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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regulation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pituitary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pituitary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pituitary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pituitary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extrapituitary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extrapituitary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Extrapituitary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extrapituitary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stimuli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stimuli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Stimuli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stimuli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_isoforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_isoforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure and isoforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_isoforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prolactin_receptor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prolactin_receptor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prolactin receptor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prolactin_receptor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnostic_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnostic_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Diagnostic use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnostic_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Units_and_unit_conversions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Units_and_unit_conversions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Units and unit conversions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Units_and_unit_conversions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference_ranges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference_ranges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Reference ranges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reference_ranges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reference ranges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reference_ranges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inter-method_variability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-method_variability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Inter-method variability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-method_variability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Conditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elevated_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elevated_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Elevated levels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elevated_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decreased_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decreased_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Decreased levels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decreased_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Prolactin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolaktien" title="Prolaktien – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Prolaktien" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="برولاكتين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برولاكتين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пролактин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пролактин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolaktin" title="Prolaktin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prolaktin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactina" title="Prolactina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Prolactina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolaktin" title="Prolaktin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Prolaktin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolaktin" title="Prolaktin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Prolaktin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%AF%DE%8D%DE%AC%DE%86%DE%B0%DE%93%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ޕްރޯލެކްޓިން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕްރޯލެކްޓިން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Προλακτίνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προλακτίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactina" title="Prolactina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Prolactina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolaktino" title="Prolaktino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Prolaktino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolaktina" title="Prolaktina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Prolaktina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پرولاکتین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرولاکتین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactine" title="Prolactine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prolactine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3lachtain" title="Prólachtain – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Prólachtain" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactina" title="Prolactina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Prolactina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EB%9D%BD%ED%8B%B4" title="프로락틴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프로락틴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Պրոլակտին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պրոլակտին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोलेक्टिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रोलेक्टिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolaktin" title="Prolaktin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prolaktin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laktogen" title="Laktogen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laktogen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3lakt%C3%ADn" title="Prólaktín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Prólaktín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolattina" title="Prolattina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prolattina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F" title="פרולקטין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרולקטין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პროლაქტინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პროლაქტინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormona_prolakt%C3%AEn" title="Hormona prolaktîn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hormona prolaktîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Пролактин гормону – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пролактин гормону" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactinum" title="Prolactinum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Prolactinum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolaktinas" title="Prolaktinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prolaktinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolaktin" title="Prolaktin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Prolaktin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laktog%C3%A8n" title="Laktogèn – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Laktogèn" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пролактин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пролактин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="പ്രോലാക്ടിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രോലാക്ടിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolaktin" title="Prolaktin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Prolaktin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactine" title="Prolactine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Prolactine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3" title="プロラクチン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プロラクチン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolaktin" title="Prolaktin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Prolaktin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolaktin" title="Prolaktin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Prolaktin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%BC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="پرولاکټين – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پرولاکټين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolaktyna" title="Prolaktyna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prolaktyna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactina" title="Prolactina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Prolactina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin%C4%83" title="Prolactină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Prolactină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пролактин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пролактин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пролактин – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Пролактин" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolaktina" title="Prolaktina – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Prolaktina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolakt%C3%ADn" title="Prolaktín – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prolaktín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolaktin" title="Prolaktin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prolaktin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%95%DB%86%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پڕۆلاکتین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پڕۆلاکتین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolaktin" title="Prolaktin – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Prolaktin" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolaktin" title="Prolaktin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prolaktin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolaktiini" title="Prolaktiini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Prolaktiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolaktin" title="Prolaktin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Prolaktin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="புரோலாக்டின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புரோலாக்டின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="โพรแลกติน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โพรแลกติน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolaktin" title="Prolaktin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Prolaktin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пролактин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пролактин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Prolactin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E4%B9%B3%E7%B4%A0" title="催乳素 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="催乳素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q66590068#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/PRL_structure.png/250px-PRL_structure.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/PRL_structure.png/500px-PRL_structure.png 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit">Available structures</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit;width:43px"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td colspan="2" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit">Ortholog search: <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/searchResults.html?display=both&term=P06879%20or%20P01236">PDBe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_name:UniProt%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_accession:P06879,P01236">RCSB</a> </span></td></tr><tr><td><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr style="text-align:center"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit">List of PDB id codes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1RW5">1RW5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2Q98">2Q98</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3D48">3D48</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3EW3">3EW3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3MZG">3MZG</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3N06">3N06</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3N0P">3N0P</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3NCB">3NCB</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3NCC">3NCC</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3NCE">3NCE</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3NCF">3NCF</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3NPZ">3NPZ</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Gene_nomenclature" title="Gene nomenclature">Aliases</a></span></th><td colspan="3" style="background:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/9445">PRL</a></span>, GHA1, prolactin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">External IDs</th><td colspan="3" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/176760">176760</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mouse_Genome_Informatics" title="Mouse Genome Informatics">MGI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:97762">97762</a>; <a href="/wiki/HomoloGene" title="HomoloGene">HomoloGene</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=732">732</a>; <a href="/wiki/GeneCards" title="GeneCards">GeneCards</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=PRL">PRL</a>; <a href="/wiki/Orthologous_MAtrix" title="Orthologous MAtrix">OMA</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000172179">PRL - orthologs</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_human_chromosome_6.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 6 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 6 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ideogram_human_chromosome_6.svg/300px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ideogram_human_chromosome_6.svg/450px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ideogram_human_chromosome_6.svg/600px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="189" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_6_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 6 (human)">Chromosome 6 (human)</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_chromosome_6_ideogram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 6 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 6 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Human_chromosome_6_ideogram.svg/330px-Human_chromosome_6_ideogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Human_chromosome_6_ideogram.svg/500px-Human_chromosome_6_ideogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Human_chromosome_6_ideogram.svg/960px-Human_chromosome_6_ideogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 32.992742613899px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for PRL"><img alt="Genomic location for PRL" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 39px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for PRL"><img alt="Genomic location for PRL" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">6p22.3</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">Start</th><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">22,287,244 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">End</th><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">22,302,826 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_13.