Woods" title="Last Child in the Woods">Last Child in the Woods</a>,</i> refers to the trend in the United States and Canada towards less time for outdoor play,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in a wide range of behavioral problems.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With increasing use of cellphones, computers, video games and television, children have more reasons to stay inside rather than outdoors exploring. “The average American child spends 44 hours a week with electronic media”.<sup id="cite_ref-Agitators_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agitators-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research in 2007 has drawn a correlation between the declining number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Park</a> visits in the U.S. and increasing consumption of electronic media by children.<sup id="cite_ref-Conservation_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conservation-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The media has accelerated the trend for children's nature disconnection by deemphasizing views of nature, as in Disney films.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Age_of_responsibility">Age of responsibility</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">Age of majority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Age_of_criminal_responsibility" title="Age of criminal responsibility">Age of criminal responsibility</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">Marriageable age</a></div> <p>The age at which children are considered responsible for their society-bound actions (e. g. marriage, voting, etc.) has also changed over time,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this is reflected in the way they are treated in courts of law. In Roman times, children were regarded as not culpable for crimes, a position later adopted by the Church. In the 19th century, children younger than seven years old were believed incapable of crime. Children from the age of seven forward were considered responsible for their actions. Therefore, they could face criminal charges, be sent to adult prison, and be punished like adults by whipping, branding or hanging. However, courts at the time would consider the offender's age when deliberating sentencing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Minimum employment age and marriage age also vary. The age limit of voluntary/involuntary military service is also disputed at the international level.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuito_class.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Kuito_class.jpg/220px-Kuito_class.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Kuito_class.jpg/330px-Kuito_class.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Kuito_class.jpg/440px-Kuito_class.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Children in an outdoor classroom in <a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%A9_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bié (province)">Bié</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torvisen_kansakoulu_1924-26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Torvisen_kansakoulu_1924-26.jpg/220px-Torvisen_kansakoulu_1924-26.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Torvisen_kansakoulu_1924-26.jpg/330px-Torvisen_kansakoulu_1924-26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Torvisen_kansakoulu_1924-26.jpg/440px-Torvisen_kansakoulu_1924-26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption>Children seated in a Finnish classroom at the school of Torvinen in <a href="/wiki/Sodankyl%C3%A4" title="Sodankylä">Sodankylä</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, in the 1920s</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></div> <p>Education, in the general sense, refers to the act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and judgment, and preparing intellectually for mature life.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formal education most often takes place through <a href="/wiki/Schooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Schooling">schooling</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">right to education</a> has been recognized by some governments. At the global level, Article 13 of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' 1966 <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a> (ICESCR) recognizes the right of everyone to an education.<sup id="cite_ref-ICESCR-art13.1_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICESCR-art13.1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">Education is compulsory</a> in most places up to a certain age, but attendance at <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">school</a> may not be, with alternative options such as <a href="/wiki/Home-schooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-schooling">home-schooling</a> or <a href="/wiki/E-learning" class="mw-redirect" title="E-learning">e-learning</a> being recognized as valid forms of education in certain jurisdictions. </p><p>Children in some countries (especially in parts of Africa and Asia) are often kept out of school, or attend only for short periods. Data from <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> indicate that in 2011, 57 million children were out of school; and more than 20% of African children have never attended primary school or have left without completing primary education.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a UN report, <a href="/wiki/Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Warfare">warfare</a> is preventing 28 million children worldwide from receiving an education, due to the risk of sexual violence and attacks in schools.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other factors that keep children out of school include poverty, child labor, social attitudes, and long distances to school.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attitudes_toward_children">Attitudes toward children</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_of_Breaker_boys._Smallest_is_Sam_Belloma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Group_of_Breaker_boys._Smallest_is_Sam_Belloma.jpg/220px-Group_of_Breaker_boys._Smallest_is_Sam_Belloma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Group_of_Breaker_boys._Smallest_is_Sam_Belloma.jpg/330px-Group_of_Breaker_boys._Smallest_is_Sam_Belloma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Group_of_Breaker_boys._Smallest_is_Sam_Belloma.jpg/440px-Group_of_Breaker_boys._Smallest_is_Sam_Belloma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4806" data-file-height="3276" /></a><figcaption>Group of <a href="/wiki/Breaker_boy" title="Breaker boy">breaker boys</a> in Pittston, Pennsylvania, 1911. <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">Child labor</a> was widespread until the early 20th century. In the 21st century, child labor rates are highest in Africa.</figcaption></figure><p> Social attitudes toward children differ around the world in various cultures and change over time. A 1988 study on European attitudes toward the centrality of children found that Italy was more child-centric and the Netherlands less child-centric, with other countries, such as Austria, Great Britain, Ireland and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> falling in between.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_marriage">Child marriage</h3></div> <p>In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriage</a> rates of female children under the age of 18 reached 75% in Niger, 68% in Central African Republic and Chad, 66% in Bangladesh, and 47% in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2019 <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> report on child marriage, 37% of females were married before the age of 18 in sub-Saharan Africa, followed by South Asia at 30%. Lower levels were found in Latin America and Caribbean (25%), the Middle East and North Africa (18%), and Eastern Europe and Central Asia (11%), while rates in Western Europe and North America were minimal.