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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A" title="محفز الإلبان البشري المشيمي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محفز الإلبان البشري المشيمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postelji%C4%8Dni_laktogen_%C4%8Dovjeka" title="Posteljični laktogen čovjeka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Posteljični laktogen čovjeka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactogen" title="Lactogen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lactogen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanes_Plazentalaktogen" title="Humanes Plazentalaktogen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Humanes Plazentalaktogen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0_%DE%95%DE%B0%DE%8D%DE%A6%DE%90%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%93%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%B0_%DE%8D%DE%AC%DE%86%DE%B0%DE%93%DE%A6%DE%96%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ހިއުމަން ޕްލަސެންޓަލް ލެކްޓަޖަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހިއުމަން ޕްލަސެންޓަލް ލެކްޓަޖަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lact%C3%B3geno_placentario_humano" title="Lactógeno placentario humano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lactógeno placentario humano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لاکتوژن جفتی انسان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لاکتوژن جفتی انسان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatomammotrophine_chorionique_humaine" title="Somatomammotrophine chorionique humaine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Somatomammotrophine chorionique humaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lact%C3%B3xeno_placentario_humano" title="Lactóxeno placentario humano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lactóxeno placentario humano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormone_lattogeno_placentare" title="Ormone lattogeno placentare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ormone lattogeno placentare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%88%E8%83%8E%E7%9B%A4%E6%80%A7%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%82%B2%E3%83%B3" title="ヒト胎盤性ラクトゲン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒト胎盤性ラクトゲン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatomammotropina_kosm%C3%B3wkowa" title="Somatomammotropina kosmówkowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Somatomammotropina kosmówkowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatomamotropina_cori%C3%B4nica" title="Somatomamotropina coriônica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Somatomamotropina coriônica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudski_placentalni_laktogen" title="Ljudski placentalni laktogen – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ljudski placentalni laktogen" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudski_placentalni_laktogen" title="Ljudski placentalni laktogen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ljudski placentalni laktogen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istukan_somatomammotropiini" title="Istukan somatomammotropiini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Istukan somatomammotropiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Polypeptide placental hormone in humans</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 1 (human placental lactogen)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:1Z7C.pdb.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/1Z7C.pdb.png/220px-1Z7C.pdb.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/1Z7C.pdb.png/330px-1Z7C.pdb.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/1Z7C.pdb.png/440px-1Z7C.pdb.png 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="759" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Crystal Structure of human placental lactogen.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16546209_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16546209-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">CSH1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information#Gene" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI gene</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=1442&rn=1">1442</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee" title="HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee">HGNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:2440">2440</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/150200">150200</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/RefSeq" title="RefSeq">RefSeq</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NM_001317">NM_001317</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Swiss-Prot" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss-Prot">UniProt</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q6PF11">Q6PF11</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Other data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Locus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_17_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 17 (human)">Chr. 17</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=17q22">q22-q24</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Search for</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Structures</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/Q6PF11">Swiss-model</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/Q6PF11">InterPro</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 2</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">CSH2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information#Gene" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI gene</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=1443&rn=1">1443</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee" title="HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee">HGNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:2441">2441</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/118820">118820</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1Z7C">1Z7C</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/RefSeq" title="RefSeq">RefSeq</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NM_020991">NM_020991</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Swiss-Prot" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss-Prot">UniProt</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P01243">P01243</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Other data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Locus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_17_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 17 (human)">Chr. 17</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/search/?index=geneMap&search=17q22">q22-q24</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Search for</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Structures</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P01243">Swiss-model</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P01243">InterPro</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Human placental lactogen</b> (<b>hPL</b>), also called <b>human chorionic somatomammotropin</b> (<b>hCS</b>) or <b>human chorionic somatotropin</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Polypeptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypeptide">polypeptide</a> <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placental</a> hormone, the human form of <a href="/wiki/Placental_lactogen" title="Placental lactogen">placental lactogen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chorionic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorionic">chorionic</a> somatomammotropin). Its structure and function are similar to those of human <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">growth hormone</a>. It modifies the metabolic state of the mother during <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> to facilitate energy