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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Development in humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_in_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development in humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development_in_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weeks_9_to_16_(2_to_3.6_months)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weeks_9_to_16_(2_to_3.6_months)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Weeks 9 to 16 (2 to 3.6 months)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weeks_9_to_16_(2_to_3.6_months)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weeks_17_to_25_(3.6_to_6.6_months)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weeks_17_to_25_(3.6_to_6.6_months)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Weeks 17 to 25 (3.6 to 6.6 months)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weeks_17_to_25_(3.6_to_6.6_months)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weeks_26_to_38_(6.6_to_8.6_months)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weeks_26_to_38_(6.6_to_8.6_months)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Weeks 26 to 38 (6.6 to 8.6 months)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weeks_26_to_38_(6.6_to_8.6_months)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variation_in_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variation_in_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Variation in growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variation_in_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Viability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circulatory_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circulatory_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Circulatory system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Circulatory_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Circulatory system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Circulatory_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Before birth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postnatal_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postnatal_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Postnatal development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postnatal_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immune_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immune_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Immune system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immune_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developmental_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developmental_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Developmental problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developmental_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fetal_pain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fetal_pain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Fetal pain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fetal_pain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_and_social_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_and_social_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legal and social issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_and_social_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fetus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fetus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%8A" title="جنين حي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جنين حي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%90_%DC%9A%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܥܘܠܐ ܚܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܘܠܐ ܚܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetu" title="Fetu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fetu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit%C3%A3r%C3%A3" title="Mitãrã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mitãrã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullu" title="Sullu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Sullu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A3" title="প্রভ্রূণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রভ্রূণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai-j%C3%AE" title="Thai-jî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thai-jî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Плод (анатомія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Плод (анатомія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81" title="Фетус – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фетус" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fetus" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fetus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C4%83%D0%BD%C4%83" title="Хăнă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хăнă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fetus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster" title="Foster – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Foster" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6tus" title="Fötus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fötus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loode" title="Loode – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Loode" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feto" title="Feto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Feto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feto" title="Feto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Feto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umeki" title="Umeki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Umeki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جنین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C5%93tus_humain" title="Fœtus humain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fœtus humain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9atas" title="Féatas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Féatas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feto" title="Feto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Feto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%9C%EC%95%84" title="태아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="태아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2_(%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Պտուղ (սաղմնաբանություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պտուղ (սաղմնաբանություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD" title="गर्भ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गर्भ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plod_(medicina)" title="Plod (medicina) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plod (medicina)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feto" title="Feto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Feto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janin" title="Janin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Janin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feto" title="Feto – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Feto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3stur" title="Fóstur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fóstur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feto" title="Feto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Feto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8" title="עובר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עובר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janin" title="Janin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Janin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Ұрық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұрық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimba" title="Mimba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mimba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetis" title="Fetis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fetis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fetus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auglis_(anatomija)" title="Auglis (anatomija) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Auglis (anatomija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDmogaus_vaisius" title="Žmogaus vaisius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žmogaus vaisius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5_%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%81" title="ഗർഭസ്ഥ ശിശു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗർഭസ്ഥ ശിശു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="गर्भावस्था – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गर्भावस्था" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janin" title="Janin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Janin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foetus" title="Foetus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Foetus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%8E%E5%85%90" title="胎児 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="胎児" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster" title="Foster – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Foster" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster" title="Foster – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Foster" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A8tus" title="Fètus – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fètus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84" title="حميل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="حميل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82%C3%B3d" title="Płód – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Płód" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feto" title="Feto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Feto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%83t" title="Făt – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Făt" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullu" title="Sullu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sullu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Плод (анатомия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плод (анатомия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetusi" title="Fetusi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fetusi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%80_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%91%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="මානව භ්‍රෑණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මානව භ්‍රෑණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fetus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plod_(medicina)" title="Plod (medicina) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Plod (medicina)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uurjiif" title="Uurjiif – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Uurjiif" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81" title="Фетус – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фетус" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fetus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9tus" title="Fétus – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Fétus" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siki%C3%B6" title="Sikiö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sikiö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster" title="Foster – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Foster" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabubuong_sanggol" title="Nabubuong sanggol – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nabubuong sanggol" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81" title="முதிர்கரு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முதிர்கரு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%82" title="పిండం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పిండం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fetus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Плід (анатомія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Плід (анатомія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84" title="حمیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حمیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0o_thai" title="Bào thai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bào thai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fetus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%8E%E5%84%BF" title="胎儿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="胎儿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyun" title="Oyun – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Oyun" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%8E" title="胎 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="胎" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Fetus" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%8E%E5%85%92" title="胎兒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="胎兒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q26513#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="View the content page [c]" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prenatal organism between the embryonic state and birth</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the stage of prenatal development. 