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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_leadership_(1944–1965)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early leadership (1944–1965) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_leadership_(1944–1965)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Border_disputes_with_Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_disputes_with_Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Border disputes with Yugoslavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_disputes_with_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Relations with Yugoslavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Relations with the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Movement_towards_China_and_Maoism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement_towards_China_and_Maoism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Movement towards China and Maoism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movement_towards_China_and_Maoism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Friction_with_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friction_with_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Friction with the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friction_with_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_rule_(1965–1985)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_rule_(1965–1985)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later rule (1965–1985)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_rule_(1965–1985)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later rule (1965–1985) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_rule_(1965–1985)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relations_with_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Relations with China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shift_in_China's_foreign_policy_after_the_Cultural_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shift_in_China's_foreign_policy_after_the_Cultural_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Shift in China's foreign policy after the Cultural Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shift_in_China's_foreign_policy_after_the_Cultural_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_repression_and_emigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_repression_and_emigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Political repression and emigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_repression_and_emigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivating_ultranationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivating_ultranationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Cultivating ultranationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivating_ultranationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rejecting_Western_mass_media_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rejecting_Western_mass_media_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Rejecting Western mass media culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rejecting_Western_mass_media_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Later life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coup_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coup_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Coup attempts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coup_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partial_list_of_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_list_of_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Partial list of works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial_list_of_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Enver Hoxha</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9" title="أنور خوجة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنور خوجة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inver_Hogea" title="Inver Hogea – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Inver Hogea" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fnv%C9%99r_Xoca" title="Ənvər Xoca – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ənvər Xoca" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE" title="এনভার হোজা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এনভার হোজা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BD%D2%AF%D3%99%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Әнүәр Ходжа – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Әнүәр Ходжа" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Энвер Ходжа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Энвер Ходжа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Энвэр Ходжа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Энвэр Ходжа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Енвер Ходжа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Енвер Ходжа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hod%C5%BEa" title="Enver Hodža – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Enver Hodža" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BD%CE%B2%CE%AD%CF%81_%CE%A7%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B1" title="Ενβέρ Χότζα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ενβέρ Χότζα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Ho%C4%9Da" title="Enver Hoĝa – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Enver Hoĝa" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87" title="انور خوجه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انور خوجه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%94%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4_%ED%98%B8%EC%9E%90" title="엔베르 호자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엔베르 호자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80_%D4%BD%D5%B8%D5%BB%D5%A1" title="Էնվեր Խոջա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էնվեր Խոջա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="अनवर होजा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अनवर होजा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%27%D7%94" title="אנוור הוג'ה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנוור הוג'ה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90" title="ენვერ ხოჯა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ენვერ ხოჯა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Энвер Ходжа – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Энвер Ходжа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хожа Энвер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Хожа Энвер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envers_Hod%C5%BEa" title="Envers Hodža – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Envers Hodža" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%9F%D0%B0" title="Енвер Хоџа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Енвер Хоџа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9C" title="എൻവർ ഹോജ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എൻവർ ഹോജ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90" title="ენვერ ხოჯა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ენვერ ხოჯა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87" title="انور خوجه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انور خوجه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87" title="انور خوجه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="انور خوجه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Энвер Хожа – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Энвер Хожа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%83%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3" title="エンヴェル・ホッジャ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エンヴェル・ホッジャ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="انور خوجا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انور خوجا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87" title="انور خلیل خوجه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انور خلیل خوجه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hodja" title="Enver Hodja – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Enver Hodja" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0,_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ходжа, Энвер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ходжа, Энвер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%9F%D0%B0" title="Енвер Хоџа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Енвер Хоџа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2" title="แอนแวร์ ฮอจา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอนแวร์ ฮอจา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D2%B7%D0%B0" title="Анвар Хоҷа – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Анвар Хоҷа" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoca" title="Enver Hoca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Enver Hoca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Енвер Ходжа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Енвер Ходжа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%81" title="انور خوجہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انور خوجہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Enver Hoxha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B1%BC%E6%B1%A1%E6%81%B6%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%9F%A5" title="鱼污恶·霍查 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鱼污恶·霍查" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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</div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Kosovar Foreign Minister, see <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxhaj" title="Enver Hoxhaj">Enver Hoxhaj</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hoxha" redirects here. For other people, see <a href="/wiki/Hoxha_(surname)" title="Hoxha (surname)">Hoxha (surname)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Comrade#In_other_languages" title="Comrade">Comrade</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Enver Hoxha</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Enver_Hoxha_(portret).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Enver_Hoxha_%28portret%29.jpg/220px-Enver_Hoxha_%28portret%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Enver_Hoxha_%28portret%29.jpg/330px-Enver_Hoxha_%28portret%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Enver_Hoxha_%28portret%29.jpg/440px-Enver_Hoxha_%28portret%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1327" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait of Hoxha, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1985</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania">First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />8 November 1941 – 11 April 1985</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">22nd <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Prime Minister of Albania</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />23 October 1944 – 19 July 1954</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Omer_Nishani" title="Omer Nishani">Omer Nishani</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Haxhi_Lleshi" title="Haxhi Lleshi">Haxhi Lleshi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Myslim_Peza" class="mw-redirect" title="Myslim Peza">Myslim Peza</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ko%C3%A7i_Xoxe" title="Koçi Xoxe">Koçi Xoxe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Shehu" title="Mehmet Shehu">Mehmet Shehu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Bi%C3%A7ak%C3%A7iu" title="Ibrahim Biçakçiu">Ibrahim Biçakçiu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Shehu" title="Mehmet Shehu">Mehmet Shehu</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs_(Albania)" title="Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (Albania)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 March 1946 – 23 July 1953</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Omer_Nishani" title="Omer Nishani">Omer Nishani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Behar_Shtylla" title="Behar Shtylla">Behar Shtylla</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Albania)" title="Ministry of Defence (Albania)">Minister of People's Defence</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />23 October 1944 – 31 July 1953</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Beqir_Balluku" title="Beqir Balluku">Beqir Balluku</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Enver Halil Hoxha</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1908-10-16</span>)</span>16 October 1908<br /><a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Gjirokastër">Gjirokastër</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janina_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Janina Vilayet">Janina Vilayet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 April 1985<span style="display:none">(1985-04-11)</span> (aged 76)<br /><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">PSR Albania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">People's Cemetery, Tirana, Albania<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Enver_Hoxha&params=41.307361_N_19.761892_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°18′26″N</span> <span class="longitude">19°45′43″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.307361°N 19.761892°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.307361; 19.761892</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Party of Labour of Albania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nexhmije_Hoxha" title="Nexhmije Hoxha">Nexhmije Xhuglini</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1945)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hysen_Hoxha" title="Hysen Hoxha">Hysen Hoxha</a> (uncle), Beqir Hoxha (grandfather), Fahrije Hoxha (sister), Haxhire Hoxha (sister), Sanije Hoxha (sister), Besmir Hoxha (grandson), Ermal Hoxha (grandson), Shkelzen Hoxha (grandson)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilir_Hoxha" title="Ilir Hoxha">Ilir</a></li><li>Sokol</li><li>Pranvera</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Halil Hoxha (Father), Gjylihan/Gjylo Hoxha née Çuçi (Mother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Blloku" class="mw-redirect" title="Blloku">Blloku</a> <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Montpellier" title="University of Montpellier">University of Montpellier</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Free_University_of_Brussels_(1834%E2%80%931969)" title="Free University of Brussels (1834–1969)">Free University of Brussels</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_People" title="Hero of the People">Hero of the People</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Order of Lenin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Skanderbeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Skanderbeg">Order of Skanderbeg</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_People%27s_Hero" title="Order of the People's Hero">Order of the People's Hero</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Suvorov" title="Order of Suvorov">Order of Suvorov</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labour_(Albania)" title="Hero of Socialist Labour (Albania)">Hero of Socialist Labour</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Partisan_Star_(Albania)" title="Order of the Partisan Star (Albania)">Order of the Partisan Star</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Flag" title="Order of the Flag">Order of the Flag</a><br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Enver_Hoxha_(signature).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Enver Hoxha's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Enver_Hoxha_%28signature%29.svg/98px-Enver_Hoxha_%28signature%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Enver_Hoxha_%28signature%29.svg/147px-Enver_Hoxha_%28signature%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Enver_Hoxha_%28signature%29.svg/196px-Enver_Hoxha_%28signature%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="267" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>"Iron Fist of Albania"</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Albania)" title="National Liberation Movement (Albania)">LANÇ</a> (1941–1945)<br /><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Albania">People's Republic of Albania</a> (1944–1985)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Albania)" title="National Liberation Movement (Albania)">LANÇ</a> (1941–1945)<br /><a href="/wiki/Albanian_People%27s_Army" title="Albanian People's Army">Albanian People's Army</a> (1944–1985)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1941–1944</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Army_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Army General">Army General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Albania)" title="National Liberation Movement (Albania)">LANÇ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Albanian_People%27s_Army" title="Albanian People's Army">Albanian People's Army</a> <small>(supreme commander)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">World War II in Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Tirana" title="Liberation of Tirana">Liberation of Tirana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Operation_(1944)" title="Kosovo Operation (1944)">Kosovo Operation (1944)</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Enver Halil Hoxha</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Albanian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sq-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Albanian" title="Help:IPA/Albanian">[ɛnˈvɛɾ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈhɔdʒa]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/51\/Sq-Enver_Hoxha.ogg\/Sq-Enver_Hoxha.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sq-Enver Hoxha.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/Sq-Enver_Hoxha.ogg/Sq-Enver_Hoxha.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Sq-Enver_Hoxha.ogg" title="File:Sq-Enver Hoxha.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; 16 October 1908 – 11 April 1985) was an Albanian communist revolutionary and politician who was the leader of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a> from 1944 until his death in 1985. He was the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_(title)#First_secretary" title="Secretary (title)">First Secretary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Party of Labour of Albania</a> from 1941 until his death, a member of its <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Politburo of the Party of Labour of Albania">Politburo</a>, chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_of_Albania" title="Democratic Front of Albania">Democratic Front of Albania</a>, and commander-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_People%27s_Army" title="Albanian People's Army">Albanian People's Army</a>. He was the twenty-second <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">prime minister of Albania</a> from 1944 to 1954 and at various times was both <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs_(Albania)" title="Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (Albania)">foreign minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Albania)" title="Ministry of Defence (Albania)">defence minister</a> of the country. </p><p>Hoxha was born in <a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Gjirokastër">Gjirokastër</a> in 1908 and became a grammar school teacher in 1936. Following the <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a>, he joined the Party of Labour of Albania at its creation in 1941 in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. He was elected First Secretary in March 1943 at the age of 34. Less than two years after <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Albania)" title="Liberation Day (Albania)">the liberation of the country</a>, the monarchy of <a href="/wiki/Zog_I" title="Zog I">King Zog I</a> was formally abolished, and Hoxha became the country's <i>de facto</i> head of state. </p><p>Adopting <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>, Hoxha converted Albania into a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist state</a>. As a Stalinist, he implemented <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a> and ordered anti-religious persecution against Muslims and Christians. His government rebuilt the country, which was left in ruins after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, building Albania's first railway line, raising the adult literacy rate from 5–15% to more than 90%, wiping out epidemics, electrifying the country and leading Albania towards agricultural independence. The later years of his reign saw stagnation owing to his political breaks with the Soviet Union and China. To implement his radical program, Hoxha used totalitarian methods of governance. His government outlawed traveling abroad and private proprietorship. His government imprisoned, executed, or exiled thousands of landowners, rural clan leaders, peasants who resisted collectivization, and allegedly disloyal party officials. Hoxha was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a>, who oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">fall of communism in Albania</a>. </p><p>Hoxha's government was characterised by his proclaimed firm adherence to <a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionist">anti-revisionist</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> from the mid/late-1960s onwards. After <a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">his break</a> with <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> in the 1976–1978 period, numerous Maoist parties around the world declared themselves <a href="/wiki/Hoxhaist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoxhaist">Hoxhaist</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Parties_and_Organizations_(Unity_%26_Struggle)" title="International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle)">International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organisations (Unity & Struggle)</a> is the best-known association of these parties. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hodza_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hodza_house.jpg/250px-Hodza_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hodza_house.jpg/375px-Hodza_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hodza_house.jpg/500px-Hodza_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1711" data-file-height="1179" /></a><figcaption>The site of the house where Hoxha grew up in <a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Gjirokastër">Gjirokastër</a>. The original home was lost to a fire in the 1960s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hoxha was born in <a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Gjirokastër">Gjirokastër</a> in southern Albania (then a part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>) in October 1908,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the son of Halil Hoxha, a <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Muslim</a> cloth merchant who travelled widely across Europe and the United States, and Gjylihan Hoxha (<i>née</i> Çuçi). He was named after <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a>, a leading figure of the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2012_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hoxha family was attached to the <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipa1990262_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipa1990262-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After elementary school, he followed his studies in the city senior high school "Liria". He started his studies at the Gjirokastër Lyceum in 1923. After the lyceum was closed, due to intervention of <a href="/wiki/Ekrem_Libohova" title="Ekrem Libohova">Ekrem Libohova</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFevziu201722_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFevziu201722-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoxha was awarded a state scholarship for the continuation of his studies in <a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Korçë">Korçë</a>, at the French language <a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Lyceum" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian National Lyceum">Albanian National Lyceum</a> until 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDervishi2012136_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDervishi2012136-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enver_Hoxha_aged_18_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Enver_Hoxha_aged_18_1927.jpg/220px-Enver_Hoxha_aged_18_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Enver_Hoxha_aged_18_1927.jpg/330px-Enver_Hoxha_aged_18_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Enver_Hoxha_aged_18_1927.jpg/440px-Enver_Hoxha_aged_18_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Hoxha at the age of 18</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1930, Hoxha went to study at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Montpellier" title="University of Montpellier">University of Montpellier</a> in France on a state scholarship for the faculty of <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural science</a>, but lost the scholarship for neglecting his studies. He later went to Paris, where he presented himself to anti-Zogist immigrants as the brother-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Bahri_Omari" title="Bahri Omari">Bahri Omari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDervishi2016188_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDervishi2016188-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1935 to 1936, he was employed as a secretary at the Albanian consulate in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>. After returning to Albania, he worked as a contract teacher in the Gymnasium of <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>. Hoxha taught French and morals in the Korça Liceum from 1937 to 1939 and also served as the caretaker of the school library.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDervishi2016188_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDervishi2016188-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 April 1939, the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928-1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928-1939)">Albanian Kingdom</a> was <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">invaded</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoxha197432,_note_1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoxha197432,_note_1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italians established a puppet government, called the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1939%E2%80%9343)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Kingdom (1939–43)">Kingdom of Albania</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Shefqet_V%C3%ABrlaci" title="Shefqet Vërlaci">Shefqet Vërlaci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoxha197434,_35,_note_2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoxha197434,_35,_note_2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of 1939, he was transferred to the Gjirokastra Gymnasium, but he soon returned to Tirana. He was helped by his best friend, Esat Dishnica, who introduced Hoxha to Dishnica's cousin <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Bi%C3%A7ak%C3%A7iu" title="Ibrahim Biçakçiu">Ibrahim Biçakçiu</a>. Hoxha started to sleep in Biçakçiu's tobacco factory "Flora", and after a while Dishnica opened a shop with the same name, where Hoxha began working.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDervishi2016189_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDervishi2016189-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a sympathiser of Korça's Communist Group.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enver_Hoxha_(i_ri).