supply to the <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a>. hPL has anti-<a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> properties. hPL is a hormone secreted by the <a href="/wiki/Syncytiotrophoblast" title="Syncytiotrophoblast">syncytiotrophoblast</a> during pregnancy. Like <a href="/wiki/Human_growth_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Human growth hormone">human growth hormone</a>, hPL is encoded by genes on <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_17" title="Chromosome 17">chromosome 17q</a>22-24. It was identified in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14068826_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14068826-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_placental_lactogen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>hPL <a href="/wiki/Molecular_mass" title="Molecular mass">molecular mass</a> is 22 125 <a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">Da</a> and contains single chain consisting of 191 <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> residues that are linked by two <a href="/wiki/Disulfide_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Disulfide bonds">disulfide bonds</a> and the structure contains 8 helices. A crystal structure of hPL was determined by <a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">X-ray diffraction</a> to a resolution of 2.0 <a href="/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom">Å</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16546209_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16546209-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Levels">Levels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_placental_lactogen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Levels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>hPL is present only during pregnancy, with maternal serum levels rising in relation to the growth of the fetus and placenta. Maximum levels are reached near term, typically to 5–7 mg/L.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher levels are noted in patients with <a href="/wiki/Multiple_gestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple gestation">multiple gestation</a>. Little hPL enters the fetal circulation. Its <a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">biological half-life</a> is 15 minutes. Some women with higher <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">BMI</a> show lower levels of placental lactogen, but whether prenatal health behaviors influence hPL levels or if hPL influences infant birth weight is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiologic_function">Physiologic function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_placental_lactogen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Physiologic function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>hPL affects the metabolic system of the maternal organism in the following manners: </p> <ul><li>In a <a href="/wiki/Bioassay" title="Bioassay">bioassay</a>, hPL mimics the action of <a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">prolactin</a>, yet it is unclear whether hPL has any role in human <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a>.</li> <li>Metabolic: <ul><li>↓ maternal <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> sensitivity (insulin resistance), leading to an increase in maternal <a href="/wiki/Blood_glucose_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood glucose level">blood glucose levels</a>.</li> <li>↓ maternal glucose utilization, which helps ensure adequate fetal nutrition (the mother responds by increasing beta cells). Chronic <a href="/wiki/Hypoglycemia" title="Hypoglycemia">hypoglycemia</a> leads to a rise in hPL.</li> <li>↑ <a href="/wiki/Lipolysis" title="Lipolysis">lipolysis</a> with the release of <a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Free fatty acid">free fatty acids</a>. With fasting and release of hPL, free fatty acids become available for the mother as free fatty acids do not cross the placenta, so that relatively more <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> can be utilized by the fetus. With sustained fasting, maternal <a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">ketones</a> formed from free fatty acids can cross the <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a> and be used by the fetus.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>These functions help support fetal nutrition even in the case of maternal <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>. </p><p>hPL is a potent <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Prolactin_receptor" title="Prolactin receptor">prolactin receptor</a> and a weak agonist of the <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_receptor" title="Growth hormone receptor">growth hormone receptor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JamesonGroot2015_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JamesonGroot2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prolactin-like_activity">Prolactin-like activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_placental_lactogen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prolactin-like activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>hPL has been found to bind to the prolactin receptor with equal <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Affinity (pharmacology)">affinity</a> to that of prolactin in rabbit <a href="/wiki/Milk_fat_globule_membrane" title="Milk fat globule membrane">milk fat globule membrane</a>, and hPL and prolactin have been found to possess very similar lactogenic activity <i><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a></i> in mouse and rat <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">mammary gland</a> <a href="/wiki/Explant_culture" title="Explant culture">explants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Neville2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neville2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, hPL has been found to stimulate <a href="/wiki/DNA_synthesis" title="DNA synthesis">DNA synthesis</a> in human mammary <a href="/wiki/Fibroadenoma" title="Fibroadenoma">fibroadenoma</a> cells transplanted into mice, which suggests that hPL promotes the growth of the human mammary gland similarly to prolactin.<sup id="cite_ref-Neville2013_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neville2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As hPL circulates at concentrations that are 100-fold higher than those of prolactin during pregnancy, these findings suggest that hPL may play an important role in human <a href="/wiki/Mammogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammogenesis">mammogenesis</a> during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-Neville2013_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neville2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the relative affinities of hPL and prolactin for the human prolactin receptor have yet to be published and the effects of hPL on normal human mammary epithelial tissue have not yet been investigated, and so a definitive role of hPL in human mammary gland development during pregnancy has not been established at present.<sup id="cite_ref-Neville2013_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neville2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_hormone-like_activity">Growth hormone-like activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_placental_lactogen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Growth hormone-like activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>hPL has weak actions, similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">growth hormone</a>, causing the formation of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a> in the same way that growth hormone, but 100 times more hPL than growth hormone is required to promote growth.