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 13 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 13 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_13.svg/260px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_13.svg/390px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_13.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_13.svg/520px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">Chromosome 13 (mouse)<sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_13.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 13 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 13 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_13.svg/330px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_13.svg/500px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_13.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_13.svg/960px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="231" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 61.147574646037px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for PRL"><img alt="Genomic location for PRL" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 67.1px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for PRL"><img alt="Genomic location for PRL" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">13 A3.1|13 12.25 cM</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">Start</th><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">27,241,553 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">End</th><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">27,249,188 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">RNA expression</a> pattern</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/">Bgee</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th><b><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a></b></th><th><b><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a> (ortholog)</b></th></tr><tr><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000172179">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">pituitary gland</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">anterior pituitary</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">decidua</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">gonad</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">testicle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">stromal cell of endometrium</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">right hemisphere of cerebellum</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">gastric mucosa</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">secondary oocyte</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">body of uterus</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000021342">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">pituitary gland</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">anterior pituitary</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">pars distalis of adenohypophysis</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">nucleus of stria terminalis</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">cingulate gyrus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">central gray substance of midbrain</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">Epithelium of choroid plexus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">superior frontal gyrus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">sensory ganglion</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">cochlea</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000172179">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/">BioGPS</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit">n/a</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Gene_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene ontology">Gene ontology</a></th></tr><tr><td style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit;font-weight:bold">Molecular function</td><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005148">prolactin receptor binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005515">protein binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005179">hormone activity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit;font-weight:bold">Cellular component</td><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005576">extracellular region</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031904">endosome lumen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030141">secretory granule</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005615">extracellular space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit;font-weight:bold">Biological process</td><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007565">female pregnancy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007166">cell surface receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060397">growth hormone receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007595">lactation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008283">cell population proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0046427">positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0040014">regulation of multicellular organism growth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010469">regulation of signaling receptor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001937">negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016525">negative regulation of angiogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1902895">positive regulation of pri-miRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14819852" class="extiw" title="d:Q14819852">birth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007584">response to nutrient</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007623">circadian rhythm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008284">positive regulation of cell population proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0014070">response to organic cyclic compound</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030278">regulation of ossification</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032355">response to estradiol</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032496">response to lipopolysaccharide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032870">cellular response to hormone stimulus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0033555">multicellular organismal response to stress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042698">ovulation cycle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045471">response to ethanol</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0050679">positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030879">mammary gland development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031667">response to nutrient levels</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1903489">positive regulation of lactation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit;text-align:center">Sources:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/">Amigo</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/">QuickGO</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Orthologs" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthologs">Orthologs</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">Species</th><td><b>Human</b></td><td><b>Mouse</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=5617&rn=1">5617</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=19109&rn=1">19109</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000172179;db=core">ENSG00000172179</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000021342;db=core">ENSMUSG00000021342</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P01236">P01236</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P06879">P06879</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">RefSeq (mRNA)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_000948">NM_000948</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001163558">NM_001163558</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001163530">NM_001163530</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_011164">NM_011164</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">RefSeq (protein)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_000939">NP_000939</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001157030">NP_001157030</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001157002">NP_001157002</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_035294">NP_035294</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">Location (UCSC)</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr6:22287244-22302826">Chr 6: 22.29 – 22.3 Mb</a></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Mouse&db=mm0&position=chr13:27241553-27249188">Chr 13: 27.24 – 27.25 Mb</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a> search</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21163349" class="extiw" title="d:Q21163349">View/Edit Human</a></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14820588" class="extiw" title="d:Q14820588">View/Edit Mouse</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Prolactin</b> (<b>PRL</b>), also known as <b>lactotropin</b> and <b>mammotropin</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> best known for its role in enabling mammals to <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">produce milk</a>. It is influential in over 300 separate processes in various vertebrates, including humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Bole-Feysot_1998_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bole-Feysot_1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prolactin is secreted from the <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">pituitary gland</a> in response to eating, mating, estrogen treatment, ovulation and nursing. It is secreted heavily in pulses in between these events. Prolactin plays an essential role in metabolism, regulation of the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> and pancreatic development.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discovered in non-human animals around 1930 by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Riddle" title="Oscar Riddle">Oscar Riddle</a><sup id="cite_ref-Riddle_1935_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riddle_1935-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and confirmed in humans in 1970 by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Friesen" title="Henry Friesen">Henry Friesen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Friesen_1970_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friesen_1970-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prolactin is a <a href="/wiki/Peptide_hormone" title="Peptide hormone">peptide hormone</a>, encoded by the <i>PRL</i> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2567059_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2567059-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mammals, prolactin is associated with milk production; in fish it is thought to be related to the control of water and salt balance. Prolactin also acts in a <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokine</a>-like manner and as an important regulator of the immune system. It has important cell cycle-related functions as a growth-, differentiating- and anti-<a href="/wiki/Apoptotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Apoptotic">apoptotic</a> factor. As a growth factor, binding to cytokine-like receptors, it influences <a href="/wiki/Hematopoiesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hematopoiesis">hematopoiesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angiogenesis" title="Angiogenesis">angiogenesis</a> and is involved in the regulation of blood clotting through several pathways. The hormone acts in <a href="/wiki/Endocrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocrine">endocrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autocrine_signalling" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocrine signalling">autocrine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paracrine_signalling" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracrine signalling">paracrine</a> manners through the <a href="/wiki/Prolactin_receptor" title="Prolactin receptor">prolactin receptor</a> and numerous <a href="/wiki/Cytokine_receptor" title="Cytokine receptor">cytokine receptors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bole-Feysot_1998_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bole-Feysot_1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pituitary prolactin secretion is regulated by endocrine neurons in the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>. The most important of these are the neurosecretory <a href="/wiki/Tuberoinfundibular_pathway" title="Tuberoinfundibular pathway">tuberoinfundibulum</a> (TIDA) neurons of the <a href="/wiki/Arcuate_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcuate nucleus">arcuate nucleus</a> that secrete <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> (a.k.a. Prolactin Inhibitory Hormone) to act on the <a href="/wiki/D2_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="D2 receptor">D<sub>2</sub> receptors</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lactotrophs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactotrophs">lactotrophs</a>, causing <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inhibition" class="extiw" title="wikt:inhibition">inhibition</a> of prolactin secretion. <a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone">Thyrotropin-releasing hormone</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Stimulation" title="Stimulation">stimulatory</a> effect on prolactin release, although prolactin is the only <a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary" title="Anterior pituitary">anterior pituitary</a> hormone whose principal control is inhibitory. </p><p>Several variants and forms are known per species. Many fish have variants <i>prolactin A</i> and <i>prolactin B</i>. Most vertebrates, including humans, also have the closely related somatolactin. In humans, 14, 16, and 22 kDa variants exist.