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Enver_Hoxha_%28i_ri%29.jpg/200px-Enver_Hoxha_%28i_ri%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Enver_Hoxha_%28i_ri%29.jpg/300px-Enver_Hoxha_%28i_ri%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Enver_Hoxha_%28i_ri%29.jpg/400px-Enver_Hoxha_%28i_ri%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Hoxha in uniform, 1940</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoxha_at_Odrican_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Hoxha_at_Odrican_1944.jpg/200px-Hoxha_at_Odrican_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Hoxha_at_Odrican_1944.jpg/300px-Hoxha_at_Odrican_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Hoxha_at_Odrican_1944.jpg/400px-Hoxha_at_Odrican_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Hoxha as a partisan, 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>On 8 November 1941, the Communist Party of Albania (later renamed the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Party of Labour of Albania</a> in 1948) was founded. Hoxha was chosen from the "Korça group" as a Muslim representative by the two <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslav</a> envoys as one of the seven members of the provisional <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Committee">Central Committee</a>. The First Consultative Meeting of Activists of the Communist Party of Albania was held in Tirana from 8 to 11 April 1942,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoxha19743,_note_1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoxha19743,_note_1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Hoxha himself delivering the main report on 8 April 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoxha19743–30_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoxha19743–30-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1942, Hoxha wrote "Call to the Albanian Peasantry", issued in the name of the Communist Party of Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoxha197431–38_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoxha197431–38-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The call sought to enlist support in Albania for the war against the fascists. The peasants were encouraged to hoard their grain and refuse to pay taxes or livestock levies brought by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoxha197436_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoxha197436-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the September 1942 Conference at <a href="/wiki/Pez%C3%AB" title="Pezë">Pezë</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Albania)" title="National Liberation Movement (Albania)">National Liberation Movement</a> was founded with the purpose of uniting the <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">anti-fascist</a> Albanians, regardless of ideology or class.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1999128–129_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1999128–129-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By March 1943, the first National Conference of the Communist Party elected Hoxha formally as First Secretary. During WWII, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s role in Albania was negligible.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 July 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_resistance_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian resistance during World War II">Albanian partisans</a> were organised in regular units of companies, battalions and brigades and named the Albanian National Liberation Army. The organization received military support from the British intelligence service, <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">SOE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within Albania, repeated attempts were made during the war to remedy the communications difficulties which faced partisan groups. In August 1943, a secret meeting, the <a href="/wiki/Mukje_Conference" title="Mukje Conference">Mukje Conference</a>, was held between the anti-communist <a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a> (National Front) and the Communist Party of Albania. To encourage the Balli Kombëtar to sign, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Greater Albania</a> sections that included Kosovo (part of Yugoslavia) and <a href="/wiki/Cham%C3%ABria" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamëria">Chamëria</a> were made part of the Agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell19999_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell19999-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disagreement_with_the_Yugoslav_Communists">Disagreement with the Yugoslav Communists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Disagreement with the Yugoslav Communists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A problem developed when the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav Communists">Yugoslav Communists</a> disagreed with the goal of establishing a Greater Albania and asked the Communists in Albania to withdraw their agreement. According to Hoxha, <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> did not believe that "Kosovo was Albanian" and <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbian</a> opposition to the transfer made it an unwise option.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeloff1985192_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeloff1985192-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Albanian Communists repudiated the Greater Albania agreement, the Balli Kombëtar condemned the Communists, who in turn accused the Balli Kombëtar of siding with the Italians. The Balli Kombëtar lacked support from the people. After judging the Communists as an immediate threat, the Balli Kombëtar sided with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, fatally damaging its image among those fighting the fascists. The Communists quickly added to their ranks many of those disillusioned with the Balli Kombëtar and took centre stage in the fight for liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199910–11_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199910–11-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Permet National Congress held during that time called for a "new democratic Albania for the people". Although the monarchy was not formally abolished, <a href="/wiki/Zog_I" title="Zog I">King Zog I of the Albanians</a> was barred from returning to the country, which further increased the Communists' control. The Anti-Fascist Committee for National Liberation was founded, chaired by Hoxha. On 22 October 1944, the Committee became the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Government_of_Albania" title="Democratic Government of Albania">Democratic Government of Albania</a> after a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a> and Hoxha was chosen to serve as the interim Prime Minister of Albania. Tribunals were established for the purpose of trying alleged war criminals who were also accused of being "<a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people#Albania" title="Enemy of the people">enemies of the people</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199912_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199912-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they were presided over by <a href="/wiki/Ko%C3%A7i_Xoxe" title="Koçi Xoxe">Koçi Xoxe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the beginning, the Democratic Government was an undisguised <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist regime</a>. In the rest of what became the Soviet bloc, the Communist parties were at least nominally parts of coalitions before they dropped all pretenses of pluralism and established one-party states. </p><p>After Albania's liberation on 29 November 1944, several Albanian partisan divisions crossed the border into German-occupied Yugoslavia, where they fought alongside Tito's partisans and the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> in a joint campaign which succeeded in driving out the last pockets of German resistance. During a Yugoslavian conference in later years, Marshal Tito thanked Hoxha for the Albanian partisans' assistance during the War for National Liberation (<i>Lufta Nacionalçlirimtare</i>). The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_of_Albania" title="Democratic Front of Albania">Democratic Front</a>, dominated by the Albanian Communist Party, succeeded the National Liberation Front in August 1945, and the <a href="/wiki/1945_Albanian_parliamentary_election" title="1945 Albanian parliamentary election">first post-war election</a> was held on 2 December of that year. The Front was the only legal political organisation which was allowed to stand in the elections, and the government reported that 93% of Albanians voted for it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers1999164_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers1999164-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 January 1946, Zog was officially deposed and the People's Republic of Albania was established (it was renamed the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">People's Socialist Republic of Albania</a> in 1976), despite the fact that the country had been a <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a> since its liberation. As First Secretary of the party, Hoxha was <i>de facto</i> head of state and as a result, he was the most powerful man in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Albanians celebrate their independence day on 28 November (which is the date on which they declared their independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912), while in the former People's Socialist Republic of Albania the national day was 29 November, the day the country was liberated from Nazi Germany. Both days are currently national holidays.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_leadership_(1944–1965)"><span id="Early_leadership_.281944.E2.80.931965.29"></span>Early leadership (1944–1965)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early leadership (1944–1965)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The sacrifices of our people were very great. Out of a population of one million, 28,000 were killed, 12,600 wounded, 10,000 were made political prisoners in Italy and Germany, and 35,000 made to do forced labour; of the 2,500 towns and villages of Albania, 850 were ruined or razed to the ground; all the communications, all the ports, mines and electric power installations were destroyed, our agriculture and livestock were plundered, and our entire national economy was wrecked.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Enver Hoxha<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Hoxha declared himself a <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> and strongly admired Soviet dictator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. During the period of 1945–1950, the government adopted policies and actions intended to consolidate power which included extrajudicial killings and executions that targeted and eliminated anti-communists. The Agrarian Reform Law was passed in August 1945. It confiscated land from <a href="/wiki/Beys" class="mw-redirect" title="Beys">beys</a> and large landowners, giving it without compensation to peasants. 52% of all land was owned by large landowners before the law was passed; this declined to 16% after the law's passage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarmullaku197593–94_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarmullaku197593–94-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illiteracy, which was 90–95% in rural areas in 1939 and perhaps 85% of the total population in 1946,<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fell to 30% by 1950, and by 1985 it was equal to that of a Western country.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_disputes_with_Yugoslavia">Border disputes with Yugoslavia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Border disputes with Yugoslavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_conflict_(1948%E2%80%931954)" title="Albanian–Yugoslav border conflict (1948–1954)">Albanian–Yugoslav border conflict (1948–1954)</a></div> <p>In 1948, a <a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_conflict_(1948%E2%80%931954)" title="Albanian–Yugoslav border conflict (1948–1954)">border conflict</a> erupted between <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. Enver Hoxha and the <a href="/wiki/Sigurimi" title="Sigurimi">Albanian Military Intelligence services</a>, the Sigurimi, played a significant role in promoting <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and the idea of a "<a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Greater Albania</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1949, the US and British intelligence organisations were working with the former King Zog and the mountain men of his personal guard. They recruited Albanian refugees and émigrés from Egypt, Italy and Greece, trained them in Cyprus, Malta and the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), and infiltrated them into Albania. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Guerrilla units entered Albania in 1950 and 1952</a>, but they were killed or captured by Albanian security forces. <a href="/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby">Kim Philby</a>, a Soviet double agent working as a liaison officer between <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">MI6</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>, had leaked details of the infiltration plan to Moscow, and the security breach claimed the lives of about 300 infiltrators.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 February 1951, a bombing occurred at the Soviet embassy in Tirana, after which 23 accused intellectuals were arrested and put in prison. One of them, <a href="/wiki/Jonuz_Kaceli" title="Jonuz Kaceli">Jonuz Kaceli</a>, was killed by <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Shehu" title="Mehmet Shehu">Mehmet Shehu</a> during interrogation. Subsequently, the 22 others were <a href="/wiki/1951_executions_in_Albania" title="1951 executions in Albania">executed</a> without trial under Hoxha's orders.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_Tirana" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of Tirana">State University of Tirana</a> was established in 1957, which was the first of its kind in Albania. The medieval <a href="/wiki/Gjakmarrja" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjakmarrja">Gjakmarrja</a> (blood feud) was banned. <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a>, the most widespread disease,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was successfully fought through advances in health care, the use of <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a>, and through the draining of swampland. From 1965 to 1985, no cases of malaria were reported, whereas previously Albania had the greatest number of infected patients in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECikuli198433_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECikuli198433-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No cases of <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a> had been recorded for 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECikuli198433_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECikuli198433-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938 the number of physicians was 1.1 per 10,000 and there was only one hospital bed per 1,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950, while the number of physicians had not increased, there were four times as many hospital beds per head, and health expenditures had risen to 5% of the budget, up from 1% before the war.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_Yugoslavia">Relations with Yugoslavia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relations with Yugoslavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miladin_Popovi%C4%87_i_Enver_Hod%C5%BEa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Miladin_Popovi%C4%87_i_Enver_Hod%C5%BEa.jpg/170px-Miladin_Popovi%C4%87_i_Enver_Hod%C5%BEa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Miladin_Popovi%C4%87_i_Enver_Hod%C5%BEa.jpg/255px-Miladin_Popovi%C4%87_i_Enver_Hod%C5%BEa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Miladin_Popovi%C4%87_i_Enver_Hod%C5%BEa.jpg/340px-Miladin_Popovi%C4%87_i_Enver_Hod%C5%BEa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1322" data-file-height="2009" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Miladin_Popovi%C4%87" title="Miladin Popović">Miladin Popović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liri_Gega" title="Liri Gega">Liri Gega</a>, and Enver Hoxha</figcaption></figure> <p>At this point, relations with <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> had begun to change. The roots of the change began on 20 October 1944 at the Second Plenary Session of the Communist Party of Albania. The Session considered the problems that the post-independence Albanian government would face. However, the Yugoslav delegation which was led by Velimir Stoinić accused the party of "sectarianism and opportunism" and blamed Hoxha for these errors. He also stressed the view that the Yugoslav Communist partisans spearheaded the Albanian partisan movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199919_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199919-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anti-Yugoslav members of the Albanian Communist Party had begun to think that this was a plot by Tito who intended to destabilize the Party. Koçi Xoxe, <a href="/wiki/Sejfulla_Mal%C3%ABshova" title="Sejfulla Malëshova">Sejfulla Malëshova</a> and others who supported Yugoslavia were looked upon with deep suspicion. Tito's position on Albania was that it was too weak to stand on its own and that it would do better as a part of Yugoslavia. Hoxha alleged that Tito had made it his goal to get Albania into Yugoslavia, firstly by creating the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Aid in 1946. In time, Albania began to feel that the treaty was heavily slanted towards Yugoslav interests, much like the Italian agreements with Albania under Zog that made the nation dependent upon Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199919_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199919-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first issue was that the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_lek" title="Albanian lek">Albanian lek</a> became revalued in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_dinar" title="Yugoslav dinar">Yugoslav dinar</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a> was formed and Albania's economic plan was decided more by Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPano1968101_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPano1968101-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albanian economists H. Banja and V. Toçi stated that the relationship between Albania and Yugoslavia during this period was exploitative and that it constituted attempts by Yugoslavia to make the Albanian economy an "appendage" to the Yugoslav economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanjaToçi197966_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanjaToçi197966-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoxha then began to accuse Yugoslavia of misconduct: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We [Albania] were expected to produce for the Yugoslavs all the raw materials which they needed. These raw materials were to be exported to the metropolitan Yugoslavia to be processed there in Yugoslav factories. The same applied to the production of cotton and other industrial crops, as well as oil, bitumen, asphalt, chrome, etc. Yugoslavia would supply its 'colony', Albania, with exorbitantly priced consumer goods, including even items such as needles and thread, and would provide us with petrol and oil, as well as glass for the lamps in which we burn the fuel extracted from our subsoil, processed in Yugoslavia and sold to us at high prices ... The aim of the Yugoslavs was, therefore, to prevent our country from developing either its industry or its working class, and to make it forever dependent on Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Stalin advised Hoxha that Yugoslavia was attempting to annex Albania: "We did not know that the Yugoslavs, under the pretext of 'defending' your country against an attack from the Greek fascists, wanted to bring units of their army into the PRA [People's Republic of Albania]. They tried to do this in a very secretive manner. In reality, their aim in this direction was utterly hostile, for they intended to overturn the situation in Albania."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoxha198192_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoxha198192-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By June 1947, the Central Committee of Yugoslavia began publicly condemning Hoxha, accusing him of taking an individualistic and anti-Marxist line. When Albania responded by making agreements with the Soviet Union to purchase a supply of agricultural machinery, Yugoslavia said that Albania could not enter into any agreements with other countries without Yugoslav approval.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199922_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199922-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Koçi Xoxe tried to stop Hoxha from improving relations with Bulgaria, reasoning that Albania would be more stable with one trading partner rather than with many. <a href="/wiki/Nako_Spiru" title="Nako Spiru">Nako Spiru</a>, an anti-Yugoslav member of the Party, condemned Xoxe and vice versa. With no one coming to Spiru's defense, he viewed the situation as hopeless and feared that Yugoslav domination of his nation was imminent, which caused him to commit suicide in November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199922_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199922-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the Eighth Plenum of the Central Committee of the Party which lasted from 26 February to 8 March 1948, Xoxe was implicated in a plot to isolate Hoxha and consolidate his own power. He accused Hoxha of being responsible for the decline in relations with Yugoslavia and stated that a Soviet military mission should be expelled in favor of a Yugoslav counterpart. Hoxha managed to remain firm and his support had not declined. When Yugoslavia publicly broke with the Soviet Union, Hoxha's support base grew stronger. Then, on 1 July 1948, Tirana called on all Yugoslav technical advisors to leave the country and unilaterally declared all treaties and agreements between the two countries null and void. Xoxe was expelled from the party and on 13 June 1949, he was executed by hanging.<sup id="cite_ref-Purge_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purge-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_the_Soviet_Union">Relations with the Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relations with the Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Secretary_Enver_Hoxha_and_First_Secretary_of_the_Soviet_Unions_Communist_Party_Joseph_Stalin_in_Moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/General_Secretary_Enver_Hoxha_and_First_Secretary_of_the_Soviet_Unions_Communist_Party_Joseph_Stalin_in_Moscow.jpg/220px-General_Secretary_Enver_Hoxha_and_First_Secretary_of_the_Soviet_Unions_Communist_Party_Joseph_Stalin_in_Moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/General_Secretary_Enver_Hoxha_and_First_Secretary_of_the_Soviet_Unions_Communist_Party_Joseph_Stalin_in_Moscow.jpg/330px-General_Secretary_Enver_Hoxha_and_First_Secretary_of_the_Soviet_Unions_Communist_Party_Joseph_Stalin_in_Moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/General_Secretary_Enver_Hoxha_and_First_Secretary_of_the_Soviet_Unions_Communist_Party_Joseph_Stalin_in_Moscow.jpg/440px-General_Secretary_Enver_Hoxha_and_First_Secretary_of_the_Soviet_Unions_Communist_Party_Joseph_Stalin_in_Moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and Hoxha in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> in the 1950s.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the break with Yugoslavia, Hoxha aligned himself with the Soviet Union. From 1948 to 1960, $200 million in Soviet aid was given to Albania for technical and infrastructural expansion. Albania was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a> on 22 February 1949 and it served as a pro-Soviet force on the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a>. A Soviet submarine base was built on the Albanian island of <a href="/wiki/Sazan" title="Sazan">Sazan</a> near <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a>, posing a hypothetical threat to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Sixth_Fleet" title="United States Sixth Fleet">U.S. Sixth Fleet</a> in the Mediterranean. Relations with the Soviet Union remained close until the death of Stalin in March 1953. It was followed by 14 days of national mourning in Albania – more than in the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFevziu2016146_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFevziu2016146-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoxha assembled the population of Tirana in the capital's largest square, which featured a Stalin statue, requested that they kneel and take a 2,000-word oath of "eternal fidelity" and "gratitude" to their "beloved father" and "great liberator".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, Stalin's eventual successor, aid was reduced and Albania was encouraged to adopt Khrushchev's specialisation policy. Under it, Albania would develop its agricultural output in order to supply the Soviet Union and other <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> countries while they would be developing products of their own, which would, in theory, strengthen the Warsaw Pact. However, this also meant that Albanian industrial development, which was heavily stressed by Hoxha, would be hindered.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May–June 1955, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Nikolai Bulganin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a> visited Yugoslavia while Khrushchev renounced the expulsion of Yugoslavia from the <a href="/wiki/Communist_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist bloc">Communist bloc</a>. Khrushchev also began making references to <a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a>'s <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/polycentric" class="extiw" title="wikt:polycentric">polycentrism</a> theory. Hoxha had not been consulted on this and was offended. Yugoslavia began asking for Hoxha to rehabilitate the image of Xoxe, which Hoxha steadfastly rejected. In 1956 at the <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Party_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Party Congress">Twentieth Party Congress</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>, Khrushchev <a href="/wiki/Secret_Speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Speech">condemned</a> the <a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_cult_of_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's cult of personality">cult of personality</a> that had been built up around Stalin and denounced his excesses. Khrushchev then announced the theory of <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">peaceful coexistence</a>, which angered the Stalinist Hoxha greatly. The Institute of Marxist–Leninist Studies, led by Hoxha's wife <a href="/wiki/Nexhmije_Hoxha" title="Nexhmije Hoxha">Nexhmije</a>, quoted <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>: "The fundamental principle of the foreign policy of a socialist country and of a Communist party is <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">proletarian internationalism</a>; not peaceful coexistence."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoxha now took a more active stand against perceived <a href="/wiki/Marxist_revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist revisionism">revisionism</a>. </p><p>Unity within the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Party_of_Labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Party of Labour">Albanian Party of Labour</a> began to decline as well, with a special delegate meeting held in Tirana in April 1956, composed of 450 delegates and having unexpected results. The delegates "criticized the conditions in the party, the negative attitude toward the masses, the absence of party and socialist democracy, the economic policy of the leadership, etc." while also calling for discussions on the cult of personality and the Twentieth Party Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffith196322_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffith196322-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Movement_towards_China_and_Maoism">Movement towards China and Maoism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Movement towards China and Maoism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Zedong_and_Enver_Hoxha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mao_Zedong_and_Enver_Hoxha.jpg/220px-Mao_Zedong_and_Enver_Hoxha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mao_Zedong_and_Enver_Hoxha.jpg/330px-Mao_Zedong_and_Enver_Hoxha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Mao_Zedong_and_Enver_Hoxha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> and Hoxha in 1956</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1956, Hoxha called for a resolution which would confirm the existing leadership of the Party. The resolution was accepted, and all of the delegates who had spoken against it were expelled from the party and imprisoned. Hoxha claimed that Yugoslavia had attempted to overthrow the leadership of Albania. This incident increased Hoxha's power, effectively making Khrushchev-style reforms impossible there. In the same year, Hoxha travelled to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, then embroiled in the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a>, and met <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>. Chinese aid to Albania rose sharply during the next two years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiberaj198627_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiberaj198627-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an effort to keep Albania in the Soviet sphere, increased Soviet aid was given but Albania's relations with the Soviet Union remained at the same level until 1960, when Khrushchev met <a href="/wiki/Sofoklis_Venizelos" title="Sofoklis Venizelos">Sofoklis Venizelos</a>, a liberal Greek politician. Khrushchev sympathised with the concept of an autonomous Greek <a href="/wiki/North_Epirus" class="mw-redirect" title="North Epirus">North Epirus</a> and he wanted to use Greek claims on North Epirus to keep the Albanian leadership in line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199946_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199946-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoxha reacted by only sending <a href="/wiki/Hysni_Kapo" title="Hysni Kapo">Hysni Kapo</a>, a member of the Albanian Political Bureau, to the Third Congress of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Workers%27_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Workers' Party">Romanian Workers' Party</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, an event which Communist heads of state were normally expected to attend.