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Child marriage is more prevalent with girls, but also involves boys. A 2018 study in the journal Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies found that, worldwide, 4.5% of males are married before age 18, with the Central African Republic having the highest average rate at 27.9%.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fertility_and_number_of_children_per_woman">Fertility and number of children per woman</h3></div> <p>Before <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">contraception</a> became widely available in the 20th century, women had little choice other than <a href="/wiki/Abstinence" title="Abstinence">abstinence</a> or having often many children. In fact, current <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> concerns have only become possible with drastically reduced <a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">child mortality</a> and sustained fertility. In 2017 the global <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> was estimated to be 2.37 children per woman,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adding about 80 million people to the world population per year. In order to measure the total number of children, scientists often prefer the completed cohort fertility at age 50 years (CCF50).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the number of children is also influenced by <a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">cultural norms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">peer pressure</a> and other social factors, the CCF50 appears to be most heavily dependent on the educational level of women, ranging from 5–8 children in women without education to less than 2 in women with 12 or more years of education.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergencies_and_conflicts">Emergencies and conflicts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Protection_of_Women_and_Children_in_Emergency_and_Armed_Conflict" title="Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict">Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Save_the_Children" title="Save the Children">Save the Children</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inter-Agency_Network_for_Education_in_Emergencies" title="Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies">Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_use_of_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Military use of children">Military use of children</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trafficking_of_children" title="Trafficking of children">Trafficking of children</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_child_abduction" title="International child abduction">International child abduction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Refugee_children" title="Refugee children">Refugee children</a></div> <p>Emergencies and conflicts pose detrimental risks to the <a href="/wiki/Child_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Health">health</a>, safety, and well-being of children. There are many different kinds of conflicts and emergencies, e.g. <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a>. As of 2010 approximately 13 million children are displaced by <a href="/wiki/Armed_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed conflicts">armed conflicts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a> around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-UNICEF_2010_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNICEF_2010-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where violent conflicts are the norm, the lives of young children are significantly disrupted and their families have great difficulty in offering the sensitive and consistent care that young children need for their healthy development.<sup id="cite_ref-UNICEF_2010_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNICEF_2010-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies on the effect of emergencies and conflict on the <a href="/wiki/Physical_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical health">physical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a> of children between birth and 8 years old show that where the disaster is natural, the rate of <a href="/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder">PTSD</a> occurs in anywhere from 3 to 87 percent of affected children.<sup id="cite_ref-Shannon_1994_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shannon_1994-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, rates of PTSD for children living in chronic conflict conditions varies from 15 to 50 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_protection_2">Child protection</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Child_protection" title="Child protection">Child protection</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child_protection&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff; border-bottom:2px solid #fafafa;"><a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">Childcare</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> At home</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">Parents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">Extended family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au_pair" title="Au pair">Au pair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babysitting" title="Babysitting">Babysitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governess" title="Governess">Governess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanny" title="Nanny">Nanny</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Outside the home</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">Daycare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-school_playgroup" title="Pre-school playgroup">Pre-school playgroup</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Educational settings</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">Early childhood education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-kindergarten" title="Pre-kindergarten">Pre-kindergarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">Preschool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">Primary school</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Institutions and standards</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_protection" title="Child protection">Child protection</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_loco_parentis" title="In loco parentis">In loco parentis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">Minor</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Related</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Online_Protection" title="Child Online Protection">Child Online Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">Family law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_early_childhood_education" title="Men in early childhood education">Men in early childhood education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphanage" title="Orphanage">Orphanage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Childcare" title="Template:Childcare"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Childcare" title="Template talk:Childcare"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Childcare" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Childcare"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Child_protection" title="Child protection">Child protection</a> (also called child welfare) is the safeguarding of children from violence, exploitation, abuse, and neglect.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Child_protection_Oates_427–429_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Child_protection_Oates_427–429-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Child_protection_:1_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Child_protection_:1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It involves identifying signs of potential harm. This includes responding to allegations or suspicions of abuse, providing support and services to protect children, and holding those who have harmed them accountable.