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_humans">In humans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prolactin has a wide variety of effects. It stimulates the <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">mammary glands</a> to produce milk (<a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a>): increased serum concentrations of prolactin during <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> cause enlargement of the mammary glands and prepare for milk production, which normally starts when levels of <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a> fall by the end of pregnancy and a suckling stimulus is present. Prolactin plays an important role in <a href="/wiki/Maternal_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal behavior">maternal behavior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9751488_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9751488-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been shown in rats and sheep that prolactin affects lipid synthesis differentially in mammary and adipose cells. Prolactin deficiency induced by bromocriptine increased lipogenesis and insulin responsiveness in adipocytes while decreasing them in the mammary gland.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2345543_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2345543-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> inhibits prolactin<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2866952_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2866952-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this process has feedback mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Freeman_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freeman-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elevated levels of prolactin decrease the levels of sex hormones—<a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogen</a> in women and <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> in men.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effects of mildly elevated levels of prolactin are much more variable, in women, substantially increasing or decreasing estrogen levels. </p><p>Prolactin is sometimes classified as a <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin" title="Gonadotropin">gonadotropin</a><sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-8053-5909-5_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-8053-5909-5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although in humans it has only a weak luteotropic effect while the effect of suppressing classical gonadotropic hormones is more important.<sup id="cite_ref-MeSH_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeSH-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prolactin within the normal reference ranges can act as a weak gonadotropin, but at the same time suppresses <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone">gonadotropin-releasing hormone</a> secretion. The exact mechanism by which it inhibits gonadotropin-releasing hormone is poorly understood. Although expression of prolactin receptors have been demonstrated in rat hypothalamus, the same has not been observed in gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons.<sup id="cite_ref-Grattan_2007_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grattan_2007-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physiologic levels of prolactin in males enhance <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">luteinizing hormone</a>-receptors in <a href="/wiki/Leydig_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Leydig cells">Leydig cells</a>, resulting in testosterone secretion, which leads to <a href="/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">spermatogenesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hair_2002_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hair_2002-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prolactin also stimulates proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Oligodendrocyte_precursor_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligodendrocyte precursor cell">oligodendrocyte precursor cells</a>. These cells differentiate into <a href="/wiki/Oligodendrocyte" title="Oligodendrocyte">oligodendrocytes</a>, the cells responsible for the formation of <a href="/wiki/Myelin" title="Myelin">myelin</a> coatings on <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17314279_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17314279-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other actions include contributing to <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_surfactant" title="Pulmonary surfactant">pulmonary surfactant</a> synthesis of the fetal <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a> at the end of the pregnancy and <a href="/wiki/Immune_tolerance" title="Immune tolerance">immune tolerance</a> of the fetus by the maternal organism during pregnancy. Prolactin promotes <a href="/wiki/Neurogenesis" title="Neurogenesis">neurogenesis</a> in maternal and <a href="/wiki/Fetal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal">fetal</a> brains.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12511652_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12511652-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid21820505_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21820505-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Music psychology">music psychology</a>, it is conjectured that prolactin may play a role in the pleasurable perception of sad music, as the levels of the hormone increase when a person feels sad, producing a consoling psychological effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Sad_music_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sad_music-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_other_vertebrates">In other vertebrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In other vertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary function of prolactin in <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> is <a href="/wiki/Osmoregulation" title="Osmoregulation">osmoregulation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16406056_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16406056-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e., controlling the movement of water and salts between the tissues of the fish and the surrounding water. Like mammals, however, prolactin in fish also has reproductive functions, including promoting sexual maturation and inducing breeding cycles, as well as brooding and parental care.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23791758_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23791758-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the South American <a href="/wiki/Discus_(fish)" title="Discus (fish)">discus</a>, prolactin may also regulate the production of a skin secretion that provides food for larval <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_fish" title="Juvenile fish">fry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19272315_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19272315-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An increase in brooding behaviour caused by prolactin has been reported in <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">hens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15971519_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15971519-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prolactin and <a href="/wiki/Prolactin_receptor" title="Prolactin receptor">its receptor</a> are expressed in the skin, specifically in the hair follicles, where they regulate hair growth and moulting in an <a href="/wiki/Autocrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocrine">autocrine</a> fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12707045_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12707045-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11356702_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11356702-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elevated levels of prolactin can inhibit hair growth,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16507890_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16507890-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and knock-out <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a> in the prolactin gene cause increased hair length in cattle<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25519203_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25519203-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and mice.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11356702_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11356702-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, mutations in the prolactin receptor can cause reduced hair growth, resulting in the "slick" phenotype in cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25519203_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25519203-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid29527221_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29527221-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, prolactin delays hair regrowth in mice.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17088411_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17088411-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analogous to its effects on hair growth and shedding in mammals, prolactin in birds controls the <a href="/wiki/Moulting" title="Moulting">moulting</a> of feathers,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16530194_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16530194-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the age at onset of feathering in both turkeys and chickens.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29566646_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29566646-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon">Pigeons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">flamingos</a> and male <a href="/wiki/Emperor_penguin" title="Emperor penguin">emperor penguins</a> feed their young a cheese-like secretion from the upper digestive tract called <a href="/wiki/Crop_milk" title="Crop milk">crop milk</a>, whose production is regulated by prolactin.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In rodents, <a href="/wiki/Pseudopregnancy" title="Pseudopregnancy">pseudopregnancy</a> can occur when a female is mated with a sterile male. This mating can cause bi-daily surges of prolactin which would normally occur in rodent pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prolactin surges initiate the secretion of progesterone which maintains pregnancy and hence can initiate pseudopregnancy. The false maintenance of pregnancy exhibits the outward physical symptoms of pregnancy, in the absence of a foetus.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prolactin receptor activation is essential for normal <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">mammary gland</a> development during <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a> in mice.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10935023_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10935023-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adult virgin female prolactin receptor <a href="/wiki/Knockout_mice" class="mw-redirect" title="Knockout mice">knockout mice</a> have much smaller and less developed mammary glands than their <a href="/wiki/Wild-type" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild-type">wild-type</a> counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10935023_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10935023-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prolactin and prolactin receptor signaling are also essential for maturation of the mammary glands during pregnancy in mice.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10935023_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10935023-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In humans, prolactin is produced at least in the anterior pituitary, <a href="/wiki/Decidua" title="Decidua">decidua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myometrium" title="Myometrium">myometrium</a>, breast, <a href="/wiki/Lymphocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphocytes">lymphocytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leukocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukocytes">leukocytes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">prostate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ben-Jonathan_1996_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ben-Jonathan_1996-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gerlo_2006_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerlo_2006-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pituitary">Pituitary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pituitary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pituitary prolactin is controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Pit-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit-1">Pit-1</a> <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factor</a>, which binds to the gene at several sites including a proximal promoter.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerlo_2006_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerlo_2006-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This promoter is inhibited by dopamine and stimulated by estrogens, neuropeptides, and growth factors.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estrogens can also suppress dopamine. </p><p>Interaction with neuropeptides is still a matter of active research: no specific <a href="/wiki/Prolactin-releasing_hormone" title="Prolactin-releasing hormone">prolactin-releasing hormone</a> has been identified. It is known that mice react to both <a href="/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide" title="Vasoactive intestinal peptide">VIP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone">TRH</a>, but humans seem to only react to TRH. There are <a href="/wiki/Prolactin-releasing_peptide" title="Prolactin-releasing peptide">prolactin-releasing peptides</a> that work <i>in vitro</i>, but whether they deserve their name has been questioned. <a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a> does not play a large role. Mice without a posterior pituitary do not raise their prolactin levels even with suckling and oxytocin injection, but scientists have yet to identify which specific hormone produced by this region is responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18057139_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18057139-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In birds (turkeys), VIP is a powerful prolactin-releasing factor, while <a href="/wiki/Peptide_histidine_isoleucine" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptide histidine isoleucine">peptide histidine isoleucine</a> has almost no effect.