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1040468660">.mw-parser-output .human-growth-dev-sidebar .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .human-growth-dev-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .human-growth-dev-sidebar .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist human-growth-dev-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Human_development" title="Category:Human development">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_human_body" title="Development of the human body">Human growth<br />and development</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg/100px-Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg/150px-Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg/200px-Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="556" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Stages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">Gamete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">Zygote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_embryonic_development" title="Human embryonic development">Embryo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fetus</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">Infant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toddler" title="Toddler">Toddler</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preadolescence" title="Preadolescence">Preadolescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">Adolescent</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_adulthood_and_early_adulthood" title="Emerging adulthood and early adulthood">Emerging and early adulthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_adult" title="Young adult">Young adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_age" title="Middle age">Middle adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">Old adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying" title="Dying">Dying</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Biological milestones</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">Fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_motor_skill#Learning_to_walk" title="Gross motor skill">Walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">Language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">Puberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">Menopause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Development and psychology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_and_perinatal_psychology" title="Prenatal and perinatal psychology">Pre- and perinatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_development_stages" title="Child development stages">Infant and child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescence#psychology" title="Adolescence">Adolescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_youth_development" title="Positive youth development">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_adult" title="Young adult">Young adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_development" title="Adult development">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturity_(psychological)" title="Maturity (psychological)">Maturity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Developmental_stage_theories" title="Developmental stage theories">Developmental stage theories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_systems_theory" title="Ecological systems theory">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erikson%27s_stages_of_psychosocial_development" title="Erikson's stages of psychosocial development">Psychosocial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosexual_development" title="Psychosexual development">Psychosexual development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg%27s_stages_of_moral_development" title="Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaget%27s_theory_of_cognitive_development" title="Piaget's theory of cognitive development">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural-historical_psychology" title="Cultural-historical psychology">Cultural-historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_psychology" title="Evolutionary developmental psychology">Evolutionary</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/16px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/24px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/32px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_growth_and_development_sidebar" title="Template:Human growth and development sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_growth_and_development_sidebar" title="Template talk:Human growth and development sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_growth_and_development_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human growth and development sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>fetus</b> or <b>foetus</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <b>fetuses</b>, <b>foetuses</b>, rarely <b>feti</b> or <b>foeti</b>) is the unborn <a href="/wiki/Mammalian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalian">mammalian</a> <a href="/wiki/Offspring" title="Offspring">offspring</a> that develops from an <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryonic development">embryonic stage</a>, the fetal stage of development takes place. <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Prenatal development</a> is a continuum, with no clear defining feature distinguishing an embryo from a fetus. However, in general a fetus is characterized by the presence of all the major body <a href="/wiki/Organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Organs">organs</a>, though they will not yet be fully developed and functional, and some may not yet be situated in their final <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomical location</a>. </p><p>In human prenatal development, fetal development begins from the ninth week after <a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">fertilization</a> (which is the eleventh week of <a href="/wiki/Gestational_age_(obstetrics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestational age (obstetrics)">gestational age</a>) and continues until the <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">birth</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Newborn" class="mw-redirect" title="Newborn">newborn</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fetus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fetus#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:fetus">fetus</a></i> (plural <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fetuses#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:fetuses">fetuses</a></i> or rarely <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/feti#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:feti">feti</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) comes from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:fetus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:en:fetus">fētus</a></i> 'offspring, bringing forth, hatching of young'.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latin plural <i>fetūs</i> is <a href="/wiki/Plural_form_of_words_ending_in_-us" title="Plural form of words ending in -us">not used in English</a>; occasionally the plural <i>feti</i> is used in English by analogy with second-declension Latin nouns ending in <i>-us</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The predominant British, Irish, and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> spelling is <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/foetus#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:foetus">foetus</a></i>, except in medical usage, where <i>fetus</i> is preferred. The <i>-oe-</i> spelling is first attested in 1594 and arose in <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> by analogy with classical Latin words like <i>amoenus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_in_humans">Development in humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fetus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development in humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Prenatal development</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weeks_9_to_16_(2_to_3.6_months)"><span id="Weeks_9_to_16_.282_to_3.6_months.29"></span>Weeks 9 to 16 (2 to 3.6 months)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fetus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Weeks 9 to 16 (2 to 3.6 months)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fetus_3_months.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Fetus_3_months.jpg/220px-Fetus_3_months.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Fetus_3_months.jpg/330px-Fetus_3_months.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Fetus_3_months.jpg/440px-Fetus_3_months.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A human fetus, attached to <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a>, at three months gestational age</figcaption></figure> <p>In humans, the fetal stage starts nine weeks after fertilization.<sup id="cite_ref-nursing_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nursing-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time the fetus is typically about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>30 millimetres (<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) in length from <a href="/wiki/Crown-rump_length" title="Crown-rump length">crown to rump</a>, and weighs about 8 grams.<sup id="cite_ref-nursing_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nursing-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head makes up nearly half of the size of the fetus.<sup id="cite_ref-itrfps_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itrfps-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breathing-like movements of the fetus are necessary for the stimulation of <a href="/wiki/Lung#Development" title="Lung">lung development</a>, rather than for obtaining oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heart, hands, feet, brain, and other organs are present, but are only at the beginning of development and have minimal operation.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uncontrolled movements and twitches occur as <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a>, and pathways begin to develop.<sup id="cite_ref-Prechtl_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prechtl-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weeks_17_to_25_(3.6_to_6.6_months)"><span id="Weeks_17_to_25_.283.6_to_6.6_months.29"></span>Weeks 17 to 25 (3.6 to 6.6 months)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fetus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Weeks 17 to 25 (3.6 to 6.6 months)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A woman pregnant for the first time (<a href="/wiki/Gravidity_and_parity" title="Gravidity and parity">nulliparous</a>) typically feels <a href="/wiki/Fetal_movement" title="Fetal movement">fetal movements</a> at about 21 weeks, whereas a woman who has given birth before will typically feel movements by 20 weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the fifth month, the fetus is about 20 cm (8 in) long. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weeks_26_to_38_(6.6_to_8.6_months)"><span id="Weeks_26_to_38_.286.6_to_8.6_months.29"></span>Weeks 26 to 38 (6.6 to 8.6 months)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fetus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Weeks 26 to 38 (6.6 to 8.6 months)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The amount of body fat rapidly increases. Lungs are not fully mature. Neural connections between the <a href="/wiki/Sensory_cortex" title="Sensory cortex">sensory cortex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a> develop as early as 24 weeks of gestational age, but the first evidence of their function does not occur until around 30 weeks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Bones are fully developed but are still soft and pliable. <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> become more abundant. Fingernails reach the end of the fingertips. The <a href="/wiki/Lanugo" title="Lanugo">lanugo</a>, or fine hair, begins to disappear until it is gone except on the upper arms and shoulders. Small breast buds are present in both sexes. Head hair becomes coarse and thicker. Birth is imminent and occurs around the 38th week after fertilization. The fetus is considered full-term between weeks 37 and 40 when it is sufficiently developed for <a href="/wiki/Adaptation_to_extrauterine_life" title="Adaptation to extrauterine life">life outside the uterus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be 48 to 53 cm (19 to 21 in) in length when born. Control of movement is limited at birth, and purposeful voluntary movements continue to develop until <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Becher_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becher-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variation_in_growth">Variation in growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fetus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Variation in growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Birth_weight" title="Birth weight">Birth weight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_toxicants_and_fetal_development" title="Environmental toxicants and fetal development">Environmental toxicants and fetal development</a></div> <p>There is much variation in the growth of the human fetus. When the fetal size is less than expected, the condition is known as <a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_growth_restriction" title="Intrauterine growth restriction">intrauterine growth restriction</a> also called fetal growth restriction; factors affecting fetal growth can be <i>maternal</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placental</a></i>, or <i>fetal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holden_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holden-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Maternal factors include maternal <a href="/wiki/Weight" title="Weight">weight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">body mass index</a>, nutritional state, <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_maternal_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenatal maternal stress">emotional stress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_toxicants_and_fetal_development" title="Environmental toxicants and fetal development">toxin exposure</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>, and other drugs which can also harm the fetus in other ways), and <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterine</a> <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> flow.</li></ul> <ul><li>Placental factors include size, microstructure (densities and architecture), <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord" title="Umbilical cord">umbilical</a> blood flow, transporters and binding proteins, nutrient utilization, and nutrient production.</li></ul> <ul><li>Fetal factors include the fetal genome, nutrient production, and <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormone</a> output. Also, female fetuses tend to weigh less than males, at full term.<sup id="cite_ref-Holden_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holden-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Fetal growth is often classified as follows: <a href="/wiki/Small_for_gestational_age" title="Small for gestational age">small for gestational age</a> (SGA), <a href="/wiki/Appropriate_for_gestational_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Appropriate for gestational age">appropriate for gestational age</a> (AGA), and <a href="/wiki/Large_for_gestational_age" title="Large for gestational age">large for gestational age</a> (LGA).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SGA can result in <a href="/wiki/Low_birth_weight" title="Low birth weight">low birth weight</a>, although premature birth can also result in low birth weight. Low birth weight increases the risk for perinatal mortality (<a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a> shortly after birth), <a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">asphyxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polycythemia" title="Polycythemia">polycythemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypocalcemia" title="Hypocalcemia">hypocalcemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immune_dysfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Immune dysfunction">immune dysfunction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurologic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurologic">neurologic</a> abnormalities, and other long-term health problems. SGA may be associated with growth delay, or it may instead be associated with absolute stunting of growth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viability">Viability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fetus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Viability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fetal_viability" title="Fetal viability">Fetal viability</a></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1208px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prenatal_development_table.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stages in prenatal development, showing viability and point of 50% chance of survival at bottom. Weeks and months numbered by gestation."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Prenatal_development_table.svg/1200px-Prenatal_development_table.svg.png" decoding="async" width="1200" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Prenatal_development_table.svg/1800px-Prenatal_development_table.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Prenatal_development_table.svg/2400px-Prenatal_development_table.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="285" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Prenatal_development_table.svg" title="File:Prenatal development table.svg"> </a></div>Stages in <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">prenatal development</a>, showing viability and point of 50% chance of survival at bottom. Weeks and months numbered <a href="/wiki/Gestational_age_(obstetrics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestational age (obstetrics)">by gestation</a>.</div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fetal_viability" title="Fetal viability">Fetal viability</a> refers to a point in fetal development at which the fetus may survive outside the womb. The lower limit of viability is approximately <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> months gestational age and is usually later.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no sharp limit of development, age, or weight at which a fetus automatically becomes viable.<sup id="cite_ref-developinghuman_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-developinghuman-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to data from 2003 to 2005, survival rates are 20–35% for babies born at 23 <a href="/wiki/Gestational_age_(obstetrics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestational age (obstetrics)">weeks of gestation</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> months); 50–70% at 24–25 weeks (6 – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> months); and >90% at 26–27 weeks (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> months) and over.<sup id="cite_ref-marchofdimes_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marchofdimes-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is rare for a baby weighing less than 500 g (1 lb 2 oz) to survive.<sup id="cite_ref-developinghuman_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-developinghuman-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When such <a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">premature</a> babies are born, the main causes of <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">mortality</a> are that neither the respiratory system nor the central nervous system are completely differentiated. If given expert postnatal care, some preterm babies weighing less than 500 g (1 lb 2 oz) may survive, and are referred to as <i>extremely low birth weight</i> or <i>immature infants</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-developinghuman_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-developinghuman-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a> is the most common cause of infant mortality, causing almost 30 percent of neonatal deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-marchofdimes_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marchofdimes-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At an occurrence rate of 5% to 18% of all deliveries,<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2014_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is also more common than <a href="/wiki/Postterm_pregnancy" title="Postterm pregnancy">postmature birth</a>, which occurs in 3% to 12% of pregnancies.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Circulatory_system">Circulatory system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fetus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Circulatory system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fetal_circulation" title="Fetal circulation">Fetal circulation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_birth">Before birth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fetus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Before birth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fetal_circulation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Fetal_circulation.png/220px-Fetal_circulation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Fetal_circulation.png/330px-Fetal_circulation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Fetal_circulation.png/440px-Fetal_circulation.png 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the human <a href="/wiki/Fetal_circulatory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal circulatory system">fetal circulatory system</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a> form relatively early during <a href="/wiki/Human_embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Human embryogenesis">embryonic development</a>, but continue to grow and develop in complexity in the growing fetus. A functional circulatory system is a biological necessity since mammalian tissues can not grow more than a few cell layers thick without an active blood supply. The prenatal circulation of blood is different from postnatal circulation, mainly because the lungs are not in use. The fetus obtains <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and nutrients from the mother through the <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord" title="Umbilical cord">umbilical cord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitaker_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitaker-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blood from the placenta is carried to the fetus by the <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_vein" title="Umbilical vein">umbilical vein</a>. About half of this enters the fetal <i><a href="/wiki/Ductus_venosus" title="Ductus venosus">ductus venosus</a></i> and is carried to the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava" title="Inferior vena cava">inferior vena cava</a>, while the other half enters the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> proper from the inferior border of the liver. The branch of the umbilical vein that supplies the right lobe of the liver first joins with the <a href="/wiki/Portal_vein" title="Portal vein">portal vein</a>. The blood then moves to the right atrium of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>. In the fetus, there is an opening between the right and left atrium (the <i><a href="/wiki/Foramen_ovale_(heart)" title="Foramen ovale (heart)">foramen ovale</a></i>), and most of the blood flows from the right into the left atrium, thus bypassing <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary circulation</a>. The majority of blood flow is into the left ventricle from where it is pumped through the <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> into the body. Some of the blood moves from the aorta through the internal iliac arteries to the umbilical arteries and re-enters the placenta, where <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and other waste products from the fetus are taken up and enter the mother's circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitaker_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitaker-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the blood from the right atrium does not enter the left atrium, but enters the right ventricle and is pumped into the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a>. In the fetus, there is a special connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta, called the <i><a href="/wiki/Ductus_arteriosus" title="Ductus arteriosus">ductus arteriosus</a></i>, which directs most of this blood away from the lungs (which are not being used for respiration at this point as the fetus is suspended in <a href="/wiki/Amniotic_fluid" title="Amniotic fluid">amniotic fluid</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Whitaker_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitaker-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ultrasound_image_of_a_fetus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="3D ultrasound of 80-millimetre (3 in) fetus (about 3+1⁄2 months gestational age)"><img alt="3D ultrasound of 80-millimetre (3 in) fetus (about 3+1⁄2 months gestational age)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ultrasound_image_of_a_fetus.jpg/94px-Ultrasound_image_of_a_fetus.