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary goal of child protection is to ensure that all children are safe and free from harm or danger.<sup id="cite_ref-Child_protection_:1_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Child_protection_:1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Child protection also works to prevent future harm by creating policies and systems that identify and respond to risks before they lead to harm.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to achieve these goals, research suggests that child protection services should be provided in a <a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">holistic</a> way.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means taking into account the social, economic, cultural, psychological, and environmental factors that can contribute to the risk of harm for individual children and their families. Collaboration across sectors and disciplines to create a comprehensive system of support and safety for children is required.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is the responsibility of individuals, organizations, and governments to ensure that children are protected from harm and their rights are respected.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes providing a safe environment for children to grow and develop, protecting them from physical, emotional and sexual abuse, and ensuring they have access to education, healthcare, and resources to fulfill their basic needs.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Child protection systems are a set of services, usually government-run, designed to protect children and young people who are <a href="/wiki/Underage" class="mw-redirect" title="Underage">underage</a> and to encourage family stability. <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> defines<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a 'child protection system' as: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The set of laws, policies, regulations and services needed across all social sectors – especially social welfare, education, health, security and justice – to support prevention and response to protection-related risks. These systems are part of <a href="/wiki/Social_protection" title="Social protection">social protection</a>, and extend beyond it. At the level of prevention, their aim includes supporting and strengthening families to reduce social exclusion, and to lower the risk of separation, violence and exploitation. Responsibilities are often spread across government agencies, with services delivered by local authorities, non-State providers, and community groups, making coordination between sectors and levels, including routine referral systems etc.., a necessary component of effective child protection systems."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>United Nations Economic and Social Council (2008), UNICEF Child Protection Strategy, E/ICEF/2008/5/Rev.1, par. 12–13.</cite></div></blockquote>Under Article 19 of the <a href="/wiki/UN_Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Convention on the Rights of the Child">UN Convention on the Rights of the Child</a>, a 'child protection system' provides for the protection of children in and out of the home. One of the ways this can be enabled is through the provision of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_4" title="Sustainable Development Goal 4">quality education</a>, the fourth of the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>, in addition to other child protection systems. Some literature argues that child protection begins at conception; even how the conception took place can affect the child's development.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_abuse_and_child_labor">Child abuse and child labor</h3></div> <p>Protection of children from <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">abuse</a> is considered an important contemporary goal. This includes protecting children from exploitation such as <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">child labor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Child trafficking">child trafficking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_selling" title="Child selling">child selling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">child prostitution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_use_of_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Military use of children">military use of children</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Child_laundering" title="Child laundering">child laundering</a> in illegal <a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adoptions</a>. There exist several international instruments for these purposes, such as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worst_Forms_of_Child_Labour_Convention" title="Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention">Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_Age_Convention,_1973" title="Minimum Age Convention, 1973">Minimum Age Convention, 1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optional_Protocol_on_the_Sale_of_Children,_Child_Prostitution_and_Child_Pornography" title="Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography">Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Convention_on_the_Protection_of_Children_against_Sexual_Exploitation_and_Sexual_Abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse">Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optional_Protocol_on_the_Involvement_of_Children_in_Armed_Conflict" title="Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict">Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Adoption_Convention" title="Hague Adoption Convention">Hague Adoption Convention</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Climate change and children</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_and_children&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Climate_Emergency_-_Child_Demo_415.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Climate_Emergency_-_Child_Demo_415.jpg/220px-Climate_Emergency_-_Child_Demo_415.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Climate_Emergency_-_Child_Demo_415.jpg/330px-Climate_Emergency_-_Child_Demo_415.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Climate_Emergency_-_Child_Demo_415.jpg/440px-Climate_Emergency_-_Child_Demo_415.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2070" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A child at a climate demonstration in Juneau, Alaska</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Children">Children</a> are more vulnerable to the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects of climate change</a> than adults. The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> estimated that 88% of the existing global burden of <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> affects children under five years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">Lancet</a></i> review on health and climate change lists children as the worst-affected category by climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children under 14 are 44 percent more likely to die from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_factor" title="Environmental factor">environmental factors</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and those in urban areas are disproportionately impacted by lower air quality and overcrowding.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Children are physically more <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">vulnerable to climate change</a> in all its forms.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_and_children_Currie-2016_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_and_children_Currie-2016-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate change <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">affects the physical health</a> of children and their well-being. Prevailing <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">inequalities</a>, between and within countries, determine how climate change impacts children.