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href="#Phonetics_and_phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Phonetics and phonology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonetics_and_phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phonetics and phonology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phonetics_and_phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Syllables </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Onsets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onsets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Onsets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onsets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Finals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Tones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northern_Teochew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Teochew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Northern Teochew </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Teochew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Teochew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Teochew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Southern Teochew </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Teochew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutral_tone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutral_tone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Neutral tone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutral_tone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Grammar </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Grammar subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Morphology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1.1 Personal pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possessive_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possessive_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1.2 Possessive pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possessive_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonstrative_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstrative_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1.3 Demonstrative pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonstrative_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interrogative_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interrogative_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1.4 Interrogative pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interrogative_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Numerals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passive_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passive_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Passive construction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passive_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Comparison </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparative_construction_with_two_or_more_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative_construction_with_two_or_more_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Comparative construction with two or more nouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparative_construction_with_two_or_more_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparative_construction_with_only_one_noun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative_construction_with_only_one_noun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Comparative construction with only one noun </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparative_construction_with_only_one_noun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equal_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equal_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Equal construction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equal_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superlative_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superlative_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.4 Superlative construction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superlative_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Vocabulary </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Vocabulary subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literary_and_vernacular_readings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_and_vernacular_readings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Literary and vernacular readings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_and_vernacular_readings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Hokkien" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Hokkien"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Relationship with Hokkien </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_Hokkien-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Relationship with Hokkien subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Hokkien-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Grammar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Vocabulary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Teochew Min</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" > 28 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%B4-chiu-%C5%8De" title="Tiô-chiu-ōe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiô-chiu-ōe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teochew" title="Teochew – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Teochew" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chino_teochew" title="Chino teochew – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chino teochew" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teochew_(dialecte)" title="Teochew (dialecte) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Teochew (dialecte)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="潮州話 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="潮州話" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsh%C3%A8u-ch%C3%BB-fa" title="Tshèu-chû-fa – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tshèu-chû-fa" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A8%EC%98%A4%EC%A0%80%EC%9A%B0%EC%96%B4" title="차오저우어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="차오저우어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tiochiu" title="Bahasa Tiochiu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Tiochiu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_teochew" title="Dialetto teochew – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dialetto teochew" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tyocyu" title="Basa Tyocyu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Tyocyu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Teochew" title="Bahasa Teochew – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Teochew" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A8u-ci%C5%AD-u%C3%A2" title="Dièu-ciŭ-uâ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dièu-ciŭ-uâ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaozhouhua" title="Chaozhouhua – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chaozhouhua" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E5%B7%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="潮州語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="潮州語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teochew" title="Teochew – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Teochew" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teochew_(lenga)" title="Teochew (lenga) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Teochew (lenga)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teochew" title="Teochew – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Teochew" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teochew" title="Teochew – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teochew" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_(%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Чаошань (южноминьский язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чаошань (южноминьский язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teochew" title="Teochew – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Teochew" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8B%E0%B8%A7" title="ภาษาแต้จิ๋ว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาแต้จิ๋ว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teochew_leh%C3%A7esi" title="Teochew lehçesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Teochew lehçesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%84%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%81" title="تیوچیو لہجہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تیوچیو لہجہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Tri%E1%BB%81u_Ch%C3%A2u" title="Tiếng Triều Châu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Triều Châu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="潮州话 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="潮州话" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="潮州話 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="潮州話" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="潮州话 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="潮州话" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Teochew" title="Jaku Teochew – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Teochew" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36759#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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(October 2012) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Teochew</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Chaozhou, Chaoshan, Teo-Swa</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">潮州話 / 潮汕話 / 潮語<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Chaoshan" title="Chaoshan">Chaoshan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chaoshan" title="Chaoshan">Chaoshan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, Southern <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, Indonesia (<a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew people</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">About 14 million in <a href="/wiki/Chaoshan" title="Chaoshan">Chaoshan</a> (2004)<a href="#cite_note-langatlas2-2">[2]</a> more than 5 million overseas[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese#Coastal_Min" title="Min Chinese">Coastal Min</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Teochew</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sino-Tibetan_language" title="Proto-Sino-Tibetan language">Proto-Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a><a href="#cite_note-minClassification-6">[i]</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaozhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaozhou dialect">Chaozhou dialect</a> (Teochew proper)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow dialect</a> (Shantou)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jieyang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jieyang dialect (page does not exist)">Jieyang dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaoyang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaoyang dialect (page does not exist)">Chaoyang dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puning_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puning dialect (page does not exist)">Puning dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huilai_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huilai dialect (page does not exist)">Huilai dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok_Teochew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bangkok Teochew (page does not exist)">Bangkok Teochew</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> <a href="/wiki/Teochew_Romanization" title="Teochew Romanization">Teochew Romanization</a> <a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">None (<code>mis</code>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/chao1238">chao1238</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=79-AAA-ji">79-AAA-ji</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Banlamgu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Banlamgu.svg/320px-Banlamgu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="372" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Banlamgu.svg/480px-Banlamgu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Banlamgu.svg/640px-Banlamgu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1800" /></a><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Teochew (Teo-Swa) within the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> languages</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Teochew Min</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">潮州話</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">潮州话</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Cháozhōu huà</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">zau tseu ghae ho</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tshèu-chû-fa</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ciu4 zau1 waa2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tiô-chiu-ōe / Tiô-chiu-ōa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a> <a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Teochew" title="Guangdong Romanization">Peng'im</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Diê⁵ ziu¹ uê⁷ / Dio⁵ ziu¹ uê⁷</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a> <a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">BUC</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dièu-ciŭ-uâ</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Teochew<a href="#cite_note-7">[ii]</a>, also known as Teo-Swa (or Chaoshan)<a href="#cite_note-8">[iii]</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> language spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew people</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chaoshan" title="Chaoshan">Chaoshan</a> region of eastern <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> and by their diaspora around the world. It is sometimes referred to as Chiuchow, its <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> rendering, due to English romanization by colonial officials and explorers. It is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, as it shares some <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> and phonology with Hokkien. Teochew preserves many <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> pronunciations and vocabulary that have been lost in some of the other modern <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a>. As such, Teochew is described as one of the most conservative Chinese languages.<a href="#cite_note-9">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_geography">History and geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and geography">edit</a>]</div> Historically, the Teochew<a href="#cite_note-10">[iv]</a> prefecture included modern prefecture-level cities of <a href="/wiki/Chaozhou" title="Chaozhou">Chaozhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jieyang" title="Jieyang">Jieyang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shantou" title="Shantou">Shantou</a>. In China, this region is now known as <a href="/wiki/Chaoshan" title="Chaoshan">Teoswa</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[v]</a>. Parts of the <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka-speaking</a> <a href="/wiki/Meizhou" title="Meizhou">Meizhou</a> city, such as <a href="/wiki/Dabu_County" title="Dabu County">Dabu County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fengshun" class="mw-redirect" title="Fengshun">Fengshun</a>, were also parts of the Teochew prefecture and contain pocket communities of Teochew speakers. As Teochew region was one of the major sources of Chinese emigration to <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> during the 18th to 20th centuries, a considerable <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Overseas Chinese</a> community in that region is Teochew-speaking. In particular, the Teochew people settled in significant numbers in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, where they form the largest Chinese sub-language group. Additionally, there are many Teochew-speakers among Chinese communities in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (especially in the states of <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a> with significant minorities in <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (especially in <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a>). Waves of migration from Teochew region to <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, especially after the communist victory of the Chinese Civil War in 1949, has also resulted in the formation of a community there, although most descendants now primarily speak Cantonese and English as a result of colonialism and assimilation to the dominant Cantonese culture. Teochew speakers are also found among overseas Chinese communities in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and the Western world (notably in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>), a result of both direct emigration from Teochew to these nations and secondary emigration from Southeast Asia. In Singapore, Teochew remains the ancestral language of many <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporean" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Singaporean">Chinese Singaporeans</a>, with Chinese of Teochew descent making up second largest Chinese group in Singapore, after the <a href="/wiki/Hoklo_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoklo (ethnic group)">Hoklo</a>. Despite this many Teochew people, particularly the younger generations, are <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">shifting</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Singaporean English">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Mandarin</a> as their main spoken language. This is due to the Singapore government's stringent bilingual policy that promotes English as the official language of education, government and commerce and <a href="/wiki/Speak_Mandarin_Campaign" title="Speak Mandarin Campaign">promotes Mandarin</a> at the expense of other Chinese languages. Some Teochew assimilated with the larger Hokkien community and speak <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Hokkien</a> rather than Teochew due to Hokkien's prominent role as a lingua franca previously among the Singaporean Chinese community. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> Teochew is a <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> language. As with other <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a>, it is not <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a> with Mandarin, Cantonese or Shanghainese. It has only limited intelligibility with Hokkien. Even within the Teochew dialects, there is substantial variation in <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> between different regions and between different Teochew communities overseas. The dialects of Teochew include:<a href="#cite_note-tonotypes-12">[7]</a> <ul><li>Northern Teochew, or Chaozhou division (潮州片), including: <ul><li>Teochew proper (潮州话 / 潮州話), spoken in urban Chaozhou (<a href="/wiki/Xiangqiao,_Chaozhou" title="Xiangqiao, Chaozhou">Xiangqiao District</a>); a similar dialect is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Chenghai,_Shantou" title="Chenghai, Shantou">Chenghai</a></li> <li>Kekyeo dialect (揭阳话 / 揭陽話), spoken in urban Jieyang (<a href="/wiki/Rongcheng,_Jieyang" title="Rongcheng, Jieyang">Rongcheng District</a>); related dialects are spoken in adjacent areas in <a href="/wiki/Jiedong,_Jieyang" title="Jiedong, Jieyang">Jiedong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiexi_County" title="Jiexi County">Jiexi</a>, as well as in northern parts of Puning and Chaoyang</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow dialect</a> (汕头话 / 汕頭話), spoken in urban Shantou (<a href="/wiki/Jinping,_Shantou" title="Jinping, Shantou">Jinping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longhu,_Shantou" title="Longhu, Shantou">Longhu</a>)</li> <li>Raoping dialect (饶平话 / 饒平話), spoken in <a href="/wiki/Raoping_County" title="Raoping County">Raoping County</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Teochew, or Chaoyang-Puning division (潮普片), including: <ul><li>Teoyeo dialect (潮阳话 / 潮陽話), spoken in the historical Teoyeo (Chaoyang) county, which includes modern <a href="/wiki/Chaoyang,_Shantou" title="Chaoyang, Shantou">Chaoyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaonan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaonan">Chaonan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haojiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Haojiang">Haojiang</a></li> <li>Puning dialect (普宁话 / 普寧話), spoken in urban <a href="/wiki/Puning" title="Puning">Puning</a></li> <li>Huilai dialect (惠来话 / 惠來話), spoken in <a href="/wiki/Huilai_County" title="Huilai County">Huilai County</a></li></ul></li></ul> Some classifications consider the <a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Hai Lok Hong dialect</a> a part of Teochew (as the third branch), while others consider it a part of <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> or an independent <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> variety.<a href="#cite_note-13">[8]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Nan%27ao_County" title="Nan'ao County">Namoa island</a>, there are two dialects, both distinct from the mainland Teochew, with Western Namoa dialect inclining towards the Northern Teochew, and Eastern Namoa dialect showing Hokkien influence, as this part of the island was included in <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_fu" title="Zhangzhou fu">Zhangzhou prefecture</a> in 16—19 centuries.