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn81-8147-920-3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn81-8147-920-3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, hPL has a blood level of more than 50 times that of hGH,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hence its effects must not be ignored. An enhancer for the human placental lactogen gene is found 2 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair#Length_measurements" title="Base pair">kb</a> downstream of the gene and participates in the cell-specific control gene expression.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_measurement">Clinical measurement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_placental_lactogen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Clinical measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While hPL has been used as an indicator of fetal well-being and growth, other <a href="/wiki/Fetal_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal testing">fetal testing</a> methods have been found to be more reliable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Also, normal pregnancies have been reported with undetectable maternal levels of hPL.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_placental_lactogen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placental_lactogen" title="Placental lactogen">Placental lactogen</a> in other species</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatotropin_family" title="Somatotropin family">Somatotropin family</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_placental_lactogen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid16546209-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16546209_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16546209_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1Z7C">1Z7C</a></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWalshKossiakoff2006" class="citation journal cs1">Walsh ST, Kossiakoff AA (May 2006). "Crystal structure and site 1 binding energetics of human placental lactogen". <i>J. Mol. Biol</i>. <b>358</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">773–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmb.2006.02.038">10.1016/j.jmb.2006.02.038</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16546209">16546209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Mol.+Biol.&rft.atitle=Crystal+structure+and+site+1+binding+energetics+of+human+placental+lactogen&rft.volume=358&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E773-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=2006-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jmb.2006.02.038&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16546209&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=ST&rft.au=Kossiakoff%2C+AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+placental+lactogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid14068826-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid14068826_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJosimovichAtwoodGoss1963" class="citation journal cs1">Josimovich JB, Atwood BL, Goss DA (October 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fendo-73-4-410">"Luteotrophic, Immunologic and Electrophoretic Properties of Human Placental Lactogen"</a>. <i>Endocrinology</i>. <b>73</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">410–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fendo-73-4-410">10.1210/endo-73-4-410</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14068826">14068826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Luteotrophic%2C+Immunologic+and+Electrophoretic+Properties+of+Human+Placental+Lactogen&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E410-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=1963-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fendo-73-4-410&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14068826&rft.aulast=Josimovich&rft.aufirst=JB&rft.au=Atwood%2C+BL&rft.au=Goss%2C+DA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1210%252Fendo-73-4-410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+placental+lactogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHicks2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hicks, Paul (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/408910_2">"Gestational Diabetes in Primary Care"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Medscape_General_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Medscape General Medicine">Medscape General Medicine</a></i>. <b>2</b> (1): 2. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10841628">10841628</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medscape+General+Medicine&rft.atitle=Gestational+Diabetes+in+Primary+Care&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10841628&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medscape.com%2Fviewarticle%2F408910_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+placental+lactogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGaraySumptionJohn2022" class="citation journal cs1">Garay, Samantha M.; Sumption, Lorna A.; John, Rosalind M. (9 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9500170">"Prenatal health behaviours as predictors of human placental lactogen levels"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Endocrinology</i>. <b>13</b>: 946539. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffendo.2022.946539">10.3389/fendo.2022.946539</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9500170">9500170</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36157466">36157466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Prenatal+health+behaviours+as+predictors+of+human+placental+lactogen+levels&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=946539&rft.date=2022-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9500170%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36157466&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffendo.2022.946539&rft.aulast=Garay&rft.aufirst=Samantha+M.&rft.au=Sumption%2C+Lorna+A.&rft.au=John%2C+Rosalind+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9500170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+placental+lactogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JamesonGroot2015-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JamesonGroot2015_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._Larry_JamesonLeslie_J._De_Groot2015" class="citation book cs1">J. Larry Jameson; Leslie J. De Groot (25 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xmLeBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2490"><i>Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric E-Book</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 2490–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-32195-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-32195-2"><bdi>978-0-323-32195-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endocrinology%3A+Adult+and+Pediatric+E-Book&rft.pages=2490-&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2015-02-25&rft.isbn=978-0-323-32195-2&rft.au=J.+Larry+Jameson&rft.au=Leslie+J.+De+Groot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxmLeBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+placental+lactogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neville2013-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neville2013_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neville2013_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neville2013_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neville2013_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMargaret_Neville2013" class="citation book cs1">Margaret Neville (11 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hNvTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150"><i>Lactation: Physiology, Nutrition, and Breast-Feeding</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 150–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-3688-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-3688-4"><bdi>978-1-4613-3688-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lactation%3A+Physiology%2C+Nutrition%2C+and+Breast-Feeding&rft.pages=150-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4613-3688-4&rft.au=Margaret+Neville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhNvTBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+placental+lactogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn81-8147-920-3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn81-8147-920-3_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuyton_and_Hall2005" class="citation book cs1">Guyton and Hall (2005). <i>Textbook of Medical Physiology</i> (11 ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 1033. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-8147-920-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-8147-920-3"><bdi>81-8147-920-3</bdi></a>. <q>This hormone has weak actions similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">growth hormone</a>, causing the formation of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a> in the same way that growth hormone.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+Medical+Physiology&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=1033&rft.edition=11&rft.pub=Saunders&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=81-8147-920-3&rft.au=Guyton+and+Hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+placental+lactogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2089136-overview#a1">"Growth Hormone: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels"</a>. 2016-06-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Growth+Hormone%3A+Reference+Range%2C+Interpretation%2C+Collection+and+Panels&rft.date=2016-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F2089136-overview%23a1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+placental+lactogen" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1Z7C">"RCSB Protein Data Bank - Structure Summary for 1Z7C - Crystal Structure of Human Placental Lactogen"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RCSB+Protein+Data+Bank+-+Structure+Summary+for+1Z7C+-+Crystal+Structure+of+Human+Placental+Lactogen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcsb.org%2Fpdb%2Fexplore%2Fexplore.do%3FstructureId%3D1Z7C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+placental+lactogen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705171010/http://mend.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/11/9/1223">"Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin Enhancer Function Is Mediated by Cooperative Binding of TEF-1 and CSEF-1 to Multiple, Low-Affinity Binding Sites"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mend.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/11/9/1223">the original</a> on 2008-07-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Chorionic+Somatomammotropin+Enhancer+Function+Is+Mediated+by+Cooperative+Binding+of+TEF-1+and+CSEF-1+to+Multiple%2C+Low-Affinity+Binding+Sites&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmend.endojournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F11%2F9%2F1223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+placental+lactogen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_placental_lactogen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSperoffGlassKase1999" class="citation book cs1">Speroff L, Glass RH, Kase NG (1999). <i>Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility</i> (Sixth ed.). Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-683-30379-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-683-30379-1"><bdi>0-683-30379-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+gynecologic+endocrinology+and+infertility&rft.place=Hagerstwon%2C+MD&rft.edition=Sixth&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-683-30379-1&rft.aulast=Speroff&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Glass%2C+RH&rft.au=Kase%2C+NG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+placental+lactogen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_placental_lactogen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastrin" title="Gastrin">Gastrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghrelin" title="Ghrelin">Ghrelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Duodenum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin" title="Cholecystokinin">CCK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide" title="Gastric inhibitory polypeptide">GIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretin" title="Secretin">Secretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilin" title="Motilin">Motilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide" title="Vasoactive intestinal peptide">VIP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">Ileum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enteroglucagon" title="Enteroglucagon">Enteroglucagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptide_YY" title="Peptide YY">Peptide YY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-1" title="Glucagon-like peptide-1">GLP-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a>/other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor" title="Insulin-like growth factor">Insulin-like growth factor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1" title="Insulin-like growth factor 1">IGF-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_2" title="Insulin-like growth factor 2">IGF-2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">Adipose tissue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leptin" title="Leptin">Leptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiponectin" title="Adiponectin">Adiponectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistin" title="Resistin">Resistin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">Skeleton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteocalcin" title="Osteocalcin">Osteocalcin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renin" title="Renin">Renin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">EPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitriol" title="Calcitriol">Calcitriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">Prostaglandin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natriuretic_peptide" title="Natriuretic peptide">Natriuretic peptide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide" title="Atrial natriuretic peptide">ANP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_natriuretic_peptide_32" title="Brain natriuretic peptide 32">BNP</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="GH/IGF-1_axis_signaling_modulators886" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GH/IGF-1_axis_signaling_modulators" title="Template:GH/IGF-1 axis signaling modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GH/IGF-1_axis_signaling_modulators" title="Template talk:GH/IGF-1 axis signaling modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GH/IGF-1_axis_signaling_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GH/IGF-1 axis signaling modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="GH/IGF-1_axis_signaling_modulators886" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93somatic_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–somatic axis"><abbr title="Growth hormone">GH</abbr>/<abbr title="Insulin-like growth factor 1">IGF-1</abbr> axis</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">signaling</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_receptor" title="Growth hormone receptor"><abbr title="Growth hormone">GH</abbr><br /><small>(somatotropin)</small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albusomatropin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albusomatropin (page does not exist)">Albusomatropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bovine_somatotropin" title="Bovine somatotropin">Bovine somatotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efpegsomatropin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efpegsomatropin (page does not exist)">Efpegsomatropin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eftansomatropin_alfa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eftansomatropin