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199946–47_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199946–47-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As relations between the two countries continued to deteriorate during the course of the meeting, Khrushchev said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Especially shameless was the behavior of that agent of Mao Zedong, Enver Hoxha. He bared his fangs at us even more menacingly than the Chinese themselves. After his speech, Comrade <a href="/wiki/Dolores_Ib%C3%A1rruri" title="Dolores Ibárruri">Dolores Ibárruri</a> [a Spanish Communist], an old revolutionary and a devoted worker in the Communist movement, got up indignantly and said, very much to the point, that Hoxha was like a dog who bites the hand that feeds it.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Friction_with_the_Soviet_Union">Friction with the Soviet Union</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Friction with the Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Relations with the Soviet Union rapidly deteriorated. A <a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">hardline</a> policy was adopted and the Soviets reduced grain shipments at a time when Albania needed them due to the possibility of a flood-induced famine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoxha1980b_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoxha1980b-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1960, a plot to overthrow the Albanian government was discovered. It was to be organised by Soviet-trained Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Teme_Sejko" title="Teme Sejko">Teme Sejko</a>. After this, two pro-Soviet members of the Party, <a href="/wiki/Liri_Belishova" title="Liri Belishova">Liri Belishova</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ko%C3%A7o_Tashko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koço Tashko (page does not exist)">Koço Tashko</a>, were expelled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoxha1976109,_note_2,_110_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoxha1976109,_note_2,_110-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August, the Party's Central Committee sent a protest letter to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union about the presence of an anti-Albanian Soviet Ambassador in Tirana. The Fourth Congress of the Party, held from 13 to 20 February 1961, was the last meeting that the Soviet Union or other Eastern European nations attended in Albania. During the congress, Mehmet Shehu stated that while many members of the Party were accused of <a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">tyranny</a>, this was a baseless charge and unlike the Soviet Union, Albania was led by genuine Marxists. </p><p>The Soviet Union retaliated by threatening Albania with "dire consequences" if the condemnations were not retracted. Days later, Khrushchev and <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Novotn%C3%BD" title="Antonín Novotný">Antonín Novotný</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Czechoslovakia">President of Czechoslovakia</a>, threatened to cut off economic aid. In March, Albania was not invited to attend the meeting of the Warsaw Pact nations, and in April all Soviet technicians were withdrawn from Albania. In May nearly all Soviet troops at the Soviet submarine base were withdrawn.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 November 1961, Hoxha made a speech in which he called Khrushchev a "revisionist, an anti-Marxist and a defeatist". Hoxha portrayed Stalin as the last Communist leader of the Soviet Union and alluded to Albania's independence.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 11 November, the USSR and every other Warsaw Pact nation broke diplomatic relations with Albania. Albania was unofficially excluded from the Warsaw Pact and Comecon. The Soviet Union also attempted to claim control of the submarine base. The Albanian Party then passed a law prohibiting any other nation from owning an Albanian port. The <a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> was now complete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_rule_(1965–1985)"><span id="Later_rule_.281965.E2.80.931985.29"></span>Later rule (1965–1985)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Later rule (1965–1985)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enver_Hoxha60.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Enver_Hoxha60.jpg/220px-Enver_Hoxha60.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Enver_Hoxha60.jpg/330px-Enver_Hoxha60.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Enver_Hoxha60.jpg/440px-Enver_Hoxha60.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption>Postage stamp celebrating Hoxha's 60th birthday (1968)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albania_bunkers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Albania_bunkers.jpg/220px-Albania_bunkers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Albania_bunkers.jpg/330px-Albania_bunkers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Albania_bunkers.jpg/440px-Albania_bunkers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bunkers_in_Albania" title="Bunkers in Albania">Bunkers in Albania</a> built during Hoxha's rule to avert the possibility of external invasions. By 1983 over 173,000 concrete bunkers were scattered throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>As Hoxha's leadership continued, he took on an increasingly <a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">theoretical</a> stance. He wrote criticisms which were based on theory and current events which occurred at the time; his most notable criticisms were his condemnations of <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> after 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoxha1978_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoxha1978-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major achievement under Hoxha was the advancement of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's rights in Albania">women's rights</a>. Albania had been one of the most, if not the most, <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchal">patriarchal</a> countries in Europe. The ancient <i><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Kanun</a></i>, which regulated the status of women, states, "A woman is known as a sack, made to endure as long as she lives in her husband's house."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women were not allowed to inherit anything from their parents, and discrimination was even made in the case of the murder of a pregnant woman: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... the dead woman [is] to be opened up, in order to see whether the fetus is a boy or a girl. If it is a boy, the murderer must pay 3 purses [a set amount of local currency] for the woman's blood and 6 purses for the boy's blood; if it is a girl, aside from the three purses for the murdered woman, 3 purses must also be paid for the female child.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Women were forbidden from obtaining a divorce, and the wife's parents were obliged to return a runaway daughter to her husband or else suffer shame which could even result in a generations-long <a href="/wiki/Albanian_blood_feud" title="Albanian blood feud">blood feud</a>. During World War II, the Albanian Communists encouraged women to join the partisans<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPapajorgi1970130_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapajorgi1970130-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and following the war, women were encouraged to take up menial jobs, as the education necessary for higher level work was out of most women's reach. In 1938, 4% worked in various sectors of the economy. In 1970, this number had risen to 38%, and in 1982 to 46%.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBegeja198461_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBegeja198461-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> During the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_and_Ideological_Revolution" title="Cultural and Ideological Revolution">Cultural and Ideological Revolution</a>, women were encouraged to take up all jobs, including government posts, which resulted in 40.7% of the People's Councils and 30.4% of the People's Assembly being made up of women, including two women in the Central Committee by 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978, 15.1 times as many females attended eight-year schools as had done so in 1938 and 175.7 times as many females attended secondary schools. By 1978, 101.9 times as many women attended higher schools as in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoxha said of women's rights in 1967:</p><blockquote><p>The entire party and country should hurl into the fire and break the neck of anyone who dared trample underfoot the sacred edict of the party on the defense of women's rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogoreci1978158_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogoreci1978158-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>In 1969, direct taxation was abolished<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and during this period the quality of schooling and health care continued to improve. An electrification campaign was begun in 1960 and the entire nation was expected to have electricity by 1985. Instead, it achieved this on 25 October 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_and_Ideological_Revolution" title="Cultural and Ideological Revolution">Cultural and Ideological Revolution</a> of 1967–1968 the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_People%27s_Army" title="Albanian People's Army">military</a> changed from traditional Communist army tactics and began to adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist">Maoist</a> strategy known as <a href="/wiki/People%27s_war" title="People's war">people's war</a>, which included the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">military ranks</a>, which were not fully restored until 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers1999224_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers1999224-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mehmet Shehu said of the country's health service in 1979: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... [T]he health service is free of charge for all and has been extended to the remotest villages. In 1960 we had one doctor per every 3,360 inhabitants, in 1978 we had one doctor per every 687 inhabitants, and this despite the rapid growth of the population. The natural increase of the population in our country is 3.5 times higher than the annual average of European countries, whereas mortality in 1978 was 37% lower than the average level of mortality in the countries of Europe, and the average life expectancy in our country has risen, from about 38 years in 1938 to 69 years. That is, for each year of the existence of our people's state power, the average life expectancy has risen by about 11 months. That is what socialism does for man! Is there a loftier humanism than socialist humanism, which, in 35 years, doubles the average life expectancy of the whole population of the country?<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mali_i_Shpiragut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mali_i_Shpiragut.jpg/330px-Mali_i_Shpiragut.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mali_i_Shpiragut.jpg/495px-Mali_i_Shpiragut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mali_i_Shpiragut.jpg/660px-Mali_i_Shpiragut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Hoxha's first name engraved on the side of Shpiragu Mountain</figcaption></figure> <p>Hoxha's legacy also included a <a href="/wiki/Bunkers_in_Albania" title="Bunkers in Albania">complex of 173,371 one-man concrete bunkers</a> across a country of 3 million inhabitants, to act as look-outs and gun emplacements along with <a href="/wiki/Albania_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Albania and weapons of mass destruction">chemical weapons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bunkers were built strong and mobile, with the intention that they could be easily placed by a crane or a helicopter in a hole. The types of bunkers vary from machine gun pillboxes, beach bunkers, to underground naval facilities and even Air Force Mountain and underground bunkers. </p><p>Hoxha's internal policies were true to Stalin's paradigm which he admired, and the personality cult which was developed in the 1970s and organised around him by the Party also bore a striking resemblance to that of Stalin. At times it even reached an intensity which was as extreme as the <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-sung%27s_cult_of_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Il-sung's cult of personality">personality cult</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> (which Hoxha condemned)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoxha1979b517_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoxha1979b517-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Hoxha being portrayed as a genius commenting on virtually all facets of life from culture to economics to military matters. Each schoolbook required one or more quotations from him on the subjects being studied.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Party honored him with titles such as Supreme Comrade, Sole Force and Great Teacher. He adopted a different type <a href="/wiki/Military_salute" class="mw-redirect" title="Military salute">military salute</a> for the People's Army to render honors which was known as the "Hoxhaist salute", which involves soldiers curling their right fist and raising it to shoulder level.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It replaced the <a href="/wiki/Zogist_salute" title="Zogist salute">Zogist salute</a>, which was used by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albanian_Army" title="Royal Albanian Army">Royal Albanian Army</a> for many years. </p><p>Hoxha's governance was also distinguished by his encouragement of a high birthrate policy. For instance, a woman who bore an above-average number of children would be given the government award of <a href="/wiki/Mother_Heroine_(Albania)" title="Mother Heroine (Albania)"><i>Heroine Mother</i> (in Albanian: <i>Nënë Heroinë</i>)</a> along with cash rewards.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abortion was essentially restricted (to encourage high birth rates), except if the birth posed a danger to the mother's life, though it was not completely banned; the process was decided by district medical commissions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsh1974238_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsh1974238-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Albania" title="Demographics of Albania">population of Albania</a> tripled from 1 million in 1944 to around 3 million in 1985. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_China">Relations with China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Relations with China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao-Hoxha_CR_Poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/Mao-Hoxha_CR_Poster.jpg/220px-Mao-Hoxha_CR_Poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/Mao-Hoxha_CR_Poster.jpg/330px-Mao-Hoxha_CR_Poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3a/Mao-Hoxha_CR_Poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> poster promoting Albanian-Chinese cooperation featuring Hoxha and Mao. The caption at the bottom reads, "Long live the great union between the Parties of Albania and China!" Despite what the painting may suggest, the two leaders only met twice—first in 1956 during Hoxha's visit to China, and again in 1957 at the Moscow meeting of Communist and Workers' parties—before the formation of the Sino-Albanian alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Albania–China relations">Albania–China relations</a></div> <p>At the start of Albania's third five-year plan, China offered Albania a loan of $125 million which would be used to build twenty-five chemical, electrical and metallurgical plants in accordance with the plan. However, the nation discovered that the task of completing these building projects was difficult, because Albania's relations with its neighbors were poor and because matters were also complicated by the long distance between Albania and China. Unlike Yugoslavia or the USSR, China had less economic influence on Albania during Hoxha's rule. During the previous fifteen years (1946–1961), at least 50% of Albania's economy was dependent on foreign commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiberaj198640_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiberaj198640-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time the 1976 constitution was promulgated, Albania had mostly become self-sufficient, but it lacked modern technology. Ideologically, Hoxha found that Mao's initial views were in line with Marxism–Leninism, due to his condemnation of Khrushchev's alleged revisionism and his condemnation of Yugoslavia. The financial aid which China provided to Albania was interest-free and it did not have to be repaid until Albania could afford to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamm196345_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamm196345-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China never intervened in Albania's economic output, and Chinese technicians and Albanian workers both worked for the same wages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamm196345_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamm196345-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albanian newspapers were reprinted in Chinese newspapers, and they were also read on Chinese radio, and Albania led the movement <a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">to give the People's Republic of China a seat</a> on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearson2006628_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearson2006628-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, Albania became the second largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> in the world, which China considered important. Strategically, the Adriatic Sea was attractive to China, because China hoped that it could gain more allies in Eastern Europe through Albania - a hope which was misplaced. <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> visited Albania in January 1964. On 9 January, "The 1964 Sino-Albanian Joint Statement" was signed in Tirana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiberaj198648_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiberaj198648-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statement said of relations between socialist countries: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Both [Albania and China] hold that the relations between socialist countries are international relations of a new type. Relations between socialist countries, big or small, economically more developed or less developed, must be based on the principles of complete equality, respect for territorial sovereignty and independence, and non-interference in each other's internal affairs, and must also be based on the principles of mutual assistance in accordance with proletarian internationalism. It is necessary to oppose great-nation chauvinism and national egoism in relations between socialist countries. It is absolutely impermissible to impose the will of one country upon another, or to impair the independence, sovereignty and interests of the people, of a fraternal country on the pretext of 'aid' or 'international division of labour.'<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HOD%C5%BDA_druh%C3%A1_m%C3%ADza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/HOD%C5%BDA_druh%C3%A1_m%C3%ADza.jpg/197px-HOD%C5%BDA_druh%C3%A1_m%C3%ADza.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/HOD%C5%BDA_druh%C3%A1_m%C3%ADza.jpg/296px-HOD%C5%BDA_druh%C3%A1_m%C3%ADza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/HOD%C5%BDA_druh%C3%A1_m%C3%ADza.jpg/394px-HOD%C5%BDA_druh%C3%A1_m%C3%ADza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Hoxha in 1971</figcaption></figure> <p>Like Albania, China defended the "purity" of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> by attacking <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a> and "Soviet and Yugoslav revisionism", both of them were equally attacked as part of a "dual adversary" theory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199968_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199968-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yugoslavia was viewed as both a "special detachment of U.S. imperialism" and a "saboteur against world revolution".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199968_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199968-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these views began to change in China, which was one of the major issues which Albania had with the alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiberaj198649_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiberaj198649-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, unlike Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, the Sino-Albanian alliance lacked "... an organisational structure for regular consultations and policy coordination, and it was also characterized by an informal relationship which was conducted on an <i>ad hoc</i> basis." Mao made a speech on 3 November 1966 in which he claimed that Albania was the only <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> state in Europe and in the same speech, he also stated that "an attack on Albania will have to reckon with the great <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>. If the U.S. imperialists, the modern Soviet revisionists or any of their lackeys dare to touch Albania in the slightest, nothing lies ahead for them but a complete, shameful and memorable defeat."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamm196343_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamm196343-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, Hoxha stated that "You may rest assured, comrades, that come what may in the world at large, our two parties and our two peoples will certainly remain together. They will fight together and they will win together."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiberaj198658_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiberaj198658-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shift_in_China's_foreign_policy_after_the_Cultural_Revolution"><span id="Shift_in_China.27s_foreign_policy_after_the_Cultural_Revolution"></span>Shift in China's foreign policy after the Cultural Revolution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Shift in China's foreign policy after the Cultural Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, China entered into a four-year period of relative diplomatic isolation, however, its relations with Albania were positive. On 20 August 1968, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia">Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> was condemned by Albania, along with the <a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Brezhnev doctrine">Brezhnev doctrine</a>. Albania refused to send troops to Czechoslovakia in support of the invasion, and it officially withdrew from the Warsaw Pact on 5 September. </p><p>Albania's relations with China began to deteriorate on 15 July 1971, when United States President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> agreed to visit China in order to meet with Zhou Enlai. Hoxha believed that China had betrayed Albania, and on 6 August, the Central Committee of the PLA sent a letter to the Central Committee of the CCP in which it called Nixon a "frenzied anti-Communist". The letter stated: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We trust you will understand the reason for the delay in our reply. This was because your decision came as a surprise to us and it was taken without any preliminary consultation between us on this question, so that we would be able to express and thrash out our opinions. This, we think, could have been useful, because preliminary consultations, between close friends, determined co-fighters against imperialism and revisionism, are useful and necessary, and especially so, when steps which, in our opinion, have a major international effect and repercussions are taken. ... Considering the Communist Party of China as a sister party and our closest co-fighter, we have never hidden our views from it. That is why on this major problem which you put before us, we inform you that we consider your decision to receive Nixon in Beijing as incorrect and undesirable, and we do not approve or support it. It will also be our opinion that Nixon's announced visit to China will not be understood or approved of by the peoples, the revolutionaries and the communists of different countries.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The result of this criticism was a message from the Chinese leadership in 1971 in which it stated that Albania could not depend on an indefinite flow of aid from China, and in 1972 Albania was advised to "curb its expectations about further Chinese contributions to its economic development".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiberaj198690_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiberaj198690-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1972, Hoxha wrote in his diary <i>Reflections on China</i> that China was no longer a socialist country, instead aligning itself with the interests of a powerful nation that prioritized pragmatic relations over socialist principles.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973, he wrote that the Chinese leaders had "cut off their contacts" with Albania, reducing their interactions to merely formal diplomatic exchanges. While China maintained its economic agreements, Hoxha remarked that their "initial ardor" had waned.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response, trade with COMECON (although trade with the Soviet Union was still blocked) and Yugoslavia grew. Trade with Third World nations was $0.5 million in 1973, but $8.3 million in 1974. Trade rose from 0.1% to 1.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiberaj198698–99_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiberaj198698–99-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Mao's death on 9 September 1976, Hoxha remained optimistic about Sino-Albanian relations, but in August 1977, <a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a>, the new leader of China, stated that Mao's <a href="/wiki/Three_Worlds_Theory" title="Three Worlds Theory">Three Worlds Theory</a> would become official foreign policy. Hoxha viewed this as a way for China to justify having the U.S. as the "secondary enemy" while viewing the Soviet Union as the main one, thus allowing China to trade with the U.S. He condemned this as a "diabolical plan" for China to position itself as a superpower at the head of the "third world" and the "non-aligned world."