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extrapituitary">Extrapituitary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Extrapituitary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Extrapituitary prolactin is controlled by a superdistal promoter, located 5.8 kb upstream of the pituitary start site. The promoter does not react to dopamine, estrogens, or TRH. Instead, it is stimulated by <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a>. Responsiveness to cAMP is mediated by an imperfect cAMP–responsive element and two CAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBP).<sup id="cite_ref-Gerlo_2006_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerlo_2006-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a> upregulates prolactin synthesis in the <a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">endometrium</a> but decreases it in <a href="/wiki/Myometrium" title="Myometrium">myometrium</a> and breast glandular tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-Zinger_2003_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zinger_2003-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breast and other tissues may express the Pit-1 promoter in addition to the distal promoter. <a href="/wiki/Oct-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Oct-1">Oct-1</a> appears able to substitute for Pit-1 in activating the promoter in breast cancer cells.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18057139_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18057139-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Extrapituitary production of prolactin is thought to be special to humans and primates and may serve mostly tissue-specific <a href="/wiki/Paracrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracrine">paracrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autocrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocrine">autocrine</a> purposes. It has been hypothesized that in vertebrates such as mice a similar tissue-specific effect is achieved by a large family of prolactin-like proteins controlled by at least 26 paralogous <i>PRL</i> genes not present in primates.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerlo_2006_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerlo_2006-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stimuli">Stimuli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stimuli"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prolactin follows <a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">diurnal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulatory</a> cycles. Prolactin levels peak during REM sleep and in the early morning. Many mammals experience a seasonal cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>, high circulating concentrations of estrogen and progesterone increase prolactin levels by 10- to 20-fold. Estrogen and progesterone inhibit the stimulatory effects of prolactin on milk production. The abrupt drop of estrogen and progesterone levels following delivery allow prolactin—which temporarily remains high—to induce lactation.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sucking on the nipple offsets the fall in prolactin as the internal stimulus for them is removed. The sucking activates mechanoreceptors in and around the nipple. These signals are carried by nerve fibers through the spinal cord to the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>, where changes in the electrical activity of neurons that regulate the <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">pituitary gland</a> increase prolactin secretion. The suckling stimulus also triggers the release of <a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">oxytocin</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior pituitary gland">posterior pituitary gland</a>, which triggers milk let-down: Prolactin controls milk production (lactogenesis) but not the milk-ejection reflex; the rise in prolactin fills the breast with milk in preparation for the next feed. The posterior pituitary produces a yet-unidentified hormone that causes prolactin production.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18057139_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18057139-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In usual circumstances, in the absence of <a href="/wiki/Galactorrhea" title="Galactorrhea">galactorrhea</a>, lactation ceases within one or two weeks following the end of <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a>. </p><p>Levels can rise after exercise, high-protein meals, minor surgical procedures,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following <a href="/wiki/Epileptic_seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizures">epileptic seizures</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mellors_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mellors-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or due to physical or emotional <a href="/wiki/Stress_(psychological)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (psychological)">stress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-medlineplus_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medlineplus-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sobrinho-2003_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sobrinho-2003-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a study on female volunteers under hypnosis, prolactin surges resulted from the evocation, with rage, of humiliating experiences, but not from the fantasy of nursing.<sup id="cite_ref-sobrinho-2003_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sobrinho-2003-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stress-induced PRL changes are not linked to the posterior pituitary in rodents.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18057139_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18057139-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hypersecretion is more common than hyposecretion. Hyperprolactinemia is the most frequent abnormality of the anterior pituitary tumors, termed <a href="/wiki/Prolactinoma" title="Prolactinoma">prolactinomas</a>. Prolactinomas may disrupt the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis">hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis</a> as prolactin tends to suppress the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus and in turn decreases the secretion of <a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">follicle-stimulating hormone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">luteinizing hormone</a> from the anterior pituitary, therefore disrupting the <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">ovulatory cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such hormonal changes may manifest as <a href="/wiki/Amenorrhea" title="Amenorrhea">amenorrhea</a> and infertility in females as well as <a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">erectile dysfunction</a> in males.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inappropriate lactation (<a href="/wiki/Galactorrhea" title="Galactorrhea">galactorrhoea</a>) is another important clinical sign of prolactinomas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_isoforms">Structure and isoforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Structure and isoforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The structure of prolactin is similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">growth hormone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Placental_lactogen" title="Placental lactogen">placental lactogen</a>. The molecule is folded due to the activity of three <a href="/wiki/Disulfide_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Disulfide bond">disulfide bonds</a>. Significant heterogeneity of the molecule has been described, thus <a href="/wiki/Bioassay" title="Bioassay">bioassays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immunoassay" title="Immunoassay">immunoassays</a> can give different results due to differing <a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation">glycosylation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfation" title="Sulfation">sulfation</a>, as well as degradation. The non-glycosylated form of prolactin is the dominant form that is secreted by the <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">pituitary gland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three different sizes of prolactin are: </p> <ul><li>Little prolactin—the predominant form.<sup id="cite_ref-Sabharwal_1992_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabharwal_1992-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a <a href="/wiki/Molecular_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular weight">molecular weight</a> of approximately 23-<a href="/wiki/Kilodalton" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilodalton">kDa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sabharwal_1992_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabharwal_1992-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a single-chain <a href="/wiki/Polypeptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypeptide">polypeptide</a> of 199 <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> and is apparently the result of removal of some amino acids.</li> <li>Big prolactin—approximately 48 kDa.<sup id="cite_ref-Sabharwal_1992_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabharwal_1992-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be the product of interaction of several prolactin molecules. It appears to have little, if any, biological activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Garnier1978_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garnier1978-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroprolactin" title="Macroprolactin">Macroprolactin</a>—approximately 150 kDa.<sup id="cite_ref-Sabharwal_1992_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabharwal_1992-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears to have a low biological activity.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1483294_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1483294-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Other variants with the molecular masses of 14, 16, and 22 kDa.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The levels of larger ones are somewhat higher during the early <a href="/wiki/Postpartum_period" title="Postpartum period">postpartum period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8291454_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8291454-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prolactin_receptor">Prolactin receptor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prolactin receptor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prolactin_receptor" title="Prolactin receptor">Prolactin receptor</a></div> <p>Prolactin receptors are present in the <a href="/wiki/Mammillary_body" title="Mammillary body">mammillary glands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovaries</a>, pituitary glands, heart, lung, <a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">thymus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a>, liver, pancreas, <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">adrenal gland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal muscle</a>, skin and areas of the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mancini2008_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mancini2008-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When prolactin binds to the receptor, it causes it to <a href="/wiki/Dimer_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimer (chemistry)">dimerize</a> with another prolactin receptor. This results in the activation of <a href="/wiki/Janus_kinase_2" title="Janus kinase 2">Janus kinase 2</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_kinase" title="Tyrosine kinase">tyrosine kinase</a> that initiates the <a href="/wiki/JAK-STAT_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="JAK-STAT pathway">JAK-STAT pathway</a>. Activation also results in the activation of <a href="/wiki/Mitogen-activated_protein_kinases" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitogen-activated protein kinases">mitogen-activated protein kinases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Src_kinase" class="mw-redirect" title="Src kinase">Src kinase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mancini2008_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mancini2008-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Human prolactin receptors are insensitive to mouse prolactin.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16522738_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16522738-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnostic_use">Diagnostic use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diagnostic use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prolactin levels may be checked as part of a <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone" title="Sex hormone">sex hormone</a> workup, as elevated prolactin secretion can suppress the secretion of follicle stimulating hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone, leading to <a href="/wiki/Hypogonadism" title="Hypogonadism">hypogonadism</a> and sometimes causing <a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">erectile dysfunction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prolactin levels may be of some use in distinguishing <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">epileptic seizures</a> from <a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_non-epileptic_seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures">psychogenic non-epileptic seizures</a>. The serum prolactin level usually rises following an epileptic seizure.