alfa (page does not exist)">Eftansomatropin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">Growth hormone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human placental lactogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonapegsomatropin" title="Lonapegsomatropin">Lonapegsomatropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placental_growth_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Placental growth hormone">Placental growth hormone (growth hormone variant)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somagrebove&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somagrebove (page does not exist)">Somagrebove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somapacitan" title="Somapacitan">Somapacitan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somatosalm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somatosalm (page does not exist)">Somatosalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatotropin" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatotropin">Somatotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somatropin_pegol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somatropin pegol (page does not exist)">Somatropin pegol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatrem" title="Somatrem">Somatrem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sometribove&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sometribove (page does not exist)">Sometribove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatrogon" title="Somatrogon">Somatrogon (MOD-4023; hGH-CTP)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somavaratan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somavaratan (page does not exist)">Somavaratan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somavubove&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somavubove (page does not exist)">Somavubove</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somidobove&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somidobove (page does not exist)">Somidobove</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=G120K-hGH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G120K-hGH (page does not exist)">G120K-hGH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegvisomant" title="Pegvisomant">Pegvisomant</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antisense oligonucleotides:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atesidorsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atesidorsen (page does not exist)">Atesidorsen</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Binding proteins:</i> <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone-binding_protein" title="Growth hormone-binding protein"><abbr title="Growth hormone-binding protein">GHBP</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Growth hormone-binding protein</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor" title="Somatostatin receptor"><abbr title="Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone">GHIH</abbr><br /><small>(somatostatin)</small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=BIM-23052&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BIM-23052 (page does not exist)">BIM-23052</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CH-275&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CH-275 (page does not exist)">CH-275</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortistatin-14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cortistatin-14 (page does not exist)">Cortistatin-14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Depreotide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Depreotide (page does not exist)">Depreotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edotreotide" title="Edotreotide">Edotreotide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilatreotide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilatreotide (page does not exist)">Ilatreotide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-803,087&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-803,087 (page does not exist)">L-803,087</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-817,818&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-817,818 (page does not exist)">L-817,818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanreotide" title="Lanreotide">Lanreotide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NNC_26-9100&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NNC 26-9100 (page does not exist)">NNC 26-9100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octreotate" title="Octreotate">Octreotate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octreotide" title="Octreotide">Octreotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasireotide" title="Pasireotide">Pasireotide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentetreotide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentetreotide (page does not exist)">Pentetreotide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RC-160&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RC-160 (page does not exist)">RC-160</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seglitide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seglitide (page does not exist)">Seglitide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">Somatostatin (GHIH)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somatostatin_(1-28)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somatostatin (1-28) (page does not exist)">Somatostatin (1-28)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SRIF-14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SRIF-14 (page does not exist)">SRIF-14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SRIF-28&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SRIF-28 (page does not exist)">SRIF-28</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TT-232&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TT-232 (page does not exist)">TT-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapreotide" title="Vapreotide">Vapreotide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veldoreotide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veldoreotide (page does not exist)">Veldoreotide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=BIM-23056&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BIM-23056 (page does not exist)">BIM-23056</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclosomatostatin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyclosomatostatin (page does not exist)">Cyclosomatostatin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CYN-154806&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CYN-154806 (page does not exist)">CYN-154806</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satoreotide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satoreotide (page does not exist)">Satoreotide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Growth-hormone-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Growth-hormone-releasing hormone receptor"><abbr title="Growth hormone releasing hormone">GHRH</abbr><br /><small>(somatocrinin)</small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <i>Peptide:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ALRN-5281&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ALRN-5281 (page does not exist)">ALRN-5281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJC-1295" title="CJC-1295">CJC-1295</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumorelin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumorelin (page does not exist)">Dumorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth-hormone-releasing_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Growth-hormone-releasing hormone">GHRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_GRF_(1-29)" title="Modified GRF (1-29)">Modified GRF (1-29)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rismorelin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rismorelin (page does not