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ultrasound_image_of_a_fetus.jpg/141px-Ultrasound_image_of_a_fetus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ultrasound_image_of_a_fetus.jpg/188px-Ultrasound_image_of_a_fetus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="294" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/3D_ultrasound" title="3D ultrasound">3D ultrasound</a> of 80-millimetre (3 in) fetus (about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> months <a href="/wiki/Gestational_age_(obstetrics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestational age (obstetrics)">gestational age</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sucking_his_thumb_and_waving.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fetus at 4+1⁄4 months"><img alt="Fetus at 4+1⁄4 months" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sucking_his_thumb_and_waving.jpg/88px-Sucking_his_thumb_and_waving.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sucking_his_thumb_and_waving.jpg/133px-Sucking_his_thumb_and_waving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sucking_his_thumb_and_waving.jpg/177px-Sucking_his_thumb_and_waving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="331" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fetus at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> months</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3dultrasound_20_weeks.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fetus at 5 months"><img alt="Fetus at 5 months" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/3dultrasound_20_weeks.jpg/90px-3dultrasound_20_weeks.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/3dultrasound_20_weeks.jpg/135px-3dultrasound_20_weeks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/3dultrasound_20_weeks.jpg/180px-3dultrasound_20_weeks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="297" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fetus at 5 months</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postnatal_development">Postnatal development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fetus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Postnatal development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adaptation_to_extrauterine_life" title="Adaptation to extrauterine life">Adaptation to extrauterine life</a></div> <p>With the first breath after birth, the system changes suddenly. <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">Pulmonary</a> resistance is reduced dramatically, prompting more blood to move into the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary arteries</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Right_atrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Right atrium">right atrium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Right ventricle">ventricle</a> of the heart and less to flow through the <i><a href="/wiki/Foramen_ovale_(heart)" title="Foramen ovale (heart)">foramen ovale</a></i> into the <a href="/wiki/Left_atrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Left atrium">left atrium</a>. The blood from the lungs travels through the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_vein" title="Pulmonary vein">pulmonary veins</a> to the left atrium, producing an increase in pressure that pushes the <i><a href="/wiki/Septum_primum" title="Septum primum">septum primum</a></i> against the <i><a href="/wiki/Septum_secundum" title="Septum secundum">septum secundum</a></i>, closing the <i>foramen ovale</i> and completing the separation of the newborn's <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a> into the standard left and right sides. Thereafter, the <i>foramen ovale</i> is known as the <i>fossa ovalis</i>. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Ductus_arteriosus" title="Ductus arteriosus">ductus arteriosus</a></i> normally closes within one or two days of birth, leaving the <i><a href="/wiki/Ligamentum_arteriosum" title="Ligamentum arteriosum">ligamentum arteriosum</a></i>, while the <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_vein" title="Umbilical vein">umbilical vein</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ductus_venosus" title="Ductus venosus">ductus venosus</a></i> usually closes within two to five days after birth, leaving, respectively, the liver's <i><a href="/wiki/Round_ligament_of_the_uterus" class="mw-redirect" title="Round ligament of the uterus">ligamentum teres</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ligamentum_venosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligamentum venosus">ligamentum venosus</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immune_system">Immune system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fetus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Immune system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a> functions as a <a href="/wiki/Placenta#Immunity" title="Placenta">maternal-fetal barrier</a> against the transmission of <a href="/wiki/Microbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbe">microbes</a>. When this is insufficient, <a href="/wiki/Mother-to-child_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-to-child transmission">mother-to-child transmission</a> of infectious diseases can occur. </p><p>Maternal <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G" title="Immunoglobulin G">IgG antibodies</a> cross the placenta, giving the fetus <a href="/wiki/Passive_immunity" title="Passive immunity">passive immunity</a> against those diseases for which the mother has antibodies. This transfer of antibodies in humans begins as early as the fifth month (gestational age) and certainly by the sixth month.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developmental_problems">Developmental problems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fetus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Developmental problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_toxicants_and_fetal_development" title="Environmental toxicants and fetal development">Environmental toxicants and fetal development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">Birth defect</a></div> <p>A developing fetus is highly susceptible to anomalies in its growth and metabolism, increasing the risk of <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">birth defects</a>. One area of concern is the lifestyle choices made during pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diet is especially important in the early stages of development. Studies show that supplementation of the person's diet with <a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Folic acid">folic acid</a> reduces the risk of <a href="/wiki/Spina_bifida" title="Spina bifida">spina bifida</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Neural_tube" title="Neural tube">neural tube</a> defects. Another dietary concern is whether breakfast is eaten. Skipping breakfast could lead to extended periods of lower than normal nutrients in the maternal blood, leading to a higher risk of <a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">prematurity</a>, or birth defects. </p><p>Alcohol consumption may increase the risk of the development of <a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal alcohol syndrome">fetal alcohol syndrome</a>, a condition leading to <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectual disability</a> in some infants.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Smoking_and_pregnancy" title="Smoking and pregnancy">Smoking during pregnancy</a> may also lead to <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low_birth_weight" title="Low birth weight">low birth weight</a> (2,500 grams (5 pounds 8 ounces). Low birth weight is a concern for medical providers due to the tendency of these infants, described as "<i>premature</i> by weight", to have a higher risk of secondary medical problems. </p><p><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> are known to have possible adverse effects on the development of the fetus, and the risks need to be weighed against the benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-De_Santis_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Santis-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Congenital disorders are acquired before birth. Infants with certain <a href="/wiki/Congenital_heart_defect" title="Congenital heart defect">congenital heart defects</a> can survive only as long as the ductus remains open: in such cases the closure of the ductus can be delayed by the administration of <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">prostaglandins</a> to permit sufficient time for the surgical correction of the anomalies. Conversely, in cases of <a href="/wiki/Patent_ductus_arteriosus" title="Patent ductus arteriosus">patent ductus arteriosus</a>, where the ductus does not properly close, drugs that inhibit prostaglandin synthesis can be used to encourage its closure, so that surgery can be avoided. </p><p>Other heart birth defects include <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_septal_defect" title="Ventricular septal defect">ventricular septal defect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_atresia" title="Pulmonary atresia">pulmonary atresia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tetralogy_of_Fallot" title="Tetralogy of Fallot">tetralogy of Fallot</a>. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pregnancy" title="Abdominal pregnancy">abdominal pregnancy</a> can result in the death of the fetus and where this is rarely not resolved it can lead to its formation into a <a href="/wiki/Lithopedion" title="Lithopedion">lithopedion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fetal_pain">Fetal pain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fetus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fetal pain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_perception" title="Prenatal perception">Prenatal perception</a></div> <p>The existence and implications of <a href="/wiki/Fetal_pain" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal pain">fetal pain</a> are debated politically and academically. According to the conclusions of a review published in 2005, "Evidence regarding the capacity for fetal pain is limited but indicates that fetal perception of pain is unlikely before the third trimester."<sup id="cite_ref-JAMA_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAMA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sskqke_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sskqke-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, developmental <a href="/wiki/Neurobiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurobiology">neurobiologists</a> argue that the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Human_thalamus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human thalamus">thalamocortical</a> connections (at about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> months) is an essential event with regard to fetal perception of pain.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nevertheless, the perception of pain involves sensory, emotional and cognitive factors and it is "impossible to know" when pain is experienced, even if it is known when thalamocortical connections are established.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authors argue that fetal pain is possible from the second half of <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>. Evidence suggests that the perception of pain in the fetus occurs well before late gestation.