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Units_and_unit_conversions">Units and unit conversions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Units and unit conversions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The serum concentration of prolactin can be given in <a href="/wiki/Mass_concentration_(chemistry)" title="Mass concentration (chemistry)">mass concentration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Microgram" title="Microgram">μg</a>/<a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">L</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nanogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanogram">ng</a>/<a href="/wiki/Millilitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Millilitre">mL</a>), <a href="/wiki/Molar_concentration" title="Molar concentration">molar concentration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nanomole" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanomole">nmol</a>/L or <a href="/wiki/Picomole" class="mw-redirect" title="Picomole">pmol</a>/L), or <a href="/wiki/International_unit" title="International unit">international units</a> (typically mIU/L). The current IU is calibrated against the third International Standard for Prolactin, IS 84/500.<sup id="cite_ref-Schulster_1989_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulster_1989-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlwhqlibdoc.who.int_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlwhqlibdoc.who.int-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reference ampoules of IS 84/500 contain "approximately" 2.5 μg of <a href="/wiki/Lyophilize" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyophilize">lyophilized</a> human prolactin<sup id="cite_ref-NIBSC_instructions_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIBSC_instructions-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have been assigned an activity of 0.053 International Units by calibrating against the previous standard.<sup id="cite_ref-Schulster_1989_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulster_1989-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlwhqlibdoc.who.int_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlwhqlibdoc.who.int-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Measurements can be converted into mass units using this ratio of grams to IUs to obtain an equivalent in relationship to the contents of IS 84/500;<sup id="cite_ref-CSCC_1992_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSCC_1992-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prolactin concentrations expressed in mIU/L can be converted to μg/L of IS 84/500 equivalent by dividing by 21.2. Previous standards had other ratios in relation to their potency on the assay measurement. For example, the previous IS (83/562) had a potency of 27.0 mIU per μg.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaines_Das_1979_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaines_Das_1979-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-second_IRP_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-second_IRP-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-second_IS_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-second_IS-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-who1963_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who1963-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/International_unit#Equality_and_equivalency_of_IU_for_different_substances" title="International unit">International Reference Preparation</a> (or IRP) of human Prolactin for Immunoassay was established in 1978 (75/504 1st IRP for human prolactin) at a time when purified human prolactin was in short supply.<sup id="cite_ref-CSCC_1992_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSCC_1992-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gaines_Das_1979_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaines_Das_1979-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous standards relied on prolactin from animal sources.<sup id="cite_ref-who1963_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who1963-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Purified human prolactin was scarce, heterogeneous, unstable, and difficult to characterize. A preparation labeled 81/541 was distributed by the <a href="/wiki/WHO_Expert_Committee_on_Biological_Standardization" title="WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization">WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization</a> without official status and given the assigned value of 50 mIU/ampoule based on an earlier collaborative study.<sup id="cite_ref-CSCC_1992_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSCC_1992-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-second_IRP_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-second_IRP-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was determined that this preparation behaved anomalously in certain <a href="/wiki/Immunoassays" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunoassays">immunoassays</a> and was not suitable as an IS.<sup id="cite_ref-CSCC_1992_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSCC_1992-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three different human pituitary extracts containing prolactin were subsequently obtained as candidates for an IS. These were distributed into ampoules coded 83/562, 83/573, and 84/500.<sup id="cite_ref-Schulster_1989_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulster_1989-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlwhqlibdoc.who.int_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlwhqlibdoc.who.int-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CSCC_1992_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSCC_1992-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-second_IS_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-second_IS-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collaborative studies involving 20 different laboratories found little difference between these three preparations. 83/562 appeared to be the most stable. This preparation was largely free of dimers and <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a> of prolactin. On the basis of these investigations, 83/562 was established as the Second IS for human prolactin.<sup id="cite_ref-second_IS_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-second_IS-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once stocks of these ampoules were depleted, 84/500 was established as the Third IS for human prolactin.<sup id="cite_ref-Schulster_1989_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulster_1989-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CSCC_1992_66-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSCC_1992-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>84/500 has nearly run out and in 2016 replacement was proposed. The new 83/573 contains 67.2 mIU per ampoule when calibrated against the third IS and contains 1.002 g of human pituitary extract each (which is then lyophilized). Each ampoule contains approximately 3.2 μg of prolactin. The <i>assigned value</i> will be 67 mIU per ampoule. If a fifth IS is needed, it will likely be based on <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Recombinant protein">recombinant protein</a>, as WHO has not received any further donations of human pituitary extracts.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference_ranges">Reference ranges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reference ranges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>General guidelines for diagnosing prolactin excess (<a href="/wiki/Hyperprolactinemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperprolactinemia">hyperprolactinemia</a>) define the upper threshold of normal prolactin at 25 μg/L for women and 20 μg/L for men.<sup id="cite_ref-Mancini2008_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mancini2008-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, guidelines for diagnosing prolactin deficiency (<a href="/wiki/Hypoprolactinemia" title="Hypoprolactinemia">hypoprolactinemia</a>) are defined as prolactin levels below 3 μg/L in women<sup id="cite_ref-Kauppila_1988_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kauppila_1988-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schwarzler_1997_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwarzler_1997-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 5 μg/L in men.<sup id="cite_ref-Corona_2009_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corona_2009-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gonzales_1989_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gonzales_1989-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ufearo_1995_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ufearo_1995-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, different assays and methods for measuring prolactin are employed by different laboratories and as such the <a href="/wiki/Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests" title="Reference ranges for blood tests">serum reference range</a> for prolactin is often determined by the laboratory performing the measurement.<sup id="cite_ref-Mancini2008_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mancini2008-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beltran_2008_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beltran_2008-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, prolactin levels vary according to factors as age,<sup id="cite_ref-immulite_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immulite-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sex,<sup id="cite_ref-immulite_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immulite-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">menstrual cycle</a> stage<sup id="cite_ref-immulite_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immulite-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-immulite_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immulite-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The circumstances surrounding a given prolactin measurement (assay, patient condition, etc.) must therefore be considered before the measurement can be accurately interpreted.<sup id="cite_ref-Mancini2008_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mancini2008-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following chart illustrates the variations seen in normal prolactin measurements across different populations. Prolactin values were obtained from specific control groups of varying sizes using the IMMULITE <a href="/wiki/Assay" title="Assay">assay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-immulite_78-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immulite-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1274038083">.mw-parser-output .bar-chart{margin:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #c0c0c0;border-spacing:0px}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart tbody{display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart caption{display:block;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th,.mw-parser-output .bar-chart td{padding:3px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart tr:not(:first-child):hover{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#ffffff)}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="col"]:not(.bar-chart-label-type){width:15em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="row"]:not(.bar-chart-total){font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar{height:1.25em;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#cedff2;height:1.25em;margin:0 0 0 0;z-index:0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-comment{font-size:90%;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-numbers{position:relative;top:-1.4em;height:1.25em;padding:0 0 0 2em;z-index:10;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-caption{border-top:1px solid #aaa}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-center{margin:0.5em auto}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{border:dashed 1pt grey}}</style> <table class="bar-chart"> <caption>Typical prolactin values </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Proband </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 35em">Prolactin, μg/L (ng/mL) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">women, follicular phase (n = 803) </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 35em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.7em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 35em;"><span class="nowrap">12.1</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">women, luteal phase (n = 699) </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 35em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:4.3em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 35em;"><span class="nowrap">13.9</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">women, mid-cycle (n = 53) </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 35em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:5.3em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 35em;"><span class="nowrap">17</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">women, whole cycle (n = 1555) </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 35em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 35em;"><span class="nowrap">13.0</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">women, pregnant, 1st trimester (n = 39) </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 35em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:5em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 35em;"><span class="nowrap">16</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">women, pregnant, 2nd trimester (n = 52) </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 35em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:15.