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 30 August to 7 September 1977, Tito visited <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> and was welcomed by the Chinese leadership. Following this, the PLA declared that China was now a revisionist state akin to the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, and that Albania was the only Marxist–Leninist state on Earth. Hoxha stated: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Chinese leaders are acting like the leaders of a 'great state'. They think, 'The Albanians fell out with the Soviet Union because they had us, and if they fall with us, too, they will go back to the Soviets,' therefore they say, 'Either with us or the Soviets, it is all the same, the Albanians are done for.' But to hell with them! We shall fight against all this trash, because we are Albanian Marxist–Leninists and on our correct course we shall always triumph!<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On 13 July 1978, China announced that it was cutting off all of its aid to Albania. For the first time in modern history, Albania did not have an ally and it also did not have a major trading partner.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_repression_and_emigration">Political repression and emigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Political repression and emigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_political_prison_in_Girokaster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Former_political_prison_in_Girokaster.jpg/220px-Former_political_prison_in_Girokaster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Former_political_prison_in_Girokaster.jpg/330px-Former_political_prison_in_Girokaster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Former_political_prison_in_Girokaster.jpg/440px-Former_political_prison_in_Girokaster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Former political prison in Gjirokastër. During Hoxha's rule, political executions were common, and as a result, as many as 25,000 people were killed by the regime and many more were persecuted or sent to <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_camps_in_Communist_Albania" title="Forced labour camps in Communist Albania">labour camps</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tirana_Park%2BStatues.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tirana_Park%2BStatues.jpg/220px-Tirana_Park%2BStatues.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tirana_Park%2BStatues.jpg/330px-Tirana_Park%2BStatues.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tirana_Park%2BStatues.jpg/440px-Tirana_Park%2BStatues.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Checkpoint memorial in Tirana featuring a bunker, walls from <a href="/wiki/Spa%C3%A7_Prison" title="Spaç Prison">Spaç Prison</a>, and a fragment of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>.</figcaption></figure><p> Certain clauses in the 1976 constitution circumscribed the exercise of political liberties which the government interpreted as being contrary to the established order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell1999129_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell1999129-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government denied the population access to information other than that which was disseminated by government-controlled media outlets. Internally, the <a href="/wiki/Sigurimi" title="Sigurimi">Sigurimi</a> used the same repressive methods which were used by the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry for State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a>, the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">East German</a> <a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a>. At one point, every third Albanian had either been interrogated by the Sigurimi or they had been incarcerated in <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_camps_in_Communist_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor camps in Communist Albania">labour camps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government imprisoned thousands of people in forced-labour camps or it executed them for alleged crimes such as treachery or disrupting the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_Proletariat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of the Proletariat">proletarian dictatorship</a>. After 1968, travel abroad was forbidden to all but those people who were on official business. <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western European culture</a> was looked upon with deep suspicion, resulting in bans on all unauthorised foreign materials and arrests:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The former student, now the mayor of Tirana, said that he would cower beneath the bedclothes at night and listen to foreign radio stations, an activity which was punishable by a long stretch in a labour camp. He became fascinated by the <a href="/wiki/Saxophone" title="Saxophone">saxophone</a>. Yet, because such musical instruments were considered an evil influence and were thus banned, he had never seen one.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Art was required to reflect the styles of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">socialist realism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beards were banned as unhygienic in order to curb the influence of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (many <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bektashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi">babas</a> had beards) and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> faith. The justice system's legal proceedings regularly degenerated into <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trials</a>. An American <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> group described the proceedings of one trial, noting that the defendant was not allowed to question the witnesses. While he could express objections to certain aspects of the case, the prosecutor dismissed them, telling him to "sit down and be quiet" because they claimed to know better.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to lessen the threat of political dissidents and other exiles, relatives of the accused were often arrested, <a href="/wiki/Ostracised" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostracised">ostracised</a>, and accused of being "<a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people#Albania" title="Enemy of the people">enemies of the people</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political executions were common, and at least 5,000 people—possibly as many as 25,000—were killed by the regime.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a> was often used to obtain confessions:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One émigré, for example, testified to being bound by his hands and legs for one and a half months, and to being beaten with a belt, fists or boots for periods of two to three hours every two or three days. Another was detained in a cell one meter by eight meters large in the local police station and kept in <a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">solitary confinement</a> for a five-day period punctuated by two beating sessions until he signed a confession; he was taken to <i>Sigurimi</i> headquarters, where he was again tortured and questioned, despite his prior confession, until his three-day trial. Still another witness was confined underground for more than a year in a three-meter square cell. During this time he was interrogated at irregular intervals and subjected to various forms of physical and psychological torture. He was chained to a chair, beaten, and subjected to electric shocks. He was shown a bullet that was supposedly meant for him and told that car engines starting within his earshot were driving victims to their executions, the next of which would be his.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>During Hoxha's rule, there were six institutions for political prisoners and fourteen labour camps where political prisoners and common criminals worked together. It has been estimated that there were approximately 32,000 people imprisoned in Albania in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell1999134_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell1999134-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Article 47 of the Albanian Criminal Code stated that to "escape outside the state, as well as refusal to return to the Fatherland by a person who has been sent to serve or has been permitted temporarily to go outside the state" was an act of <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>, a crime punishable by a minimum sentence of ten years and a maximum sentence of death.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Albanian government went to great lengths to prevent people from defecting by leaving the country:</p><blockquote><p>An electrically-wired metal fence stands 600 meters to one kilometer from the actual border. Anyone touching the fence not only risks electrocution, but also sets off alarm bells and lights which alert guards stationed at approximately one-kilometre intervals along the fence. Two meters of soil on either side of the fence are cleared in order to check for footprints of escapees and infiltrators. The area between the fence and the actual border is seeded with booby traps such as coils of wire, noise makers consisting of thin pieces of metal strips on top of two wooden slats with stones in a tin container which rattle if stepped on, and flares that are triggered by contact, thus illuminating would-be escapees during the night.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Albania" title="Freedom of religion in Albania">Freedom of religion in Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Albania" title="Irreligion in Albania">Irreligion in Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="Islam in the People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Islam in the People's Socialist Republic of Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania#Communist_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Religion in Albania § Communist Albania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/State_atheism#Albania" title="State atheism">State atheism § Albania</a></div> <p>Albania was a predominantly Muslim country after the demise of the Ottoman Empire, which identified religion with <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnicity</a>. In the Ottoman Empire, Muslims were classified as <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, Orthodox Christians were classified as <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> were classified as <a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latins</a>. Hoxha believed that this division of Albanian society along religious and ethnic lines was a serious issue, because it fueled Greek separatists in southern Albania in particular and it also divided the nation in general. The Agrarian Reform Law of 1945 confiscated much of the church's property in the country. Catholics were the earliest religious community to be targeted because the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> was considered an agent of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Communism">anti-Communism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1946 the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit Order</a> was banned and the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> were banned in 1947. <i>Decree No. 743</i> (On religion) sought the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">national church</a> and it also forbade religious leaders from associating with foreign powers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a>, a Catholic nun whose relatives resided in Albania during Hoxha's rule, was denied a chance to see them because she was considered a dangerous agent of the Vatican. Despite multiple requests and despite the fact that many countries made requests on her behalf, she was not granted the opportunity to see her mother and sister.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Mother Teresa's mother and sister died during Hoxha's rule, and the nun herself was only able to visit Albania five years after the Communist regime collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Party focused on atheist education in schools. This tactic was effective, primarily as a result of the high birthrate policy which was encouraged after the war. During periods which are considered "holy periods" by religious people, such as <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>, many foods and non-water beverages were distributed in schools and factories, and religious people who refused to eat those foods and drink those beverages when they were offered to them during their "fasting times" were denounced.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Starting on 6<span class="nowrap"> </span>February 1967, the party began to promote <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> in place of <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>. Hoxha, who had launched a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_and_Ideological_Revolution" title="Cultural and Ideological Revolution">Cultural and Ideological Revolution</a> after being partially inspired by China's <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, encouraged Communist students and workers to use more forceful tactics in order to discourage people from continuing their religious practices; the use of violence was initially condemned.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Hoxha, the surge in <a href="/wiki/Anti-theist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-theist">anti-theist</a> activities began with the youth. The result of this "spontaneous, unprovoked movement" was the demolition or conversion of all 2,169 churches and mosques in Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a> became official policy, and Albania was declared the world's first atheist state. Town and city names which echoed Abrahamic religious themes were abandoned for neutral secular ones, as well as personal names. By 1968, Hoxha stated in a speech in that "Religion is a fuel kindling fires of all evils".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period religiously based names were also made illegal. The <i>Dictionary of People's Names</i>, published in 1982, contained 3,000 approved, secular names. In 1992, Monsignor Dias, the Papal Nuncio for Albania appointed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, said that of the three hundred Catholic priests present in Albania prior to the Communists coming to power, only thirty were still active.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The promotion of religion was banned, and all clerics were labeled reactionaries and outlawed. Those religious figures who refused to embrace the principles of Marxism–Leninism were either arrested or carried on their activities in hiding.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultivating_ultranationalism">Cultivating ultranationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cultivating ultranationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian nationalism</a></div> <p>During the anti-religious campaign, Enver Hoxha declared that "the only religion of Albania is Albanianism",<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a quotation from the poem <i>O moj Shqiperi</i> ("O Albania") by the 19th-century Albanian writer <a href="/wiki/Pashko_Vasa" title="Pashko Vasa">Pashko Vasa</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Muzafer_Korkuti" title="Muzafer Korkuti">Muzafer Korkuti</a>, one of the dominant figures in post-war Albanian <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> and now the Director of the Institute of Archaeology in Tirana, stated the following in an interview on 10 July 2002:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Archaeology is part of the politics which the party in power has and this was understood better than anything else by Enver Hoxha. <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> and archaeology were respected because they are the indicators of the nation, and a party that shows respect to national identity is listened to by other people; good or bad as this may be. Enver Hoxha did this as did <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>. In Germany in the 1930s there was an increase in Balkan studies and languages and this too was all part of nationalism.</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HoxhaAndAlbanians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/HoxhaAndAlbanians.jpg/220px-HoxhaAndAlbanians.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/HoxhaAndAlbanians.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>Hoxha and Albanians</figcaption></figure> <p>Efforts were focused on an <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a>-Albanian continuity issue.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Illyrian origin of the Albanians (without denying <i><a href="/wiki/Pelasgian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelasgian">Pelasgian</a></i> roots<sup id="cite_ref-schwandner2_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schwandner2-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) continued to play a significant role in Albanian nationalism,<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in a revival of given names supposedly of "Illyrian" origin, at the expense of given names associated with <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. At first, Albanian nationalist writers opted for the Pelasgians as the forefathers of the Albanians, but as this form of nationalism flourished in Albania under Enver Hoxha, the Pelasgians became a secondary element<sup id="cite_ref-schwandner2_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schwandner2-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the Illyrian theory of <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanian origins</a>, which could claim some support in scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Illyrian descent theory soon became one of the pillars of Albanian nationalism, especially because it could provide some evidence in support of the belief that there was a continuous Albanian presence in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Albania" title="Southern Albania">Southern Albania</a>, i.e. areas that were subjected to <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">ethnic conflicts</a> between Albanians, Serbs and Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the government of Enver Hoxha, an <a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">autochthonous</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was promoted and physical anthropologists<sup id="cite_ref-:0_115-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tried to prove that Albanians were different from all other <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European</a> populations, a theory which is currently discredited.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They claimed that the Illyrians were the most ancient people<sup id="cite_ref-:0_115-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and greatly extended the age of the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_115-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rejecting_Western_mass_media_culture">Rejecting Western mass media culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rejecting Western mass media culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hoxha and his government were also hostile to <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> as it was manifested in the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">cultural liberalism</a> which were associated with it. In a speech on the Fourth Plenum of the Central Committee of the PLA (PLA-CC) on 26 June 1973, Hoxha declared a definitive break with any such Western bourgeois influence and what he described as its "<a href="/wiki/Social_degeneration" title="Social degeneration">degenerated</a> bourgeois culture".<sup id="cite_ref-bon_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bon-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a speech in which he also criticised the "spread of certain vulgar, alien tastes in music and art", which ran "contrary to socialist ethics and the positive traditions of our people", including "degenerate importations such as long hair, extravagant dress, screaming jungle music, coarse language, shameless behaviour and so on",<sup id="cite_ref-bon_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bon-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoxha declared: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is precisely this culture, coated with a glossy veneer, accompanied by sensational advertisement, handled in the most commercial way and back up and financed by the bourgeoisie, that inundates the cinema and television screens, magazines, newspapers and radio broadcasts, all the mass information and propaganda media. Its objective is to turn the ordinary man into a passive consumer of poisonous bourgeois ideas, and to make this consumption an addiction. Not only have we nothing to learn from this culture, no reason to impart it to our masses and youth, but we must reject it contemptuously and fight it with determination.<sup id="cite_ref-bon_123-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bon-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Later life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albania_in_1978_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Albania_in_1978_1.jpg/250px-Albania_in_1978_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Albania_in_1978_1.jpg/375px-Albania_in_1978_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Albania_in_1978_1.jpg/500px-Albania_in_1978_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>Propaganda (photographed in 1978): <i>The fatherland is defended by all of the people</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1974, Hoxha accused <a href="/wiki/Beqir_Balluku" title="Beqir Balluku">Beqir Balluku</a>, Minister of Defence and longtime ally, of being an agent of China and attempting a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>, since Balluku had criticized Hoxha's bunker program and stated that a U.S. and Soviet invasion of Albania was unlikely. Hoxha sentenced Balluku and a group of his accused associates to death and appointed Mehmet Shehu as Minister of Defence. </p><p>A new Constitution was decided upon by the Seventh Congress of the Albanian Party of Labour on 1–7 November 1976. According to Hoxha, "The old Constitution was the Constitution of the building of the foundations of socialism, whereas the new Constitution will be the Constitution of the complete construction of a socialist society."<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Self-reliance was now stressed more than ever. Citizens were encouraged to train in the use of weapons, and this activity was also taught in schools. The purpose of this training was to encourage the creation of quick <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">partisans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Borrowing and foreign investment were banned under Article 26 of the Constitution, which read: "The granting of concessions to, and the creation of foreign economic and financial companies and other institutions or ones formed jointly with bourgeois and revisionist capitalist monopolies and states as well as obtaining credits from them are prohibited in the People's Socialist Republic of Albania."<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoxha said of borrowing money and allowing investment from other countries: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>No country whatsoever, big or small, can build socialism by taking credits and aid from the bourgeoisie and the revisionists or by integrating its economy into the world system of capitalist economies. Any such linking of the economy of a socialist country with the economy of bourgeois or revisionist countries opens the doors to the actions of the economic laws of capitalism and the degeneration of the socialist order. This is the road of betrayal and the restoration of capitalism, which the revisionist cliques have pursued and are pursuing.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>During this period, Albania was the most isolated country in Europe. In 1983, Albania imported goods which were worth $280 million but it exported goods which were worth $290 million, producing a trade surplus of $10 million.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fall_of_Communism_in_Albania.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Fall_of_Communism_in_Albania.JPG/200px-Fall_of_Communism_in_Albania.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Fall_of_Communism_in_Albania.JPG/300px-Fall_of_Communism_in_Albania.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/37/Fall_of_Communism_in_Albania.JPG 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption>Fall of Hoxha's statue in Tirana's Skanderbeg Square amid student demonstrations</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1981, Hoxha ordered the execution of several party and government officials in a new purge. Prime Minister Mehmet Shehu, the second-most powerful man in Albania and Hoxha's closest comrade-in-arms for 40 years, was reported to have committed suicide in December 1981. He was subsequently condemned as a "traitor" to Albania, and he was also accused of operating in the service of multiple <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence agencies</a>. It is generally believed that he was either killed or he shot himself during a power struggle which may have resulted from differing foreign policy matters with Hoxha.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoxha also wrote a large assortment of books during this period, resulting in over 65 volumes of collected works, condensed into six volumes of selected works.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1973, Hoxha suffered a <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a> from which he never fully recovered. In increasingly precarious health from the late 1970s onward, he turned most state functions over to <a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a>. In his final days, he was confined to a <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair" title="Wheelchair">wheelchair</a> and suffered from <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, with which he was diagnosed in 1948, along with <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_ischemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral ischemia">cerebral ischemia</a>, with which he was diagnosed in 1983. On 9 April 1985, he was struck by a <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_fibrillation" title="Ventricular fibrillation">ventricular fibrillation</a>. Over the next 48 hours, he suffered repeated episodes of this arrhythmia, and he died in the early morning hours of 11 April 1985 at the age of 76. The Albanian government announced seven days of mourning with flags flown at half-mast and entertainment and cultural events cancelled.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoxha's body lay in state at the building of the Presidium of the People's Assembly for three days before he was buried on 15 April after a memorial service on <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg_Square" title="Skanderbeg Square">Skanderbeg Square</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government refused to accept any foreign delegations during Hoxha's funeral and it even condemned the Soviet message of condolences as "unacceptable".<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his burial, Hoxha was succeeded as head of state by Ramiz Alia, who gained control of the party's leadership two days later. </p><p>Hoxha left Albania with a legacy of isolation and fear of the outside world. Despite some economic progress which Albania made during Hoxha's rule,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the country was in <a href="/wiki/Economic_stagnation" title="Economic stagnation">economic stagnation</a>; Albania had been the poorest European country throughout much of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EnverHoxhaHouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/EnverHoxhaHouse.jpg/220px-EnverHoxhaHouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/EnverHoxhaHouse.jpg/330px-EnverHoxhaHouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/EnverHoxhaHouse.jpg/440px-EnverHoxhaHouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Former residence of Enver Hoxha in the formerly restricted area of <a href="/wiki/Ish-Blloku" title="Ish-Blloku">Blloku</a> (the Block) in Tirana</figcaption></figure> <p>The surname <i>Hoxha</i> is the Albanian variant of <a href="/wiki/Hodja" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodja">hodja</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">hoca</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipa1990262_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipa1990262-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a title which was given to his ancestors due to their efforts to teach Albanians about Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoxha's parents were Halil and Gjylihan (Gjylo) Hoxha, and Hoxha had three sisters, Fahrije, Haxhire and Sanije. <a href="/wiki/Hysen_Hoxha" title="Hysen Hoxha">Hysen Hoxha</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hyˈsɛn<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈhɔdʒa]</span>) was Enver Hoxha's uncle and was a militant who campaigned vigorously for the independence of Albania, which occurred when Enver was four years old. His grandfather Beqir was involved in the Gjirokastër section of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoxha's son Sokol Hoxha was the CEO of the Albanian Post and Telecommunication service and he is married to Liliana Hoxha.