exist)">Rismorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermorelin" title="Sermorelin">Sermorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatorelin" title="Somatorelin">Somatorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesamorelin" title="Tesamorelin">Tesamorelin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=MZ-5-156&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MZ-5-156 (page does not exist)">MZ-5-156</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_secretagogue_receptor" title="Growth hormone secretagogue receptor"><abbr title="Growth hormone secretagogue">GHS</abbr><br /><small>(ghrelin)</small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <i>Peptide:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexamorelin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexamorelin (page does not exist)">Alexamorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortistatin-14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cortistatin-14 (page does not exist)">Cortistatin-14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EP-51216&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EP-51216 (page does not exist)">EP-51216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Examorelin" title="Examorelin">Examorelin (hexarelin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghrelin" title="Ghrelin">Ghrelin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GHRP-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GHRP-1 (page does not exist)">GHRP-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GHRP-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GHRP-3 (page does not exist)">GHRP-3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GHRP-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GHRP-4 (page does not exist)">GHRP-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GHRP-5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GHRP-5 (page does not exist)">GHRP-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GHRP-6" title="GHRP-6">GHRP-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipamorelin" title="Ipamorelin">Ipamorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenomorelin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenomorelin">Lenomorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livoletide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livoletide (page does not exist)">Livoletide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-444711&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-444711 (page does not exist)">LY-444711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pralmorelin" title="Pralmorelin">Pralmorelin (GHRP-2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relamorelin" title="Relamorelin">Relamorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabimorelin" title="Tabimorelin">Tabimorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulimorelin" title="Ulimorelin">Ulimorelin</a>; <i>Non-peptide:</i> <a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">Adenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamorelin" title="Anamorelin">Anamorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capromorelin" title="Capromorelin">Capromorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CP-464709&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CP-464709 (page does not exist)">CP-464709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibutamoren" title="Ibutamoren">Ibutamoren (MK-677)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-692,585&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-692,585 (page does not exist)">L-692,585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macimorelin" title="Macimorelin">Macimorelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-130686" title="SM-130686">SM-130686</a>; <i>Unsorted:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-426410&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-426410 (page does not exist)">LY-426410</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-444711&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-444711 (page does not exist)">LY-444711</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=A-778193&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-778193 (page does not exist)">A-778193</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortistatin-8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cortistatin-8 (page does not exist)">Cortistatin-8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(D-Lys%C2%B3)-GHRP-6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(D-Lys³)-GHRP-6 (page does not exist)">(<small>D</small>-Lys³)-GHRP-6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JMV2959&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JMV2959 (page does not exist)">JMV2959</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YIL-781&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YIL-781 (page does not exist)">YIL-781</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Somatomedin_receptor" title="Somatomedin receptor"><abbr title="Insulin-like growth factor 1">IGF-1</abbr><br /><small>(somatomedin)</small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Growth_factor_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Growth factor receptor modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prolactin_receptor_modulators151" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prolactin_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Prolactin receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prolactin_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Prolactin receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prolactin_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prolactin receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prolactin_receptor_modulators151" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prolactin_receptor" title="Prolactin receptor">Prolactin receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">Agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">Growth hormone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human placental lactogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placental_growth_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Placental growth hormone">Placental growth hormone (growth hormone variant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">Prolactin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S179D-hPRL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S179D-hPRL (page does not exist)">S179D-hPRL</a></li> <li><a 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exist)">G129R-hPRL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prolactin_modulator" title="Prolactin modulator">Indirect<br />modulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prolactin_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolactin inhibitor">Inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D2_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="D2 receptor">D<sub>2</sub> receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">cabergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lergotrile" title="Lergotrile">lergotrile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">lisuride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metergoline" title="Metergoline">metergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">pergolide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinagolide" title="Quinagolide">quinagolide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terguride" title="Terguride">terguride</a>)</li> <li>Indirect <a href="/wiki/Dopaminergic_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Dopaminergic agent">dopaminergic agents</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Levodopa" title="Levodopa">levodopa</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prolactin_releaser" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolactin releaser">Releasers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D2_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="D2 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