<a href="#cite_note-14">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chawan_dialect" title="Chawan dialect">Chawan dialect</a>, spoken in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> along the Guangdong border, is quite different from other southern dialects of <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>. It has some lexical influence from Teochew and relatively higher mutual intelligibility with it, yet in other aspects it clusters more with Hokkien than Teochew. The main criterion in the classification of Teochew dialects is the presence or absence of the vowel /ɯ/. It is found in Northern Teochew in words like hṳ̂ 魚 he5 "fish" and sṳ̄ 事 se7 "thing; matter". Southern Teochew has /u/ instead (hû 魚 hu5, sū 事 su7). Hai Lok Hong and Eastern Namoa dialects have /i/ or /u/ instead, depending on the etymology of the word (hî 魚 hi5, but sū 事 su7), similarly to the <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialects" title="Zhangzhou dialects">Chiangchew Hokkien</a>. Southern Teochew may be further divided into Huilai—Puning dialects and Teoyeo dialects, based on their tone contours.<a href="#cite_note-tonotypes-12">[7]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teochew_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Teochew_map.svg/350px-Teochew_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Teochew_map.svg/525px-Teochew_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Teochew_map.svg/700px-Teochew_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>Major dialect groups of Teochew<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Northern Teochew</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Southern Teochew</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Hai Lok Hong Min</a> (sometimes included in Teochew)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>-Teochew transitional dialects</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialects" title="Zhangzhou dialects">Chiangchew Hokkien</a></div></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">prestige dialects</a> of Teochew all belong to the Northern branch. The Northern Teochew dialects are mutually intelligible between each other, but less so with the Southern branch.<a href="#cite_note-:1-15">[10]</a> Various stereotypes and cultural traits are associated with different Teochew dialects. For instance, within the <a href="/wiki/Shantou" title="Shantou">Shantou city</a>, the urban <a href="/wiki/Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow dialect</a> is perceived as "energetic", "gentle", but also "snobbish" or "pretentious" by speakers of other dialects; the Chenghai dialect (similar to urban Chaozhou dialect) is perceived as "soft", "cute", and "high-pitched"; the Teoyeo dialect is perceived as "harsh", "aggressive" and "countrified".<a href="#cite_note-:1-15">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Writing system">edit</a>]</div> Written Southern Min is known since at least the 16th century. The earliest known work is a 1566 edition of the <a href="/wiki/Tale_of_the_Lychee_Mirror" title="Tale of the Lychee Mirror">Tale of the Lychee Mirror</a>, a folk drama written in a mixture of Teochew and <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialects" title="Quanzhou dialects">Chinchew Hokkien</a>. Teochew writing is neither standardized nor is widely used. In <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a>, most writing was conducted in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a>, while vernacular writing was only used in novels, songbooks and opera scripts. After the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai revolution">Xinhai revolution</a>, only written Mandarin was supported by the government, while speakers of other Sinitic languages, including Teochew, remaining largely illiterate in their own tongues. Teochew <a href="/wiki/Rime_dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Rime dictionary">rime dictionaries</a> appeared relatively late, the earliest of them being "Fifteen consonants of Teochew language" (潮語十五音, 1911) by Chio Ju-lim (蔣儒林) and "Fifteen consonants of Teochew sound" (潮聲十五音, 1913) by Teo See-tiang (張世珍). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_characters">Chinese characters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chinese characters">edit</a>]</div> Most of the Teochew vocabulary can be traced back to Old Chinese, and thus can be written using Chinese characters. There are different ways to write words that do not have a clearly associated etymological character, including: <ul><li>using a character with the same meaning regardless of its reading</li> <li>borrowing a phonetically close character regardless of its meaning</li> <li>inventing a new character</li> <li>attempting to find an original character</li></ul> Teochew shares characters with Hokkien for cognate words, but it is also influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Cantonese written tradition</a>. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-right:1.4em;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Word </th> <th colspan="4">Possible spellings </th></tr> <tr> <th>Semantic </th> <th>Phonetic </th> <th>Invented character </th> <th>Presumed original character </th></tr> <tr> <td>pak / bag4 "to know" </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AD%98#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:識">識</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8D%8C#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:捌">捌</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%AB#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:八">八</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%A7%A7%B8#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:𧧸">𧧸</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%88%A5#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:別">別</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tiâng / diang5 "who" </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AA%B0#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:誰">誰</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%8F%8D#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:珍">珍</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%94%BA#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:唺">唺</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%AB%A2%97#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:𫢗">𫢗</a> </td> <td>[<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E5%84%82#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:底儂">底儂</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>tsōi / zoi7 "many" </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:多">多</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AB%B8#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:諸">諸</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9C%BE#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:眾">眾</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BE%88#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:侈">侈</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BF%9F#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:濟">濟</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%A9%BC#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:㩼">㩼</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>thâi / tai5 "to kill" </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AE%BA#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:殺">殺</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B1%B0#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:汰">汰</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%88%A3#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:刣">刣</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B2%BB#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:治">治</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>m̆ / m6 "not" </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:不">不</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%94%94#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:唔">唔</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BC%93#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:伓">伓</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AF%8B#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:毋">毋</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tse̍k / zêg8 "one" </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:一">一</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BE%A4#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:澤">澤</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%9C%80#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:蜀">蜀</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9A%BB#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:隻">隻</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>kûiⁿ / guin5 "tall; high" </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:高">高</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B1#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:危">危</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%87%B8#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:懸">懸</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tshâng / cang5 "field" </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%94%B0#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:田">田</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A1%8D#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:塍">塍</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B1%A4#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:層">層</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanization">Romanization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Romanization">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%ABe-j%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pe̍h-ūe-jī">Pe̍h-ūe-jī</a></div> There are two principal romanization systems for Teochew: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%ABe-j%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pe̍h-ūe-jī">Pe̍h-ūe-jī</a>, originally invented for Hokkien in the 19th century and adapted for Teochew (particularly the Swatow dialect)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a>, invented in the 1960s and based on the <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a> romanization for Mandarin</li></ul> While <a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a> has some presence in academic works published in PRC, many publications on Teochew use their custom IPA-based romanizations. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break" style="width: 30%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%ABe-j%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pe̍h-ūe-jī">Pe̍h-ūe-jī</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/ </td> <td>p </td> <td>b </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a>/ </td> <td>ph </td> <td>p </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/ </td> <td>b </td> <td>bh </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/ </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/ </td> <td>t </td> <td>d </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a>/ </td> <td>th </td> <td>t </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/ </td> <td>l </td> <td>l </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/ </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/ </td> <td>h </td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/ </td> <td>k </td> <td>g </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a>/ </td> <td>kh </td> <td>k </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>/ </td> <td>g </td> <td>gh </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/ </td> <td>ng </td> <td>ng </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>/ </td> <td>ts<a href="#cite_note-tsch-16">[a]</a> </td> <td>z </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tsʰ</a>/ </td> <td>tsh<a href="#cite_note-tsch-16">[a]</a> </td> <td>c </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>/ </td> <td>z<a href="#cite_note-tsch-16">[a]</a> </td> <td>r </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ </td> <td>s </td> <td>s </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tsch-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tsch_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tsch_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tsch_16-2">c</a> Many missionary publications use ch , chh and j before i. ts , tsh and z are used elsewhere, like some versions of <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB#Maturity" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Hokkien Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> </td> <td class="col-break" style="width: 37%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%ABe-j%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pe̍h-ūe-jī">Pe̍h-ūe-jī</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/ </td> <td>a </td> <td>a </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ia/ </td> <td>ia </td> <td>ia </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ua/ </td> <td>ua </td> <td>ua </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ai/ </td> <td>ai </td> <td>ai </td></tr> <tr> <td>/au/ </td> <td>au </td> <td>ao </td></tr> <tr> <td>/uai/ </td> <td>uai </td> <td>uai </td></tr> <tr> <td>/iau/ </td> <td>iau </td> <td>iao </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/ </td> <td>o </td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <td>/io/ </td> <td>io </td> <td>io </td></tr> <tr> <td>/oi/ </td> <td>oi </td> <td>oi </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ou/ </td> <td>ou </td> <td>ou </td></tr> <tr> <td>/iou/ </td> <td>iou </td> <td>iou </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/ or /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/ </td> <td>e </td> <td>ê </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ie/ or /iɛ/ </td> <td>ie </td> <td>iê </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ue/ or /uɛ/ </td> <td>ue </td> <td>uê </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a>/ or /<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/ </td> <td>ṳ </td> <td>e </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/ </td> <td>i </td> <td>i </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/ </td> <td>u </td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ui/ </td> <td>ui </td> <td>ui </td></tr> <tr> <td>/iu/ </td> <td>iu </td> <td>iu </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break" style="width: 33%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Codas </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%ABe-j%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pe̍h-ūe-jī">Pe̍h-ūe-jī</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">-ŋ</a>/ </td> <td>-ng </td> <td>-ng </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">-k</a>/ </td> <td>-k </td> <td>-g </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">-ʔ</a>/ </td> <td>-h </td> <td>-h </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">-◌̃</a>/ </td> <td>-ⁿ </td> <td>-n </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">-m</a>/ </td> <td>-m </td> <td>-m </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">-p</a>/ </td> <td>-p </td> <td>-b </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">-n</a>/<a href="#cite_note-nto-17">[a]</a> </td> <td>-n </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">-t</a>/<a href="#cite_note-nto-17">[a]</a> </td> <td>-t </td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nto-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nto_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nto_17-1">b</a> Obsolete in most Teochew dialects. </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonetics_and_phonology">Phonetics and phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phonetics and phonology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header">Prenasalization of voiced plosives and lateral in Teochew</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Zh-nan-czhu,_bhoi2_gho5_lai7_ziah8.ogg" title="File:Zh-nan-czhu, bhoi2 gho5 lai7 ziah8.ogg">Voicelessly prenasalized voiced stops and lateral</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Zh-nan-czhu,_bhoi2_gho5_lai7_ziah8.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Zh-nan-czhu%2C_bhoi2_gho5_lai7_ziah8.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/Zh-nan-czhu%2C_bhoi2_gho5_lai7_ziah8.ogg/Zh-nan-czhu%2C_bhoi2_gho5_lai7_ziah8.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B2%B7#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:買">買</a>bóibhoi2[ᵐ̥boi</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%B5%9D#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:鵝">鵝</a>gôgho5ᵑ̊ɡo</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BE%86#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:來">來</a>lāilai7ⁿ̥ɺai</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9F#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:食">食</a>tsia̍hziah8tsiaʔ]</div><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B2%B7#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:買">買</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%B5%9D#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:鵝">鵝</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BE%86#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:來">來</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9F#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:食">食</a>bói gô lāi tsia̍hbhoi2 gho5 lai7 ziah8[ᵐ̥boi ᵑ̊ɡo ⁿ̥ɺai tsiaʔ]"buy geese to eat"<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Teochew, like other Southern Min varieties, is one of the few modern Sinitic languages which have <a href="/wiki/Phonation#Voicing" title="Phonation">voiced</a> <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a> (stops, fricatives and affricates); however, unlike <a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang Chinese</a>, the Teochew voiced <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricatives</a> did not evolve from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> voiced obstruents, but from <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasals</a>. The voiced stops [b] and [ɡ] and also [l] are voicelessly <a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">prenasalized</a> [ᵐ̥b], [ᵑ̊ɡ], [ⁿ̥ɺ], respectively. The voiced affricate <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>, initial in such words as jī <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:字">字</a> ri7 (/dzi˩/), jĭ <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:二">二</a> ri6 (/dzi˧˥/), jiâng <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%84%B6#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:然">然</a> riang5 (/dziaŋ˥/), jia̍k <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A5#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:若">若</a> riag8 (/dziak˦/) loses its affricate property with some younger speakers abroad, and is relaxed to [z]. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Teochew consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced</a> (no frictions) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> 毛 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> 年 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a> 雅 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>plosive or <a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> 米 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> 來/內 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> 鵝/牙 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a> <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stops</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a> 皮 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a> 台 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a> 可 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>plain </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> 比 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> 都 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> 歌 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a> <a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">affricates</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tsʰ</a> 菜/樹 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>plain </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a> 書/指/食 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricatives</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> 士/速 </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a> 海/系 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">(d)z</a> 爾/貳 </td></tr></tbody></table> Unlike in Hokkien, nasal initials in Teochew are not generally considered <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a> of the voiced plosives, as nasals are relatively more common in Teochew and have less usage restrictions. For example, Teochew allows for syllables like nge̍k 逆 ngêg8, which are impossible in Hokkien. In Southern dialects of Teochew, labial initials (/p/, /pʰ/, /b/, /m/) have <a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">labiodental</a> allophones ([pf], [pfʰ], [bv], [mv~ɱ]) before /-u-/.