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sali_Berisha" title="Sali Berisha">Sali Berisha</a>, a later democratic president of Albania, was often seen socialising with Sokol Hoxha and other close relatives of leading Communist figures in Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoxha's daughter, Pranvera, is an architect. Along with her husband, Klement Kolaneci, she designed the Enver Hoxha Museum in Tirana, a white-tiled pyramid. Some sources have referred to the edifice, said to be the most expensive edifice ever constructed in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">Albanian history</a>, as the "Enver Hoxha Mausoleum", but this was not an official appellation. The museum was opened in 1988, three years after her father's death, and in 1991, it was transformed into a conference centre and an exhibition venue and it was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Tirana" title="Pyramid of Tirana">Pyramid of Tirana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler201049–50_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler201049–50-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coup_attempts">Coup attempts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Coup attempts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Band" title="Mustafa Band">Mustafa Band</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">gang</a> which was connected to counter-revolutionary elements such as the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_mafia" title="Albanian mafia">Albanian mafia</a> and members of the royal <a href="/wiki/House_of_Zogu" title="House of Zogu">House of Zogu</a>, and in 1982, it attempted to assassinate Enver Hoxha. The plan failed and two of its members were killed and another member was arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Hoxha, after Albania's long-time prime minister Mehmet Shehu died in 1981, documents were found in a vault which previously belonged to him and according to them, he would poison Hoxha and assume the leadership of the country, orders which were issued by Yugoslav intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoxha1982b625–626_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoxha1982b625–626-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book <i>The Titoites</i>, Hoxha argued that this plan failed because Shehu was a coward who could not go through with the task and he figured that suicide would, at the very least, save his family from the punishment which he deserved for his counter-revolutionary activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoxha1982b626–627_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoxha1982b626–627-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016, the results of a survey which was conducted by the Institute for Development Research and Alternatives (IDRA) showed that 45% of Albanians believed that Hoxha had a positive impact on the history of Albania, whereas 42% of Albanians believed that he had a negative impact on the history of Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Younger generations (16–35 years old; born after 1981) tend to have a more negative view of Hoxha's contributions, while older generations (over 35 years old; born before 1981) tend to have a more positive view.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citizens in the regions of southeastern and southwestern Albania who were interviewed had the most positive view of Hoxha, respectively, they comprised 50% and 55% of the entire population.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_149-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have viewed him as a dictator.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Albania</dt></dl> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Titulli_%22Hero_i_Popullit%22.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Titulli_%22Hero_i_Popullit%22.svg/40px-Titulli_%22Hero_i_Popullit%22.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Titulli_%22Hero_i_Popullit%22.svg/60px-Titulli_%22Hero_i_Popullit%22.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Titulli_%22Hero_i_Popullit%22.svg/80px-Titulli_%22Hero_i_Popullit%22.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="156" data-file-height="251" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_People" title="Hero of the People">Hero of the People</a>, twice (revoked 1995)<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia.com_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia.com-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ALB_National_Flag_Order.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ALB_National_Flag_Order.png/70px-ALB_National_Flag_Order.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ALB_National_Flag_Order.png/105px-ALB_National_Flag_Order.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ALB_National_Flag_Order.png/140px-ALB_National_Flag_Order.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labour_(Albania)" title="Hero of Socialist Labour (Albania)">Hero of Socialist Labour</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AL_Order_Skanderbeg_1kl_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/AL_Order_Skanderbeg_1kl_BAR.png/70px-AL_Order_Skanderbeg_1kl_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/AL_Order_Skanderbeg_1kl_BAR.png/105px-AL_Order_Skanderbeg_1kl_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/AL_Order_Skanderbeg_1kl_BAR.png/140px-AL_Order_Skanderbeg_1kl_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Skanderbeg_(1925%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Skanderbeg (1925–45)">Order of Skanderbeg, 1st Class</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <dl><dt>Foreign Awards</dt></dl> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BulgarianWarTimeMeritRibbon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/BulgarianWarTimeMeritRibbon.jpg/70px-BulgarianWarTimeMeritRibbon.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/BulgarianWarTimeMeritRibbon.jpg/105px-BulgarianWarTimeMeritRibbon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/BulgarianWarTimeMeritRibbon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="114" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td> <td>Order "For Bravery" 1st Class (<a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>) (9 September 1944) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_National_Hero_-_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Order_of_the_National_Hero_-_ribbon.svg/70px-Order_of_the_National_Hero_-_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Order_of_the_National_Hero_-_ribbon.svg/105px-Order_of_the_National_Hero_-_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Order_of_the_National_Hero_-_ribbon.svg/140px-Order_of_the_National_Hero_-_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_People%27s_Hero" title="Order of the People's Hero">Order of the People's Hero</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>) (1946) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_suvorov1_rib.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Order_suvorov1_rib.png/70px-Order_suvorov1_rib.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Order_suvorov1_rib.png 1.5x" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Suvorov" title="Order of Suvorov">Order of Suvorov, 1st Class</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>) (1948)<sup id="cite_ref-dirreslajm.al_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dirreslajm.al-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Lenin_Ribbon_Bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_Lenin_Ribbon_Bar.svg/70px-Order_of_Lenin_Ribbon_Bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_Lenin_Ribbon_Bar.svg/105px-Order_of_Lenin_Ribbon_Bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_Lenin_Ribbon_Bar.svg/140px-Order_of_Lenin_Ribbon_Bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Order of Lenin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Partial_list_of_works">Partial list of works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Partial list of works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoxha1974" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/ebooks/sw/vol1.pdf"><i>Selected Works, November 1941 – October 1948</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. I. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House. 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Works%2C+November+1941+%E2%80%93+October+1948&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pub=8+N%C3%ABntori+Publishing+House&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Hoxha&rft.aufirst=Enver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fhoxha%2Fworks%2Febooks%2Fsw%2Fvol1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoxha1975" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/ebooks/sw/vol2.pdf"><i>Selected Works, November 1948 – November 1965</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. II. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House. 1975.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Works%2C+November+1948+%E2%80%93+November+1965&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pub=8+N%C3%ABntori+Publishing+House&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Hoxha&rft.aufirst=Enver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fhoxha%2Fworks%2Febooks%2Fsw%2Fvol2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoxha1980a" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/ebooks/sw/vol3.pdf"><i>Selected Works, June 1960 – October 1965</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. III. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House. 1980a.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Works%2C+June+1960+%E2%80%93+October+1965&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pub=8+N%C3%ABntori+Publishing+House&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Hoxha&rft.aufirst=Enver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fhoxha%2Fworks%2Febooks%2Fsw%2Fvol3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoxha1982a" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/ebooks/sw/vol4.pdf"><i>Selected Works, February 1966 – July 1975</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. IV. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House. 1982a.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Works%2C+February+1966+%E2%80%93+July+1975&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pub=8+N%C3%ABntori+Publishing+House&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Hoxha&rft.aufirst=Enver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fhoxha%2Fworks%2Febooks%2Fsw%2Fvol4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoxha1985a" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/ebooks/sw/vol5.pdf"><i>Selected Works, November 1976 – June 1980</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. V. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House. 1985a.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Works%2C+November+1976+%E2%80%93+June+1980&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pub=8+N%C3%ABntori+Publishing+House&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Hoxha&rft.aufirst=Enver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fhoxha%2Fworks%2Febooks%2Fsw%2Fvol5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoxha1987" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/ebooks/sw/vol6.pdf"><i>Selected Works, July 1980 – December 1984</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. VI. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House. 1987.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Works%2C+July+1980+%E2%80%93+December+1984&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pub=8+N%C3%ABntori+Publishing+House&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Hoxha&rft.aufirst=Enver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fhoxha%2Fworks%2Febooks%2Fsw%2Fvol6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoxha1976" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/albania/challenges.pdf"><i>Albania Challenges Khrushchev Revisionism</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York: Gamma Publishing Co. 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania+Challenges+Khrushchev+Revisionism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Gamma+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Hoxha&rft.aufirst=Enver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Ferol%2Falbania%2Fchallenges.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoxha1978" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/imp_rev/toc.htm"><i>Imperialism and the Revolution</i></a>. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House. 1978.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperialism+and+the+Revolution&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pub=8+N%C3%ABntori+Publishing+House&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Hoxha&rft.aufirst=Enver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fhoxha%2Fworks%2Fimp_rev%2Ftoc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoxha1979a" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/ebooks/reflections_on_china_volume_1.pdf"><i>Reflections on China</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. I. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House. 1979a.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+China&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pub=8+N%C3%ABntori+Publishing+House&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Hoxha&rft.aufirst=Enver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fhoxha%2Fworks%2Febooks%2Freflections_on_china_volume_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoxha1979b" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/ebooks/reflections_on_china_volume_2.pdf"><i>Reflections on China</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. II. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House. 1979b.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+China&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pub=8+N%C3%ABntori+Publishing+House&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Hoxha&rft.aufirst=Enver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fhoxha%2Fworks%2Febooks%2Freflections_on_china_volume_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoxha1980b" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enver-hoxha.net/content/content_english/books/books-the_khrushchevites.htm"><i>The Khrushchevites</i></a>. Tirana: The Institutes of Marxist-Leninist Studies at the CC of the PLA. 1980b.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Khrushchevites&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pub=The+Institutes+of+Marxist-Leninist+Studies+at+the+CC+of+the+PLA&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Hoxha&rft.aufirst=Enver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enver-hoxha.net%2Fcontent%2Fcontent_english%2Fbooks%2Fbooks-the_khrushchevites.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoxha1981" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/stalin/intro.htm"><i>With Stalin</i></a>. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House. 1981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Stalin&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pub=8+N%C3%ABntori+Publishing+House&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Hoxha&rft.aufirst=Enver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fhoxha%2Fworks%2Fstalin%2Fintro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoxha1982b" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bannedthought.net/Albania/Hoxha/TheTitoites-EnverHoxha-1982.pdf"><i>The Titoites</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: Workers' Publishing House. 1982b.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Titoites&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Workers%27+Publishing+House&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Hoxha&rft.aufirst=Enver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bannedthought.net%2FAlbania%2FHoxha%2FTheTitoites-EnverHoxha-1982.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoxha1982c" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/ebooks/the_anglo-american_threat_to_albania.pdf"><i>The Anglo-American Threat to Albania</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House. 1982c.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-American+Threat+to+Albania&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pub=8+N%C3%ABntori+Publishing+House&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Hoxha&rft.aufirst=Enver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fhoxha%2Fworks%2Febooks%2Fthe_anglo-american_threat_to_albania.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoxha1985b" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/ebooks/two_friendly_peoples.pdf"><i>Two Friendly Peoples</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House. 1985b.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Friendly+Peoples&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pub=8+N%C3%ABntori+Publishing+House&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Hoxha&rft.aufirst=Enver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fhoxha%2Fworks%2Febooks%2Ftwo_friendly_peoples.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoxha1986" class="citation book cs1"><i>The Superpowers 1959–1984</i>. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House. 1986.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Superpowers+1959%E2%80%931984&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pub=8+N%C3%ABntori+Publishing+House&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Hoxha&rft.aufirst=Enver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Resistance_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Resistance of World War II">Albanian Resistance of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">Autarky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">History of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Albania" title="Human rights in Albania">Human rights in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Martyrs%27_Cemetery_of_Albania" title="National Martyrs' Cemetery of Albania">National Martyrs' Cemetery of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Tirana" title="Pyramid of Tirana">Pyramid of Tirana</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is uncertainty over Hoxha's true date of birth. <a href="#CITEREFFevziu2016">Fevziu (2016)</a>, p. 10 notes: "No fewer than five different dates are to be found in the Central State Archives [of Albania] alone."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele2016" class="citation news cs1">Steele, Jonathan (30 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/apr/30/enver-hoxha-iron-fist-of-albania-blendi-fevziu-review">"Enver Hoxha: The Iron Fist of Albania by Blendi Fevziu review – the People's Republic tyrant"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Enver+Hoxha%3A+The+Iron+Fist+of+Albania+by+Blendi+Fevziu+review+%E2%80%93+the+People%27s+Republic+tyrant&rft.date=2016-04-30&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2016%2Fapr%2F30%2Fenver-hoxha-iron-fist-of-albania-blendi-fevziu-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2012-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2012_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGürpınar2012_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGürpınar2012">Gürpınar 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipa1990262-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipa1990262_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipa1990262_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipa1990">Pipa 1990</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFevziu201722-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFevziu201722_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFevziu2017">Fevziu 2017</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDervishi2012136-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDervishi2012136_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDervishi2012">Dervishi 2012</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDervishi2016188-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDervishi2016188_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDervishi2016188_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDervishi2016">Dervishi 2016</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoxha197432,_note_1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoxha197432,_note_1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoxha1974">Hoxha 1974</a>, p. 32, note 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoxha197434,_35,_note_2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoxha197434,_35,_note_2_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoxha1974">Hoxha 1974</a>, p. 34, 35, note 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDervishi2016189-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDervishi2016189_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDervishi2016">Dervishi 2016</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Liri_Belishova" title="Liri Belishova">Liri Belishova</a>, interviewed by Elisabeta Ilnica, "E vërteta për Enverin" (The truth about Enver), <i>Panorama</i> newspaper, 13 January 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoxha19743,_note_1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoxha19743,_note_1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoxha1974">Hoxha 1974</a>, p. 3, note 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoxha19743–30-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoxha19743–30_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoxha1974">Hoxha 1974</a>, pp. 3–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoxha197431–38-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoxha197431–38_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoxha1974">Hoxha 1974</a>, pp. 31–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoxha197436-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoxha197436_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoxha1974">Hoxha 1974</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1999128–129-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer1999128–129_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer1999">Fischer 1999</a>, pp. 128–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html">"Of Enver Hoxha And Major Ivanov"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 28 April 1985. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Of+Enver+Hoxha+And+Major+Ivanov&rft.date=1985-04-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernd J Fischer. "Resistance in Albania during the Second World War: Partisans, Nationalists and the S.O.E.", <i>East European Quarterly</i> 25 (1991)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell19999-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell19999_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Donnell1999">O'Donnell 1999</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeloff1985192-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeloff1985192_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeloff1985">Beloff 1985</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199910–11-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199910–11_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Donnell1999">O'Donnell 1999</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199912-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199912_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Donnell1999">O'Donnell 1999</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803125217605">"Koçi Xoxe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Reference">Oxford Reference</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Reference&rft.atitle=Ko%C3%A7i+Xoxe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803125217605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers1999164-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers1999164_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVickers1999">Vickers 1999</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor_&_Francis_Group2004" class="citation book cs1">Taylor & Francis Group (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wGA4o-UhAfgC&pg=PA441"><i>Europa World Year</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-254-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-254-1"><bdi>978-1-85743-254-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europa+World+Year&rft.pages=441&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-254-1&rft.au=Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwGA4o-UhAfgC%26pg%3DPA441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KCMUAQAAMAAJ&q=Albanians+celebrate+their+independence+day+on+28+November+(which+is+the+date+on+which+they+declared+their+independence+from+the+Ottoman+Empire+in+1912),+while+in+the+former+People's+Socialist+Republic+of+Albania+the+national+day+was+29+Novembe"><i>Daily Report: East Europe</i></a>. The Service. 1987. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Report%3A+East+Europe&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=The+Service&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKCMUAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DAlbanians%2Bcelebrate%2Btheir%2Bindependence%2Bday%2Bon%2B28%2BNovember%2B%28which%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bdate%2Bon%2Bwhich%2Bthey%2Bdeclared%2Btheir%2Bindependence%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2BOttoman%2BEmpire%2Bin%2B1912%29%2C%2Bwhile%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bformer%2BPeople%27s%2BSocialist%2BRepublic%2Bof%2BAlbania%2Bthe%2Bnational%2Bday%2Bwas%2B29%2BNovembe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229124657/https://www.bankofalbania.org/Press/2022_Official_Bank_Holidays_Schedule/">"2022 Official Bank Holiday Schedule"</a>. <i>www.bankofalbania.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bankofalbania.org/Press/2022_Official_Bank_Holidays_Schedule/">the original</a> on 29 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bankofalbania.org&rft.atitle=2022+Official+Bank+Holiday+Schedule&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bankofalbania.org%2FPress%2F2022_Official_Bank_Holidays_Schedule%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoxha1974">Hoxha 1974</a>, p. 599, "Speech Delivered at the Plenary Session of the Paris Peace Conference"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarmullaku197593–94-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarmullaku197593–94_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarmullaku1975">Marmullaku 1975</a>, pp. 93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Library_of_Congress-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Congress_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/93042885/"><i>Albania a country study</i></a> (2nd ed.). [Washington, D.C.]: Library of Congress. 2014. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781490406244" title="Special:BookSources/9781490406244"><bdi>9781490406244</bdi></a>. <q>Illiteracy declined from perhaps 85 percent in 1946 to 31 percent in 1950.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania+a+country+study&rft.place=%5BWashington%2C+D.C.%5D&rft.pages=45&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781490406244&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F93042885%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+al0059)">"Library of Congress Country Studies"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bal0059%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerritt2010" class="citation book cs1">Perritt, Henry H. (1 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SlHqkxGk4Q8C&dq=Early+Planners+in+Exile%2C+encouraged+sporadically+by+Enver+Hoxha%27s+Albanian+intelligence+services%2C+worked+hard+at+developing+support+for+an+independent+Kosovo+but+were+largely+regarded+as+radical+movements+on+the+political+fringes.