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 35em;"><span class="nowrap">49</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">women, pregnant, 3rd trimester (n = 54) </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 35em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:35em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 35em;"><span class="nowrap">113</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Men, 21–30 (n = 50) </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 35em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 35em;"><span class="nowrap">9.2</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Men, 31–40 (n = 50) </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 35em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 35em;"><span class="nowrap">7.1</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Men, 41–50 (n = 50) </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 35em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 35em;"><span class="nowrap">7.0</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Men, 51–60 (n = 50) </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 35em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.9em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 35em;"><span class="nowrap">6.2</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Men, 61–70 (n = 50) </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 35em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.1em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 35em;"><span class="nowrap">6.9</span></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter-method_variability">Inter-method variability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Inter-method variability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table illustrates variability in reference ranges of serum prolactin between some commonly used assay methods (as of 2008), using a control group of healthy health care professionals (53 males, age 20–64 years, median 28 years; 97 females, age 19–59 years, median 29 years) in <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, England:<sup id="cite_ref-Beltran_2008_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beltran_2008-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" valign="bottom">Assay method </th> <th colspan="2">Mean<br />Prolactin </th> <th colspan="2">Lower limit <br /><span style="font-size:87%;">2.5th percentile</span> </th> <th colspan="2">Upper limit <br /><span style="font-size:87%;">97.5th percentile</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>mIU/L </td> <td bgcolor="yellow">μg/L</td> <td>mIU/L</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">μg/L</td> <td>mIU/L</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">μg/L </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="9">Females </th></tr> <tr> <td>Centaur</td> <td>168</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">7.92</td> <td>71</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">3.35</td> <td>348</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">16.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Immulite</td> <td>196</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">9.25</td> <td>75</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">3.54</td> <td>396</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">18.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Access</td> <td>192</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">9.06</td> <td>77</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">3.63</td> <td>408</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">19.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Elecsys</td> <td>222</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">10.5</td> <td>88</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">4.15</td> <td>492</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">23.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Architect</td> <td>225</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">10.6</td> <td>98</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">4.62</td> <td>447</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">21.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>AIA<sup id="cite_ref-aia_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aia-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>257</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">9.52</td> <td>105</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">3.89</td> <td>548</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">20.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="9">Males </th></tr> <tr> <td>Access</td> <td>146</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">6.89</td> <td>58</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">2.74</td> <td>277</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">13.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Centaur</td> <td>167</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">7.88</td> <td>63</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">2.97</td> <td>262</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">12.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Immulite</td> <td>158</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">7.45</td> <td>70</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">3.30</td> <td>281</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">13.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Elecsys</td> <td>180</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">8.49</td> <td>72</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">3.40</td> <td>331</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">15.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Architect</td> <td>188</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">8.87</td> <td>85</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">4.01</td> <td>310</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">14.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>AIA<sup id="cite_ref-aia_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aia-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>211</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">7.81</td> <td>89</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">3.3</td> <td>365</td> <td bgcolor="yellow">13.52 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An example of the use of the above table is, if using the Centaur assay to estimate prolactin values in μg/L for females, the mean is 168 mIU/L (7.92 μg/L) and the reference range is 71–348 mIU/L (3.35–16.4 μg/L). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conditions">Conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elevated_levels">Elevated levels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Elevated levels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hyperprolactinaemia" title="Hyperprolactinaemia">Hyperprolactinaemia</a>, or excess serum prolactin, is associated with <a href="/wiki/Hypoestrogenism" title="Hypoestrogenism">hypoestrogenism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anovulatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Anovulatory">anovulatory</a> <a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">infertility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oligomenorrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligomenorrhoea">oligomenorrhoea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amenorrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenorrhoea">amenorrhoea</a>, unexpected <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a> and loss of <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libido</a> in women and <a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">erectile dysfunction</a> and loss of libido in men.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Causes of Elevated Prolactin Levels</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Physiological</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Coitus">Coitus</a></li> <li>Exercise</li> <li>Lactation</li> <li>Pregnancy</li> <li>Sleep</li> <li>Stress</li> <li>Depression</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Pharmacological</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">Anesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">Antihistamines</a> (H2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihypertensives" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihypertensives">Antihypertensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholinergic_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholinergic agonist">Cholinergic agonist</a></li> <li>Drug-induced hypersecretion</li> <li>Catecholamine depletor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor" title="Dopamine receptor">Dopamine receptor</a> blockers</li> <li>Dopamine synthesis inhibitor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral contraceptive">Oral contraceptives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral contraceptive">Oral contraceptive</a> withdrawal</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide" title="Neuropeptide">Neuropeptides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a> and opioid receptor antagonists</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Pathological</b> </p> <ul><li>Hypothalamic-pituitary stalk damage <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Granuloma" title="Granuloma">Granulomas</a></li> <li>Infiltrations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathke%27s_cyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Rathke's cyst">Rathke's cyst</a></li></ul></li> <li>Trauma <ul><li>Pituitary stalk resection</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprasellar" class="mw-redirect" title="Suprasellar">Suprasellar</a> surgery</li></ul></li> <li>Tumors <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craniopharyngioma" title="Craniopharyngioma">Craniopharyngioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germinoma" title="Germinoma">Germinoma</a></li> <li>Hypothalamic metastases</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningioma" title="Meningioma">Meningioma</a></li> <li>Suprasellar pituitary mass extension</li></ul></li> <li>Surgery</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dd> </dd></dl> <ul><li>Pituitary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acromegaly" title="Acromegaly">Acromegaly</a></li> <li>Idiopathic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_hypophysitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphocytic hypophysitis">Lymphocytic hypophysitis</a> or parasellar mass</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroadenoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroadenoma">Macroadenoma</a> (compressive)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macroprolactinemia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macroprolactinemia (page does not exist)">Macroprolactinemia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plurihumoral_adenoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plurihumoral adenoma (page does not exist)">Plurihumoral adenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactinoma" title="Prolactinoma">Prolactinoma</a></li></ul></li> <li>Systemic disorders <ul><li>Chest-neurologic chest wall trauma</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_Zoster" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes Zoster">Herpes Zoster</a></li> <li>Chronic <a href="/wiki/Renal_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal failure">renal failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">Cirrhosis</a></li> <li>Cranial radiation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epileptic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizure">Epileptic seizures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycystic_ovarian_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycystic ovarian disease">Polycystic ovarian disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudocyesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudocyesis">Pseudocyesis</a></li> <li>Chronic low levels of <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">thyroid hormone</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decreased_levels">Decreased levels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Decreased levels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hypoprolactinemia" title="Hypoprolactinemia">Hypoprolactinemia</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hypoprolactinemia" title="Hypoprolactinemia">Hypoprolactinemia</a>, or serum prolactin deficiency, is associated with ovarian dysfunction in women,<sup id="cite_ref-Kauppila_1988_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kauppila_1988-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schwarzler_1997_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwarzler_1997-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Arteriogenesis" title="Arteriogenesis">arteriogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">erectile dysfunction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Premature_ejaculation" title="Premature ejaculation">premature ejaculation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Corona_2009_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corona_2009-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oligozoospermia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligozoospermia">oligozoospermia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asthenospermia" class="mw-redirect" title="Asthenospermia">asthenospermia</a>, hypofunction of <a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicles" title="Seminal vesicles">seminal vesicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypoandrogenism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoandrogenism">hypoandrogenism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gonzales_1989_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gonzales_1989-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in men. In one study, normal sperm characteristics were restored when prolactin levels were raised to normal values in hypoprolactinemic men.<sup id="cite_ref-Ufearo_1995_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ufearo_1995-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hypoprolactinemia can result from <a href="/wiki/Hypopituitarism" title="Hypopituitarism">hypopituitarism</a>, excessive <a href="/wiki/Dopaminergic" title="Dopaminergic">dopaminergic</a> action in the <a href="/wiki/Tuberoinfundibular_pathway" title="Tuberoinfundibular pathway">tuberoinfundibular pathway</a> and ingestion of <a href="/wiki/D2_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="D2 receptor">D<sub>2</sub> receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_medicine">In medicine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prolactin is available commercially for use in other animals, but not in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-CouttsSmail2014_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CouttsSmail2014-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used to stimulate lactation in animals.