<sup id="cite_ref-Anand_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anand-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whether a fetus has the ability to feel pain and <a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">suffering</a> is part of the <a href="/wiki/Abortion_debate" title="Abortion debate">abortion debate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, for example, <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">anti-abortion advocates</a> have proposed legislation that would require providers of abortions to inform pregnant women that their fetuses may feel pain during the procedure and that would require each person to accept or decline <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anesthesia</a> for the fetus.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_and_social_issues">Legal and social issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fetus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legal and social issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fetus&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion of a human pregnancy is legal</a> and/or tolerated in most countries, although with gestational time limits that normally prohibit <a href="/wiki/Late-term_abortion#Legal_restrictions_on_later_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-term abortion">late-term abortions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fetus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals" title="Evolution of mammals">Evolution of mammals</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elefetusus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Elefetusus.jpg/300px-Elefetusus.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Elefetusus.jpg/450px-Elefetusus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Elefetusus.jpg/600px-Elefetusus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1910" data-file-height="1352" /></a><figcaption>Fourteen phases of elephant development before birth</figcaption></figure> <p>A fetus is a stage in the <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenatal development (biology)">prenatal development</a> of <a href="/wiki/Viviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Viviparous">viviparous</a> organisms. This stage lies between <a href="/wiki/Embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryogenesis">embryogenesis</a> and birth.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many vertebrates have fetal stages, ranging from most mammals to many fish. In addition, some invertebrates bear live young, including some species of <a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">onychophora</a><sup id="cite_ref-ony_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ony-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>. </p><p>The fetuses of most mammals are situated similarly to the human fetus within their mothers.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the anatomy of the area surrounding a fetus is different in <a href="/wiki/Litter_(animal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Litter (animal)">litter-bearing animals</a> compared to humans: each fetus of a litter-bearing animal is surrounded by placental <a href="/wiki/Biological_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological tissue">tissue</a> and is lodged along one of two long uteri instead of the single uterus found in a human female. </p><p>Development at birth varies considerably among animals, and even among mammals. <a href="/wiki/Altricial" class="mw-redirect" title="Altricial">Altricial</a> species are relatively helpless at birth and require considerable parental care and protection. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Precocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Precocial">precocial</a> animals are born with open eyes, have hair or down, have large brains, and are immediately mobile and somewhat able to flee from, or defend themselves against, <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predators</a>. <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a> are precocial at birth, with the exception of humans.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The duration of gestation in <a href="/wiki/Placentalia" title="Placentalia">placental mammals</a> varies from 18 days in <a href="/wiki/Jumping_mice" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumping mice">jumping mice</a> to 23 months in <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sumich_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumich-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally speaking, fetuses of larger land mammals require longer gestation periods.<sup id="cite_ref-Sumich_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumich-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walembryo_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Walembryo_2.jpg/220px-Walembryo_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Walembryo_2.jpg/330px-Walembryo_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Walembryo_2.jpg/440px-Walembryo_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="169" /></a><figcaption>Fetal stage of a <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoise</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The benefits of a fetal stage means that young are more developed when they are born. Therefore, they may need less parental care and may be better able to fend for themselves. However, carrying fetuses exerts costs on the mother, who must take on extra food to fuel the growth of her offspring, and whose mobility and comfort may be affected (especially toward the end of the fetal stage). </p><p>In some instances, the presence of a fetal stage may allow organisms to time the birth of their offspring to a favorable season.<sup id="cite_ref-ony_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ony-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fetus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td style="padding-right:2em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_position" title="Fetal position">Fetal position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">Fetal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetoscopy" title="Fetoscopy">Fetoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural development">Neural development</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_person" title="Potential person">Potential person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_(mammals)" title="Pregnancy (mammals)">Pregnancy (mammals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfetation" title="Superfetation">Superfetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fetus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGhoshRaghunathSinha2017" class="citation cs2">Ghosh, Shampa; Raghunath, Manchala; Sinha, Jitendra Kumar (2017), "Fetus", <i>Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior</i>, Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–5, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-47829-6_62-1">10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_62-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319478296" title="Special:BookSources/9783319478296"><bdi>9783319478296</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fetus&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Animal+Cognition+and+Behavior&rft.pages=1-5&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-47829-6_62-1&rft.isbn=9783319478296&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Shampa&rft.au=Raghunath%2C+Manchala&rft.au=Sinha%2C+Jitendra+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFetus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/dictionary/fetus_n"><i>s.v.</i> 'fetus'</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O.E.D.2nd Ed.2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harper, Douglas. (2001). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etymonline.com/">Online Etymology Dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130420044417/http://etymonline.com/">Archived</a> 2013-04-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Retrieved 2007-01-20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0060%3Aentry%3Dfetus2">"Charlton T. Lewis, An Elementary Latin Dictionary, fētus"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170104185503/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0060%3Aentry%3Dfetus2">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charlton+T.+Lewis%2C+An+Elementary+Latin+Dictionary%2C+f%C4%93tus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0060%253Aentry%253Dfetus2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFetus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New Oxford Dictionary of English</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nursing-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nursing_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nursing_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Klossner, N. Jayne, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B47OVg25g-QC&pg=PA103">Introductory Maternity Nursing</a> (2005): "The fetal stage is from the beginning of the 9th week after fertilization and continues until birth"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itrfps-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-itrfps_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002398.htm">"Fetal development: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>www.nlm.nih.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111027150119/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002398.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-10-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nlm.nih.gov&rft.atitle=Fetal+development%3A+MedlinePlus+Medical+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlm.nih.gov%2Fmedlineplus%2Fency%2Farticle%2F002398.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFetus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11622&page=261">Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607061030/http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11622&page=261">Archived</a> 2011-06-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (2006), page 317. Retrieved 2008-03-12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/65/fe/fetus.html">The Columbia Encyclopedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012162642/http://bartleby.com/65/fe/fetus.html">Archived</a> 2007-10-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (Sixth Edition). Retrieved 2007-03-05.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenfield, Marjorie. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drspock.com/article/0,1510,9851,00.html">Dr. Spock.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070122182805/http://www.drspock.com/article/0%2C1510%2C9851%2C00.html">Archived</a> 2007-01-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Retrieved 2007-01-20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prechtl-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prechtl_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prechtl, Heinz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FzyPozUyKPkC&pg=RA1-PA416">"Prenatal and Early Postnatal Development of Human Motor Behavior"</a> in <i>Handbook of brain and behaviour in human development</i>, Kalverboer and Gramsbergen eds., pp. 415–418 (2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers): "The first movements to occur are sideward bendings of the head. ... At 9–10 weeks postmestrual age complex and generalized movements occur. These are the so-called general movements (Prechtl et al., 1979) and the startles. Both include the whole body, but the general movements are slower and have a complex sequence of involved body parts, while the startle is a quick, phasic movement of all limbs and trunk and neck."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levene, Malcolm et al. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FHXtDkLzOHEC&pg=RA2-PA8">Essentials of Neonatal Medicine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408064509/https://books.google.com/books?id=FHXtDkLzOHEC&pg=RA2-PA8">Archived</a> 2023-04-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (Blackwell 2000), p. 8. Retrieved 2007-03-04.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/week-by-week/28-to-40-plus/37-weeks/#:~:text=At%2037%20weeks%2C%20your%20pregnancy,in%20the%20next%20few%20weeks.">"You and your baby at 37 weeks pregnant"</a>. NHS.UK. 8 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221102014312/https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/week-by-week/28-to-40-plus/37-weeks/#:~:text=At%2037%20weeks%2C%20your%20pregnancy,in%20the%20next%20few%20weeks.">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=You+and+your+baby+at+37+weeks+pregnant&rft.pub=NHS.UK&rft.date=2020-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhs.uk%2Fpregnancy%2Fweek-by-week%2F28-to-40-plus%2F37-weeks%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAt%252037%2520weeks%252C%2520your%2520pregnancy%2Cin%2520the%2520next%2520few%2520weeks.