&pg=PA22"><i>Kosovo Liberation Army: The Inside Story of an Insurgency</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-09213-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-09213-8"><bdi>978-0-252-09213-8</bdi></a>. <q>Early Planners in Exile, encouraged sporadically by Enver Hoxha's Albanian intelligence services, worked hard at developing support for an independent Kosovo but were largely regarded as radical movements on the political fringes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo+Liberation+Army%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+an+Insurgency&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-252-09213-8&rft.aulast=Perritt&rft.aufirst=Henry+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSlHqkxGk4Q8C%26dq%3DEarly%2BPlanners%2Bin%2BExile%252C%2Bencouraged%2Bsporadically%2Bby%2BEnver%2BHoxha%2527s%2BAlbanian%2Bintelligence%2Bservices%252C%2Bworked%2Bhard%2Bat%2Bdeveloping%2Bsupport%2Bfor%2Ban%2Bindependent%2BKosovo%2Bbut%2Bwere%2Blargely%2Bregarded%2Bas%2Bradical%2Bmovements%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bpolitical%2Bfringes.%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFusonie1970" class="citation book cs1">Fusonie, Alan Edward M. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e50qAQAAIAAJ"><i>Charles Telford Erickson: American Friend of Albania</i></a>. Catholic University of America. p. 171<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Telford+Erickson%3A+American+Friend+of+Albania&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Fusonie&rft.aufirst=Alan+Edward+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De50qAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120910030828/http://www.radiovaticana.org/ALB/Articolo.asp?c=360125">"Shqipëri: 26 shkurt 1951 regjimi komunist ekzekuton 22 intelektualë s…"</a>. <i>archive.ph</i>. 10 September 2012. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.ph&rft.atitle=Shqip%C3%ABri%3A+26+shkurt+1951+regjimi+komunist+ekzekuton+22+intelektual%C3%AB+s%E2%80%A6&rft.date=2012-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiovaticana.org%2FALB%2FArticolo.asp%3Fc%3D360125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGjonça2001">Gjonça 2001</a>, p. 15 "20.1% of the population was infected."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECikuli198433-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECikuli198433_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECikuli198433_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCikuli1984">Cikuli 1984</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGjoncaWilsonFalkingham1997" class="citation journal cs1">Gjonca, Arjan; Wilson, Chris; Falkingham, Jane (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2137576">"Paradoxes of Health Transition in Europe's Poorest Country: Albania 1950–90"</a>. <i>Population and Development Review</i>. <b>23</b> (3): 585–609. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2137576">10.2307/2137576</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0098-7921">0098-7921</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2137576">2137576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population+and+Development+Review&rft.atitle=Paradoxes+of+Health+Transition+in+Europe%27s+Poorest+Country%3A+Albania+1950%E2%80%9390&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=585-609&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=0098-7921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2137576%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2137576&rft.aulast=Gjonca&rft.aufirst=Arjan&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Chris&rft.au=Falkingham%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2137576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199919-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199919_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199919_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Donnell1999">O'Donnell 1999</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPano1968101-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPano1968101_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPano1968">Pano 1968</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanjaToçi197966-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanjaToçi197966_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanjaToçi1979">Banja & Toçi 1979</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ranko Petković, "Yugoslavia and Albania", in <i>Yugoslav-Albanian Relations</i>, trans. Zvonko Petnicki and Darinka Petković (Belgrade): Review of International Affairs, 1984, 274–275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoxha198192-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoxha198192_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoxha1981">Hoxha 1981</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199922-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199922_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199922_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Donnell1999">O'Donnell 1999</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purge-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Purge_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Hodos1987" class="citation book cs1">George Hodos (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kXj3SpPlyX0C&pg=PA10"><i>Show Trials: Stalinist Purges in Eastern Europe, 1948–1954</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275927837" title="Special:BookSources/9780275927837"><bdi>9780275927837</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Show+Trials%3A+Stalinist+Purges+in+Eastern+Europe%2C+1948%E2%80%931954&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780275927837&rft.au=George+Hodos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkXj3SpPlyX0C%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFevziu2016146-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFevziu2016146_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFevziu2016">Fevziu 2016</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Economist</i> 179 (16 June 1956): 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the "socialist division of labor" see: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1163">The International Socialist Division of Labor (7 June 1962)</a>, German History in Documents and Images.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Institute_of_Marxist–Leninist_Studies_at_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Party_of_Labour_of_Albania1982">The Institute of Marxist–Leninist Studies at the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania 1982</a>, p. 296</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffith196322-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffith196322_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffith1963">Griffith 1963</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiberaj198627-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiberaj198627_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiberaj1986">Biberaj 1986</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarku2019" class="citation journal cs1">Marku, Ylber (30 May 2019). "Communist Relations in Crisis: The End of Soviet-Albanian Relations, and the Sino-Soviet Split, 1960–1961". <i>The International History Review</i>. <b>42</b> (4): 813–832. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2019.1620825">10.1080/07075332.2019.1620825</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0707-5332">0707-5332</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191900853">191900853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=Communist+Relations+in+Crisis%3A+The+End+of+Soviet-Albanian+Relations%2C+and+the+Sino-Soviet+Split%2C+1960%E2%80%931961&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=813-832&rft.date=2019-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191900853%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0707-5332&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.2019.1620825&rft.aulast=Marku&rft.aufirst=Ylber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199946-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199946_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Donnell1999">O'Donnell 1999</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199946–47-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199946–47_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Donnell1999">O'Donnell 1999</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalbott1970">Talbott 1970</a>, pp. 475–476</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoxha1980b-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoxha1980b_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoxha1980b">Hoxha 1980b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoxha1976109,_note_2,_110-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoxha1976109,_note_2,_110_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoxha1976">Hoxha 1976</a>, pp. 109, note 2, 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Institute_of_Marxist–Leninist_Studies_at_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Party_of_Labour_of_Albania1982">The Institute of Marxist–Leninist Studies at the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania 1982</a>, pp. 451–474 Chapter 13: The Final Act</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Institute_of_Marxist–Leninist_Studies_at_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Party_of_Labour_of_Albania1982">The Institute of Marxist–Leninist Studies at the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania 1982</a>, p. 359, "the Albanian people and their Party of Labour will even live on grass if need be, but they will never sell themselves 'for 30 pieces of silver', ... They would rather die honourably on their feet than live in shame on their knees."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170917171111/http://shqiptarja.com/speciale/2751/ekskluzive-hapet-dosja-ja-harta-e-bunkereve-e-tuneleve-sekrete-257289.html">"Hapet dosja, ja harta e bunkerëve dhe tuneleve sekretë"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shqiptarja.com/speciale/2751/ekskluzive-hapet-dosja-ja-harta-e-bunkereve-e-tuneleve-sekrete-257289.html">the original</a> on 17 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hapet+dosja%2C+ja+harta+e+bunker%C3%ABve+dhe+tuneleve+sekret%C3%AB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshqiptarja.com%2Fspeciale%2F2751%2Fekskluzive-hapet-dosja-ja-harta-e-bunkereve-e-tuneleve-sekrete-257289.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoxha1978-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoxha1978_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoxha1978">Hoxha 1978</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kanuni i Lekë Dukagjinit</i> [The Code of Lekë Dukagjini] (Prishtinë, Kosove: Rilindja, 1972): bk. 3, chap. 5, no. 29, 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kanuni i Lekë Dukagjinit</i> [The Code of Lekë Dukagjini], bk. 10, chap. 22, no. 130, secs. 936–937, 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapajorgi1970130-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPapajorgi1970130_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPapajorgi1970">Papajorgi 1970</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBegeja198461-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBegeja198461_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBegeja1984">Begeja 1984</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/93042885/">"Albania : a country study"</a>. <i>Library of Congress, Washington, D.C</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.atitle=Albania+%3A+a+country+study&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F93042885%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmadi1992" class="citation journal cs1">Emadi, Hafizullah (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4397859">"Women's Emancipation and Strategy of Development in Albania"</a>. <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. <b>27</b> (19): 999–1002. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9976">0012-9976</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4397859">4397859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Women%27s+Emancipation+and+Strategy+of+Development+in+Albania&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=999-1002&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4397859%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0012-9976&rft.aulast=Emadi&rft.aufirst=Hafizullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4397859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Directorate of Statistics at the State Planning Commission, <i>35 Years of Socialist Albania</i> (Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House, 1981), 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELogoreci1978158-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogoreci1978158_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLogoreci1978">Logoreci 1978</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>An Outline of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania</i>. Tirana: The 8 Nëntori Publishing House, 1978.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolloPuto1981">Pollo & Puto 1981</a>, p. 280</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers1999224-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers1999224_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVickers1999">Vickers 1999</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mehmet Shehu, "The Magnificent Balance of Victories in the Course of 35 Years of Socialist Albania", Speech (Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House, 1979), p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629043530/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A61698-2005Jan9?language=printer">Albania's Chemical Cache Raises Fears About Others</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, 10 January 2005, p. A01</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoxha1979b517-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoxha1979b517_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoxha1979b">Hoxha 1979b</a>, p. 517.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kosta Koçi, interview with James S. O'Donnell, <i>A Coming of Age: Albania under Enver Hoxha</i>, Tape recording, Tirana, 12 April 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenny1993" class="citation book cs1">Glenny, Misha (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eX8UAQAAIAAJ&q=hoxhaist+salute"><i>The Rebirth of History: Eastern Europe in the Age of Democracy</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140172867" title="Special:BookSources/9780140172867"><bdi>9780140172867</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rebirth+of+History%3A+Eastern+Europe+in+the+Age+of+Democracy&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780140172867&rft.aulast=Glenny&rft.aufirst=Misha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeX8UAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dhoxhaist%2Bsalute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medals.org.uk/albania/albania-pr/albania-pr021.htm">"ODM of Albania: Title "Mother Heroine"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.medals.org.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.medals.org.uk&rft.atitle=ODM+of+Albania%3A+Title+%22Mother+Heroine%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medals.org.uk%2Falbania%2Falbania-pr%2Falbania-pr021.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsh1974238-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsh1974238_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsh1974">Ash 1974</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/doc/albani1.doc">"Albania – Abortion Policy – United Nations"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albania+%E2%80%93+Abortion+Policy+%E2%80%93+United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fesa%2Fpopulation%2Fpublications%2Fabortion%2Fdoc%2Falbani1.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoxha1980b">Hoxha 1980b</a>, pp. 231–234, 240–250, "My First and Last Visit to China"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiberaj198640-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiberaj198640_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiberaj1986">Biberaj 1986</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamm196345-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamm196345_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamm196345_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamm1963">Hamm 1963</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearson2006628-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearson2006628_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPearson2006">Pearson 2006</a>, p. 628.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiberaj198648-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiberaj198648_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiberaj1986">Biberaj 1986</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sino-Albanian Joint Statement", <i>Peking Review</i> (17 January 1964) 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199968-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199968_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell199968_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Donnell1999">O'Donnell 1999</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiberaj198649-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiberaj198649_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiberaj1986">Biberaj 1986</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamm196343-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamm196343_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamm1963">Hamm 1963</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiberaj198658-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiberaj198658_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiberaj1986">Biberaj 1986</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoxha1982a">Hoxha 1982a</a>, pp. 666–668.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiberaj198690-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiberaj198690_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiberaj1986">Biberaj 1986</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoxha1979a">Hoxha 1979a</a>, p. 656</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoxha1979b">Hoxha 1979b</a>, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiberaj198698–99-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiberaj198698–99_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiberaj1986">Biberaj 1986</a>, pp. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoxha1979b">Hoxha 1979b</a>, p. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell1999129-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell1999129_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Donnell1999">O'Donnell 1999</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond E. 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Washington, D.C.: The American University (Foreign Area Studies), 1971.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinnesota_Lawyers_International_Human_Rights_Committee1990">Minnesota Lawyers International Human Rights Committee 1990</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James S. O'Donnell, "Albania's Sigurimi: The ultimate agents of social control" <i>Problems of Post-Communism</i> #42 (Nov/Dec 1995): 5p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">15 Feb 1994 <i>The Washington Times</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"WHPSI": The World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators by Charles Lewis Taylor</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">8 July 1997, <i>The New York Times</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinnesota_Lawyers_International_Human_Rights_Committee1990">Minnesota Lawyers International Human Rights Committee 1990</a>, pp. 46–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell1999134-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell1999134_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Donnell1999">O'Donnell 1999</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinnesota_Lawyers_International_Human_Rights_Committee1990">Minnesota Lawyers International Human Rights Committee 1990</a>, p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinnesota_Lawyers_International_Human_Rights_Committee1990">Minnesota Lawyers International Human Rights Committee 1990</a>, pp. 50–53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLogoreci1978">Logoreci 1978</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFevziu2017" class="citation book cs1">Fevziu, Blendi (2017). <i>Enver Hoxha : the iron fist of Albania</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781784539702" title="Special:BookSources/9781784539702"><bdi>9781784539702</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1000295419">1000295419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enver+Hoxha+%3A+the+iron+fist+of+Albania&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1000295419&rft.isbn=9781784539702&rft.aulast=Fevziu&rft.aufirst=Blendi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Enver Hoxha, "The Communists Lead by Means of Example, Sacrifices, Abnegation: Discussion in the Organization of the Party, Sector C, of the 'Enver' Plant", 2 March 1967, in Hoxha, E., Vepra, n. 35, Tirana, 1982, pp. 130–131. "In this matter violence, exaggerated or inflated actions must be condemned. Here it is necessary to use persuasion and only persuasion, political and ideological work, so that the ground is prepared for each concrete action against religion."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-170.html">"Albania – The Cultural and Ideological Revolution"</a>. <i>www.country-data.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.country-data.com&rft.atitle=Albania+%E2%80%93+The+Cultural+and+Ideological+Revolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.country-data.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr-170.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoxha1969" class="citation book cs1">Hoxha, Enver (1969). <i>Speeches, Conversations, and Articles: 1967–1968</i>. Tirana: The Naim Frashëri Publishing House. p. 195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speeches%2C+Conversations%2C+and+Articles%3A+1967%E2%80%931968&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=The+Naim+Frash%C3%ABri+Publishing+House&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Hoxha&rft.aufirst=Enver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamm1992" class="citation news cs1">Kamm, Henry (27 March 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/27/world/albania-s-clerics-lead-a-rebirth.html">"Albania's Clerics Lead a Rebirth"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Albania%27s+Clerics+Lead+a+Rebirth&rft.date=1992-03-27&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Kamm&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F03%2F27%2Fworld%2Falbania-s-clerics-lead-a-rebirth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, p. 233 "the country". Henceforth, Hoxha announced, the only religion would be "Albanianism".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_115-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_115-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_115-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_115-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalatiaWatkinson2004">Galatia & Watkinson 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schwandner2-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schwandner2_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schwandner2_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwandner-SieversFischer2002">Schwandner-Sievers & Fischer 2002</a>, p. 96 "but when Enver Hoxha declared that their origin was Illyrian (without denying their Pelasgian roots), no one dared participate in further discussion of the question".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEya1997">Eya 1997</a>, p. 196 "From time to time the state gave out lists with pagan, supposed Illyrian or newly constructed names that would be proper for the new generation of revolutionaries."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadgearuGordon2008">Madgearu & Gordon 2008</a>, p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwandner-SieversFischer2002">Schwandner-Sievers & Fischer 2002</a>, p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellediPoloniCasalottiConterio2000" class="citation journal cs1">Belledi, Michele; Poloni, Estella S.; Casalotti, Rosa; Conterio, Franco; Mikerezi, Ilia; Tagliavini, James; Excoffier, Laurent (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5200443">"Maternal and paternal lineages in Albania and the genetic structure of Indo-European populations"</a>. <i>European Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>8</b> (7). Macmillan: 480–486. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5200443">10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200443</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10909846">10909846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Maternal+and+paternal+lineages+in+Albania+and+the+genetic+structure+of+Indo-European+populations&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=480-486&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5200443&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10909846&rft.aulast=Belledi&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft.au=Poloni%2C+Estella+S.&rft.au=Casalotti%2C+Rosa&rft.au=Conterio%2C+Franco&rft.au=Mikerezi%2C+Ilia&rft.au=Tagliavini%2C+James&rft.au=Excoffier%2C+Laurent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fsj.ejhg.5200443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBideleuxJeffries2007">Bideleux & Jeffries 2007</a>, p. 23 "they thus claim to be the oldest indigenous people of the western Balkans".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBideleuxJeffries2007">Bideleux & Jeffries 2007</a>, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bon-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bon_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bon_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bon_123-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBönker2016">Bönker 2016</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Enver Hoxha, <i>Report on the Activity of the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania</i> (Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House, 1977), 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gadling.com/2008/06/26/letter-from-albania-enver-hoxhas-legacy-and-the-question-of-t/">Letter from Albania: Enver Hoxha's legacy, and the question of tourism</a>: "The bunkers were just one component of Hoxha's aim to arm the entire country against enemy invaders. Gun training used to be a part of school, I was told, and every family was expected to have a cache of weapons. Soon, Albania became awash in guns and other armaments – . Subsequently the country decommissioned huge stockpiles of ammunition as part of its new NATO obligations."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiberaj1986">Biberaj 1986</a>, 162n</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersen" class="citation web cs1">Andersen, Bjoern. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bjoerna.dk/dokumentation/Albanian-Constitution-1976.htm">"The Albanian Constitution of 1976"</a>. <i>bjoerna.dk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bjoerna.dk&rft.atitle=The+Albanian+Constitution+of+1976&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=Bjoern&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbjoerna.dk%2Fdokumentation%2FAlbanian-Constitution-1976.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoxha, <i>Report on the Activity of the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania</i>, 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Directorate of the Intelligence of the Central Intelligence Agency, <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i> (Washington: <a href="/wiki/Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Printing Office">Government Printing Office</a>, 1986), 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Donnell1999">O'Donnell 1999</a>, pp. 198–201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVickers1999">Vickers 1999</a>, pp. 207–208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlain, Greg (18 October 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/18/books/the-truest-believer.html?sec=&spon=">"The Truest Believer"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. "Hoxha, who died in 1985, was one of the most verbose statesmen of modern times and pressed more than 50 volumes of opinions, diaries and dogma on his long-suffering people, the poorest in Europe."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/12/world/enver-hoxha-dies-albanian-leader.html">"Enver Hoxha Dies; Albanian Leader"</a>. Reuters. <i>The New York Times</i>. 12 April 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-04-16-8501220351-story.html">"Albania mourns loss of Hoxha"</a>. <i>chicagotribune.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a>. 16 April 1985.