<sup id="cite_ref-CouttsSmail2014_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CouttsSmail2014-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">biological half-life</a> of prolactin in humans is around 15–20 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Horrobin2012_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horrobin2012-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The D<sub>2</sub> receptor is involved in the regulation of prolactin secretion, and agonists of the receptor such as <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">cabergoline</a> decrease prolactin levels while antagonists of the receptor such as <a href="/wiki/Domperidone" title="Domperidone">domperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metoclopramide" title="Metoclopramide">metoclopramide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">haloperidol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sulpiride" title="Sulpiride">sulpiride</a> increase prolactin levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson2012_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson2012-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> D<sub>2</sub> receptor antagonists like domperidone, metoclopramide, and sulpiride are used as <a href="/wiki/Galactogogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Galactogogue">galactogogues</a> to increase prolactin secretion in the pituitary gland and induce lactation in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Riordan2005_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riordan2005-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast-feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast-feeding">Breast-feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_and_fertility" class="mw-redirect" title="Breastfeeding and fertility">Breastfeeding and fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epileptic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizure">Epileptic seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperprolactinaemia" title="Hyperprolactinaemia">Hyperprolactinaemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93prolactin_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis">Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_lactation" title="Male lactation">Male lactation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin_modulator" title="Prolactin modulator">Prolactin modulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin_receptor" title="Prolactin receptor">Prolactin receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin-releasing_hormone" title="Prolactin-releasing hormone">Prolactin-releasing hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactinoma" title="Prolactinoma">Prolactinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaning" title="Weaning">Weaning</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-aia-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aia_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aia_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beltran 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/54/10/1673/T2">Table 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109064854/http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/54/10/1673/T2">Archived</a> 9 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> reports measurements in mIU/L. AIA machines are calibrated to read the correct amount of μg/L against the second international standard IS 83/562, which has a potency of 27.0 mIU per μg.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By converting these measurements to mIU/L, Beltran makes measurements from machines calibrated against the second and third IS comparable, because the third IS is calibrated against the second to maintain the magnitude of the IU. 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href="http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/54/10/1673/T2">Table 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109064854/http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/54/10/1673/T2">Archived</a> 9 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeltranFahie-WilsonMcKennaKavanagh2008" class="citation journal cs1">Beltran L, Fahie-Wilson MN, McKenna TJ, Kavanagh L, Smith TP (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1373%2Fclinchem.2008.105312">"Serum total prolactin and monomeric prolactin reference intervals determined by precipitation with polyethylene glycol: evaluation and validation on common immunoassay platforms"</a>. <i>Clinical Chemistry</i>. <b>54</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1673–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1373%2Fclinchem.2008.105312">10.1373/clinchem.2008.105312</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18719199">18719199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Serum+total+prolactin+and+monomeric+prolactin+reference+intervals+determined+by+precipitation+with+polyethylene+glycol%3A+evaluation+and+validation+on+common+immunoassay+platforms&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1673-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1373%2Fclinchem.2008.105312&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18719199&rft.aulast=Beltran&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Fahie-Wilson%2C+MN&rft.au=McKenna%2C+TJ&rft.au=Kavanagh%2C+L&rft.au=Smith%2C+TP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1373%252Fclinchem.2008.105312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProlactin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-immulite-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-immulite_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-immulite_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-immulite_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-immulite_78-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-immulite_78-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medical.siemens.com/siemens/en_GLOBAL/gg_diag_FBAs/files/referenzwerte_pdf/IMMULITE_Systeme/prolaktin.pdf">Prolaktin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728085232/http://www.medical.siemens.com/siemens/en_GLOBAL/gg_diag_FBAs/files/referenzwerte_pdf/IMMULITE_Systeme/prolaktin.pdf">Archived</a> 28 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at medical.siemens.com—reference ranges as determined from the IMMULITE assay method</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diagnostics.eu.tosohbioscience.com/File%20Library/TSEN/Secured%20files//IFU/CL_PRLTC_EN.pdf">"CL AIA-PACK® Prolactin TEST CUP"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CL+AIA-PACK%C2%AE+Prolactin+TEST+CUP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diagnostics.eu.tosohbioscience.com%2FFile%2520Library%2FTSEN%2FSecured%2520files%2F%2FIFU%2FCL_PRLTC_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProlactin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Melmed S, Kleinberg D 2008 Anterior pituitary. 1n: Kronenberg HM, Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, eds. Willams textbook of endocrinology. 11th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 185–261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CouttsSmail2014-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CouttsSmail2014_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CouttsSmail2014_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCouttsSmail2014" class="citation book cs1">Coutts RT, Smail GA (12 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ojGRBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA153"><i>Polysaccharides Peptides and Proteins: Pharmaceutical Monographs</i></a>. Elsevier. pp. 153–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4831-9612-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4831-9612-1"><bdi>978-1-4831-9612-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polysaccharides+Peptides+and+Proteins%3A+Pharmaceutical+Monographs&rft.pages=153-&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2014-05-12&rft.isbn=978-1-4831-9612-1&rft.aulast=Coutts&rft.aufirst=RT&rft.au=Smail%2C+GA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DojGRBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProlactin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horrobin2012-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horrobin2012_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFD.F._Horrobin2012" class="citation book cs1">D.F. Horrobin (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h_Q-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13"><i>Prolactin: Physiology and Clinical Significance</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 13–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-010-9695-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-010-9695-9"><bdi>978-94-010-9695-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prolactin%3A+Physiology+and+Clinical+Significance&rft.pages=13-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-94-010-9695-9&rft.au=D.F.+Horrobin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh_Q-BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProlactin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson2012-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson2012_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin_H._Johnson2012" class="citation book cs1">Martin H. Johnson (14 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qXpBst5hJs0C&pg=PT40"><i>Essential Reproduction</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 40–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-42388-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-42388-2"><bdi>978-1-118-42388-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Reproduction&rft.pages=40-&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012-12-14&rft.isbn=978-1-118-42388-2&rft.au=Martin+H.+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqXpBst5hJs0C%26pg%3DPT40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProlactin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riordan2005-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Riordan2005_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJan_Riordan2005" class="citation book cs1">Jan Riordan (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aiVesab_2bwC&pg=PA468"><i>Breastfeeding and Human Lactation</i></a>. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 468–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-4585-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-4585-1"><bdi>978-0-7637-4585-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breastfeeding+and+Human+Lactation&rft.pages=468-&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2005-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-4585-1&rft.au=Jan+Riordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaiVesab_2bwC%26pg%3DPA468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProlactin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolactin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus Encyclopedia</a></i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003718.htm">Prolactin</a></li> <li>Overview of all the structural information available in the <a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a> for <a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/pdbe-kb/proteins/P01236">P01236</a></i> (Prolactin) at the <a href="/wiki/PDBe-KB" title="PDBe-KB">PDBe-KB</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">FSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">LH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone" title="Thyroid-stimulating hormone">TSH</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prolactin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proopiomelanocortin" title="Proopiomelanocortin">POMC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-like_intermediate_peptide" title="Corticotropin-like intermediate peptide">CLIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">ACTH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">MSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorphins" title="Endorphins">Endorphins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipotropin" title="Lipotropin">Lipotropin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">GH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93adrenal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis">Adrenal axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland#Adrenal_cortex" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">Aldosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">Cortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">Cortisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenedione" title="Androstenedione">Androstenedione</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland#Adrenal_medulla" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal medulla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenaline" title="Adrenaline">Adrenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormones" title="Thyroid hormones">Thyroid hormones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triiodothyronine" title="Triiodothyronine">T<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroxine" title="Thyroxine">T<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin" title="Calcitonin">Calcitonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93thyroid_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis">Thyroid axis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_gland" title="Parathyroid gland">Parathyroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone" title="Parathyroid hormone">PTH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis">Gonadal axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">Testis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone">AMH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin" title="Activin and inhibin">Inhibin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin" title="Activin and inhibin">Activin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin" title="Activin and inhibin">Inhibin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin" title="Relaxin">Relaxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin_surge-attenuating_factor" title="Gonadotropin surge-attenuating factor">GnSAF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin" title="Human chorionic gonadotropin">hCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_placental_lactogen" title="Human placental lactogen">HPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">Glucagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">Insulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amylin" title="Amylin">Amylin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">Somatostatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide" title="Pancreatic polypeptide">Pancreatic polypeptide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">Pineal gland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">Melatonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">N,N-Dimethyltryptamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine">5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">Thymus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thymosin" title="Thymosin">Thymosins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thymosin_%CE%B11" title="Thymosin α1">Thymosin α1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_thymosin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta thymosin">Beta thymosins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymopoietin" title="Thymopoietin">Thymopoietin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymulin" title="Thymulin">Thymulin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">Digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastrin" title="Gastrin">Gastrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghrelin" title="Ghrelin">Ghrelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Duodenum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin" title="Cholecystokinin">CCK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide" title="Gastric