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFetus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parents.com/pregnancy/giving-birth/why-it-pays-to-wait-for-a-full-term-baby-birth/">"Giving Birth Before Your Due Date: Do All 40 Weeks Matter?"</a>. Parents. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221102014312/https://www.parents.com/pregnancy/giving-birth/why-it-pays-to-wait-for-a-full-term-baby-birth/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Giving+Birth+Before+Your+Due+Date%3A+Do+All+40+Weeks+Matter%3F&rft.pub=Parents&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parents.com%2Fpregnancy%2Fgiving-birth%2Fwhy-it-pays-to-wait-for-a-full-term-baby-birth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFetus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley, Fiona et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aJwvMYMAfmYC&pg=PA48">"Cerebral Palsies: Epidemiology and Causal Pathways"</a>, page 48 (2000 Cambridge University Press): "Motor competence at birth is limited in the human neonate. The voluntary control of movement develops and matures during a prolonged period up to puberty...."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Becher-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Becher_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Becher, Julie-Claire. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601182944/http://pregnancyarchive.com/articles/insights-into-early-fetal-development/">"Insights into Early Fetal Development"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pregnancyarchive.com/articles/insights-into-early-fetal-development">the original</a> on 2013-06-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Insights+into+Early+Fetal+Development&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpregnancyarchive.com%2Farticles%2Finsights-into-early-fetal-development&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFetus" class="Z3988"></span>, <i>Behind the Medical Headlines</i> (Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow October 2004) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holden-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holden_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holden_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holden, Chris and MacDonald, Anita. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abebooks.com/9780702024214/Nutrition-Child-Health-Chris-Holden-070202421X/plp">Nutrition and Child Health</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731092010/https://www.abebooks.com/9780702024214/Nutrition-Child-Health-Chris-Holden-070202421X/plp">Archived</a> 2020-07-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (Elsevier 2000). Retrieved 2007-03-04.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Queenan, John. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sfp-OzoU6X4C&pg=RA2-PA6">Management of High-Risk Pregnancy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424003357/https://books.google.com/books?id=sfp-OzoU6X4C&pg=RA2-PA6">Archived</a> 2023-04-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (Blackwell 1999). Retrieved 2007-03-04.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halamek, Louis. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neoreviews.aappublications.org/cgi/content/extract/4/6/e153">Prenatal Consultation at the Limits of Viability</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090608065459/http://neoreviews.aappublications.org/cgi/content/extract/4/6/e153">Archived</a> 2009-06-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>NeoReviews</i>, Vol.4 No.6 (2003): "most neonatologists would agree that survival of infants younger than approximately 22 to 23 weeks' estimated gestational age [i.e. 20 to 21 weeks' estimated fertilization age] is universally dismal and that resuscitative efforts should not be undertaken when a neonate is born at this point in pregnancy."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-developinghuman-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-developinghuman_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-developinghuman_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-developinghuman_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, Keith and Persaud, T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dbRpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Prematurity+is+one+of+the+most+common+causes+of+morbidity%22"><i>The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology</i></a>, p. 103 (Saunders 2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marchofdimes-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marchofdimes_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marchofdimes_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marchofdimes.org/loss/neonatal-death.aspx">March of Dimes – Neonatal Death</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141024114718/http://www.marchofdimes.org/loss/neonatal-death.aspx">Archived</a> 2014-10-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved September 2, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO2014-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WHO2014_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2014" class="citation web cs1">World Health Organization (November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs363/en/">"Preterm birth Fact sheet N°363"</a>. <i>who.int</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150307050438/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs363/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=who.int&rft.atitle=Preterm+birth+Fact+sheet+N%C2%B0363&rft.date=2014-11&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Ffactsheets%2Ffs363%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFetus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckPlatt2011" class="citation book cs1">Buck, Germaine M.; Platt, Robert W. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=by1lwSpfruQC&pg=PA163"><i>Reproductive and perinatal epidemiology</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199857746" title="Special:BookSources/9780199857746"><bdi>9780199857746</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815200142/https://books.google.ca/books?id=by1lwSpfruQC&pg=PA163">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reproductive+and+perinatal+epidemiology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199857746&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.aufirst=Germaine+M.&rft.au=Platt%2C+Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dby1lwSpfruQC%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFetus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitaker-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitaker_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitaker_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitaker_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitaker, Kent (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912194122/https://books.google.com/books?id=R3WK8XyAHYgC&pg=PA18"><i>Comprehensive Perinatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care</i>.</a> Delmar. Retrieved 2007-03-04.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=apeLf0mPx1QC&pg=PA202">Page 202</a> of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillitteri,_Adele2009" class="citation book cs1">Pillitteri, Adele (2009). <i>Maternal and Child Health Nursing: Care of the Childbearing and Childrearing Family</i>. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58255-999-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58255-999-5"><bdi>978-1-58255-999-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maternal+and+Child+Health+Nursing%3A+Care+of+the+Childbearing+and+Childrearing+Family&rft.place=Hagerstwon%2C+MD&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-58255-999-5&rft.au=Pillitteri%2C+Adele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFetus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalby1978" class="citation journal cs1">Dalby, JT (1978). "Environmental effects on prenatal development". <i>Journal of Pediatric Psychology</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 105–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjpepsy%2F3.3.105">10.1093/jpepsy/3.3.105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pediatric+Psychology&rft.atitle=Environmental+effects+on+prenatal+development&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=105-109&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjpepsy%2F3.3.105&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=JT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFetus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreissguth,_Ann_Pytkowicz1997" class="citation book cs1">Streissguth, Ann Pytkowicz (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fetalalcoholsynd00stre"><i>Fetal alcohol syndrome: a guide for families and communities</i></a></span>. Baltimore, MD: Paul H Brookes Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55766-283-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55766-283-5"><bdi>978-1-55766-283-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fetal+alcohol+syndrome%3A+a+guide+for+families+and+communities&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pub=Paul+H+Brookes+Pub&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-55766-283-5&rft.au=Streissguth%2C+Ann+Pytkowicz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffetalalcoholsynd00stre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFetus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Reilly, Deirdre. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002398.htm">Fetal development</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111027150119/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002398.htm">Archived</a> 2011-10-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia</a></i> (2007-10-19). Retrieved 2018-08-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-De_Santis-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-De_Santis_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_SantisCesariNobiliStraface2007" class="citation journal cs1">De Santis, M; Cesari, E; Nobili, E; Straface, G; Cavaliere, AF; Caruso, A (September 2007). "Radiation effects on development". <i>Birth Defects Research Part C: Embryo Today: Reviews</i>. <b>81</b> (3): 177–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbdrc.20099">10.1002/bdrc.20099</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17963274">17963274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Birth+Defects+Research+Part+C%3A+Embryo+Today%3A+Reviews&rft.atitle=Radiation+effects+on+development.&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=177-82&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbdrc.20099&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17963274&rft.aulast=De+Santis&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Cesari%2C+E&rft.au=Nobili%2C+E&rft.au=Straface%2C+G&rft.au=Cavaliere%2C+AF&rft.au=Caruso%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFetus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JAMA-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JAMA_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeRalstonDreyPartridge2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Susan; Ralston, HJ; Drey, EA; Partridge, JC; Rosen, MA (August 24–31, 2005). "Fetal Pain A Systematic Multidisciplinary Review of the Evidence". <i>Journal of the American Medical Association</i>. <b>294</b> (8): 947–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.294.8.947">10.1001/jama.294.8.947</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16118385">16118385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Fetal+Pain+A+Systematic+Multidisciplinary+Review+of+the+Evidence&rft.volume=294&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=947-54&rft.date=2005-08-24%2F2005-08-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.294.8.947&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16118385&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Ralston%2C+HJ&rft.au=Drey%2C+EA&rft.au=Partridge%2C+JC&rft.au=Rosen%2C+MA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFetus" class="Z3988"></span> Two authors of the study published in JAMA did not report their abortion-related activities, which pro-life groups called a conflict of interest; the editor of JAMA responded that JAMA probably would have mentioned those activities if they had been disclosed, but still would have published the study. See Denise Grady, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/26/health/26pain.html">"Study Authors Didn't Report Abortion Ties"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090425131833/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/26/health/26pain.html">Archived</a> 2009-04-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>New York Times</i> (2005-08-26).