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children often have no voice in terms of global responses to climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_and_children_Currie-2016_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_and_children_Currie-2016-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> People living in <a href="/wiki/Low-income_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-income countries">low-income countries</a> experience a higher burden of disease and are less capable of coping with climate change-related threats.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly every child in the world is at risk from climate change and pollution, while almost half are at extreme risk.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_mortality">Child mortality</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2012_Infant_mortality_rate_per_1000_live_births,_under-5,_world_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/2012_Infant_mortality_rate_per_1000_live_births%2C_under-5%2C_world_map.svg/360px-2012_Infant_mortality_rate_per_1000_live_births%2C_under-5%2C_world_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/2012_Infant_mortality_rate_per_1000_live_births%2C_under-5%2C_world_map.svg/540px-2012_Infant_mortality_rate_per_1000_live_births%2C_under-5%2C_world_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/2012_Infant_mortality_rate_per_1000_live_births%2C_under-5%2C_world_map.svg/720px-2012_Infant_mortality_rate_per_1000_live_births%2C_under-5%2C_world_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>World infant mortality rates in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-unicef2013_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unicef2013-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>During the early 17th century in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, about two-thirds of all children died before the age of four.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has continued in England, and in the 21st century child mortality rates have fallen across the world. About 12.6 million under-five infants died worldwide in 1990, which declined to 6.6 million in 2012. The infant mortality rate dropped from 90 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990, to 48 in 2012. The highest average infant mortality rates are in sub-Saharan Africa, at 98 deaths per 1,000 live births – over double the world's average.<sup id="cite_ref-unicef2013_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unicef2013-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header"><span class="spoken-wikipedia-listen-to">Listen to this article</span> (<span class="duration"><span class="min">3</span> minutes</span>)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="180" data-mwtitle="Child.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Child.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Child.ogg/Child.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Child.ogg" title="File:Child.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 24 June 2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008-06-24</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_childhood" title="Outline of childhood">Outline of childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_slavery" title="Child slavery">Child slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childlessness" title="Childlessness">Childlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_in_childhood_and_adolescence" title="Depression in childhood and adolescence">Depression in childhood and adolescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_children" title="Religion and children">Religion and children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_rights" title="Youth rights">Youth rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_childhood" title="Archaeology of childhood">Archaeology of childhood</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=233558&set=0058CBADEE_0_390&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002335/233558E.pdf"><i>Investing against Evidence: The Global State of Early Childhood Care and Education</i></a>, 118–125, Marope PT, Kaga Y, UNESCO. UNESCO.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=246045&set=005915672A_2_228&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002460/246045e.pdf"><i>Creating sustainable futures for all; Global education monitoring report, 2016; Gender review</i></a>, 20, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Child-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Child_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Child_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Child_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Child_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Child">"Child"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TheFreeDictionary.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheFreeDictionary.com">TheFreeDictionary.com</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Child&rft.pub=TheFreeDictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2FChild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mosby-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mosby_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mosby_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mosby_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Toole2013" class="citation book cs1">O'Toole, MT (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mosbysdictionary09edunse/page/344/mode/2up?q=345"><i>Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions</i></a>. St. Louis MO: <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Health Sciences">Elsevier Health Sciences</a>. p. 345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-07403-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-07403-2"><bdi>978-0-323-07403-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/800721165">800721165</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19573070" class="extiw" title="d:Q19573070">Q19573070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mosby%27s+Dictionary+of+Medicine%2C+Nursing+%26+Health+Professions&rft.place=St.+Louis+MO&rft.pages=345&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F800721165&rft.isbn=978-0-323-07403-2&rft.aulast=O%27Toole&rft.aufirst=MT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmosbysdictionary09edunse%2Fpage%2F344%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3D345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rathus-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rathus_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rathus_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRathus2013" class="citation book cs1">Rathus SA (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OfIWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT48"><i>Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-285-67759-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-285-67759-0"><bdi>978-1-285-67759-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Childhood+and+Adolescence%3A+Voyages+in+Development&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-285-67759-0&rft.aulast=Rathus&rft.aufirst=SA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOfIWAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/31619">"Child"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OED.com" class="mw-redirect" title="OED.com">OED.com</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Child&rft.pub=OED.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fviewdictionaryentry%2FEntry%2F31619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/child">"Child"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam-Webster.com">Merriam-Webster.com</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alcohol.org&rft.atitle=When+Is+It+Legal+For+Minors+To+Drink%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falcohol.org%2Flaws%2Funderage-drinking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learning.nspcc.org.uk/child-protection-system/children-the-law/child-protection-system/children-the-law">"Children and the law"</a>. <i>NSPCC Learning</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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For example, in the U.S., you cannot join the armed forces or vote until age 18, and you cannot take on many legal and financial responsibilities until age 21.