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chicagotribune.com&rft.atitle=Albania+mourns+loss+of+Hoxha&rft.date=1985-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fct-xpm-1985-04-16-8501220351-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-04-13-mn-12184-story.html">"Albania Rejects Kremlin Condolences on Hoxha Death"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. 13 April 1985.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Albania+Rejects+Kremlin+Condolences+on+Hoxha+Death&rft.date=1985-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1985-04-13-mn-12184-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmetzer1985" class="citation web cs1">Schmetzer, Uli (12 April 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-04-12-8501220002-story.html">"Albania communist leader Hoxha dies"</a>. <i>chicagotribune.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chicagotribune.com&rft.atitle=Albania+communist+leader+Hoxha+dies&rft.date=1985-04-12&rft.aulast=Schmetzer&rft.aufirst=Uli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fct-xpm-1985-04-12-8501220002-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/04/15/Albanian-leader-Enver-Hoxha-buried/8546482389200/">"Albanian leader Enver Hoxha buried"</a>. 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It's a Thankless Job"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Hoxha+era+ends+in+Albania+%E2%80%93+archive%2C+1985&rft.date=2019-04-12&rft.aulast=Chamberlain&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fapr%2F12%2Fhoxha-era-ends-in-albania-archive-1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia.com-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia.com_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/hoxha-enver-1908-1985">"Hoxha, Enver 1908-1985"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hoxha%2C+Enver+1908-1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Farts%2Feducational-magazines%2Fhoxha-enver-1908-1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dirreslajm.al-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dirreslajm.al_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://durreslajm.al/politike/foto-nga-enveri-te-jozefina-k%C3%ABshtu-moska-dekoron-t%C3%AB-besuarit-e-saj">"Foto/ Nga Enveri te Jozefina, kështu Moska dekoron të besuarit e saj"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foto%2F+Nga+Enveri+te+Jozefina%2C+k%C3%ABshtu+Moska+dekoron+t%C3%AB+besuarit+e+saj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdurreslajm.al%2Fpolitike%2Ffoto-nga-enveri-te-jozefina-k%25C3%25ABshtu-moska-dekoron-t%25C3%25AB-besuarit-e-saj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsh1974" class="citation book cs1">Ash, William (1974). <i>Pickaxe and Rifle: The Story of the Albanian People</i>. London: Howard Baker Press Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pickaxe+and+Rifle%3A+The+Story+of+the+Albanian+People&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Howard+Baker+Press+Ltd&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Ash&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanjaToçi1979" class="citation book cs1">Banja, Hansa; Toçi, V. (1979). <i>Socialist Albania on the Road to Industrialization</i>. Tirena: 8 Nëntori Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialist+Albania+on+the+Road+to+Industrialization&rft.place=Tirena&rft.pub=8+N%C3%ABntori+Publishing+House&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Banja&rft.aufirst=Hansa&rft.au=To%C3%A7i%2C+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBessemer2006" class="citation book cs1">Bessemer, Dirk J., ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=67Hoe3h5XqsC&q=albanian+economy"><i>On Eagle's Wings: The Albanian Economy in Transition</i></a>. Nova Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1600210723" title="Special:BookSources/978-1600210723"><bdi>978-1600210723</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Eagle%27s+Wings%3A+The+Albanian+Economy+in+Transition&rft.pub=Nova+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1600210723&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D67Hoe3h5XqsC%26q%3Dalbanian%2Beconomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBegeja1984" class="citation book cs1">Begeja, Ksanthipi (1984). <i>The Family in the People's Socialist Republic of Albania</i>. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Family+in+the+People%27s+Socialist+Republic+of+Albania&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pub=8+N%C3%ABntori+Publishing+House&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Begeja&rft.aufirst=Ksanthipi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeloff1985" class="citation book cs1">Beloff, Nora (1985). <i>Tito's Flawed Legacy</i>. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-575-03668-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-575-03668-0"><bdi>978-0-575-03668-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tito%27s+Flawed+Legacy&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-575-03668-0&rft.aulast=Beloff&rft.aufirst=Nora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiberaj1986" class="citation book cs1">Biberaj, Elez (1986). <i>Albania and China: A Study of an Unequal Alliance</i>. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-813-37230-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-813-37230-3"><bdi>978-0-813-37230-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania+and+China%3A+A+Study+of+an+Unequal+Alliance&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-813-37230-3&rft.aulast=Biberaj&rft.aufirst=Elez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBideleuxJeffries2007" class="citation book cs1">Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkanspostcommu0000bide"><i>The Balkans: a post-communist history</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22962-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22962-3"><bdi>978-0-415-22962-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans%3A+a+post-communist+history&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-22962-3&rft.aulast=Bideleux&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Jeffries%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbalkanspostcommu0000bide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBönker2016" class="citation book cs1">Bönker, Kirsten (2016). <i>Television Beyond and Across the Iron Curtain</i>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1443816434" title="Special:BookSources/978-1443816434"><bdi>978-1443816434</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Television+Beyond+and+Across+the+Iron+Curtain&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1443816434&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6nker&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCikuli1984" class="citation book cs1">Cikuli, Zisa (1984). <i>Health Care in the People's Republic of Albania</i>. Tirena: 8 Nëntori Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001ACECPG">B001ACECPG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health+Care+in+the+People%27s+Republic+of+Albania&rft.place=Tirena&rft.pub=8+N%C3%ABntori+Publishing+House&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB001ACECPG%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Cikuli&rft.aufirst=Zisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEya1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eya, Peppa (1997). <i>Oi Alvanoi : neoterē kai synchronē istoria</i> (in Greek). Odysseas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9602102794" title="Special:BookSources/978-9602102794"><bdi>978-9602102794</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/880487556">880487556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oi+Alvanoi+%3A+neoter%C4%93+kai+synchron%C4%93+istoria&rft.pub=Odysseas&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F880487556&rft.isbn=978-9602102794&rft.aulast=Eya&rft.aufirst=Peppa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDervishi2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kastriot_Dervishi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kastriot Dervishi (page does not exist)">Dervishi, Kastriot</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180212004907/http://www.botimpex.com/genre/History#.Wn-Pfbzibcc"><i>The communist movement in the 1924–1944 years and the establishment of ACP's</i></a>. Tirana: 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9928106384" title="Special:BookSources/978-9928106384"><bdi>978-9928106384</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botimpex.com/genre/History#.Wn-Pfbzibcc">the original</a> on 12 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+communist+movement+in+the+1924%E2%80%931944+years+and+the+establishment+of+ACP%27s&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pub=55&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-9928106384&rft.aulast=Dervishi&rft.aufirst=Kastriot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.botimpex.com%2Fgenre%2FHistory%23.Wn-Pfbzibcc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1999" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Bernd J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42039895"><i>Albania at War, 1939–1945</i></a>. London: Hurst. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-531-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-531-6"><bdi>1-85065-531-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42039895">42039895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania+at+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42039895&rft.isbn=1-85065-531-6&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Bernd+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F42039895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGürpınar2012" class="citation journal cs1">Gürpınar, Doğan (2012). "What is in a Name? 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Tirana: 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9994356225" title="Special:BookSources/978-9994356225"><bdi>978-9994356225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kryeministrat+dhe+ministrat+e+shtetit+shqiptar+n%C3%AB+100+vjet&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pub=55&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9994356225&rft.aulast=Dervishi&rft.aufirst=Kastriot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6jXOmAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFevziu2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Blendi_Fevziu" title="Blendi Fevziu">Fevziu, Blendi</a> (2016). <i>Enver Hoxha: The Iron Fist of Albania</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. 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Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-105-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-105-2"><bdi>978-1-84511-105-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-105-2&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Owen+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD4wx7kQp4bgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipa1990" class="citation book cs1">Pipa, Arshi (1990). <i>Albanian Stalinism</i>. East European Monographs. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-184-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-184-5"><bdi>978-0-88033-184-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albanian+Stalinism&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.series=East+European+Monographs&rft.pub=East+European+Monographs&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-184-5&rft.aulast=Pipa&rft.aufirst=Arshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolloPuto1981" class="citation book cs1">Pollo, Stephanaq; Puto, Arben (1981). <i>History of Albania: From Its Origins to the Present Day</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710003652" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710003652"><bdi>978-0710003652</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Albania%3A+From+Its+Origins+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0710003652&rft.aulast=Pollo&rft.aufirst=Stephanaq&rft.au=Puto%2C+Arben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwandner-SieversFischer2002" class="citation book cs1">Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd Jürgen, eds. (2002). <i>Albanian Identities: Myth and History</i>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253341891" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253341891"><bdi>978-0253341891</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9383049M">9383049M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albanian+Identities%3A+Myth+and+History&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL9383049M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0253341891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2001" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, David (2001). <i>One world divisible : a global history since 1945</i>. W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393321081" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393321081"><bdi>978-0393321081</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/912430370">912430370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+world+divisible+%3A+a+global+history+since+1945&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F912430370&rft.isbn=978-0393321081&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbott1970" class="citation book cs1"><i>Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament</i>. Translated by Talbott, Strobe. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co. 1970.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khrushchev+Remembers%3A+The+Last+Testament&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Co.&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Institute_of_Marxist–Leninist_Studies_at_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Party_of_Labour_of_Albania1982" class="citation book cs1">The Institute of Marxist–Leninist Studies at the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ciml.250x.com/archive/pla/english/history_of_the_party_of_labour_of_albania_second_edition_eng.pdf"><i>History of the Party of Labor of Albania</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (2nd ed.). Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Party+of+Labor+of+Albania&rft.place=Tirana&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=8+N%C3%ABntori+Publishing+House&rft.date=1982&rft.au=The+Institute+of+Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist+Studies+at+the+Central+Committee+of+the+Party+of+Labour+of+Albania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fciml.250x.com%2Farchive%2Fpla%2Fenglish%2Fhistory_of_the_party_of_labour_of_albania_second_edition_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickers1999" class="citation book cs1">Vickers, Miranda (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IzI0uOZ2j6gC&q=editions:Dll7u8aahCQC"><i>The Albanians: A Modern History</i></a> (Reprint ed.). I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1860645419" title="Special:BookSources/978-1860645419"><bdi>978-1860645419</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Albanians%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1860645419&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIzI0uOZ2j6gC%26q%3Deditions%3ADll7u8aahCQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2010" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Tony (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OxcZU0ZX61UC&pg=PA49"><i>Lonely Planet Badlands: A Tourist on the Axis of Evil</i></a>. Victoria: <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74220-104-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74220-104-7"><bdi>978-1-74220-104-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lonely+Planet+Badlands%3A+A+Tourist+on+the+Axis+of+Evil&rft.place=Victoria&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-74220-104-7&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOxcZU0ZX61UC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Free – Coming of Age at the End of History" – <a href="/wiki/Lea_Ypi" title="Lea Ypi">Lea Ypi</a> – Allen Lane – 2021: "a child's memoir into the death throes of the peculiar Albanian regime".<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox 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class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" 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decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Enver_Hoxha" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Enver_Hoxha" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/index.htm">Enver Hoxha Reference Archive at marxists.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811172205/http://archive.250x.com/hoxha.html">English collection of some of Hoxha's works</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enver-hoxha.net/content/content_english/books/books.htm">Another English collection of some of Hoxha's works</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enverhoxha.ru/">A Russian site with the works of Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190519232045/http://www.enverhoxha.info/">Enver Hoxha tungjatjeta</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016173018/http://www.shtermeni.com/faqe/libra/">Disa nga Veprat e Shokut Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040803214237/http://www.albanian.com/main/history/hoxha.html">Albanian.com article on Hoxha</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muzeuimemories.info/">Virtual Memory Museum Official Website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190912083808/http://muzeuimemories.info/">Archived</a> 12 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bunkart.al/">Enver Hoxha's Underground Bunker Official Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080504160513/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,827142-1,00.html">"Albania: Stalin's heir"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>, 22 December 1961</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=cX-nwfaEWVA">Hoxha's State Funeral – 15 April 1985</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=6v_z48do7NQ">Albania Under Enver Hoxha (1982)</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">New creation</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Albania</a> </b><br />24 October 1944 – 18 July 1954 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Shehu" title="Mehmet Shehu">Mehmet Shehu</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Omer_Nishani" title="Omer Nishani">Omer Nishani</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs_(Albania)" title="Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (Albania)">Minister of Foreign Affairs of Albania</a> </b><br />1946–1953 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Behar_Shtylla" title="Behar Shtylla">Behar Shtylla</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">New creation</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania</a> </b><br />8 November 1941 – 11 April 1985 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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Noli">Fan Noli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostaq_Kotta" title="Kostaq Kotta">Kostaq Kotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Mehdi Frashëri">Mehdi Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Merlika-Kruja" title="Mustafa Merlika-Kruja">Mustafa Merlika-Kruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliq_Bushati" title="Maliq Bushati">Maliq Bushati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekrem_Libohova" title="Ekrem Libohova">Ekrem Libohova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexhep_Mitrovica" title="Rexhep Mitrovica">Rexhep Mitrovica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqri_Dine" title="Fiqri Dine">Fiqri Dine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Bi%C3%A7ak%C3%A7iu" title="Ibrahim Biçakçiu">Ibrahim Biçakçiu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Shehu" title="Mehmet Shehu">Mehmet Shehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adil_%C3%87ar%C3%A7ani" title="Adil Çarçani">Adil Çarçani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ylli_Bufi" title="Ylli Bufi">Ylli Bufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilson_Ahmeti" title="Vilson Ahmeti">Vilson Ahmeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksand%C3%ABr_Meksi" title="Aleksandër Meksi">Aleksandër Meksi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkim_Fino" title="Bashkim Fino">Fino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilir_Meta" title="Ilir Meta">Meta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeli_Majko" title="Pandeli Majko">Pandeli Majko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatos_Nano" title="Fatos Nano">Fatos Nano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sali_Berisha" title="Sali Berisha">Sali Berisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edi_Rama" title="Edi Rama">Edi Rama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Prime_Ministers_of_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Prime Ministers of Albania (page does not exist)">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism" title="Template:Communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism" title="Template talk:Communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">World communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism)" title="Socialization (Marxism)">Socialization (Marxism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_value" title="Use value">Use value</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">Variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Marxist_communism" title="Pre-Marxist communism">Pre-Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League" title="Communist League">Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">First International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Third International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">Communist Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council" title="World Peace Council">WPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">WFTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">WFDY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Students" title="International Union of Students">IUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Democratic_Federation" title="Women's International Democratic Federation">WIDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers" title="World Federation of Scientific Workers">WFSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_of_Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organisation of Journalists">IOR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Communists" title="Category:Communists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pasolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Raja" title="D. Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Berlinguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_Zizek" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavoj Zizek">Zizek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_S%C3%A1nchez_Gordillo" title="Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo">Gordillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Prashad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Zyuganov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Hatherley" title="Owen Hatherley">Hatherley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. Moufawad-Paul">Moufawad-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-left politics in the United Kingdom">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Colombia" title="Communism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_France" title="Communism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Kerala" title="Communism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Korea" title="Communism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Peru" title="Communism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_the_Philippines" title="Communism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Poland" title="Communism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of communism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Sumatra" title="Communism in Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Vietnam" title="Communism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism" title="Communist symbolism">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">Red flag (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_star" title="Red star">Red star</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">Communist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Criticism of Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_communist_theorists" title="21st-century communist theorists">21st-century communist theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_anti-communism" title="Anti anti-communism">Anti anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBTQ_rights" title="Communism and LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Marx's theory of alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania" title="National communism in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marxism–Leninism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Template:Marxism–Leninism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Template talk:Marxism–Leninism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marxism–Leninism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marxism–Leninism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative-command_system" title="Administrative-command system">Administrative-command system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensification_of_the_class_struggle_under_socialism" title="Intensification of the class struggle under socialism">Aggravation of class struggle under socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Central planning">Central planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type economic planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_heights_of_the_economy" title="Commanding heights of the economy">Commanding heights of the economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developed_socialism" title="Developed socialism">Developed socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_logic" title="Dialectical logic">Dialectical logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">Dialectical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foco" title="Foco">Foco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_aristocracy" title="Labor aristocracy">Labour aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_atheism" title="Marxist–Leninist atheism">Marxist–Leninist atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_(politics)" title="Partisan (politics)">Partiinost'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)">Self-criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_patriotism" title="Socialist patriotism">Socialist patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_patriotism" title="Soviet patriotism">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism#SFR_Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslav</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_productive_forces" title="Theory of the productive forces">Theory of the productive forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Period" title="Third Period">Third Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Wars of national liberation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_democratic_dictatorship" title="People's democratic dictatorship">People's democratic dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_democratic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="People's democratic state">People's democratic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-democratic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="National-democratic state">National-democratic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_socialist_orientation" title="State of socialist orientation">State of socialist orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state_of_the_whole_people" title="Socialist state of the whole people">Socialist state of the whole people</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_committee" title="Central committee">Central committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military_in_communist_states" title="Civilian control of the military in communist states">Civilian control of the military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party">General Secretary of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_organ_of_state_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest organ of state power">Highest organ of state power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading_role_of_the_party" title="Leading role of the party">Leading role of the party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_(administrative_office)" title="Secretariat (administrative office)">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_belt" title="Transmission belt">Transmission belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_power" title="Unified power">Unified