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sskqke-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sskqke_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna9053416">"Study: Fetus feels no pain until third trimester"</a> NBC News</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, Martin and Everitt, Barry. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MzZRuSQ5UeEC&pg=PA215">Essential reproduction</a></i> (Blackwell 2000): "The multidimensionality of pain perception, involving sensory, emotional, and cognitive factors may in itself be the basis of conscious, painful experience, but it will remain difficult to attribute this to a fetus at any particular developmental age." Retrieved 2007-02-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anand-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anand_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130701122731/http://www.iasp-pain.org/AM/AMTemplate.cfm?Section=HOME&TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=15390&SECTION=HOME">"Fetal pain?"</a>. <i>International Association for the Study of Pain</i>. June 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iasp-pain.org/AM/AMTemplate.cfm?Section=HOME&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=15390&SECTION=HOME">the original</a> on 2013-07-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Association+for+the+Study+of+Pain&rft.atitle=Fetal+pain%3F&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iasp-pain.org%2FAM%2FAMTemplate.cfm%3FSection%3DHOME%26TEMPLATE%3D%2FCM%2FContentDisplay.cfm%26CONTENTID%3D15390%26SECTION%3DHOME&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFetus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160719130222/http://www.mccl.org/unborn-babies-can-feel-pain.html">"Unborn babies can feel pain"</a>. <i>Minnesota Citizens Concerned for Life</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mccl.org/unborn-babies-can-feel-pain.html">the original</a> on 2016-07-19. <q>The neural pathways are present for pain to be experienced quite early by unborn babies," explains Steven Calvin, M.D., perinatologist, chair of the Program in Human Rights Medicine, University of Minnesota, where he teaches obstetrics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Citizens+Concerned+for+Life&rft.atitle=Unborn+babies+can+feel+pain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mccl.org%2Funborn-babies-can-feel-pain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFetus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2001" class="citation journal cs1">White, R. Frank (October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080125063355/http://www.asahq.org/Newsletters/2001/10_01/white.htm">"Are We Overlooking Fetal Pain and Suffering During Abortion?"</a>. <i>American Society of Anesthesiologists Newsletter</i>. <b>65</b>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asahq.org/Newsletters/2001/10_01/white.htm">the original</a> on Jan 25, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Society+of+Anesthesiologists+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Are+We+Overlooking+Fetal+Pain+and+Suffering+During+Abortion%3F&rft.volume=65&rft.date=2001-10&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=R.+Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asahq.org%2FNewsletters%2F2001%2F10_01%2Fwhite.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFetus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David, Barry and Goldberg, Barth. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.illinoisbar.org/IBJ/dec02lj/dectoc.htm">Recovering Damages for Fetal Pain and Suffering</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928035813/http://www.illinoisbar.org/IBJ/dec02lj/dectoc.htm">Archived</a> 2007-09-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>Illinois Bar Journal</i> (December 2002). Retrieved 2007-03-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weisman, Jonathan. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/04/AR2006120401089.html">House to Consider Abortion Anesthesia Bill</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081028163732/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/04/AR2006120401089.html">Archived</a> 2008-10-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>Washington Post</i> 2006-12-05. Retrieved 2007-02-06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anika Rahman, Laura Katzive and Stanley K. Henshaw. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/2405698.pdf">A Global Review of Laws on Induced Abortion, 1985–1997</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230608/http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/2405698.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>International Family Planning Perspectives</i> Volume 24, Number 2 (June 1998).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ony-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ony_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ony_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampiglia,_Sylvia_S.Walker1995" class="citation journal cs1">Campiglia, Sylvia S.; Walker, Muriel H. (1995). "Developing embryo and cyclic changes in the uterus of Peripatus (Macroperipatus) acacioi (Onychophora, Peripatidae)". <i>Journal of Morphology</i>. <b>224</b> (2): 179–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjmor.1052240207">10.1002/jmor.1052240207</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29865325">29865325</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46928727">46928727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Morphology&rft.atitle=Developing+embryo+and+cyclic+changes+in+the+uterus+of+Peripatus+%28Macroperipatus%29+acacioi+%28Onychophora%2C+Peripatidae%29&rft.volume=224&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-198&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46928727%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29865325&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjmor.1052240207&rft.au=Campiglia%2C+Sylvia+S.&rft.au=Walker%2C+Muriel+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFetus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ZFIN, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zfin.org/zf_info/zfbook/stages/phar.html">Pharyngula Period (24–48 h)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070714230655/http://zfin.org/zf_info/zfbook/stages/phar.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Modified from: Kimmel et al., 1995. Developmental Dynamics 203:253–310. Downloaded 5 March 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewin, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SopsLRo1QyUC&pg=PA78">Human Evolution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407212143/https://books.google.com/books?id=SopsLRo1QyUC&pg=PA78">Archived</a> 2023-04-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, page 78 (Blackwell 2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sumich-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sumich_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sumich_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sumich, James and Dudley, Gordon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TW2SAkgJOdMC&pg=PA320">Laboratory and Field Investigations in Marine Life</a>, page 320 (Jones & Bartlett 2008).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fetus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_foetuses" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human foetuses"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Human foetuses</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehd.org/prenatal-images-index.php">Prenatal Image Gallery Index</a> at the Endowment for Human Development website, featuring numerous motion pictures of human fetal movement.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080924185607/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/episode/in-the-womb-2228?fs=www3.nationalgeographic.com#tab-Videos/01586_05"><i>In the Womb</i></a> (National Geographic video).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002398.htm">Fetal development</a>: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">Embryo</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_human_body" title="Development of the human body">Stages of human development</a> </b><br />Fetus </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">Infancy</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Development_of_the_human_body" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_development" title="Template:Human development"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_development" title="Template talk:Human development"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_development" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human development"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Development_of_the_human_body" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_human_body" title="Development of the human body">Development of the human body</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before birth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">Zygote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">Embryo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_age_(obstetrics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestational age (obstetrics)">Gestational age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birth and after</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">Child development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_development_stages" title="Child development stages">Stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_development" title="Early childhood development">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">Puberty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_development" title="Adult development">Adult development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">Senescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Early years <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">Infant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toddler" title="Toddler">Toddler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood" title="Early childhood">Early childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood">Childhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">Child</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth" title="Youth">Youth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preadolescence" title="Preadolescence">Preadolescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">Adolescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_adulthood_and_early_adulthood" title="Emerging adulthood and early adulthood">Emerging adulthood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">Adulthood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_adult" title="Young adult">Young adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_age" title="Middle age">Middle adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">Elder adult</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying" title="Dying">Dying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">Age of majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pregnancy_and_childbirth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pregnancy" title="Template:Pregnancy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pregnancy" title="Template talk:Pregnancy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pregnancy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pregnancy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pregnancy_and_childbirth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_family_planning" title="Natural family planning">Natural family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-conception_counseling" title="Pre-conception counseling">Pre-conception counseling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">Conception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology">Assisted reproductive technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_insemination" title="Artificial insemination">artificial insemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_fraud" title="Fertility fraud">fertility fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_medication" title="Fertility medication">fertility medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation" title="In vitro fertilisation">in vitro fertilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partner-assisted_reproduction" title="Partner-assisted reproduction">partner-assisted reproduction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_awareness" title="Fertility awareness">Fertility awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">Unintended pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_ultrasound" title="3D