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LibreTexts+-+Biology&rft.atitle=23.8%3A+Adulthood&rft.date=2018-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FHuman_Biology%2FHuman_Biology_%28Wakim_and_Grewal%29%2F23%253A_Human_Growth_and_Development%2F23.8%253A_Adulthood%23%3A~%3Atext%3DDefining%2520Adulthood%2C-Adulthood%2520is%2520the%26text%3DA%2520person%2520may%2520be%2520physically%2Cby%2520law%2520until%2520older%2520ages.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131001072300/http://www.ssa.gov/dibplan/dacpage.shtml">"For example, the US Social Security department specifically defines an adult child as being over 18"</a>. Ssa.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssa.gov/dibplan/dacpage.shtml">the original</a> on 1 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=For+example%2C+the+US+Social+Security+department+specifically+defines+an+adult+child+as+being+over+18&rft.pub=Ssa.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssa.gov%2Fdibplan%2Fdacpage.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071229155809/http://www.bartleby.com/61/13/C0291300.html">"American Heritage Dictionary"</a>. 7 December 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/13/C0291300.html">the original</a> on 29 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Heritage+Dictionary&rft.date=2007-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F61%2F13%2FC0291300.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-un-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-un_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-un_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101031104336/http://www.hakani.org/en/convention/Convention_Rights_Child.pdf">"Convention on the Rights of the Child"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. General Assembly Resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989. The Policy Press, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hakani.org/en/convention/Convention_Rights_Child.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Convention+on+the+Rights+of+the+Child&rft.pub=The+Policy+Press%2C+Office+of+the+United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hakani.org%2Fen%2Fconvention%2FConvention_Rights_Child.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203075312/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId:911aba78-1d05-4341-96b7-ee334d4a06f0%20%20Status:inforce%20Depth:0;rec=0">"Children and Young Persons Act"</a>. <i>Singapore Statutes Online</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A911aba78-1d05-4341-96b7-ee334d4a06f0%20%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0;rec=0">the original</a> on 3 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Singapore+Statutes+Online&rft.atitle=Children+and+Young+Persons+Act&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatutes.agc.gov.sg%2Faol%2Fsearch%2Fdisplay%2Fview.w3p%3Bpage%3D0%3Bquery%3DDocId%253A911aba78-1d05-4341-96b7-ee334d4a06f0%2520%2520Status%253Ainforce%2520Depth%253A0%3Brec%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180626054418/https://www.mlaw.gov.sg/content/minlaw/en/news/public-consultations/proposal-to-lower-the-age-of-contractual-capacity-from-21-years-to-18-years-and-the-civil-law.html">"Proposal to lower the Age of Contractual Capacity from 21 years to 18 years, and the Civil Law (Amendment) Bill"</a>. Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Law_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Law (Singapore)">Ministry of Law</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlaw.gov.sg/content/minlaw/en/news/public-consultations/proposal-to-lower-the-age-of-contractual-capacity-from-21-years-to-18-years-and-the-civil-law.html">the original</a> on 26 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proposal+to+lower+the+Age+of+Contractual+Capacity+from+21+years+to+18+years%2C+and+the+Civil+Law+%28Amendment%29+Bill&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Law&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlaw.gov.sg%2Fcontent%2Fminlaw%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fpublic-consultations%2Fproposal-to-lower-the-age-of-contractual-capacity-from-21-years-to-18-years-and-the-civil-law.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1101">"8 U.S. Code § 1101 - Definitions"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information Institute</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=8+U.S.+Code+%C2%A7+1101+-+Definitions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F8%2F1101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SeeShorter-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SeeShorter_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Shorter <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> 397 (6th ed. 2007), which's first definition is "A fetus; an infant;...". See also ‘The Compact Edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>: Complete Text Reproduced Micrographically’, Vol. I (<i>Oxford University Press</i>, Oxford 1971): 396, which defines it as: ‘The unborn or newly born human being; foetus, infant’.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlam2014" class="citation book cs1">Alam, Gajanafar (2014). <i>Population and Society</i>. K.K. Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8178441986" title="Special:BookSources/978-8178441986"><bdi>978-8178441986</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+and+Society&rft.pub=K.K.+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-8178441986&rft.aulast=Alam&rft.aufirst=Gajanafar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurdy2019" class="citation web cs1">Purdy ER (18 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/infant-and-toddler-development">"Infant and toddler development"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Infant+and+toddler+development&rft.date=2019-01-18&rft.aulast=Purdy&rft.aufirst=ER&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Finfant-and-toddler-development&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uark.pressbooks.pub/hbse1/chapter/cognitive-development-in-middle-childhood_ch_17/">"Development In Middle Childhood"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Development+In+Middle+Childhood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuark.pressbooks.pub%2Fhbse1%2Fchapter%2Fcognitive-development-in-middle-childhood_ch_17%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins_1984-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collins_1984_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1984" class="citation book cs1">Collins WA, et al. (National Research Council (US) Panel to Review the Status of Basic Research on School-Age Children) (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK216778/"><i>Development during Middle Childhood</i></a>. Washington D.C.: National Academies Press (US). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F56">10.17226/56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-03478-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-03478-4"><bdi>978-0-309-03478-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25032422">25032422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+during+Middle+Childhood&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press+%28US%29&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25032422&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F56&rft.isbn=978-0-309-03478-4&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=WA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK216778%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berger_2017-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berger_2017_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berger_2017_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berger_2017_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2017" class="citation book cs1">Berger K (2017). <i>The Developing Person through the Lifespan</i>. Worth Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-319-01587-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-319-01587-9"><bdi>978-1-319-01587-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Developing+Person+through+the+Lifespan&rft.pub=Worth+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-319-01587-9&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonner2010" class="citation book cs1">Konner M (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674045668/page/512"><i>The Evolution of Childhood</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674045668/page/512">512–513</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04566-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04566-8"><bdi>978-0-674-04566-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Childhood&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=512-513&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04566-8&rft.aulast=Konner&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780674045668%2Fpage%2F512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/childhood">"APA Dictionary of Psychology"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APA+Dictionary+of+Psychology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.apa.org%2Fchildhood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mavis Klein, <i>Okay Parenting</i> (1991) p. 13 and p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Fenwick/T. Smith, <i>Adolescence</i> (London 1993) p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock2000" class="citation book cs1">Pollock LA (2000). <i>Forgotten children : parent-child relations from 1500 to 1900</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25009-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25009-2"><bdi>978-0-521-25009-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/255923951">255923951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+children+%3A+parent-child+relations+from+1500+to+1900&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F255923951&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25009-2&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=LA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAriès1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Ari%C3%A8s" title="Philippe Ariès">Ariès P</a> (1960). <a href="/wiki/Centuries_of_Childhood" title="Centuries of Childhood"><i>Centuries of Childhood</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Centuries+of+Childhood&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Ari%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrme2001" class="citation book cs1">Orme, Nicholas (2001). <i>Medieval Children</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Future+of+Children&rft.atitle=Children+and+Climate+Change%3A+Introducing+the+Issue&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-9&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=1054-8289&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A77559783%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43755227%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Ffoc.2016.0000&rft.aulast=Currie&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Desch%C3%AAnes%2C+Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43755227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelldénAnderssonNilssonEbi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Helldén, Daniel; Andersson, Camilla; Nilsson, Maria; Ebi, Kristie L.; Friberg, Peter; Alfvén, Tobias (1 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2542-5196%2820%2930274-6">"Climate change and child health: a scoping review and an expanded conceptual framework"</a>. <i>The Lancet Planetary Health</i>. <b>5</b> (3): e164–e175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2542-5196%2820%2930274-6">10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30274-6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2542-5196">2542-5196</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33713617">33713617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet+Planetary+Health&rft.atitle=Climate+change+and+child+health%3A+a+scoping+review+and+an+expanded+conceptual+framework&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e164-e175&rft.date=2021-03-01&rft.issn=2542-5196&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33713617&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS2542-5196%2820%2930274-6&rft.aulast=Helld%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Andersson%2C+Camilla&rft.au=Nilsson%2C+Maria&rft.au=Ebi%2C+Kristie+L.&rft.au=Friberg%2C+Peter&rft.au=Alfv%C3%A9n%2C+Tobias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS2542-5196%252820%252930274-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicef.org/reports/unless-we-act-now-impact-climate-change-children">"Unless we act now: The impact of climate change on children"</a>. <i>www.unicef.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418121052/https://www.unicef.org/reports/unless-we-act-now-impact-climate-change-children">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unicef.org&rft.atitle=Unless+we+act+now%3A+The+impact+of+climate+change+on+children&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Freports%2Funless-we-act-now-impact-climate-change-children&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington2021" class="citation news cs1">Carrington, Damian (20 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/aug/20/a-billion-children-at-extreme-risk-from-climate-impacts-unicef">"A billion children at 'extreme risk' from climate impacts – Unicef"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828233236/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/aug/20/a-billion-children-at-extreme-risk-from-climate-impacts-unicef">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+billion+children+at+%27extreme+risk%27+from+climate+impacts+%E2%80%93+Unicef&rft.date=2021-08-20&rft.aulast=Carrington&rft.aufirst=Damian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2021%2Faug%2F20%2Fa-billion-children-at-extreme-risk-from-climate-impacts-unicef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unicef2013-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unicef2013_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unicef2013_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714153724/http://www.childmortality.org/files_v16/download/UNICEF%202013%20IGME%20child%20mortality%20Report_Final.pdf">"Infant Mortality Rates in 2012"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.childmortality.org/files_v16/download/UNICEF%202013%20IGME%20child%20mortality%20Report_Final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Infant+Mortality+Rates+in+2012&rft.pub=UNICEF&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.childmortality.org%2Ffiles_v16%2Fdownload%2FUNICEF%25202013%2520IGME%2520child%2520mortality%2520Report_Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRorabaughCritchlowBaker2004" class="citation book cs1">Rorabaugh WJ, Critchlow DT, Baker PC (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VL_6X5zWOokC&pg=PA47"><i>America's promise: a concise history of the United States (Volume 1: To 1877)</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1189-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1189-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-1189-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+promise%3A+a+concise+history+of+the+United+States+%28Volume+1%3A+To+1877%29&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1189-7&rft.aulast=Rorabaugh&rft.aufirst=WJ&rft.au=Critchlow%2C+DT&rft.au=Baker%2C+PC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVL_6X5zWOokC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kumar K (29 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/387301/modernization/12022/Population-change">"Modernization – Population Change"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modernization+%E2%80%93+Population+Change&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2020-10-29&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F387301%2Fmodernization%2F12022%2FPopulation-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChild" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Cook, Daniel Thomas. <i>The moral project of childhood: Motherhood, material life, and early children's consumer culture</i> (NYU Press, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vUWODwAAQBAJ&dq=children&pg=PP9">online book</a> see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shcy.org/features/books/the-moral-project-of-childhood/">online review</a></li> <li>Fawcett, Barbara, Brid Featherstone, and Jim Goddard. <i>Contemporary child care policy and practice</i> (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QSJIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1">online</a></li> <li>Hutchison, Elizabeth D., and Leanne W. Charlesworth. "Securing the welfare of children: Policies past, present, and future." <i>Families in Society</i> 81.6 (2000): 576–585.