<a href="#cite_note-18">[11]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Character </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Romanization" title="Teochew Romanization">Pe̍h-ūe-jī</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a> </th> <th>Swatow dialect </th> <th>Teoyeo dialect </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AF%8C#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:富">富</a> </td> <td>pù </td> <td>bu3 </td> <td>[pu²¹²] </td> <td>[pfu⁵²] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%90%AC#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:搬">搬</a> </td> <td>puaⁿ </td> <td>buan1 </td> <td>[pũã³³] </td> <td>[pfũã³¹] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A9%86#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:婆">婆</a> </td> <td>phuâ </td> <td>pua5 </td> <td>[pʰua⁵⁵] </td> <td>[pfʰua²³] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%85%8D#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:配">配</a> </td> <td>phuè </td> <td>puê3 </td> <td>[pʰue²¹²] </td> <td>[pfʰue⁵²] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:武">武</a> </td> <td>bú </td> <td>bhu2 </td> <td>[bu⁵²] </td> <td>[bvu⁴⁵] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BE#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:尾">尾</a> </td> <td>bué </td> <td>bhuê2 </td> <td>[bue⁵²] </td> <td>[bvue⁴⁵] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A6%B9#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:妹">妹</a> </td> <td>muē </td> <td>muê7 </td> <td>[mũẽ¹¹] </td> <td>[mvũẽ⁴³] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BB%BF#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:滿">滿</a> </td> <td>muá </td> <td>muan2 </td> <td>[mũã⁵²] </td> <td>[mvũã⁴⁵] </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllables">Syllables</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Syllables">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">Syllables</a> in Teochew contain an onset consonant, a medial glide, a nucleus, usually in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a>, but can also be occupied by a <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">syllabic consonant</a> like [ŋ], and a final <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a>. All the elements of the syllable except for the nucleus are optional, which means a vowel or a syllabic consonant alone can stand as a fully-fledged syllable. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Onsets">Onsets</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Onsets">edit</a>]</div> All the consonants except for the glottal stop ʔ shown in the consonants chart above can act as the onset of a syllable; however, the onset position is not obligatorily occupied. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finals">Finals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Finals">edit</a>]</div> Teochew finals consist maximally of a medial, nucleus and coda. The medial can be /i-/ or /u-/, the nucleus can be a monophthong or diphthong, and the coda can be a nasal or a stop. A syllable must consist minimally of a vowel nucleus or syllabic nasal. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Nucleus </th> <th colspan="3">-<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a>- </th> <th colspan="3">-<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ̝</a>- </th> <th colspan="2">-<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a>- </th> <th>-<a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a>-<a href="#cite_note-nt-19">[a]</a> </th> <th>-<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>- </th> <th>-<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>- </th> <th colspan="2">-ai- </th> <th colspan="2">-au- </th> <th>-oi- </th> <th colspan="2">-ou- </th> <th>-ui- </th> <th>-iu- </th> <th rowspan="2">∅- </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Medial </th> <th>∅-</th> <th>i-</th> <th>u- </th> <th>∅- </th> <th>i-</th> <th>u- </th> <th>∅-</th> <th>i- </th> <th>∅- </th> <th>∅- </th> <th>∅- </th> <th>∅-</th> <th>u- </th> <th>∅- </th> <th>i- </th> <th>∅- </th> <th>∅- </th> <th>i- </th> <th>∅- </th> <th>∅- </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Coda </th> <th>-∅ </th> <td>a</td> <td>ia</td> <td>ua </td> <td>e </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-tp-20">[b]</a></td> <td>ue </td> <td>o</td> <td>io<a href="#cite_note-tp-20">[b]</a> </td> <td>ɯ </td> <td>i </td> <td>u </td> <td>ai</td> <td>uai </td> <td>au </td> <td>iau<a href="#cite_note-tp-20">[b]</a> </td> <td>oi </td> <td>ou </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-tp-20">[b]</a> </td> <td>ui </td> <td>iu </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background: #aaa;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>-<a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">◌̃</a> </th> <td>ã</td> <td>ĩã</td> <td>ũã </td> <td>ẽ </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-tp-20">[b]</a></td> <td>ũẽ </td> <td></td> <td>ĩõ<a href="#cite_note-tp-20">[b]</a> </td> <td>ɯ̃ </td> <td>ĩ </td> <td> </td> <td>ãĩ</td> <td>ũãĩ </td> <td>ãũ </td> <td>ĩãũ<a href="#cite_note-tp-20">[b]</a> </td> <td>õĩ </td> <td>õũ </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-tp-20">[b]</a> </td> <td>ũĩ </td> <td>ĩũ </td></tr> <tr> <th>-<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a> </th> <td>aʔ</td> <td>iaʔ</td> <td>uaʔ </td> <td>eʔ </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-tp-20">[b]</a></td> <td>ueʔ </td> <td>oʔ</td> <td>ioʔ<a href="#cite_note-tp-20">[b]</a> </td> <td>ɯʔ </td> <td>iʔ </td> <td>uʔ </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>auʔ </td> <td> </td> <td>oiʔ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>iuʔ </td></tr> <tr> <th>-<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </th> <td>am</td> <td>iam</td> <td>uam </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>im </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="4" style="background: #aaa;"> </td> <td>m̩ </td></tr> <tr> <th>-<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a> </th> <td>aŋ</td> <td>iaŋ</td> <td>uaŋ </td> <td>eŋ </td> <td>ieng<a href="#cite_note-ieng-21">[c]</a></td> <td>ueŋ </td> <td>oŋ</td> <td>ioŋ </td> <td>ɯŋ </td> <td>iŋ </td> <td>uŋ </td> <td>ŋ̩ </td></tr> <tr> <th>-<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </th> <td>ap</td> <td>iap</td> <td>uap </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ip </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #aaa;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>-<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </th> <td>ak</td> <td>iak</td> <td>uak </td> <td>ek </td> <td>iek<a href="#cite_note-ieng-21">[c]</a></td> <td>uek </td> <td>ok</td> <td>iok </td> <td>ɯk </td> <td>ik </td> <td>uk </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nt-19"><a href="#cite_ref-nt_19-0">^</a> Only in Northern Teochew </li> <li id="cite_note-tp-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tp_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_20-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_20-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_20-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_20-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_20-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp_20-9">j</a> /io/, /ĩõ/, /ioʔ/, /iau/, /ĩãũ/ are pronounced as /ie/, /ĩẽ/, /ieʔ/, /iou/, /ĩõũ/ in Chaozhou and Chenghai </li> <li id="cite_note-ieng-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ieng_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ieng_21-1">b</a> /ieng/ and /iek/ are only found in Chaozhou dialect, while other dialects merge them with /iang/ and /iak/ </li> </ol></div></div> In most dialects of Teochew, historical codas -n and -t are merged with -ŋ and -k. They were still present in mainstream Teochew in the 19th century, but now they are found only in certain peripheral dialects of Teochew, as well as in Hai Lok Hong Min.<a href="#cite_note-22">[12]</a> Chaozhou /ieng/ and /iek/ are used in syllables that previously had /ien/ and /iet/, e.g. 顯 is different from 響 in Chaozhou (as /hieŋ˥˧/ and /hiaŋ˥˧/) and Hokkien (as /hien˥˧/ and /hiaŋ˥˧/), but not Swatow (both are /hiaŋ˥˧/). Apart from the aforementioned rhymes, there are a few limitedly used finals with both glottal stop and nazalization, usually found in ideophones and interjections, e.g. he̍hⁿ <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9A%87#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:嚇">嚇</a> /hẽʔ˥˦/ "agitated; confused", hauhⁿ <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AE%BD#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:殽">殽</a> /hãũʔ˧˨/ "to eat in large bites", khuàhⁿ-ua̍hⁿ <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E6%B4%BB#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:快活">快活</a> /kʰũãʔ˨˩˨꜒꜔.ũãʔ˥˦/ "comfortable". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tones">Tones</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tones">edit</a>]</div> Teochew, like other Chinese varieties, is a <a href="/wiki/Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tonal language</a>. Like other <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> varieties, Teochew has split the <a href="/wiki/Four_tones_(Middle_Chinese)" title="Four tones (Middle Chinese)">Middle Chinese four tone</a> into two registers (four "dark tones" and four "light tones"). The tones are numbered from 1 through 8, either in the "dark—light" order (the checked tones are 7 and 8) or in the "level—rising—departing—entering" order (the checked tones are 4 and 8). This section follows the second order, as used in <a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a>. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-right:1.4em;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-left:hidden;border-top:hidden;background-color:white;"> </td> <th>平 level </th> <th>上 rising </th> <th>去 departing </th> <th>入 entering </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">陰 dark </th> <th>tone number (<a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a>) </th> <td>① </td> <td>② </td> <td>③ </td> <td>④ </td></tr> <tr> <th>tone diacritic (<a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%ABe-j%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pe̍h-ūe-jī">Pe̍h-ūe-jī</a>) </th> <td>none </td> <td>́ </td> <td>̀ </td> <td>none (ending on -p, -t, -k, -h) </td></tr> <tr> <th>tone name </th> <td>陰平 Im-phêⁿ "Dark-level" </td> <td>陰上 Im-siăng "Dark-rising" </td> <td>陰去 Im-khṳ̀ "Dark-departing" </td> <td>陰入 Im-ji̍p "Dark-entering" </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">陽 light </th> <th>tone number (<a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a>) </th> <td>⑤ </td> <td>⑥ </td> <td>⑦ </td> <td>⑧ </td></tr> <tr> <th>tone diacritic (<a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%ABe-j%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pe̍h-ūe-jī">Pe̍h-ūe-jī</a>) </th> <td>̂ </td> <td>˘ </td> <td>̄ </td> <td>̍ (ending on -p, -t, -k, -h) </td></tr> <tr> <th>tone name </th> <td>陽平 Iôⁿ-phêⁿ "Light-level" </td> <td>陽上 Iôⁿ-siăng "Light-rising" </td> <td>陽去 Iôⁿ-khṳ̀ "Light-departing" </td> <td>陽入 Iôⁿ-ji̍p "Light-entering" </td></tr></tbody></table> Depending on the position of a word in a phrase, the tones can change and adopt extensive <a href="/wiki/Tone_sandhi" title="Tone sandhi">tone sandhi</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Teochew">Northern Teochew</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Northern Teochew">edit</a>]</div> Northern Teochew dialects are not too different from each other in their tones. There are small differences in pronunciation of the tone ⑦, which can vary between low falling (21 ˨˩) and low level (22 ˨) among different dialects and individual speakers.<a href="#cite_note-tonotypes-12">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-23">[13]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-right:1.4em;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="border-left:hidden;border-top:hidden;background-color:white;"> </th> <th colspan="4">citation tones </th> <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:Silver;"> </th> <th colspan="4">post-sandhi tones </th></tr> <tr> <th>平 level </th> <th>上 rising </th> <th>去 departing </th> <th>入 entering </th> <th>平 level </th> <th>上 rising </th> <th>去 departing </th> <th>入 entering </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="10">Chaozhou, Chenghai </th></tr> <tr> <th>陰 dark </th> <td>① 33 ˧ </td> <td>② 53 ˥˧ </td> <td>③ 212 ˨˩˨ </td> <td>④ 32 ˧˨ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:Silver;"> </td> <td>34 ˧˦ </td> <td>35 ˧˥ </td> <td>53 ˥˧ </td> <td>54 ˥˦ </td></tr> <tr> <th>陽 light </th> <td>⑤ 55 ˥ </td> <td>⑥ 35 ˧˥ </td> <td>⑦ 21 ˨˩ ~ 22 ˨ </td> <td>⑧ 54 ˥˦ </td> <td>23 ˨˧ </td> <td>21 ˨˩ ~ 22 ˨ </td> <td>23 ˨˧ </td> <td>32 ˧˨ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="10">Jieyang </th></tr> <tr> <th>陰 dark </th> <td>① 33 ˧ </td> <td>② 53 ˥˧ </td> <td>③ 212 ˨˩˨ </td> <td>④ 32 ˧˨ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:Silver;"> </td> <td>33 ˧ </td> <td>35 ˧˥ </td> <td>53 ˥ </td> <td>54 ˥˦ </td></tr> <tr> <th>陽 light </th> <td>⑤ 55 ˥ </td> <td>⑥ 35 ˧˥ </td> <td>⑦ 22 ˨ ~ 21 ˨˩ </td> <td>⑧ 54 ˥˦ </td> <td>22 ˨ ~ 21 ˨˩ </td> <td colspan="2">21 ˨˩ ~ 22 ˨ </td> <td>32 ˧˨ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="10">Shantou, Raoping </th></tr> <tr> <th>陰 dark </th> <td>① 33 ˧ </td> <td>② 53 ˥˧ </td> <td>③ 212 ˨˩˨ </td> <td>④ 32 ˧˨ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:Silver;"> </td> <td>33 ˧ </td> <td>35 ˧˥ </td> <td>55 ˥ </td> <td>54 ˥˦ </td></tr> <tr> <th>陽 light </th> <td>⑤ 55 ˥ </td> <td>⑥ 35 ˧˥ </td> <td>⑦ 21 ˨˩ ~ 22 ˨ </td> <td>⑧ 54 ˥˦ </td> <td>21 ˨˩ ~ 22 ˨ </td> <td colspan="2">22 ˨ ~ 21 ˨˩ </td> <td>32 ˧˨ </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> There are minor differences in tone sandhi among the Northern Teochew dialects:<a href="#cite_note-:2-23">[13]</a> <ul><li>The most important difference is that the dark departing tone (③) becomes high falling (53 ˥˧) in Chaozhou and Jieyang and high level (55 ˥) in Shantou and Raoping.</li> <li>In Chaozhou, the two level tones (① and ⑤) become slightly rising in sandhi (34 ˧˦ and 23 ˨˧ respectively), rather than level (33 ˧ and 22 ˨ ~ 21 ˨˩) as in other dialects.</li> <li>In Jieyang, Chenghai and Chaozhou, the sandhi of tones ②, ③, and ④ have two pronunciations, one being slightly higher (35 ˧˥, 53 ˥˧, 54 ˥˦), used before syllables with high-onset tones (⑤ 55 ˥, ② 53 ˥˧, and ⑧ 54 ˥˦), and another one slightly lower (24 ˨˦, 42 ˦˨, 43 ˦˧), used before all other tones. In Shantou and Raoping, these tones have the same post-sandhi value regardless of the next syllable's tone.</li> <li>In Jieyang, Chenghai and Chaozhou, the pronunciation of tone ② will become low level (21 ˨˩) after post-sandhi syllables of tone ②, ③, and ④, which is caused by the assimilation of falling tones.<a href="#cite_note-LLL1996-24">[14]</a></li></ul> The light departing tone (⑦) after sandhi is usually merged with the post-sandhi tone ⑤ or ⑥, depending on the dialect. For convenience, since the difference between them is still not large, all three light tones after sandhi may be described as identical and equal to pre-sandhi tone ⑦. The sandhi rules for Northern Teochew may be simplified as follows: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-right:1.4em;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="border-left:hidden;border-top:hidden;background-color:white;"> </th> <th colspan="4">citation tones </th> <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:Silver;"> </th> <th colspan="4">post-sandhi tones </th></tr> <tr> <th>平 level </th> <th>上 rising </th> <th>去 departing </th> <th>入 entering </th> <th>平 level </th> <th>上 rising </th> <th>去 departing </th> <th>入 entering </th></tr> <tr> <th>陰 dark </th> <td>① </td> <td>② </td> <td>③ </td> <td>④ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:Silver;"> </td> <td>① </td> <td>⑥ </td> <td>②<a href="#cite_note-25">[a]</a> or ⑤<a href="#cite_note-26">[b]</a> </td> <td>⑧ </td></tr> <tr> <th>陽 light </th> <td>⑤ </td> <td>⑥ </td> <td>⑦ </td> <td>⑧ </td> <td colspan="3">⑦ </td> <td>④ </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Chaozhou, Chenghai, Jieyang </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Shantou, Raoping </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_Teochew">Southern Teochew</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Southern Teochew">edit</a>]</div> Southern Teochew tones are noticeably diverse. Based on their tones, the Southern Teochew dialects can be divided into two broad areas: Teoyeo and Hui-Pou.<a href="#cite_note-tonotypes-12">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[15]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-right:1.4em;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="border-left:hidden;border-top:hidden;background-color:white;"> </th> <th colspan="4">citation tones </th> <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:Silver;"> </th> <th colspan="4">post-sandhi tones </th></tr> <tr> <th>平 level </th> <th>上 rising </th> <th>去 departing </th> <th>入 entering </th> <th>平 level </th> <th>上 rising </th> <th>去 departing </th> <th>入 entering </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="10">Teoyeo (old) </th></tr> <tr> <th>陰 dark </th> <td>① 21 ˨˩ </td> <td>② 551 ˥˥˩ </td> <td>③ 53 ˥˧ </td> <td>④ 43 ˦˧ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:Silver;"> </td> <td>33 ˧ </td> <td>53 ˥˧ </td> <td>33 ˧ </td> <td>5 ˥ </td></tr> <tr> <th>陽 light </th> <td>⑤ 44 ˦ </td> <td>⑥ =③ </td> <td>⑦ 42 ˦˨ </td> <td>⑧ 45 ˦˥ </td> <td>44 ˦ </td> <td colspan="2">21 ˨˩ </td> <td>3 ˧ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="10">Teoyeo (new) </th></tr> <tr> <th>陰 dark </th> <td>① 31 ˧˩ </td> <td>② 55 ˥˥ ~ 35 ˧˥ </td> <td>③ 52 ˥˨ </td> <td>④ 32 ˧˨ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:Silver;"> </td> <td>31 ˧˩ </td> <td>52 ˥˨ </td> <td>23 ˨˧ </td> <td>5 ˥ </td></tr> <tr> <th>陽 light </th> <td>⑤ 33 ˧ ~ 23 ˨˧ </td> <td>⑥ =③ </td> <td>⑦ 43 ˦˧ ~ 44 ˦ </td> <td>⑧ 45 ˦˥ </td> <td>33 ˧ ~ 23 ˨˧ </td> <td colspan="2">21 ˨˩ </td> <td>3 ˧ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Haimen,_Guangdong" title="Haimen, Guangdong">Haimen</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>陰 dark </th> <td>① 31 ˧˩ </td> <td>② 551 ˥˥˩ </td> <td>③ 51 ˥˩ </td> <td>④ 43 ˦˧ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:Silver;"> </td> <td>33 ˧ </td> <td>41 ˦˩ </td> <td>44 ˦ </td> <td>54 ˥˦ </td></tr> <tr> <th>陽 light </th> <td>⑤ 44 ˦ </td> <td>⑥ =① </td> <td>⑦ 441 ˦˦˩ </td> <td>⑧ 45 ˦˥ </td> <td>44 ˦ </td> <td colspan="2">33 ˧ </td> <td>43 ˦˧ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Dahao" title="Dahao">Dahao</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>陰 dark </th> <td>① 21 ˨˩ </td> <td>② 24 ˨˦ </td> <td>③ 52 ˥˨ </td> <td>④ 3 ˧ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:Silver;"> </td> <td>21 ˨˩ </td> <td>52 ˥˨ </td> <td>33 ˧ </td> <td>45 ˦˥ </td></tr> <tr> <th>陽 light </th> <td>⑤ 33 ˧ </td> <td>⑥ =③ </td> <td>⑦ 31 ˧˩ </td> <td>⑧ 45 ˦˥ </td> <td>33 ˧ </td> <td colspan="2">21 ˨˩ </td> <td>3 ˧ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Puning" title="Puning">Puning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huilai" class="mw-redirect" title="Huilai">Huilai</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>陰 dark </th> <td>① 34 ˧˦ </td> <td>② 53 ˥˧<a href="#cite_note-28">[a]</a> or 55 ˥<a href="#cite_note-29">[b]</a> </td> <td>③ 31 ˧˩ </td> <td>④ 32 ˧˨ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:Silver;"> </td> <td>33 ˧ </td> <td>34 ˧˦ </td> <td>55 ˥ </td> <td>54 ˥˦ </td></tr> <tr> <th>陽 light </th> <td>⑤ 44 ˦ </td> <td>⑥ 23 ˨˧ </td> <td>⑦ 42 ˦˨<a href="#cite_note-30">[c]</a> or =③<a href="#cite_note-31">[d]</a> or =⑥<a href="#cite_note-32">[e]</a> </td> <td>⑧ 54 ˥˦ </td> <td>31 ˧˩ </td> <td colspan="2">33 ˧ </td> <td>32 ˧˨ </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Puning, Western Huilai, older speakers in Central Huilai </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Eastern Huilai, younger speakers in Central Huilai </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Puning, Eastern Huilai </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Central Huilai </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Western Huilai </li> </ol></div></div> Currently, a tone shift is ongoing in the Teoyeo dialect. There is a continuum between the "old accent" and "new accent". This shift is more advanced in urban dialects in Eastern Chaoyang (incl. <a href="/wiki/Haojiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Haojiang">Haojiang</a>, especially the Dahao dialect), among female speakers, and in the younger generations (born after the 1980s). The principal features of this shift are as follows:<a href="#cite_note-tonotypes-12">[7]</a> <ul><li>Dark level tone (①) shifts from 21 ˨˩ to 31 ˧˩.</li> <li>Light level tone (⑤) shifts from high level 44 ˦ to mid-level 33 ˧ or mid-rising 23 ˨˧.</li> <li>Dark rising tone (②) shifts from high fallig 551 ˥˥˩ to high level 55 ˥, and in urban Eastern Teoyeo dialects it can even become high rising 45 ˦˥ or 35 ˧˥.</li> <li>Dark departing tone (③) and light departing tone (⑦) are falling in a "parallel" pattern (53 ˥˧ and 42 ˦˨ respectively) in the old accent, while in the new accent they are still falling, but the light departing tone (⑦) is more "flat" (52 ˥˨ and 43 ˦˧~44 ˦ respectively).</li></ul> "Old" Teoyeo accent is notable for the fact that out of its five non-checked tones, four tones have falling contour.<a href="#cite_note-33">[16]</a> Hui-Pou dialects are more homogeneous in their tones than Teoyeo dialects. Puning and Eastern Huilai dialects have 8 tones, while Central and Western Huilai have 7 tones (tone ⑦ is merged with other tones). Some of the Huilai dialects undergo tone shift similar to that in Teoyeo dialects, but to a lesser extent (particularly, tone ② becomes high level 55 rather than high falling 53). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neutral_tone">Neutral tone</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Neutral tone">edit</a>]</div> Like Hokkien, Teochew has the neutral tone. In pronunciation, the neutral tone is considered to be identical to the light departing tone (⑦) in the respective dialect, but when the original tone of the syllable was dark rising (②), the neutral tone is identical to the dark departing tone (③), and when the original tone was an entering tone (④ or ⑧), the neutral tone is identical to the dark entering tone (④). <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-right:1.4em;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="border-left:hidden;border-top:hidden;background-color:white;"> </th> <th colspan="4">citation tones </th> <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:Silver;"> </th> <th colspan="4">neutral tone </th></tr> <tr> <th>平 level </th> <th>上 rising </th> <th>去 departing </th> <th>入 entering </th> <th>平 level </th> <th>上 rising </th> <th>去 departing </th> <th>入 entering </th></tr> <tr> <th>陰 dark </th> <td>① </td> <td>② </td> <td>③ </td> <td>④ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:Silver;"> </td> <td>⑦ </td> <td>③ </td> <td>⑦ </td> <td rowspan="2">④ </td></tr> <tr> <th>陽 light </th> <td>⑤ </td> <td>⑥ </td> <td>⑦ </td> <td>⑧ </td> <td colspan="3">⑦ </td></tr></tbody></table> Some works refer to the neutral tone as "left-dominant tone sandhi". However, unlike the general ("right-dominant") Teochew tone sandhi, which is a regular phonetic change, the neutral tone is lexical and its occurrence cannot be predicted. Compare the following examples with the morpheme nî <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B4#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:年">年</a> ni5 "year", where some words have the neutral tone, while others preserve the original tone.