power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Cuban</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husakism" title="Husakism">Husakism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Songun" title="Songun">Songun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea#Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism" title="Ideology of the Workers' Party of Korea">Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea#Kimjongunism" title="Ideology of the Workers' Party of Korea">Kimjongunism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Kadarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Thought" title="Gonzalo Thought">Gonzalo Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism%E2%80%93Prachanda_Path" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path">Prachanda Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantherism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantherism">Pantherism</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Intercommunalism" title="Intercommunalism">Intercommunalism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Avakian" title="Bob Avakian">New Communism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihane_Thought" title="Kaysone Phomvihane Thought">Kaysone Phomvihane Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot#Political_ideology" title="Pol Pot">Pol Potism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Sankarism" title="Sankarism">Sankarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machelism" title="Machelism">Machelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Dengism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">American</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_socialism" title="Bill of Rights socialism">Bill of Rights socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browderism" title="Browderism">Browderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovestoneites" title="Lovestoneites">Lovestoneism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Marcyism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li> <li>(<i><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ilasism" title="Đilasism">Đilasism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rankovi%C4%87ism" title="Rankovićism">Rankovićism</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_a_human_face" title="Socialism with a human face">Dubčekism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zachariadism">Zachariadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnevism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Ernst Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan" title="Khorloogiin Choibalsan">Khorloogiin Choibalsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehmetjan_Qasim" title="Ehmetjan Qasim">Ehmetjan Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_D%C3%ADaz_(politician)" title="José Díaz (politician)">José Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Thorez" title="Maurice Thorez">Maurice Thorez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Ib%C3%A1rruri" title="Dolores Ibárruri">Dolores Ibárruri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p" title="Võ Nguyên Giáp">Võ Nguyên Giáp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valko_Chervenkov" title="Valko Chervenkov">Valko Chervenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihane" title="Kaysone Phomvihane">Kaysone Phomvihane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Bakdash" title="Khalid Bakdash">Khalid Bakdash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Zachariadis" title="Nikos Zachariadis">Nikos Zachariadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agostinho_Neto" title="Agostinho Neto">Agostinho Neto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Peng" title="Chin Peng">Chin Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanz%C5%8D_Nosaka" title="Sanzō Nosaka">Sanzō Nosaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">János Kádár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bishop" title="Maurice Bishop">Maurice Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samora_Machel" title="Samora Machel">Samora Machel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Thomas Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou" title="Mathieu Kérékou">Mathieu Kérékou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Muhammad_Taraki" title="Nur Muhammad Taraki">Nur Muhammad Taraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cano" title="Alfonso Cano">Alfonso Cano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushpa_Kamal_Dahal" title="Pushpa Kamal Dahal">Pushpa Kamal Dahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohana_Wijeweera" title="Rohana Wijeweera">Rohana Wijeweera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Abimael Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Leninism" title="Foundations of Leninism">Foundations of Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_and_Historical_Materialism" title="Dialectical and Historical Materialism">Dialectical and Historical Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(Bolsheviks)" title="History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)">The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Road_to_Socialism" title="Britain's Road to Socialism">Britain's Road to Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Problems_of_Socialism_in_the_USSR" title="Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR">Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Critique_of_Soviet_Economics" title="A Critique of Soviet Economics">A Critique of Soviet Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism">Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_Warfare_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla Warfare (book)">Guerrilla Warfare</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">1927–1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1953%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)">1953–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)">1964–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)">1982–1991</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Industrialization in the Soviet Union">Industrialization in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War_(term)" title="Great Patriotic War (term)">Great Patriotic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931976)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)">1949–1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1976%E2%80%931989)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)">1976–1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1989%E2%80%932002)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002)">1989–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present)">2002–present</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Power_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power movement">Black Power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="Maoist insurgency in Turkey">Maoist insurgency in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal conflict in Peru">Internal conflict in Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambodia#Democratic_Kampuchea_(Khmer_Rouge_era)_(1975–79)" title="History of Cambodia">Cambodia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic_(1969%E2%80%931990)/Czech_Republic_(1990%E2%80%931992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Socialist Republic (1969–1990)/Czech Republic (1990–1992)">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic_(1969%E2%80%931990)/Slovak_Republic_(1990%E2%80%931992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Socialist Republic (1969–1990)/Slovak Republic (1990–1992)">Slovakia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government_(Grenada)" title="People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a>)</li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Albanian Party of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Comintern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Brazil" title="Communist Party of Brazil">Communist Party of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Communist Party of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea" title="Communist Party of Kampuchea">Communist Party of Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Communist Party of the Philippines">Communist Party of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party" title="Malayan Communist Party">Communist Party of Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochinese_Communist_Party" title="Indochinese Communist Party">Indochinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampuchean_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party">Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Lao People's Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Communist_Party" title="Nepal Communist Party">Nepal Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinista National Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shining_Path" title="Shining Path">Shining Path</a> (<a href="/wiki/Militarized_Communist_Party_of_Peru" title="Militarized Communist Party of Peru">Militarized Communist Party of Peru</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Communist_Party" title="Portuguese Communist Party">Portuguese Communist Party</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Mass killings</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity_under_communist_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes against humanity under communist regimes">Crimes against humanity under Marxist–Leninist regimes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of Marxist–Leninist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_schools_of_thought" title="Marxist schools of thought">Marxist schools of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-communism" title="Post-communism">Post-Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_Red_Scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Red Scare">Second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">State ideology of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-Worldism" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-Worldism">Third-Worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politburo_of_the_Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politburo_of_the_Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Template:Politburo of the Party of Labour of Albania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politburo_of_the_Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Template talk:Politburo of the Party of Labour of Albania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politburo_of_the_Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politburo of the Party of Labour of Albania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politburo_of_the_Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Politburo of the Party of Labour of Albania">Politburo of the Party of Labour of Albania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Party of Labour of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">People's Socialist Republic of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Yugoslav–Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Members</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st Congress (1948)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuk_Jakova" title="Tuk Jakova">Tuk Jakova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Shehu" title="Mehmet Shehu">Mehmet Shehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedri_Spahiu" title="Bedri Spahiu">Bedri Spahiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysni_Kapo" title="Hysni Kapo">Hysni Kapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liri_Belishova" title="Liri Belishova">Liri Belishova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Koleka" title="Spiro Koleka">Spiro Koleka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beqir_Balluku" title="Beqir Balluku">Beqir Balluku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd Congress (1952)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Shehu" title="Mehmet Shehu">Mehmet Shehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liri_Belishova" title="Liri Belishova">Liri Belishova</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beqir_Balluku" title="Beqir Balluku">Beqir Balluku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysni_Kapo" title="Hysni Kapo">Hysni Kapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogo_Nushi" title="Gogo Nushi">Gogo Nushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Koleka" title="Spiro Koleka">Spiro Koleka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd Congress (1956)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beqir_Balluku" title="Beqir Balluku">Beqir Balluku</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogo_Nushi" title="Gogo Nushi">Gogo Nushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysni_Kapo" title="Hysni Kapo">Hysni Kapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liri_Belishova" title="Liri Belishova">Liri Belishova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manush_Myftiu" title="Manush Myftiu">Manush Myftiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Shehu" title="Mehmet Shehu">Mehmet Shehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Marko" title="Rita Marko">Rita Marko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Koleka" title="Spiro Koleka">Spiro Koleka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th Congress (1961)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beqir_Balluku" title="Beqir Balluku">Beqir Balluku</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogo_Nushi" title="Gogo Nushi">Gogo Nushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysni_Kapo" title="Hysni Kapo">Hysni Kapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manush_Myftiu" title="Manush Myftiu">Manush Myftiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Shehu" title="Mehmet Shehu">Mehmet Shehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Marko" title="Rita Marko">Rita Marko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Koleka" title="Spiro Koleka">Spiro Koleka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adil_%C3%87ar%C3%A7ani" title="Adil Çarçani">Adil Çarçani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haki_Toska" title="Haki Toska">Haki Toska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th Congress (1966)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adil_%C3%87ar%C3%A7ani" title="Adil Çarçani">Adil Çarçani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beqir_Balluku" title="Beqir Balluku">Beqir Balluku</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogo_Nushi" title="Gogo Nushi">Gogo Nushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haki_Toska" title="Haki Toska">Haki Toska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysni_Kapo" title="Hysni Kapo">Hysni Kapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manush_Myftiu" title="Manush Myftiu">Manush Myftiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Shehu" title="Mehmet Shehu">Mehmet Shehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Marko" title="Rita Marko">Rita Marko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Koleka" title="Spiro Koleka">Spiro Koleka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th Congress (1971)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beqir_Balluku" title="Beqir Balluku">Beqir Balluku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adil_%C3%87ar%C3%A7ani" title="Adil Çarçani">Adil Çarçani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadri_Hazbiu" title="Kadri Hazbiu">Kadri Hazbiu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysni_Kapo" title="Hysni Kapo">Hysni Kapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdyl_K%C3%ABllezi" title="Abdyl Këllezi">Abdyl Këllezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Koleka" title="Spiro Koleka">Spiro Koleka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Marko" title="Rita Marko">Rita Marko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manush_Myftiu" title="Manush Myftiu">Manush Myftiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Shehu" title="Mehmet Shehu">Mehmet Shehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haki_Toska" title="Haki Toska">Haki Toska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C3%A7o_Theodhosi" title="Koço Theodhosi">Koço Theodhosi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th Congress (1976)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adil_%C3%87ar%C3%A7ani" title="Adil Çarçani">Adil Çarçani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haki_Toska" title="Haki Toska">Haki Toska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hekuran_Isai" title="Hekuran Isai">Hekuran Isai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysni_Kapo" title="Hysni Kapo">Hysni Kapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadri_Hazbiu" title="Kadri Hazbiu">Kadri Hazbiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manush_Myftiu" title="Manush Myftiu">Manush Myftiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Shehu" title="Mehmet Shehu">Mehmet Shehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Miska" title="Pali Miska">Pali Miska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_Guri" title="Mine Guri">Mine Guri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Marko" title="Rita Marko">Rita Marko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Koleka" title="Spiro Koleka">Spiro Koleka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th Congress (1981)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adil_%C3%87ar%C3%A7ani" title="Adil Çarçani">Adil Çarçani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajredin_%C3%87eliku" title="Hajredin Çeliku">Hajredin Çeliku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hekuran_Isai" title="Hekuran Isai">Hekuran Isai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadri_Hazbiu" title="Kadri Hazbiu">Kadri Hazbiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenka_%C3%87uko" title="Lenka Çuko">Lenka Çuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manush_Myftiu" title="Manush Myftiu">Manush Myftiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Shehu" title="Mehmet Shehu">Mehmet Shehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muho_Asllani" title="Muho Asllani">Muho Asllani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Miska" title="Pali Miska">Pali Miska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Marko" title="Rita Marko">Rita Marko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Stefani" title="Simon Stefani">Simon Stefani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th Congress (1986)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adil_%C3%87ar%C3%A7ani" title="Adil Çarçani">Adil Çarçani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajredin_%C3%87eliku" title="Hajredin Çeliku">Hajredin Çeliku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hekuran_Isai" title="Hekuran Isai">Hekuran Isai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenka_%C3%87uko" title="Lenka Çuko">Lenka Çuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manush_Myftiu" title="Manush Myftiu">Manush Myftiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muho_Asllani" title="Muho Asllani">Muho Asllani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Miska" title="Pali Miska">Pali Miska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Marko" title="Rita Marko">Rita Marko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Stefani" title="Simon Stefani">Simon Stefani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokop_Murra" title="Prokop Murra">Prokop Murra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besnik_Bekteshi" title="Besnik Bekteshi">Besnik Bekteshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foto_%C3%87ami" title="Foto Çami">Foto Çami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th Congress (1990)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muho_Asllani" title="Muho Asllani">Muho Asllani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besnik_Bekteshi" title="Besnik Bekteshi">Besnik Bekteshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foto_%C3%87ami" title="Foto Çami">Foto Çami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adil_%C3%87ar%C3%A7ani" title="Adil Çarçani">Adil Çarçani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajredin_%C3%87eliku" title="Hajredin Çeliku">Hajredin Çeliku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangjel_%C3%87%C3%ABrrava" title="Vangjel Çërrava">Vangjel Çërrava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenka_%C3%87uko" title="Lenka Çuko">Lenka Çuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhelil_Gjoni" title="Xhelil Gjoni">Xhelil Gjoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hekuran_Isai" title="Hekuran Isai">Hekuran Isai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Miska" title="Pali Miska">Pali Miska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki%C3%A7o_Mustaqi" title="Kiço Mustaqi">Kiço Mustaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Stefani" title="Simon Stefani">Simon Stefani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pirro_Dodbiba" title="Pirro Dodbiba">Pirro Dodbiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrit_Dume" title="Petrit Dume">Petrit Dume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llambi_Gegprifti" title="Llambi Gegprifti">Llambi Gegprifti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirro_Kondi" title="Pirro Kondi">Pirro Kondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qirjako_Mihali" title="Qirjako Mihali">Qirjako Mihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilo_Peristeri" title="Pilo Peristeri">Pilo Peristeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhafer_Spahiu" title="Xhafer Spahiu">Xhafer Spahiu</a></li> <li>Xhemal Dymylja</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niko_Gjyzari" title="Niko Gjyzari">Niko Gjyzari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_ruling_Communist_parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leaders_of_the_Ruling_Parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Template:Leaders of the Ruling Parties of the Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leaders_of_the_Ruling_Parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Template talk:Leaders of the Ruling Parties of the Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders_of_the_Ruling_Parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders of the Ruling Parties of the Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_ruling_Communist_parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist parties</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:80em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Party of Labour of Albania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Communist_Party" title="Bulgarian Communist Party">Bulgarian Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valko_Chervenkov" title="Valko Chervenkov">Valko Chervenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov" title="Todor Zhivkov">Todor Zhivkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Mladenov" title="Petar Mladenov">Petar Mladenov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Novotn%C3%BD" title="Antonín Novotný">Antonín Novotný</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Jake%C5%A1" title="Miloš Jakeš">Miloš Jakeš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Urb%C3%A1nek" title="Karel Urbánek">Karel Urbánek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Pieck" title="Wilhelm Pieck">Wilhelm Pieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Grotewohl" title="Otto Grotewohl">Otto Grotewohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz">Egon Krenz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party" title="Hungarian Working People's Party">Hungarian Working People's Party</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party">Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ern%C5%91_Ger%C5%91" title="Ernő Gerő">Ernő Gerő</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">János Kádár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Gr%C3%B3sz" title="Károly Grósz">Károly Grósz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezs%C5%91_Nyers" title="Rezső Nyers">Rezső Nyers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:90em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish Workers' Party">Polish Workers' Party</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ochab" title="Edward Ochab">Edward Ochab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gierek" title="Edward Gierek">Edward Gierek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kania" title="Stanisław Kania">Stanisław Kania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Rakowski" title="Mieczysław Rakowski">Mieczysław Rakowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Apostol" title="Gheorghe Apostol">Gheorghe Apostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Doronjski" title="Stevan Doronjski">Stevan Doronjski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Mojsov" title="Lazar Mojsov">Lazar Mojsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Dragosavac" title="Dušan Dragosavac">Dušan Dragosavac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitja_Ribi%C4%8Di%C4%8D" title="Mitja Ribičič">Mitja Ribičič</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoslav_Markovi%C4%87" title="Dragoslav Marković">Dragoslav Marković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_%C5%A0ukrija" title="Ali Šukrija">Ali Šukrija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidoje_%C5%BDarkovi%C4%87" title="Vidoje Žarković">Vidoje Žarković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanko_Renovica" title="Milanko Renovica">Milanko Renovica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%A1ko_Kruni%C4%87" title="Boško Krunić">Boško Krunić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stipe_%C5%A0uvar" title="Stipe Šuvar">Stipe Šuvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Pan%C4%8Devski" title="Milan Pančevski">Milan Pančevski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53783#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53783#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53783#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000010930018X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/103967331">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/39530/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrWC9hk4QJJcyhvKXBVmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118553879">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hoxha, Enver, 1908-1985"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79081298">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119017946">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119017946">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hoxha, Enver"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV097309">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35209717">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981001479&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000111761&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX973436">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.bibnat.ro:8991/F/?func=direct&local_base=NLR10&doc_number=000104134">Romania</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/58204">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068272014">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90165944">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000242302&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000173244&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000505390">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=61866">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75knst9r0xwqncx">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810547574705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262883105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515536906706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03851864?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/866492">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118553879.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118553879">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026851695">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6ht69mt">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sunday Times</i> review 18 December 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguin.co.uk/authors/146007/lea-ypi">"Lea Ypi"</a>. <i>www.penguin.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.penguin.co.uk&rft.atitle=Lea+Ypi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguin.co.uk%2Fauthors%2F146007%2Flea-ypi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnver+Hoxha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&oldid=1257371802">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enver_Hoxha&oldid=1257371802</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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