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_S._Fass" title="Paula S. Fass">Fass, Paula S.</a> <i>The end of American childhood: A history of parenting from life on the frontier to the managed child</i> (Princeton University Press, 2016).</li> <li>Fass, Paula S. ed. <i>The Routledge History of Childhood in the Western World</i> (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jxf_P2GOcUEC&dq=fass+%22Childhood%22&pg=PR3">online</a></li> <li>Klass, Perri. <i>The Best Medicine: How Science and Public Health Gave Children a Future</i> (WW Norton & Company, 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fNjVDwAAQBAJ&dq=children&pg=PT6">online</a></li> <li>Michail, Samia. "Understanding school responses to students’ challenging behaviour: A review of literature." <i>Improving schools</i> 14.2 (2011): 156–171. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=6a6198a7d46523bddb15d23e024f442ac29e9f82">online</a></li> <li>Sorin, Reesa. <i>Changing images of childhood: Reconceptualising early childhood practice</i> (Faculty of Education, University of Melbourne, 2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=9594881ae4f396a654957f719b1bb4e3589d0819">online</a>.</li> <li>Sorin, Reesa. "Childhood through the eyes of the child and parent." <i>Journal of Australian Research in Early Childhood Education</i> 14.1 (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Reesa-Sorin/publication/266081356_Childhood_through_the_eyes_of_the_child_and_parent/links/5ed6138492851c9c5e725cd1/Childhood-through-the-eyes-of-the-child-and-parent.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Vissing, Yvonne. "History of Children’s Human Rights in the USA." in <i>Children's Human Rights in the USA: Challenges and Opportunities</i> (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023) pp. 181–212.</li> <li>Yuen, Francis K.O. <i>Social work practice with children and families: a family health approach</i> (Routledge, 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=efbJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">online</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Toddlerhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Toddlerhood">Toddlerhood</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Human_development_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human development (biology)">Stages of human development</a><br />Childhood </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Preadolescence" title="Preadolescence">Preadolescence</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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family">Immediate family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrifocal_family" title="Matrifocal family">Matrifocal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_relationship#Human_relationships" title="Coefficient of relationship">First-degree relatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father" title="Father">father</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Child</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughter" title="Daughter">daughter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">Sibling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brother" title="Brother">brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister" title="Sister">sister</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second-degree relatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandparent" title="Grandparent">Grandparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandchild" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandchild">Grandchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle" title="Uncle">Uncle</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aunt" title="Aunt">Aunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niece_and_nephew" title="Niece and nephew">Niece/Nephew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third-degree relatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great-grandparent" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-grandparent">Great-grandparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great-grandchild" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-grandchild">Great-grandchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great-uncle" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-uncle">Great-uncle</a>/<a href="/wiki/Great-aunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-aunt">Great-aunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin" title="Cousin">Cousin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">Family-in-law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spouse" title="Spouse">Spouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wife" title="Wife">wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husband" title="Husband">husband</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent-in-law" title="Parent-in-law">Parent-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling-in-law" title="Sibling-in-law">Sibling-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Child-in-law">Child-in-law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daughter-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Daughter-in-law">daughter-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Son-in-law">son-in-law</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Stepfamily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepparent" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepparent">Stepparent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepfather" title="Stepfather">stepfather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepmother" title="Stepmother">stepmother</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepchild" title="Stepchild">Stepchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepsibling" title="Stepsibling">Stepsibling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">Kinship terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">Consanguinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disownment" title="Disownment">Disownment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_estrangement" title="Family estrangement">Estrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_choice" title="Family of choice">Family of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictive_kinship" title="Fictive kinship">Fictive kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurture_kinship" title="Nurture kinship">Nurture kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_kinship" title="Chinese kinship">Chinese kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_kinship" title="Hawaiian kinship">Hawaiian kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_kinship" title="Sudanese kinship">Sudanese kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_kinship" title="Eskimo kinship">Eskimo kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_kinship" title="Iroquois kinship">Iroquois kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_kinship" title="Crow kinship">Crow kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_kinship" title="Omaha kinship">Omaha kinship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">Genealogy</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">lineage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_descent" title="Bilateral descent">Bilateral descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">Common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Family name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heirloom" title="Heirloom">Heirloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">Heredity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineal_descendant" title="Lineal descendant">Lineal descendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_(kinship)" title="Collateral (kinship)">collateral descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">Matrilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progenitor" title="Progenitor">Progenitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">Clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_descent" title="Royal descent">Royal descent</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Family_trees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_tree" title="Family tree">Family trees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedigree_chart" title="Pedigree chart">Pedigree chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genogram" title="Genogram">Genogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahnentafel" title="Ahnentafel">Ahnentafel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogical_numbering_systems" title="Genealogical numbering systems">Genealogical numbering systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seize_quartiers" title="Seize quartiers">Seize quartiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarters_of_nobility" title="Quarters of nobility">Quarters of nobility</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relationships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape (parental love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros_(concept)" title="Eros (concept)">Eros (marital love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philia" title="Philia">Philia (brotherly love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storge" title="Storge">Storge (familial love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyfidelity" title="Polyfidelity">Polyfidelity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day" title="Mother's Day">Mother's Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_(United_States)" title="Mother's Day (United States)">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day" title="Father's Day">Father's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%E2%80%93Daughter_Day" title="Father–Daughter Day">Father–Daughter Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siblings_Day" title="Siblings Day">Siblings Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparents%27_Day" title="Grandparents' Day">National Grandparents Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_Day" title="Parents' Day">Parents' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day">Children's Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day_(Japan)" title="Children's Day (Japan)">Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day" title="Family Day">Family Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day_(Canada)" title="Family Day (Canada)">Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Day" title="American Family Day">American Family Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Families" title="International Day of Families">International Day of Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Family_Week" title="National Family Week">National Family Week</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Family_Week_(UK)" title="National Family Week (UK)">UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adoption_Day" title="National Adoption Day">National Adoption Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_parent" title="Single parent">Single parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_anniversary" title="Wedding anniversary">Wedding anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">Godparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_order" title="Birth order">Birth order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Only_child" title="Only child">Only child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_child_syndrome" title="Middle child syndrome">Middle child syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">Sociology of the family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Motherhood" title="Museum of Motherhood">Museum of Motherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_family" title="Astronaut family">Astronaut family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysfunctional_family" title="Dysfunctional family">Dysfunctional family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling_abuse" title="Sibling abuse">Sibling abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling_estrangement" title="Sibling estrangement">Sibling estrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling_rivalry" title="Sibling rivalry">Sibling rivalry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Development_of_the_human_body" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_development" title="Template:Human development"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_development" title="Template talk:Human 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class="mw-redirect" title="Gestational age (obstetrics)">Gestational age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birth and after</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">Child development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_development_stages" title="Child development stages">Stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_development" title="Early childhood development">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">Puberty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_development" title="Adult development">Adult development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">Senescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Early years <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">Infant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toddler" title="Toddler">Toddler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood" title="Early childhood">Early childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood">Childhood</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Child</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth" title="Youth">Youth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preadolescence" title="Preadolescence">Preadolescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">Adolescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_adulthood_and_early_adulthood" title="Emerging adulthood and early adulthood">Emerging adulthood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">Adulthood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_adult" title="Young adult">Young adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_age" title="Middle age">Middle adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">Elder adult</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying" title="Dying">Dying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">Age of majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7569#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kind"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4030550-8">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85023418">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119319811">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119319811">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="děti"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114392&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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