ultrasound">3D ultrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_ultrasonography" title="Obstetric ultrasonography">Obstetric ultrasonography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_test" title="Pregnancy test">Pregnancy test</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HCG_pregnancy_strip_test" class="mw-redirect" title="HCG pregnancy strip test">home testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_testing" title="Prenatal testing">Prenatal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging_in_pregnancy" title="Medical imaging in pregnancy">Medical imaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_pregnancy" title="Cervical pregnancy">Cervical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptic_pregnancy" title="Cryptic pregnancy">Cryptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">Ectopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pregnancy" title="Abdominal pregnancy">Abdominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotopic_pregnancy" title="Heterotopic pregnancy">Heterotopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molar_pregnancy" title="Molar pregnancy">Molar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_pregnancy" title="Ovarian pregnancy">Ovarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postterm_pregnancy" title="Postterm pregnancy">Postterm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">Unintended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_pregnancy" title="Interstitial pregnancy">Interstitial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudimentary_horn_pregnancy" title="Rudimentary horn pregnancy">Rudimentary horn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_method_of_natural_childbirth" title="Bradley method of natural childbirth">Bradley method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy_in_childbirth" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypnotherapy in childbirth">Hypnobirthing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamaze_technique" title="Lamaze technique">Lamaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesting_instinct" title="Nesting instinct">Nesting instinct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">Newborn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postterm_pregnancy" title="Postterm pregnancy">Postterm pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doula" title="Doula">Doula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_attendant" title="Birth attendant">Birth attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_role_in_childbirth" title="Men's role in childbirth">Men's roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">Midwife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_nurse_midwife" title="Auxiliary nurse midwife">Auxiliary nurse midwife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_nursing" title="Obstetrical nursing">Perinatal nurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_birth_attendant" title="Traditional birth attendant">Traditional birth attendant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delivery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelvimetry" title="Pelvimetry">Pelvimetry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bishop_score" title="Bishop score">Bishop score</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_dilation" title="Cervical dilation">cervical dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_effacement" title="Cervical effacement">cervical effacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Position_(obstetrics)" title="Position (obstetrics)">position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_show" title="Bloody show">Bloody show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_contraction" title="Uterine contraction">Uterine contraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_delivery" title="Vaginal delivery">Vaginal delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_(obstetrics)" title="Presentation (obstetrics)">Presentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breech_birth" title="Breech birth">breech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalic_presentation" title="Cephalic presentation">cephalic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_presentation" title="Shoulder presentation">shoulder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupture_of_membranes" title="Rupture of membranes">Rupture of membranes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">Caesarean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth_positions" title="Childbirth positions">Childbirth positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_birth" title="Home birth">Home birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_induction" title="Labor induction">Labor induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_birth" title="Multiple birth">Multiple birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_childbirth" title="Natural childbirth">Natural childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_birth" title="Silent birth">Silent birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unassisted_childbirth" title="Unassisted childbirth">Unassisted childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_birth" title="Water birth">Water birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placental_expulsion" title="Placental expulsion">Placental expulsion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prenatal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amniotic_fluid" title="Amniotic fluid">Amniotic fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amniotic_sac" title="Amniotic sac">Amniotic sac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">Endometrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_embryonic_development" title="Human embryonic development">Embryo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundal_height" title="Fundal height">Fundal height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_age" title="Gestational age">Gestational age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_physiological_changes_in_pregnancy" title="Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy">Maternal physiological changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_physiological_changes" title="Postpartum physiological changes">Postpartum physiological changes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care" title="Prenatal care">Care</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li> <li>Nutrition <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_toxicants_and_fetal_development" title="Environmental toxicants and fetal development">environmental toxicants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_and_pregnancy" title="Nutrition and pregnancy">in pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_nutrition" title="Prenatal nutrition">prenatal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenatal_depression" title="Antenatal depression">Prenatal depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunization_during_pregnancy" title="Immunization during pregnancy">Immunization</a></li> <li>Concomitant conditions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anemia_in_pregnancy" title="Anemia in pregnancy">Anemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_disease_of_pregnancy" title="Hypertensive disease of pregnancy">Hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercoagulability_in_pregnancy" title="Hypercoagulability in pregnancy">Hypercoagulability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_pregnancy" title="Drugs in pregnancy">Substance use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_and_pregnancy" title="Smoking and pregnancy">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol and pregnancy">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_pregnancy" title="Cannabis in pregnancy">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioids_and_pregnancy" title="Opioids and pregnancy">Opioids</a></li></ul></li> <li>Endocrine diseases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_and_pregnancy" title="Diabetes and pregnancy">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_disease_in_pregnancy" title="Thyroid disease in pregnancy">Thyroid disease</a></li></ul></li> <li>Liver diseases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_fatty_liver_of_pregnancy" title="Acute fatty liver of pregnancy">Acute fatty liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrahepatic_cholestasis_of_pregnancy" title="Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy">Intrahepatic cholestasis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Infections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV_and_pregnancy" title="HIV and pregnancy">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_in_pregnancy" title="COVID-19 in pregnancy">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCV_in_children_and_pregnancy" title="HCV in children and pregnancy">Hepatitis C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy-associated_malaria" title="Pregnancy-associated malaria">Malaria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Skin diseases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupus_and_pregnancy" title="Lupus and pregnancy">Lupus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruritic_folliculitis_of_pregnancy" title="Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy">Pruritic folliculitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatoses_of_pregnancy" title="Dermatoses of pregnancy">Dermatoses</a></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_pregnancy" title="Drugs in pregnancy">Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_flora_in_pregnancy" title="Vaginal flora in pregnancy">Vaginal flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_bleeding" title="Obstetrical bleeding">Bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_emissions_and_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor vehicle emissions and pregnancy">Motor vehicle emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existing_disease_in_pregnancy" title="Pre-existing disease in pregnancy">Pre-existing disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_and_sleep" title="Pregnancy and sleep">Sleep</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Procedures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amniocentesis" title="Amniocentesis">Amniocentesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiotocography" title="Cardiotocography">Cardiotocography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling" title="Chorionic villus sampling">Chorionic villus sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonstress_test" title="Nonstress test">Nonstress test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_period" title="Postpartum period">Postpartum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maternal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lochia" title="Lochia">Lochia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_care" title="Postpartum care">Postpartum care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">Postpartum depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_confinement" title="Postpartum confinement">Postpartum confinement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_after_pregnancy" title="Sex after pregnancy">Sex after pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorders_of_childbirth" title="Psychiatric disorders of childbirth">Psychiatric disorders of childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_physiological_changes" title="Postpartum physiological changes">Postpartum physiological changes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doula" title="Doula">Doula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_visitor" title="Health visitor">Health visitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactation_consultant" title="Lactation consultant">Lactation consultant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_nurse" title="Monthly nurse">Monthly nurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanny#Maternity_nurse_/_newborn_care_specialists_/_confinement_nanny" title="Nanny">Confinement nanny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation_to_extrauterine_life" title="Adaptation to extrauterine life">Adaptation to extrauterine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apgar_score" title="Apgar score">Apgar score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">Child care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">Congenital disorders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obstetric history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravidity_and_parity" title="Gravidity and parity">Gravidity and parity</a></li></ul> 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