<a href="#cite_note-aspect-34">[17]</a> <dl><dd>tsâiⁿ--nî <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%B9%B4#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:前年">前年</a> zain5 ni5 "year before last"</dd> <dd>ău--nî <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E5%B9%B4#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:後年">後年</a> ao6 ni5 "year after next"</dd> <dd>tuā-tsâiⁿ--nî <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%8D%E5%B9%B4#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:大前年">大前年</a> dua7 zain5 ni5 "three years ago"</dd> <dd>jĭ-káu--nî 二九年 ri6 gao2 ni5 "year 29"</dd></dl> but: <dl><dd>kim-nî <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BB%8A%E5%B9%B4#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:今年">今年</a> gim1 ni5 "this year"</dd> <dd>kū-nî <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E5%B9%B4#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:舊年">舊年</a> gu7 ni5 "last year"</dd> <dd>mê-nî <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%B9%B4#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:明年">明年</a> mên5 ni5 "next year"</dd> <dd>jĭ-tsa̍p-ngŏu-nî 二十五年 ri6 zab8 ngou6 ni5 "25 years"</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> of Teochew is similar to other <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min languages</a>, as well as some southern <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a>, especially with <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a>. The sequence '<a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a>' is typical, like <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Standard Mandarin</a>, although the '<a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a>' form is also possible using particles. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Morphology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pronouns">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns">edit</a>]</div> The personal pronouns in Teochew, like in other Chinese languages, do not show case marking, therefore uá 我 ua2 means both I and me and i-nâng 伊人 i1 nang5 means they and them. The Southern Min languages, like some Mandarin dialects, have a distinction between an <a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">inclusive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">exclusive</a> we, meaning that when the addressee is being included, the inclusive pronoun náng 咱 nang2 would be used, otherwise uáng 阮 uang2 is employed. Outside Southern Min varieties like Teochew, no other southern Chinese variety has this distinction.<a href="#cite_note-aspect-34">[17]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto"> <caption>Personal Pronouns in Teochew </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-left:hidden;border-top:hidden;background-color:white;"> </td> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">Singular</a></th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">Plural</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">1st person</a> </th> <td rowspan="2">uá 我 ua2 </td> <td rowspan="2">I / me </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">Inclusive</a> </th> <td>náng 咱 nang2 </td> <td>we / us </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">Exclusive</a> </th> <td>uáng 阮 uang2<a href="#cite_note-35">[a]</a> </td> <td>we / us </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>lṳ́ 汝 le2 </td> <td>you </td> <td colspan="2">nṳ́ng, níng 恁 neng2, ning2 </td> <td>you (plural) </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>i 伊 i1 </td> <td>he/she/it/him/her </td> <td colspan="2">ing 𪜶 ing1 i-nâng 伊儂 i1 nang5 </td> <td>they/them </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Also pronounced úng / ung2 in Chaozhou, ńg / ng2 in Chenghai </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Possessive_pronouns">Possessive pronouns</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Possessive pronouns">edit</a>]</div> Teochew does not distinguish the possessive pronouns from the possessive adjectives. As a general rule, the possessive pronouns or adjectives are formed by adding the <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> or possessive marker kâi 個 gai5 to their respective personal pronouns, as summarized below: <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto"> <caption>Possessive Pronouns in Teochew </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-left:hidden;border-top:hidden;background-color:white;"> </td> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">Singular</a></th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">Plural</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">1st person</a> </th> <td rowspan="2">uá-kâi 我個 ua2 gai5 </td> <td rowspan="2">my / mine </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">Inclusive</a> </th> <td>náng-kâi 咱個 nang2 gai5 </td> <td>our / ours </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">Exclusive</a> </th> <td>uáng-kâi 阮個 uang2 gai5 </td> <td>ours / ours </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>lṳ́-kâi 汝個 le2 gai5 </td> <td>your / yours </td> <td colspan="2">nṳ́ng-kâi, níng-kâi 恁個 neng2 gai5, ning2 gai5 </td> <td>your / yours (plural) </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>i-kâi 伊個 i1 gai5 </td> <td>his / his; her / hers; its / its </td> <td colspan="2">i-nâng-kâi 伊儂個 i1 nang5 gai5 </td> <td>their / theirs </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">本púngbung2<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="classifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CL</abbr>-books</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">書tsṳze1book</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">是sĭsi6be</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">我uáua2I</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">個。kâigai5<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POS</abbr></div>本書是 我 個。púng tsṳ sĭ uá kâibung2 ze1 si6 ua2 gai5CL-books book be I POS"The book is mine."<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> As kâi <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%80%8B#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:個">個</a> gai5 is the generic <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classifier" title="Chinese classifier">measure word</a>, it may be replaced by other more appropriate classifiers:<a href="#cite_note-aspect-34">[17]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">我uáua2I</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">條tiâudiao5<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="classifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CL</abbr>-clothes</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">裙kûnggung5skirt</div>我 條 裙uá tiâu kûngua2 diao5 gung5I CL-clothes skirt"my skirt"<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Demonstrative_pronouns">Demonstrative pronouns</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Demonstrative pronouns">edit</a>]</div> Teochew has the typical two-way distinction between the demonstratives, namely the proximals and the distals. The basic determiners are tsí 只 zi2 "this" and hṳ́ 許 he2 "that", and they require at least a classifier (generic kâi 個 gai5, collective tshoh 撮 coh4, or another), which can be optionally preceded by a numeral. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto"> <caption>The Teochew Demonstratives </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-left:hidden;border-top:hidden;background-color:white;"> </td> <th colspan="2">Proximal</th> <th colspan="2">Distal </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">General </th> <th>Singular </th> <td>tsí (kâi) 只(個) zi2 (gai5) </td> <td>this (one) </td> <td>hṳ́ (kâi) 許(個) he2 (gai5) </td> <td>that (one) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Collective </th> <td>tsí tshoh 只撮 zi2 coh4 </td> <td>these (few) </td> <td>hṳ́ tshoh 許撮 he2 coh4 </td> <td>those (few) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Plural (non-specific) </th> <td>tsió 照 zio2 </td> <td>these </td> <td>hió 向 hio2 </td> <td>those </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Type </th> <td>tsiá 者 zia2 </td> <td>this kind of </td> <td>hiá 遐 hia2 </td> <td>that kind of </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" colspan="2">Spatial </th> <td>tsí kò 只塊 zi2 go3 </td> <td>here </td> <td>hṳ́ kò 許塊 he2 go3 </td> <td>there </td></tr> <tr> <td>tsí lăi 只內 zi2 lai6 </td> <td>here inside </td> <td>hṳ́ lăi 許內 he2 lai6 </td> <td>there inside </td></tr> <tr> <td>tsí kháu 只口 zi2 kao2 </td> <td>here outside </td> <td>hṳ́ kháu 許口 he2 kao2 </td> <td>there outside </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Temporal </th> <td>tsí tsûng 只陣 zi2 zung5 </td> <td>now; recently </td> <td>hṳ́ tsûng 許陣 he2 zung5 </td> <td>then </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Degree </th> <td>tsiòⁿ 照 zion3 </td> <td>this much </td> <td>hiòⁿ 向 hion3 </td> <td>that much </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Adverbial </th> <td>tsiòⁿ seⁿ (iōⁿ) 照生(樣) zion3 sên1 (ion7) </td> <td>like this </td> <td>hiòⁿ seⁿ (iōⁿ) 向生(樣) hion3 sên1 (ion7) </td> <td>like that </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Interrogative_pronouns">Interrogative pronouns</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Interrogative pronouns">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto"> <caption>The Teochew Interrogative Pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="3"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/who" class="extiw" title="wikt:who">who</a> / <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/whom" class="extiw" title="wikt:whom">whom</a> </th> <td>tiâng 𫢗 diang5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>tī tiâng 底𫢗 di7 diang5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>tī nâng 底儂 di7 nang5 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/what" class="extiw" title="wikt:what">what</a> </th> <td>mih kâi 乜個 mih4 gai5 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/what#Determiner" class="extiw" title="wikt:what">what (kind of) + noun</a> </th> <td>mih 乜 mih4 + <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">N</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/which" class="extiw" title="wikt:which">which</a> </th> <td>tī 底 di7 + <a href="/wiki/Numeral_system" title="Numeral system">NUM</a> + <a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">CL</a> + N </td></tr> <tr> <td>tī kâi 底個 di7 gai5 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/where" class="extiw" title="wikt:where">where</a> </th> <td>tī kò 底塊 di7 go3 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/when" class="extiw" title="wikt:when">when</a> </th> <td>tiang sî 𫢗時 diang1 si5 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/how" class="extiw" title="wikt:how">how</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/why" class="extiw" title="wikt:why">why</a></th> <th>manner </th> <td>tsò nî 做呢 zo3 ni5 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">state </th> <td>mih seⁿ iōⁿ 乜生樣 mih4 sên1 ion7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>tsò nî iōⁿ 做呢樣 zo3 ni5 ion7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>tsăi seⁿ (iōⁿ) 在生(樣) zai6 sên1 (ion7) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/how_many" class="extiw" title="wikt:how many">how many</a>; <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/how_much" class="extiw" title="wikt:how much">how much</a> </th> <td>kúi 幾 gui2 + CL + N </td></tr> <tr> <td>jio̍h tsōi 若濟 rioh8 zoi7 + CL + N </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Numerals">Numerals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Numerals">edit</a>]</div> Some numerals in Teochew have two variants: the literary one and the vernacular one. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Value </th> <th>Literary </th> <th>Vernacular </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>0 </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B6#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:零">零</a> lêng / lêng5 </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:空">空</a> khàng / kang3 </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B6#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:零">零</a> may also be written as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%80%87#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:〇">〇</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:一">一</a> ik / ig4 </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:一">一</a> tse̍k / zêg8 </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%9C%80#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:蜀">蜀</a> is often considered the original character for tse̍k / zêg8. When spelling numbers digit by digit, iau <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BA#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:幺">幺</a> iao1 is also used for "one". </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:二">二</a> jĭ / ri6 </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%A9#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:兩">兩</a> nŏ / no6 </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%A9#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:兩">兩</a> nŏ / no6 may also be written as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:二">二</a> The character <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%A9#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:兩">兩</a> has a literary reading liáng / liang2. </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:三">三</a> sam / sam1 </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:三">三</a> saⁿ / san1 </td> <td>Literary reading is used in some set compounds. </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:四">四</a> sṳ̀ / se3 </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:四">四</a> sì / si3 </td> <td>Literary reading is extremely rare. </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:五">五</a> ngóu / ngou2 </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:五">五</a> ngŏu / ngou6 </td> <td>Literary reading is used in some set compounds. Also pronounced as ngŏm / ngom6 in Southern Teochew. </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%AD#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:六">六</a> la̍k / lag8 </td> <td>Only vernacular reading. </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%83#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:七">七</a> tshik / cig4 </td> <td>Only literary reading. </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%AB#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:八">八</a> poih / boih4 </td> <td>Only vernacular reading. </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9D#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:九">九</a> kiú / giu2 </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9D#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:九">九</a> káu / gao2 </td> <td>Literary reading is used in some set compounds. </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%81#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:十">十</a> tsa̍p / zab8 </td> <td>Only vernacular reading. </td></tr> <tr> <th>100 </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:百">百</a> peh / bêh4 </td> <td>Only vernacular reading. </td></tr> <tr> <th>1000 </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%83#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:千">千</a> tshoiⁿ / coin1 </td> <td>Only vernacular reading. Also tshaiⁿ / cain1 (in Kekyeo and Southern Teochew). </td></tr> <tr> <th>10000 </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%90%AC#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:萬">萬</a> buāng / bhuang7 </td> <td>Only literary reading Also buēng / bhuêng7 (in Chaozhou). Also bāng / bang7 (variant in Southern Teochew). </td></tr></tbody></table> Generally, vernacular variants are used, and literary readings are limited to certain set compounds and idioms, e.g.: Sam-kok <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:三國">三國</a>, ngóu-kim <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E9%87%91#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:五金">五金</a>, kiú-siau <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E9%9C%84#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:九霄">九霄</a>, ngóu-tsháiⁿ-phiang-hung <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%BD%A9%E7%B9%BD%E7%B4%9B#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:五彩繽紛">五彩繽紛</a>, sam-sṳ-jṳ̂-kiâⁿ <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%80%9D%E8%80%8C%E8%A1%8C#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:三思而行">三思而行</a>, kiú-liû-sam-kàu <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E6%B5%81%E4%B8%89%E6%95%99#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:九流三教">九流三教</a>, etc. However, literary forms of 一 and 二 are more commonly used, particularly in the following cases: <ul><li>for the last digit in compound numbers:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>tsa̍p ik 十一 zab8 ig4 "eleven"</dd> <dd>saⁿ tsa̍p jĭ 三十二 san1 zab8 ri6 "thirty two"</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>for counting tens (but not hundreds or thousands) in compound numbers</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>jĭ tsa̍p ik 二十一 ri6 zab8 ig4 "twenty one"</dd> <dd>but:</dd> <dd>tse̍k peh 一百 zêg8 bêh4 "one hundred"</dd> <dd>nŏ tshoiⁿ 兩千 no6 coin1 "two thousands"</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>in ordinal numbers, names for days, and dates</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>tŏiⁿ jĭ 第二 doin6 ri6 "second"</dd> <dd>tsheⁿ khî ik 星期一 cên1 ki5 ig4 "Monday"</dd> <dd>tsiaⁿ gue̍h tshiu ik 正月初一 zian1 ghuêh8 ciu1 ig4 "first day of the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_New_Year" title="Lunar New Year">Lunar New Year</a>"</dd> <dd>jĭ-khàng-iau-poih-nî jĭ-gue̍h jĭ-hō 2018年二月二號 ri6 kang3 iao1 boih4 ni5 ri6 ghuêh8 ri6 ho7 "February 2, 2018"</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passive_construction">Passive construction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Passive construction">edit</a>]</div> In Teochew passive construction, the <a href="/wiki/Agent_(grammar)" title="Agent (grammar)">agent</a> <a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrase</a> by somebody always has to be present, and is introduced by the preposition khṳh 乞 keh4 or pung 分 bung1, both literally meaning "to give". If the agent is not explicitly named, its position is taken by nâng 儂 nang5 (lit. "a person; one; somebody"). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">伊ii1s/he</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>分<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">pung<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">bung1<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">give</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">儂<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">nâng<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">nang5<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">person</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">刣thâitai5kill</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">掉。tiāudiao7be lost</div>伊 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">分 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">儂 刣掉。i <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">pung <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">nâng thâi tiāui1 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">bung1 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">nang5 tai5 diao7s/he <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">give <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">person kill {be lost}"S/he was killed (by someone)."<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> While in Mandarin one can have the agent introducer 被; bèi or 給; gěi alone without the agent itself, in Teochew it is not grammatical to omit this dummy agent nâng 儂 nang5. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">個kâigai5<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="classifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CL</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">杯puebuê1cup</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">分<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">pung<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">bung1<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">give</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">儂<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">nâng<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">nang5<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">person</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">敲khàka3break</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">掉。tiāudiao7be lost</div>個杯 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">分 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">儂 敲掉。kâi pue <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">pung <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">nâng khà tiāugai5 buê1 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">bung1 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">nang5 ka3 diao7CL cup <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">give <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">person break {be lost}"The cup was broken."