inhibitory polypeptide">GIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretin" title="Secretin">Secretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilin" title="Motilin">Motilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide" title="Vasoactive intestinal peptide">VIP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">Ileum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enteroglucagon" title="Enteroglucagon">Enteroglucagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptide_YY" title="Peptide YY">Peptide YY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-1" title="Glucagon-like peptide-1">GLP-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a>/other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor" title="Insulin-like growth factor">Insulin-like growth factor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1" title="Insulin-like growth factor 1">IGF-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_2" title="Insulin-like growth factor 2">IGF-2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">Adipose tissue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leptin" title="Leptin">Leptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiponectin" title="Adiponectin">Adiponectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistin" title="Resistin">Resistin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">Skeleton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteocalcin" title="Osteocalcin">Osteocalcin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renin" title="Renin">Renin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">EPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitriol" title="Calcitriol">Calcitriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">Prostaglandin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natriuretic_peptide" title="Natriuretic peptide">Natriuretic peptide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide" title="Atrial natriuretic peptide">ANP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_natriuretic_peptide_32" title="Brain natriuretic peptide 32">BNP</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Amyloidosis99" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amyloidosis" title="Template:Amyloidosis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amyloidosis" title="Template talk:Amyloidosis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amyloidosis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amyloidosis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Amyloidosis99" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Amyloidosis" title="Amyloidosis">Amyloidosis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common <a href="/wiki/Amyloid" title="Amyloid">amyloid</a> forming proteins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serum_amyloid_A" title="Serum amyloid A">AA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transthyretin" title="Transthyretin">ATTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-2_microglobulin" title="Beta-2 microglobulin">Aβ2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bence_Jones_protein" title="Bence Jones protein">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_amyloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta amyloid">Aβ</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amyloid_precursor_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyloid precursor protein">APP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amylin" title="Amylin">AIAPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin" title="Calcitonin">ACal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">APro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide" title="Atrial natriuretic peptide">AANF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystatin_C" title="Cystatin C">ACys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITM2B" title="ITM2B">ABri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systemic amyloidosis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AL_amyloidosis" title="AL amyloidosis">AL amyloidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AA_amyloidosis" title="AA amyloidosis">AA amyloidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemodialysis-associated_amyloidosis" title="Haemodialysis-associated amyloidosis">Aβ2M/Haemodialysis-associated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_type_amyloidosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish type amyloidosis">AGel/Finnish type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familial_Mediterranean_fever" title="Familial Mediterranean fever">AA/Familial Mediterranean fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transthyretin-related_hereditary_amyloidosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Transthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis">ATTR/Transthyretin-related hereditary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organ-limited_amyloidosis" title="Organ-limited amyloidosis">Organ-limited amyloidosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Human heart">Heart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Isolated_atrial_amyloidosis" title="Isolated atrial amyloidosis">AANF/Isolated atrial</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Familial_amyloid_neuropathy" title="Familial amyloid neuropathy">Familial amyloid neuropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_amyloid_angiopathy" title="Cerebral amyloid angiopathy">ACys+ABri/Cerebral amyloid angiopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Aβ/Alzheimer's disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Familial_renal_amyloidosis" title="Familial renal amyloidosis">AApoA1+AFib+ALys/Familial renal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_cutaneous_amyloidosis" title="Primary cutaneous amyloidosis">Primary cutaneous amyloidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyloid_purpura" title="Amyloid purpura">Amyloid purpura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Medullary_thyroid_cancer" title="Medullary thyroid cancer">ACal/Medullary thyroid cancer</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">Pituitary</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prolactinoma" title="Prolactinoma">APro/Prolactinoma</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Insulinoma" title="Insulinoma">AIAPP/Insulinoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Type_2_diabetes" title="Type 2 diabetes">Type 2 diabetes</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Galactagogues77" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Galactagogues" title="Template:Galactagogues"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Galactagogues" title="Template talk:Galactagogues"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Galactagogues" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Galactagogues"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Galactagogues77" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Galactagogue" title="Galactagogue">Galactagogues</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prolactin_receptor_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolactin receptor agonist">Prolactin receptor agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">Growth hormone</a>/<a href="/wiki/Somatotropin" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatotropin">somatotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_placental_lactogen" title="Human placental lactogen">Human placental lactogen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prolactin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prolactin_releaser" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolactin releaser">Prolactin releasers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_antagonist" title="Dopamine antagonist">D<sub>2</sub> receptor antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Antiemetics/gastroprokinetic agents:</i> <a href="/wiki/Domperidone" title="Domperidone">Domperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metoclopramide" title="Metoclopramide">Metoclopramide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antipsychotics:</i> <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">Risperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulpiride" title="Sulpiride">Sulpiride</a></li> <li>Others</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">Estrogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progestogen_(medication)" title="Progestogen (medication)">Progestogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone">Thyrotropin-releasing hormone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Breast development inducers:</i> <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">Estrogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">estradiol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progestogen_(medication)" title="Progestogen (medication)">Progestogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)" title="Progesterone (medication)">progesterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Milk letdown inducers:</i> <a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prolactin_receptor_modulators151" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prolactin_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Prolactin receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prolactin_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Prolactin receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prolactin_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prolactin receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prolactin_receptor_modulators151" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prolactin_receptor" title="Prolactin receptor">Prolactin receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">Agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">Growth hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_placental_lactogen" title="Human placental lactogen">Human placental lactogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placental_growth_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Placental growth hormone">Placental growth hormone (growth hormone variant)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prolactin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S179D-hPRL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S179D-hPRL (page does not exist)">S179D-hPRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatotropin" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatotropin">Somatotropin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">Antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%941%E2%80%939-G129R-hPRL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Δ1–9-G129R-hPRL (page does not exist)">Δ1–9-G129R-hPRL</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%941%E2%80%9314-G129R-hPRL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Δ1–14-G129R-hPRL (page does not exist)">Δ1–14-G129R-hPRL</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G120K-hGH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G120K-hGH (page does not exist)">G120K-hGH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G129R-hPRL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G129R-hPRL (page does not exist)">G129R-hPRL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prolactin_modulator" title="Prolactin modulator">Indirect<br />modulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prolactin_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolactin inhibitor">Inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D2_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="D2 receptor">D<sub>2</sub> receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">cabergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lergotrile" title="Lergotrile">lergotrile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">lisuride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metergoline" title="Metergoline">metergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">pergolide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinagolide" title="Quinagolide">quinagolide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terguride" title="Terguride">terguride</a>)</li> <li>Indirect <a href="/wiki/Dopaminergic_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Dopaminergic agent">dopaminergic agents</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Levodopa" title="Levodopa">levodopa</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Prolactin_releaser" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolactin releaser">Releasers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D2_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="D2 receptor">D<sub>2</sub> receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Domperidone" title="Domperidone">domperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metoclopramide" title="Metoclopramide">metoclopramide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>)</li> <li>Indirect <a href="/wiki/Antidopaminergic_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidopaminergic agent">antidopaminergic agents</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Reserpine" title="Reserpine">reserpine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">estradiol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progestogen" title="Progestogen">Progestogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone">Thyrotropin-releasing hormone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone analogue">analogues</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Protirelin" class="mw-redirect" title="Protirelin">protirelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taltirelin" title="Taltirelin">taltirelin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide" title="Vasoactive intestinal peptide">Vasoactive intestinal peptide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style 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class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Prolactin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4047456-2">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Prolactin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85107391">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Prolactine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952118q">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Prolactine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952118q">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Prolactina"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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