<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl><dd><dl><dd>(cf. Mandarin 杯子給打破了; bēizi gěi dǎ pòle)</dd></dl></dd></dl> The agent phrase pung nâng 分儂 bung1 nang5 always comes immediately after the subject, not at the end of the sentence or between the <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary</a> and the past <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participle</a> like in some European languages (e.g. <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison">Comparison</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Comparison">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comparative_construction_with_two_or_more_nouns">Comparative construction with two or more nouns</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Comparative construction with two or more nouns">edit</a>]</div> Teochew, like Cantonese but unlike Hokkien, uses the construction "X ADJ kuè 過 guê3 Y", to express the comparison: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">伊ii1s/he</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">雅ngiángia2beautiful</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">過<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">kuè<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">guê3<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">exceed</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">汝。lṳ́le2you</div>伊雅 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">過 汝。i ngiá <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">kuè lṳ́i1 ngia2 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">guê3 le2s/he beautiful <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">exceed you"She is more beautiful than you."<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl><dd><dl><dd>(cf. Cantonese 佢靚過你; keoi5 leng3 gwo3 nei5)</dd></dl></dd></dl> However, due to modern influences from Mandarin, the Mandarin structure "X 比 Y ADJ" has also gained popularity over the years. Therefore, the same sentence can be re-structured and becomes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">伊ii1s/he</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">比<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">pí<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">bi2<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">compare</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">汝lṳ́le2you</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">雅。ngiángia2beautiful</div>伊 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">比 汝雅。i <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">pí lṳ́ ngiái1 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">bi2 le2 ngia2s/he <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">compare you beautiful"She is more beautiful than you."<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl><dd><dl><dd>(cf. Mandarin 她比你漂亮; tā bǐ nǐ piàoliang)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comparative_construction_with_only_one_noun">Comparative construction with only one noun</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Comparative construction with only one noun">edit</a>]</div> The 過- or 比-construction must involve two or more nouns to be compared; an ill-formed sentence will be yielded when only one is being mentioned: <dl><dd>* 伊雅過 (?)</dd></dl> Teochew is different from English, where the second noun being compared can be left out ("Tatyana is more beautiful (than Lisa)". In cases like this, the 夭-construction must be used instead: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">伊ii1s/he</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">夭iăuiau6comparatively</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">雅。ngiángia2beautiful</div>伊夭雅。i iău ngiái1 iau6 ngia2s/he comparatively beautiful"She is more beautiful."<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> The same holds true for Mandarin and Cantonese in that another structure needs to be used when only one of the nouns being compared is mentioned. Teochew and Mandarin both use a pre-modifier (before the adjective) while Cantonese uses a post-modifier (after the adjective). <ul><li>Mandarin</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">她tā</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">比較bǐjiào</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">漂亮piàoliang</div>她 {比較} 漂亮tā bǐjiào piàoliang<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>Cantonese</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">佢keoi5</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">靚leng3</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">啲di1</div>佢靚 啲keoi5 leng3 di1<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> There are two words which are intrinsically comparative in meaning, i.e. iâⁿ 贏 ian5 "to win" and su 輸 su1 "to lose". They can be used alone or in conjunction with the 過-structure: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">只tsízi2</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">領niánian2</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">裙kûnggung5</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">輸susu1</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">(過)(kuè)(guê3)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">許hṳ́he2</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">領。niánian2</div>只領裙輸 (過) 許領。tsí niá kûng su (kuè) hṳ́ niázi2 nian2 gung5 su1 (guê3) he2 nian2"This skirt is not as good as that one."<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">我uáua2</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">內lăilai6</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">個kâigai5</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">電腦tiĕng-náudiêng6 nao2</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">贏iâⁿian5</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">伊ii1</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">個kâigai5</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">好hohhoh4</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">濟。tsōizoi7</div>我內個電腦贏伊個好濟。uá lăi kâi tiĕng-náu iâⁿ i kâi hoh tsōiua2 lai6 gai5 {diêng6 nao2} ian5 i1 gai5 hoh4 zoi7"My computer (at home) is far better than his."<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> Note the use of the adverbial hoh tsōi 好濟 hoh4 zoi7 at the end of the sentence to express a higher degree. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Equal_construction">Equal construction</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Equal construction">edit</a>]</div> In Teochew, the idea of equality is expressed with the word pêⁿ 平 bên5 or pêⁿ-iōⁿ 平樣 bên5 ion7: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">只tsízi2</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">本púngbung2</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">書tsṳze1</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">佮kahgah4</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">許hṳ́he2</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">本púngbung2</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">平pêⁿbên5</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">重。tăngdang6</div>只本書佮許本平重。tsí púng tsṳ kah hṳ́ púng pêⁿ tăngzi2 bung2 ze1 gah4 he2 bung2 bên5 dang6"This book is as heavy as that one."<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">伊ii1</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">兩nŏno6</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">儂nângnang5</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">平pêⁿbên5</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">平樣。pêⁿ-iōⁿbên5 ion7</div>伊兩儂平平樣。i nŏ nâng pêⁿ pêⁿ-iōⁿi1 no6 nang5 bên5 {bên5 ion7}"They are the same."<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl><dd><dl><dd>("They look the same/They're as good as each other/They're as bad as each other"; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "The two people are the same same way")</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Superlative_construction">Superlative construction</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Superlative construction">edit</a>]</div> To express the superlative, Teochew uses the adverb siăng 上 siang6 or siăng-téng 上頂 siang6 dêng2. The latter variant is usually used with a complimentary connotation. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">只tsízi2</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">間koiⁿgoin1</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">物mue̍hmuêh8</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">上頂siăng-téngsiang6 dêng2</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">好食。hó-tsia̍hho2 ziah8</div>只間物上頂好食。tsí koiⁿ mue̍h siăng-téng hó-tsia̍hzi2 goin1 muêh8 {siang6 dêng2} {ho2 ziah8}"This (restaurant) is (absolutely) the most delicious."<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">伊儂i-nângi1 nang5</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">對tùidui3</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">我uáua2</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">上siăngsiang6</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">好。hóho2</div>伊儂對我上好。i-nâng tùi uá siăng hó{i1 nang5} dui3 ua2 siang6 ho2"They treat me best." <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "The people treat me very well."<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Vocabulary">edit</a>]</div> Teochew vocabulary consists of several layers, including: <ul><li>Pan-Sinitic words, found in most other languages of the <a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a> (such as Hokkien, Japanese, Mandarin, Cantonese, Korean, etc), often derived from <a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary Chinese">Literary Chinese</a> or orthographically borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>ì-kièng <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%A6%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:意見">意見</a> i3 giêng3 "opinion",</dd> <dd>kok-ke <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="extiw" title="wikt:國家">國家</a> gog4 gê1 "state; country",</dd> <dd>kak-hung <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E5%A9%9A" class="extiw" title="wikt:結婚">結婚</a> gag4 hung1 "to marry",</dd> <dd>khùng-nâng <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9B%B0%E9%9B%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:困難">困難</a> kung3 nang5 "hard; difficult",</dd> <dd>seng-mĕng <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:生命">生命</a> sêng1 mêng6 "life",</dd> <dd>tāu-hū <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B1%86%E8%85%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:豆腐">豆腐</a> dao7 hu7 "<a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">tofu</a>"</dd> <dd>tiĕng-uē <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A9%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:電話">電話</a> diêng6-uê7 "telephone",</dd> <dd>tshuk-kháu <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%8F%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:出口">出口</a> cug4 kao2 "exit",</dd> <dd>huang-uàⁿ <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:方案">方案</a> huang1 uan3 "plan; scheme",</dd> <dd>bûng-huè <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" class="extiw" title="wikt:文化">文化</a> bhung5 huê3 "culture",</dd> <dd>kāng-huâ-kok <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:共和國">共和國</a> gang7 hua5 gog4 "republic",</dd> <dd>tiĕng-náu <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:電腦">電腦</a> diêng6 nao2 "computer"</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Basic words derived from <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a>, usually via <a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a>; generally, they are not found in other languages of the Sinosphere, except as morphemes in compound words</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>lṳ́ <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:汝">汝</a> le2 "you",</dd> <dd>ma̍k <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9B%AE" class="extiw" title="wikt:目">目</a> mag8 "eye",</dd> <dd>tṳ̄ <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AE%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:箸">箸</a> de7 "chopsticks",</dd> <dd>nâng <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%84%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:儂">儂</a> nang5 "man; person",</dd> <dd>saⁿ <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A1%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:衫">衫</a> san1 "shirt"</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Min-specific words, usually shared with other <a href="/wiki/Min_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Min languages">Min languages</a> (or at least <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> languages like <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>ta <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%81%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:灱">灱</a> da1 "dry",</dd> <dd>khṳ̀ng <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9B%A5" class="extiw" title="wikt:囥">囥</a> keng3 "to hide",</dd> <dd>khṳh <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:乞">乞</a> keh4 "to give",</dd> <dd>lim <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%95%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:啉">啉</a> lim1 "to drink"</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Teochew-specific words</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>tàⁿ <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%91%BE" class="extiw" title="wikt:呾">呾</a> dan3 "to say; to talk",</dd> <dd>ĭⁿ <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:夗">夗</a> in6 "to sleep",</dd> <dd>ngà <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%A6%99" class="extiw" title="wikt:㦙">㦙</a> nga3 "stupid; foolish",</dd> <dd>jṳ̂ <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%A7%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:㧫">㧫</a> re5 "to wipe; to mop",</dd> <dd>tsò-nî <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%81%9A%E5%91%A2" class="extiw" title="wikt:做呢">做呢</a> zo3-ni5 "why; how"</dd></dl></dd></dl> Most of the Teochew vocabulary (around 70-80%) consists of the pan-Sinitic words. However, their proportion is much lower among the most basic words used in daily speech, as they tend to belong to the last three categories. This pattern is also seen in other languages of the Sinosphere, e.g. in Japanese, where the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Japanese vocabulary">Sino-Japanese words</a> constitute around 60-70% of total vocabulary, but only around 20% of words used in common speech. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_and_vernacular_readings">Literary and vernacular readings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Literary and vernacular readings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings" title="Literary and colloquial readings">Literary and colloquial readings</a></div> In Teochew, like in other Min languages, it is common for a character to have at least two readings, called "literary" and "vernacular". The number of such doublets in Teochew is somewhat smaller than in Hokkien, due to Teochew being prone to use only vernacular readings and lose their literary counterparts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_Hokkien">Relationship with Hokkien</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Relationship with Hokkien">edit</a>]</div> Teochew and <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> are both <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> languages. Hokkien, which is spoken in southern Fujian, shares many phonetic similarities with Teochew, but they have low lexical similarity. Although Teochew and Hokkien share some cognates, there are pronounced differences in most vowels with some consonant and tone shifts. Teochew has only 51% intelligibility with the <a href="/wiki/Tong%27an_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tong'an District">Tong'an</a> <a href="/wiki/Xiamen_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiamen dialect">Xiamen dialect</a> of Hokkien (Cheng 1997), approximately the same as the percentage of intelligibility as between <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> languages, while it has even lower mutual intelligibility language with other dialects of the Hokkien language.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Most Teochew people do not speak Hokkien and the majority of Hokkien and Teochew people both see themselves as a distinct groups. There are a minority of Teochew people who speak Hokkien as their mother tongue, most of whom have close contact or relatives in the neighbouring three originally-Teochew counties of what is now <a href="/wiki/South_Fujian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Fujian">South Fujian</a>, which were seceded to Fujian during the early <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> and subsequently assimilated into the <a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hokkien population</a>. These Hokkien-speaking Teochews are more likely to treat Teochew simply as accented dialect of Hokkien. These people usually have a strong sense of <a href="/wiki/Hokkien_culture" title="Hokkien culture">Hokkien identity</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> In Hokkien, denasalization of initial consonants is extensive, and sounds [m], [n], [ng] are usually viewed as allophones of /b/, /l~d/, /g/ used with nasalized rhymes. In Teochew and Hai Lok Hong, denasalization is less common. <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Character </th> <th>Teochew </th> <th>Hokkien </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%80%86#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:逆">逆</a> 'to go against' </td> <td>nge̍k </td> <td rowspan="2">ge̍k </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%8E%89#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:玉">玉</a> 'jade' </td> <td>ge̍k </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%9C#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:宜">宜</a> 'suitable' </td> <td>ngî </td> <td rowspan="2">gî </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%96%91#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:疑">疑</a> 'doubt' </td> <td>gî </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B4%90#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:紐">紐</a> 'handle; knob' </td> <td>niú </td> <td rowspan="2">liú </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9F%B3#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:柳">柳</a> 'willow' </td> <td>liú </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%84%82#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:儂">儂</a> 'man' </td> <td>nâng </td> <td rowspan="2">lâng </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B1%A0#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:籠">籠</a> 'cage' </td> <td>lâng </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%85%A2#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:慢">慢</a> 'slow' </td> <td>măng </td> <td rowspan="2">bān </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%90%AC#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:萬">萬</a> 'ten thousand' </td> <td>buāng </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9B%AE#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:目">目</a> 'eye' </td> <td>ma̍k </td> <td rowspan="2">ba̍k </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A2%A8#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:墨">墨</a> 'ink' </td> <td>ba̍k </td></tr></tbody></table> Hokkien and Hai Lok Hong have three pairs of codas: -ng/-k, -m/-p and -n/-t. Most dialects of Teochew have merged -n/-t with -ng/-k. On the other hand, many Teochew dialects, except urban Swatow and Chenghai, do not dissimilate the Middle Chinese rhyme <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%87%A1#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:凡">凡</a> -jom, e.g. they have huàm <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B3%9B#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:泛">泛</a>, huăm <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AF%84#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:範">範</a>, huap <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:法">法</a>, while Hokkien has huàn <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B3%9B#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:泛">泛</a>, huǎn <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AF%84#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:範">範</a>, huat <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:法">法</a>. Teochew (except some Southern Teochew dialects) and Hai Lok Hong have 8 citation tones, while most dialects of Hokkien have 7 tones. In individual rhymes, the differences between Hokkien and Teochew are comparable to differences between the dialects of each language. For example, both Northern Hokkien and Northern Teochew have the /ɯ/ sound, which is not found in Southern Teochew and Southern Hokkien. Northern Hokkien and Teochew both have -ng (in Hokkien and Southern Teochew) or -ung (in Northern Teochew) rhyme in words like <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A3%AF#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:飯">飯</a> pn̄g/pūng, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%96%80#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:門">門</a> mn̂g/mûng, while Southern Hokkien and Hai Lok Hong have -uiⁿ instead (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A3%AF#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:飯">飯</a> pūiⁿ, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%96%80#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:門">門</a> mûi). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar_2">Grammar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> Teochew grammar shows some Cantonese or Hakka influence. For example, <ul><li>Teochew uses comparative structure with -kuè <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%81%8E#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:過">過</a> "to exceed, to surpass", as in Cantonese, while Hokkien uses native Min comparative construction with an adverb khah <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%BC%83#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:較">較</a> "more".</li> <li>Teochew, like Cantonese, uses bare classifiers to mean "this", but this usage is not typical for Hokkien.</li> <li>Teochew uses relevant classifiers to indicate possession; e.g., the phrase "my book" may be expressed with both uá púng tsṳ 我本書 (with classifier for books) and uá kâi tsṳ 我個書 (with possessive particle) in Teochew, but in Hokkien, only góa ê tsṳ 我兮書 is used.</li></ul> Teochew differs from Hokkien in function words: <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Teochew </th> <th>Hai Lok Hong </th> <th>Hokkien </th> <th>explanation </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%80%8B#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:個">個</a> kâi </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%80%8B#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:個">個</a> kâi </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%AE#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:兮">兮</a> ê </td> <td>possessive particle </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A8#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:在">在</a> tŏ <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9B%89#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:囉">囉</a> lŏ (dialectal) </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%AB%A9%B7#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:𫩷">𫩷</a> ló </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%92%A7#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:咧">咧</a> leh <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BD%87%E5%92%A7#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:佇咧">佇咧</a> tǐ-leh </td> <td>progressive aspect marker </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E5%A1%8A#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:在塊">在塊</a> -tŏ-kò </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%81%81#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:恁">恁</a> -nín </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%92%A7#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:咧">咧</a> --leh </td> <td>durative aspect marker </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%88%86#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:分">分</a> pung <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9E#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:乞">乞</a> khṳh </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%88%86#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:分">分</a> pun <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:科">科</a> kho </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%88#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:予">予</a> hō͘ </td> <td>passive or causative agent preposition </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:愛">愛</a> àiⁿ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:愛">愛</a> àiⁿ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9C#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:卜">卜</a> beh </td> <td>"to want" (modal verb) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A5%BD#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:好">好</a> hoh </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A5%BD#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:好">好</a> hoh </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:真">真</a> chin </td> <td>"very" (dummy adverb in adjectival sentences) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocabulary_2">Vocabulary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Vocabulary">edit</a>]</div> Teochew has many differences with Hokkien in its basic vocabulary. Some of the differences are due to influence from Cantonese, while others are alternative yet still native Min words. <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>gloss </th> <th>Teochew </th> <th>Cantonese </th> <th>Hokkien </th></tr> <tr> <th>"to see" </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9D%87#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:睇">睇</a> thóiⁿ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9D%87#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:睇">睇</a> tái </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9C%8B#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:看">看</a> khòaⁿ </td></tr> <tr> <th>"to read" </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AE%80%E6%9B%B8#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:讀書">讀書</a> tha̍k-tsṳ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AE%80%E6%9B%B8#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:讀書">讀書</a> duhksyū </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AE%80%E5%86%8A#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:讀冊">讀冊</a> tha̍k-chheh </td></tr> <tr> <th>"to sleep" </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%97#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:夗">夗</a> n̍gh, ĭⁿ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9E%93#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:瞓">瞓</a> fan </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9D%8F#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:睏">睏</a> khùn </td></tr> <tr> <th>"beautiful" </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9B%85#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:雅">雅</a> ngiá </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9A#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:靚">靚</a> leng </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AA%A0#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:媠">媠</a> súi </td></tr> <tr> <th>"to speak" </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%91%BE#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:呾">呾</a> tàⁿ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AC%9B#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:講">講</a> góng </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AC%9B#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:講">講</a> kóng <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AA%AA#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:說">說</a> seh </td></tr> <tr> <th>"what" </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9C%E5%80%8B#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:乜個">乜個</a> mih-kâi </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9C%E5%98%A2#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:乜嘢">乜嘢</a> mātyéh </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%95%A5%E4%B9%9C#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:啥乜">啥乜</a> siáⁿ-mi̍h </td></tr> <tr> <th>"child" </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A5%E5%9B%9D#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:孥囝">孥囝</a> nou-kiáⁿ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%B7%AF#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:細路">細路</a> sailouh </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9B%A1%E4%BB%94#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:囡仔">囡仔</a> gín-á </td></tr> <tr> <th>"black" </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:烏">烏</a> ou </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:黑">黑</a> hāk </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:烏">烏</a> o͘ </td></tr></tbody></table> Teochew tends to use more vernacular readings where Hokkien prefers the literary readings. For instance, Hokkien uses <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%AC%9D#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:多謝">多謝</a> to-siā for "Thank you", with literary reading for the first character, while Teochew reads it with the vernacular reading as tsōi-siā. The character <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:安">安</a> has both literary reading (Teochew ang, Hokkien an) and vernacular reading (both uaⁿ), the latter more commonly used in Teochew (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:安全">安全</a> uaⁿ-tshuâng, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BF%83#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:安心">安心</a> uaⁿ-sim, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%A9%A9#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:安穩">安穩</a> uaⁿ-úng, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%89#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:治安">治安</a> tī-uaⁿ, etc), while being rare in Hokkien (used in a few place names: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%AE%89#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:同安">同安</a> Tâng-uaⁿ, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%89#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:南安">南安</a> Lâm-uaⁿ, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E5%AE%89#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:惠安">惠安</a> Hūi-uaⁿ). For some characters, literary readings only exist in Hokkien (even if used exclusively for declamation of Classical Chinese texts), while many vernacular readings are used only in Teochew. <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Character </th> <th>Type of reading </th> <th>Teochew </th> <th>Hokkien </th> <th rowspan="15"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baxter%27s_transcription_for_Middle_Chinese" title="Baxter's transcription for Middle Chinese">Baxter</a>) or Proto-Southern-Min (Kwok Bit-Chee)<a href="#cite_note-36">[18]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> (Baxter-Sagart) </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%82%89#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:肉">肉</a> 'meat' </th> <td>literary </td> <td style="background: #aaa;"> </td> <td>jio̍k </td> <td>MC nyuwk </td> <td rowspan="2">*k.nuk </td></tr> <tr> <td>vernacular </td> <td>ne̍k </td> <td>he̍k </td> <td>PSM *nhɯk3 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:白">白</a> 'white' </th> <td>literary </td> <td style="background: #aaa;"> </td> <td>pe̍k </td> <td>MC baek </td> <td rowspan="2">*bˤrak </td></tr> <tr> <td>vernacular </td> <td>pe̍h </td> <td>pe̍h </td> <td>PSM *peʔ8 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:前">前</a> 'before' </th> <td>literary </td> <td style="background: #aaa;"> </td> <td>chiân </td> <td>MC dzen </td> <td rowspan="2">*dzˤen </td></tr> <tr> <td>vernacular </td> <td>tsôiⁿ </td> <td>chêng / châiⁿ / chûiⁿ </td> <td>PSM *tsõi2 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%9F%BB#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:蟻">蟻</a> 'ant' </th> <td>literary </td> <td style="background: #aaa;"> </td> <td>gí </td> <td>MC ngjeX </td> <td rowspan="2">*m-qʰrajʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>vernacular </td> <td>hiă </td> <td>hiă </td> <td>PSM *hia4 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9E%9D#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:枝">枝</a> 'branch' </th> <td>literary </td> <td style="background: #aaa;"> </td> <td>chi </td> <td>MC tsye </td> <td rowspan="2">*ke </td></tr> <tr> <td>vernacular </td> <td>ki </td> <td>ki </td> <td>PSM *ki1 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AF%8C#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:富">富</a> 'abundant' </th> <td>literary </td> <td style="background: #aaa;"> </td> <td>hù </td> <td>MC pjuwH </td> <td rowspan="2">*pək-s </td></tr> <tr> <td>vernacular </td> <td>pù </td> <td>pù </td> <td>PSM *pu5 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:美">美</a> 'beautiful' </th> <td>literary </td> <td>múi </td> <td>bí </td> <td>MC mijX </td> <td rowspan="2">*mrəjʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>vernacular </td> <td>bué </td> <td style="background: #aaa;"> </td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singaporean Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang Hokkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_varieties_of_Chinese" title="List of varieties of Chinese">List of varieties of Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Chinese Thais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans" title="Chinese Singaporeans">Chinese Singaporeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Malaysian Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Chinese">Indonesian Chinese</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-minClassification-6"><a href="#cite_ref-minClassification_6-0">^</a> Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-glottoMin-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:潮州話">潮州話</a>, Teochew: Tiê-tsiu-uē / Tiô-tsiu-uē (<a href="/wiki/Teochew_Romanization" title="Teochew Romanization">Pe̍h-ūe-jī</a>) / Diê5 ziu1 uê7 / Dio5ziu1 uê7 (<a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>: Cháozhōu huà </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E6%B1%95%E8%A9%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:潮汕話">潮汕話</a>, Teochew: Tiê-suaⁿ-uē / Tiô-suaⁿ-uē (<a href="/wiki/Teochew_Romanization" title="Teochew Romanization">Pe̍h-ūe-jī</a>) / Diê5 suan1 uê7 / Dio5suan1 uê7 (<a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a>), Mandarin: Cháoshàn huà </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Mandarin 'Chaozhou' </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Mandarin 'Chaoshan' </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sinchew.com.my/pad/con/content_2101420.html">"學潮語，埋下愛的種子"</a>. Sin Chew. January 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E5%AD%B8%E6%BD%AE%E8%AA%9E%EF%BC%8C%E5%9F%8B%E4%B8%8B%E6%84%9B%E7%9A%84%E7%A8%AE%E5%AD%90&rft.date=2021-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sinchew.com.my%2Fpad%2Fcon%2Fcontent_2101420.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeochew+Min" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-langatlas2-2"><a href="#cite_ref-langatlas2_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Language atlas of China (2nd edition), <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="City University of Hong Kong">City University of Hong Kong</a>, 2012, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-10-007054-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-10-007054-6"><bdi>978-7-10-007054-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+atlas+of+China+%282nd+edition%29&rft.pub=City+University+of+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-7-10-007054-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeochew+Min" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMei1970" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mei_Tsu-lin" title="Mei Tsu-lin">Mei, Tsu-lin</a> (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2718766">10.2307/2718766</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718766">2718766</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=Tones+and+prosody+in+Middle+Chinese+and+the+origin+of+the+rising+tone&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=86-110&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2718766&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2718766%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mei&rft.aufirst=Tsu-lin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeochew+Min" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulleyblank1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Pulleyblank" title="Edwin G. 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Retrieved October 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glottolog&rft.atitle=Glottolog+4.8+-+Min&rft.date=2023-07-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.7398962&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fminn1248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeochew+Min" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYapGrunow-HårstaWrona2011" class="citation book cs1">Yap, Foong Ha; Grunow-Hårsta, Karen; Wrona, Janick, eds. 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Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-334-870-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-334-870-7"><bdi>978-981-334-870-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tono-types+and+Tone+Evolution%3A+The+Case+of+Chaoshan&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2021-01-04&rft.isbn=978-981-334-870-7&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Jingfen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DliASEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeochew+Min" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF潘家懿鄭守治2010" class="citation journal cs1">潘家懿; 鄭守治 (March 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail/P20170425003-201003-201704270015-201704270015-145-165">"粵東閩南語的分布及方言片的劃分"</a>. 臺灣語文研究. 5 (1): 145–165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6710%2FJTLL.201003_5%281%29.0008">10.6710/JTLL.201003_5(1).0008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.atitle=%E7%B2%B5%E6%9D%B1%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%8F%8A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E7%89%87%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%83%E5%88%86&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=145-165&rft.date=2010-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6710%2FJTLL.201003_5%281%29.0008&rft.au=%E6%BD%98%E5%AE%B6%E6%87%BF&rft.au=%E9%84%AD%E5%AE%88%E6%B2%BB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airitilibrary.com%2FArticle%2FDetail%2FP20170425003-201003-201704270015-201704270015-145-165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeochew+Min" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinLin2007" class="citation book cs1">Lin, Lunlun; Lin, Chunyu (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/190795329">Guangdong Nan'ao Dao fang yan yu yin ci hui yan jiu</a>. 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Beijing: Zhonghua shu ju. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-101-05600-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-101-05600-6"><bdi>978-7-101-05600-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/190795329">190795329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guangdong+Nan%27ao+Dao+fang+yan+yu+yin+ci+hui+yan+jiu&rft.place=Beijing&rft.series=Huaxia+ying+cai+ji+jin+xue+shu+wen+ku&rft.edition=Di+1+ban&rft.pub=Zhonghua+shu+ju&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F190795329&rft.isbn=978-7-101-05600-6&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Lunlun&rft.au=Lin%2C+Chunyu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F190795329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeochew+Min" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQibin2023" class="citation journal cs1">Qibin, Zhang (December 23, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sociolinguistics.ru/index.php/sociolinguistics/article/view/231">"LANGUAGE SITUATION IN THE CHAOSHAN COMMUNITY: A PILOT STUDY"</a>. Sociolingvistika. 3 (15): 98–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.37892%2F2713-2951-3-15-98-124">10.37892/2713-2951-3-15-98-124</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2713-2951">2713-2951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociolingvistika&rft.atitle=LANGUAGE+SITUATION+IN+THE+CHAOSHAN+COMMUNITY%3A+A+PILOT+STUDY&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=98-124&rft.date=2023-12-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.37892%2F2713-2951-3-15-98-124&rft.issn=2713-2951&rft.aulast=Qibin&rft.aufirst=Zhang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsociolinguistics.ru%2Findex.php%2Fsociolinguistics%2Farticle%2Fview%2F231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeochew+Min" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Pan2009" class="citation journal cs1">潘家懿 (2009). "粤东闽语存在齿唇音声母". 中国语文 (2009–1): 81–83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%87&rft.atitle=%E7%B2%A4%E4%B8%9C%E9%97%BD%E8%AF%AD%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E9%BD%BF%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3%E5%A3%B0%E6%AF%8D&rft.issue=2009%E2%80%931&rft.pages=81-83&rft.date=2009&rft.au=%E6%BD%98%E5%AE%B6%E6%87%BF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeochew+Min" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF呉芳2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">呉芳 (2013). 粤东闽语前后鼻音韵尾类型研究. 潮学研究丛书 (in Chinese). 曁南大学出版社. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5668-0646-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5668-0646-8"><bdi>978-7-5668-0646-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%B2%A4%E4%B8%9C%E9%97%BD%E8%AF%AD%E5%89%8D%E5%90%8E%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%B5%E5%B0%BE%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.series=%E6%BD%AE%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%9B%E4%B9%A6&rft.pub=%E6%9B%81%E5%8D%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-7-5668-0646-8&rft.au=%E5%91%89%E8%8A%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeochew+Min" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2019" class="citation book cs1">Lin, Qing (2019). The Diachrony of Tone Sandhi: Evidence from Southern Min Chinese. Frontiers in Chinese Linguistics (1st ed. 2019 ed.). Singapore: Springer Singapore : Imprint: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-13-1939-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-13-1939-6"><bdi>978-981-13-1939-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diachrony+of+Tone+Sandhi%3A+Evidence+from+Southern+Min+Chinese&rft.place=Singapore&rft.series=Frontiers+in+Chinese+Linguistics&rft.edition=1st+ed.+2019&rft.pub=Springer+Singapore+%3A+Imprint%3A+Springer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-981-13-1939-6&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Qing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeochew+Min" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LLL1996-24"><a href="#cite_ref-LLL1996_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF林伦伦,_陈小枫" class="citation book cs1">林伦伦, 陈小枫. 广东闽方言语音研究. 1996: 汕头大学出版社. pp. 95–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7810360914" title="Special:BookSources/7810360914"><bdi>7810360914</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%B9%BF%E4%B8%9C%E9%97%BD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.place=1996&rft.pages=95-96&rft.pub=%E6%B1%95%E5%A4%B4%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.isbn=7810360914&rft.au=%E6%9E%97%E4%BC%A6%E4%BC%A6%2C+%E9%99%88%E5%B0%8F%E6%9E%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeochew+Min" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF徐馥瓊" class="citation book cs1">徐馥瓊. 粤东闽语语音研究. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787520398350" title="Special:BookSources/9787520398350"><bdi>9787520398350</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%B2%A4%E4%B8%9C%E9%97%BD%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.isbn=9787520398350&rft.au=%E5%BE%90%E9%A6%A5%E7%93%8A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeochew+Min" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://benjamins.com/catalog/lali.00068.zha">"潮陽地區四降調系統的變異及演化"</a>. Language and Linguistics (in Chinese). 21 (3): 467–511. July 16, 2020. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Flali.00068.zha">10.1075/lali.00068.zha</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1606-822X">1606-822X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+and+Linguistics&rft.atitle=%E6%BD%AE%E9%99%BD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E5%9B%9B%E9%99%8D%E8%AA%BF%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%8A%E7%95%B0%E5%8F%8A%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=467-511&rft.date=2020-07-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Flali.00068.zha&rft.issn=1606-822X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbenjamins.com%2Fcatalog%2Flali.00068.zha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeochew+Min" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aspect-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aspect_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aspect_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aspect_34-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLing许惠玲2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ling, XU Hui; 许惠玲 (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23826160">"Aspect of Chaozhou Grammar A Synchronic Description of the Jieyang Variety / 潮州話揭陽方言語法研究"</a>. Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series (22): i–304. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2409-2878">2409-2878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Linguistics+Monograph+Series&rft.atitle=Aspect+of+Chaozhou+Grammar+A+Synchronic+Description+of+the+Jieyang+Variety+%2F+%E6%BD%AE%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1%E6%8F%AD%E9%99%BD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=i-304&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=2409-2878&rft.aulast=Ling&rft.aufirst=XU+Hui&rft.au=%E8%AE%B8%E6%83%A0%E7%8E%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23826160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeochew+Min" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwok2018" class="citation book cs1">Kwok, Bit-Chee (2018). Southern Min: comparative phonology and subgrouping. Routledge studies in East Asian linguistics. Vol. 2. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-94365-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-94365-0"><bdi>978-1-138-94365-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Min%3A+comparative+phonology+and+subgrouping&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Routledge+studies+in+East+Asian+linguistics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-138-94365-0&rft.aulast=Kwok&rft.aufirst=Bit-Chee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeochew+Min" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Beijing da xue Zhongguo yu yan wen xue xi yu yan xue jiao yan shi. (2003). Han yu fang yin zi hui. (Chinese dialectal vocabulary) Beijing: Yu wen chu ban she (北京大學中國語言文學系語言學教研室, 2003. 漢語方音字彙. 北京: 語文出版社) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-80184-034-8" title="Special:BookSources/7-80184-034-8">7-80184-034-8</a></li> <li>Cai Junming. (1991). Putonghua dui zhao Chaozhou fang yan ci hui. (Chaozhou dialectal vocabulary, contrasted with Mandarin) Hong Kong: T. T. Ng Chinese Language Research Centre (蔡俊明, 1991. 普通話對照潮州方言詞彙. 香港: 香港中文大學吳多泰中國語文研究中心) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-7330-02-7" title="Special:BookSources/962-7330-02-7">962-7330-02-7</a></li> <li>Chappell, Hilary (ed.) (2001). Sinitic Grammar: Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives. Oxford; New York: OUP <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-829977-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-829977-X">0-19-829977-X</a></li> <li>Chen, Matthew Y. (2000). Tone Sandhi: patterns across Chinese dialects. Cambridge, England: CUP <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65272-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65272-3">0-521-65272-3</a></li> <li>DeFrancis, John. (1984). The Chinese language: fact and fantasy. Honolulu: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1068-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1068-6">0-8248-1068-6</a></li> <li>Li, Xin Kui. (1994). Guangdong di fang yan. (Dialects of Guangdong) Guangzhou, China: Guangdong ren min chu ban she (李新魁, 1994. 廣東的方言. 廣州: 廣東人民出版社) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-218-00960-3" title="Special:BookSources/7-218-00960-3">7-218-00960-3</a></li> <li>Li, Yongming. (1959). Chaozhou fang yan. (Chaozhou dialect) Beijing: Zhonghua. (李永明, 1959. 潮州方言. 北京: 中華)</li> <li>Lin, Lun Lun. (1997). Xin bian Chaozhou yin zi dian. (New Chaozhou pronunciation dictionary) Shantou, China: Shantou da xue chu ban she. (林倫倫, 1997. 新編潮州音字典. 汕頭: 汕頭大學出版社) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-81036-189-9" title="Special:BookSources/7-81036-189-9">7-81036-189-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Norman_(sinologist)" title="Jerry Norman (sinologist)">Norman, Jerry</a>. [1988] (2002). Chinese. Cambridge, England: CUP <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29653-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29653-6">0-521-29653-6</a></li> <li>Ramsey, S. Robert (1986). Languages of China. Princeton, N.J.: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-06694-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-06694-9">0-691-06694-9</a></li> <li>Xu, Huiling (2007). Aspects of Chaoshan grammar: A synchronic description of the Jieyang dialect. Monograph Series Journal of Chinese Linguistics 22</li> <li>Yap, FoongHa; Grunow-Hårsta, Karen; Wrona, Janick (ed.) (2011). "Nominalization in Asian Languages: Diachronic and typological perspectives". Hong Kong Polytechnic University /Oxford University : <a href="/wiki/John_Benjamins_Publishing_Company" title="John Benjamins Publishing Company">John Benjamins Publishing Company</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027206770" title="Special:BookSources/978-9027206770">978-9027206770</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosiah_Goddard1883" class="citation book cs1">Josiah Goddard (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/achineseandengl00goddgoog">A Chinese and English vocabulary: in the Tie-chiu dialect</a> (2 ed.). Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/achineseandengl00goddgoog/page/n252">237</a>. Retrieved February 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Chinese+and+English+vocabulary%3A+in+the+Tie-chiu+dialect&rft.place=Shanghai&rft.pages=237&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=American+Presbyterian+Mission+Press&rft.date=1883&rft.au=Josiah+Goddard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fachineseandengl00goddgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeochew+Min" class="Z3988"> (the New York Public Library) (digitized April 2, 2008)</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oBITAAAAYAAJ">Kū-ieh sàn-bú-zṳ́ ē-kńg tshûan-tsṳ e̍k-tsò tiê-chiu pe̍h-ūe</a>. Swatow: printed for the British and Foreign Bible Society at the English Presbyterian Mission Press. 1898. Retrieved February 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C5%AB-ieh+s%C3%A0n-b%C3%BA-z%E1%B9%B3%CC%81+%C4%93-k%C5%84g+tsh%C3%BBan-ts%E1%B9%B3+e%CC%8Dk-ts%C3%B2+ti%C3%AA-chiu+pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%ABe&rft.place=Swatow&rft.pub=printed+for+the+British+and+Foreign+Bible+Society+at+the+English+Presbyterian+Mission+Press&rft.date=1898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoBITAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeochew+Min" class="Z3988"> (11 Samuel. (Tie-chiu dialect.)) (Harvard University) (digitized December 17, 2007)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teochew_Min&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Teochew_phrasebook#Q36759" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Teochew phrasebook">Teochew phrasebook</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Teochew_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Teochew language">Category:Teochew language</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_pronouncing_and_defining_dictionary_of_the_Swatow_dialect,_arranged_according_to_syllables_and_tones.djvu">1883 American Presbyterian mission press – "A pronouncing and defining dictionary of the Swatow dialect, arranged according to syllables and tones" – by Fielde, Adele Marion</a> (in English)Link to download(3,022 × 4,010 pixels, file size: 42.21 MB, MIME type: image/vnd.djvu, 648 pages)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020813184944/http://homepage2.nifty.com/gat_tin/fangyin.htm">Database of Pronunciations of Chinese Dialects</a> (in English, Chinese and Japanese)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061104093803/http://www.czpp.com/czfy.htm">Teochew People - Teochew dialect</a> (in Chinese)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glossika.com/en/dict/index.php">Glossika - Chinese Languages and Dialects</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mogher.com">Mogher</a> (in Chinese, English and French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/teochew.htm">Omniglot</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060613121534/http://cstc.lib.stu.edu.cn/fangyan/index.htm">Shantou University Chaozhou Studies Resources</a> (in Chinese)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219151801/http://teochewdialect.net/?code=tc">Teochew Web</a> (in Chinese and English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070617053725/http://profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/ellbaozm/ChaozhouLI.pdf">Tonal harmony and register contour in Chaozhou</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages" title="West Himalayish languages">West Himalayish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Tamangic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newaric_languages" title="Newaric languages">Newaric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baram%E2%80%93Thangmi_languages" title="Baram–Thangmi languages">Baram–Thangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimalish_languages" title="Dhimalish languages">Dhimalish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhimal_language" title="Dhimal language">Dhimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toto_language" title="Toto language">Toto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhokpu_language" title="Lhokpu language">Lhokpu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Magaric" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magaric_languages" title="Greater Magaric languages">Greater Magaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magaric_languages" title="Magaric languages">Magaric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kham language">Kham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepangic_languages" title="Chepangic languages">Chepangic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chepang_language" title="Chepang language">Chepang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhujel_language" title="Bhujel language">Bhujel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji%E2%80%93Raute_languages" title="Raji–Raute languages">Raji–Raute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dura_language" title="Dura language">Dura</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tandrange_language" title="Tandrange language">Tandrange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages"><img alt="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/200px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/300px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/400px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="2792" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam_language" title="Nam language">Nam</a>?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongduk_language" title="Gongduk language">Gongduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCOle_language" title="ʼOle language">ʼOle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Tani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamdo_languages" title="Chamdo languages">Chamdo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and Indo- Burmese border</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mruic_languages" title="Mruic languages">Mruic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anu-Hkongso_language" title="Anu-Hkongso language">Hkongso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Pyu language (Sino-Tibetan)">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taman_language_(Myanmar)" title="Taman language (Myanmar)">Taman</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Naga_languages" title="Naga languages">Naga</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ao_languages" title="Ao languages">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami%E2%80%93Pochuri_languages" title="Angami–Pochuri languages">Angami–Pochuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhulic_languages" title="Tangkhulic languages">Tangkhulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemeic_languages" title="Zemeic languages">Zeme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro%E2%80%93Garo_languages" title="Boro–Garo languages">Boro–Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_languages" title="Konyak languages">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpho%E2%80%93Luish_languages" title="Jingpho–Luish languages">Jingpho–Luish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungish_languages" title="Nungish languages">Nungish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karenic_languages" title="Karenic languages">Karenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong_language" title="Gong language">Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathu_language" title="Kathu language">Kathu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai–Long</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Burmo-Qiangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmo-Qiangic_languages" title="Burmo-Qiangic languages">Burmo-Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyalrongic_languages" title="Gyalrongic languages">Gyalrongic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersuic_languages" title="Ersuic languages">Ersuic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naic_languages" title="Naic languages">Naic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mondzish_languages" title="Mondzish languages">Mondzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Dubious</a> (possible <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolates</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hruso_language" title="Hruso language">Hruso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju–Meyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songlin_language" title="Songlin language">Songlin</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Siangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(India)" title="Koro language (India)">Koro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milang_language" title="Milang language">Milang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Idu–Taraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Central Tibeto-Burman languages">Central Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin%E2%80%93Naga_languages" title="Kuki-Chin–Naga languages">Kuki-Chin–Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Bai_languages" title="Macro-Bai languages">Macro-Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakiranti_languages" title="Mahakiranti languages">Mahakiranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rung_languages" title="Rung languages">Rung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Tibeto-Kanauri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sino-Tibetan_language" title="Proto-Sino-Tibetan language">Proto-Sino-Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tibeto-Burman_language" title="Proto-Tibeto-Burman language">Proto-Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Loloish_language" title="Proto-Loloish language">Proto-Loloish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Karenic_language" title="Proto-Karenic language">Proto-Karenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Min_Chinese" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Min_Chinese" title="Template:Min Chinese"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Min_Chinese" title="Template talk:Min Chinese"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Min_Chinese" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Min Chinese"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Min_Chinese" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min Chinese</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Houguan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changle_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle dialect">Changle dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dialect" title="Gutian dialect">Gutian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Funing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiapu_dialect" title="Xiapu dialect">Xiapu dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu%27an_dialect" title="Fu'an dialect">Fu'an dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningde_dialect" title="Ningde dialect">Ningde dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manjiang_dialect" title="Manjiang dialect">Manjiang dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longdu_dialect" title="Longdu dialect">Longdu dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanlang_dialect" title="Nanlang dialect">Nanlang dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Min_Languages.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A map showing the geographical distribution of the primary varieties of Min Chinese."><img alt="A map showing the geographical distribution of the primary varieties of Min Chinese." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Min_Languages.svg/150px-Min_Languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Min_Languages.svg/225px-Min_Languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Min_Languages.svg/300px-Min_Languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1800" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Teochew Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialects" title="Quanzhou dialects">Quanzhou dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hui%27an_dialect" title="Hui'an dialect">Hui'an dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongchun_dialect" title="Yongchun dialect">Yongchun dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialects" title="Zhangzhou dialects">Zhangzhou dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chawan_dialect" title="Chawan dialect">Chawan dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan_dialect" title="Longyan dialect">Longyan dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_colloquial_speech" title="Banana colloquial speech">Banana colloquial speech</a></li></ul></li> <li>Northern <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca Straits">Malacca Straits</a> Hokkien <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Medan Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_Peranakan_Hokkien" title="Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien">Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippine Hokkien</a></li> <li>Southern <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca Straits">Malacca Straits</a> Hokkien <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singaporean Hokkien</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datian_Min" title="Datian Min">Datian Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houlu_dialect" title="Houlu dialect">Houlu dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenan_Min" title="Zhenan Min">Zhenan Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanxiang_dialect" title="Sanxiang dialect">Sanxiang dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Pu–Xian Min</a> (Hinghwa)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Putian_dialect" title="Putian dialect">Putian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyou_dialect" title="Xianyou dialect">Xianyou dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou_dialect" title="Jian'ou dialect">Jian'ou dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianyang_dialect" title="Jianyang dialect">Jianyang dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaowu_dialect" title="Shaowu dialect">Shaowu dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangle_dialect" title="Jiangle dialect">Jiangle dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanming_dialect" title="Sanming dialect">Sanming dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaxian_dialect" title="Shaxian dialect">Shaxian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%27an_dialect" title="Yong'an dialect">Yong'an dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang_dialect" title="Zhanjiang dialect">Zhanjiang dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Writing_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Romanization" title="Teochew Romanization">Pe̍h-ūe-jī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainan Romanized">Hainan Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">Foochow Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinghwa_Romanized" title="Hinghwa Romanized">Hinghwa Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kienning_Colloquial_Romanized" title="Kienning Colloquial Romanized">Kienning Colloquial Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Taiwanese Romanization System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daighi_tongiong_pingim" class="mw-redirect" title="Daighi tongiong pingim">Daighi tongiong pingim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bb%C3%A1nl%C3%A1m_p%C3%ACngy%C4%ABm" title="Bbánlám pìngyīm">Bbánlám pìngyīm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_Transliteration_Scheme" title="Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme">Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese_Transliteration_Scheme" title="Hainanese Transliteration Scheme">Hainanese Transliteration Scheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0n-l%C3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Hàn-lô">Hàn-lô</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Research" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Min language">Proto-Min</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rime dictionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Lin_Bayin" title="Qi Lin Bayin">Qi Lin Bayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianzhou_Ba_Yin" title="Jianzhou Ba Yin">Jianzhou Ba Yin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_language" title="Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_language" title="Template talk:Chinese language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Major groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changchun_dialect" title="Changchun dialect">Changchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_dialect" title="Harbin dialect">Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_Mandarin" title="Shenyang Mandarin">Shenyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taz_dialect" title="Taz dialect">Taz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Mandarin_(division_of_Mandarin)" title="Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)">Beijing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jilu_Mandarin" title="Jilu Mandarin">Jilu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_dialect" title="Tianjin dialect">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_dialect" title="Jinan dialect">Jinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jiaoliao_Mandarin" title="Jiaoliao Mandarin">Jiaoliao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_dialect" title="Dalian dialect">Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao_dialect" title="Qingdao dialect">Qingdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihai_dialect" title="Weihai dialect">Weihai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Central Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongping_dialect" title="Dongping dialect">Dongping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangou_language" title="Gangou language">Gangou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanzhong_dialect" title="Guanzhong dialect">Guanzhong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi'an dialect">Xi'an</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoyang_dialect" title="Luoyang dialect">Luoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhou_dialect" title="Xuzhou dialect">Xuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu-Chongqing_dialect" title="Chengdu-Chongqing dialect">Chengdu–Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minjiang_dialect" title="Minjiang dialect">Minjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leshan_dialect" title="Leshan dialect">Leshan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renshou%E2%80%93Fushun_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renshou–Fushun Mandarin (page does not exist)">Renshou–Fushun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zigong_dialect" title="Zigong dialect">Zigong</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_dialect" title="Kunming dialect">Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_dialect" title="Wuhan dialect">Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gui%E2%80%93Liu_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gui–Liu Mandarin (page does not exist)">Gui–Liu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuming_Mandarin" title="Wuming Mandarin">Wuming</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Jianghuai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_dialect" title="Nanjing dialect">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantong_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantong dialect">Nantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lanyin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Lanzhou dialect</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:兰州话">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urumqi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urumqi dialect (page does not exist)">Urumqi dialect</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:乌鲁木齐话">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junjiahua" title="Junjiahua">Junjiahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinjiang_Mandarin" title="Qinjiang Mandarin">Qinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyami language">Gyami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou%E2%80%93Hohhot_dialect" title="Zhangjiakou–Hohhot dialect">Zhangjiakou–Hohhot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhi-Yan_dialect" title="Zhi-Yan dialect">Zhi–Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taihu_Wu" title="Taihu Wu">Taihu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_dialect" title="Suzhou dialect">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxi_dialect" title="Wuxi dialect">Wuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_dialect" title="Changzhou dialect">Changzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_dialect" title="Hangzhou dialect">Hangzhou</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_dialect" title="Shaoxing dialect">Shaoxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo_dialect" title="Ningbo dialect">Ningbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinxiang_dialect" title="Jinxiang dialect">Jinxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangyin_dialect" title="Jiangyin dialect">Jiangyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadi_dialect" title="Shadi dialect">Shadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_Wu" title="Taizhou Wu">Taizhou Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_dialect" title="Taizhou dialect">Taizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai_dialect" title="Tiantai dialect">Tiantai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Oujiang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui%27an_dialect" title="Rui'an dialect">Rui'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wencheng_dialect" title="Wencheng dialect">Wencheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wuzhou_Wu" title="Wuzhou Wu">Wuzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinhua_dialect" title="Jinhua dialect">Jinhua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Qu_Wu" title="Chu–Qu Wu">Chu–Qu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quzhou_dialect" title="Quzhou dialect">Quzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshan_dialect" title="Jiangshan dialect">Jiangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingtian_dialect" title="Qingtian dialect">Qingtian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Xuanzhou_Wu_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanzhou Wu dialects">Xuanzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuancheng_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuancheng dialect">Xuancheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Hui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ji-She&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ji-She (page does not exist)">Ji-She</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%A9%E6%AD%99%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:绩歙片">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiu-Yi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiu-Yi (page does not exist)">Xiu-Yi</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E9%BB%9F%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:休黟片">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi-De&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qi-De (page does not exist)">Qi-De</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%81%E5%A9%BA%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:祁婺片">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Yanzhou</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%8C%E5%8D%A0%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:旌占片">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jing-Zhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jing-Zhan (page does not exist)">Jing-Zhan</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E5%B7%9E%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:严州片">zh</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%93Du_Gan" title="Chang–Du Gan">Chang–Du</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanchang_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanchang dialect">Nanchang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi%E2%80%93Liu_Gan" title="Yi–Liu Gan">Yi–Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying%E2%80%93Yi_Gan" title="Ying–Yi Gan">Ying–Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%E2%80%93Tong_Gan" title="Da–Tong Gan">Da–Tong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Xiang" title="New Xiang">Changyi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_dialect" title="Changsha dialect">Changsha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Xiang" title="Old Xiang">Loushao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuangfeng_dialect" title="Shuangfeng dialect">Shuangfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangxiang_dialect" title="Xiangxiang dialect">Xiangxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wugang_dialect" title="Wugang dialect">Wugang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%E2%80%93Xu_Xiang" title="Ji–Xu Xiang">Ji–Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Quan_Xiang" title="Yong–Quan Xiang">Yong–Quan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiyang_dialect" title="Qiyang dialect">Qiyang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houguan_language_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Houguan language group (page does not exist)">Houguan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changle_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle dialect">Changle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dialect" title="Gutian dialect">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fu%E2%80%93Ning_language_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fu–Ning language group (page does not exist)">Fu–Ning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ningde_dialect" title="Ningde dialect">Ningde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu%27an_dialect" title="Fu'an dialect">Fu'an</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manjiang_dialect" title="Manjiang dialect">Manjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longdu_dialect" title="Longdu dialect">Longdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanlang_dialect" title="Nanlang dialect">Nanlang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawan_dialect" title="Chawan dialect">Chawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Pedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Malaysian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Teochew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanxiang_dialect" title="Sanxiang dialect">Sanxiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhenan_Min" title="Zhenan Min">Zhenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Longyan Min">Longyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou_dialect" title="Jian'ou dialect">Jian'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianyang_dialect" title="Jianyang dialect">Jianyang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Pu–Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang_dialect" title="Zhanjiang dialect">Zhanjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banqiao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banqiao dialect (page does not exist)">Banqiao</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meixian_dialect" title="Meixian dialect">Meixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhua_dialect" title="Wuhua dialect">Wuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingzhou_dialect" title="Tingzhou dialect">Tingzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changting_dialect" title="Changting dialect">Changting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Taiwanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailu_dialect" title="Hailu dialect">Hailu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoping_Hakka" title="Raoping Hakka">Raoping</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yuehai_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuehai dialects">Yuehai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Guangzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiguan_dialect" title="Xiguan dialect">Xiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiujiang_dialect" title="Jiujiang dialect">Jiujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiqi_dialect" title="Shiqi dialect">Shiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weitou_dialect" title="Weitou dialect">Weitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapeng_dialect" title="Dapeng dialect">Dapeng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Siyi_Yue" title="Siyi Yue">Siyi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinhui_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinhui dialect (page does not exist)">Xinhui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao%E2%80%93Yang_Yue" title="Gao–Yang Yue">Gao–Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulou_Yue" title="Goulou Yue">Goulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%E2%80%93Hua_Yue" title="Wu–Hua Yue">Wu–Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Xun_Yue" title="Yong–Xun Yue">Yong–Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo%E2%80%93Guang_Yue" title="Luo–Guang Yue">Luo–Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin%E2%80%93Lian_Yue" title="Qin–Lian Yue">Qin–Lian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Pinghua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongdao_Pinghua" title="Tongdao Pinghua">Tongdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younian_dialect" title="Younian dialect">Younian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Yongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guandao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guandao dialect (page does not exist)">Guandao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Rongjiang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaozhou_Tuhua" title="Shaozhou Tuhua">Shaozhou Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangnan_Tuhua" title="Xiangnan Tuhua">Xiangnan Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badong_Yao_language" title="Badong Yao language">Badong Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzhou_dialect" title="Danzhou dialect">Danzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mai_Chinese" title="Mai Chinese">Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_Chinese" title="She Chinese">Shehua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeheni_language" title="Yeheni language">Yeheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai-Long</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuanqing_people#Language" title="Chuanqing people">Laobeizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/350px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="785" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/525px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/700px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="920" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_national_standards_of_Chinese" title="Comparison of national standards of Chinese">Standard forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_Standard_Chinese" title="Sichuanese Standard Chinese">Sichuanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Mandarin">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Singaporean Mandarin">Singaporean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Standard Singaporean Mandarin">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singdarin" title="Singdarin">Singdarin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_National_Pronunciation" title="Old National Pronunciation">Old National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">Literary and colloquial readings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_classifier" title="Chinese classifier">Classifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_honorifics" title="Chinese honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Idioms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengyu" title="Chengyu">Chengyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiehouyu" title="Xiehouyu">Xiehouyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_input_methods_for_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese input methods for computers">Input</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biaoxingma_method" title="Biaoxingma method">Biaoxingma</a></li> <li>Boshiamy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangjie_input_method" title="Cangjie input method">Cangjie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Cangjie" title="Simplified Cangjie">Simplified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CKC_Chinese_Input_System" title="CKC Chinese Input System">CKC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayi_method" title="Dayi method">Dayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin method">Pinyin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pinyin" title="Google Pinyin">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pinyin_IME" title="Microsoft Pinyin IME">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogou_Pinyin" title="Sogou Pinyin">Sogou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_count_method" title="Stroke count method">Stroke count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wubi_method" title="Wubi method">Wubi (Wang Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengma_method" title="Zhengma method">ZhengMa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mandarin" title="Old Mandarin">Old Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Middle Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E2%80%93Shu_Chinese" title="Ba–Shu Chinese">Ba–Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gan_Chinese" title="History of Gan Chinese">Gan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Literary forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_Chinese_literary_culture" title="Adoption of Chinese literary culture">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese_in_Vietnam" title="Literary Chinese in Vietnam">in Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">Vernacular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Written Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_alphabets" title="Dungan alphabets">Written Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">Written Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_characters" title="Sichuanese characters">Written Sichuanese</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Logographic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Logographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographic">Logographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Script_styles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Script_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Script styles">Script styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">Semi-cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_punctuation" title="Chinese punctuation">Punctuation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Phonetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Chinese" title="Cyrillization of Chinese">Cyrillization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language#Writing_system" title="Dungan language">Dungan Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Romanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">MPS II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFEO_Chinese_transcription" title="EFEO Chinese transcription">EFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessing-Othmer" title="Lessing-Othmer">Lessing-Othmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Bopomofo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Bopomofo">Cantonese Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hangul" title="Taiwanese Hangul">Taiwanese Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_varieties_of_Chinese" title="List of varieties of Chinese">List of varieties of Chinese</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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