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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensonenn_rakfriet" title="Kensonenn rakfriet – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kensonenn rakfriet" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenasalitzada" title="Prenasalitzada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Prenasalitzada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4nasalierung" title="Pränasalierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pränasalierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonante_prenasalizada" title="Consonante prenasalizada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Consonante prenasalizada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9nasalisation" title="Prénasalisation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prénasalisation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A0%EB%B9%84%EC%9D%8C%ED%99%94_%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%8C" title="선비음화 자음 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="선비음화 자음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonan_prasengau" title="Konsonan prasengau – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konsonan prasengau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenasalizzazione" title="Prenasalizzazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prenasalizzazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3%E5%8C%96" title="前鼻音化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="前鼻音化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Преназализованные согласные – Russian" lang="ru" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Prenasalized+consonant%22">"Prenasalized consonant"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Prenasalized+consonant%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Prenasalized+consonant%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Prenasalized+consonant%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Prenasalized+consonant%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Prenasalized+consonant%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Prenasalized consonants</b> are <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetic</a> sequences of a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasal</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruent</a> (or occasionally a non-nasal <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant</a>) that behave <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonologically</a> like single <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a>. The primary reason for considering them to be single consonants, rather than clusters as in English <i>finger</i> or <i>member</i>, lies in their behaviour; however, there may also be phonetic correlates which distinguish prenasalized consonants from clusters. Because of the additional difficulty in both articulation and timing, prenasalized fricatives and sonorants are not as common as prenasalized stops or affricates, and the presence of the former implies the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only three languages (<a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selayarese" class="mw-redirect" title="Selayarese">Selayarese</a>) have been reported to have a <a href="/wiki/Contrast_(linguistics)" title="Contrast (linguistics)">contrast</a> between prenasalized consonants (<sup>N</sup>C) and their corresponding clusters (NC).<sup id="cite_ref-Feinstein_syllable_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feinstein_syllable-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Riehl_thesis_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riehl_thesis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most languages, when a prenasalized consonant is described as "voiceless", it is only the oral portion that is voiceless, and the nasal portion is modally <a href="/wiki/Voiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced">voiced</a>. Thus, a language may have "voiced" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵐb<span class="wrap"> </span>ⁿd<span class="wrap"> </span>ᶯɖ<span class="wrap"> </span>ᶮɟ<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵑɡ<span class="wrap"> </span>ᶰɢ]</span> and "voiceless" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵐp<span class="wrap"> </span>ⁿt<span class="wrap"> </span>ᶯʈ<span class="wrap"> </span>ᶮc<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵑk<span class="wrap"> </span>ᶰq]</span>. However, in some <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese language">Taiwanese</a>) dialects, voiced consonants are preceded by voiceless prenasalization: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵐ̥b<span class="wrap"> </span>ⁿ̥d<span class="wrap"> </span>ⁿ̥ɺ<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵑ̊ɡ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yeyi_language" title="Yeyi language">Yeyi</a> has prenasalized <a href="/wiki/Ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective">ejectives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adzera_language" title="Adzera language">Adzera</a> has a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ⁿʔ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prenasalized stops may be distinguished from <b>post-oralized</b> or <b>post-stopped nasals</b> (orally released nasals), such as the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mᵇ<span class="wrap"> </span>nᵈ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɲᶡ<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋᶢ]</span> of <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a> and similar sounds (including voiceless <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mᵖ]</span>) in many dialects of Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (At least in the Chinese case, nasalization, in some dialects, continues in a reduced degree to the vowel, indicating that the consonant is partially <a href="/wiki/Denasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Denasal">denasalized</a>, rather than actually having an oral release.) No language is believed to contrast the two types of consonant, which are distinguished primarily by a difference in timing (a brief nasal followed by longer stop, as opposed to a longer nasal followed by brief stop).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prenasalized_consonant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prenasalized_consonant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a> are famous for their prenasalized stops (the "nt" in "Bantu" is an example), but similar sounds occur across Africa and around the world. <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>'s politician <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> had a prenasalized stop in his name, as does the capital of <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a> (African prenasalized stops are often written with <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophes</a> in Latin script transcription although this may sometimes indicate <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">syllabic</a> nasals instead). The sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<sup>ŋ͡m</sup>g͡b]</span> can also be found in approximately 90 languages in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prenasalized_consonant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a>, prenasalized stops are also found. The prenasalized stops in the vernacular readings of Southern Min languages evolved not from the different <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> initials and thus are historically different from the voiced obstruents found in <a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prenasalized consonants are widely utilized in the <a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish languages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lolo%E2%80%93Burmese" class="mw-redirect" title="Lolo–Burmese">Lolo–Burmese</a> family, such as <a href="/wiki/Nuosu_language" title="Nuosu language">Yi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naxi_language" title="Naxi language">Naxi</a>. The following table illustrates the prenasalized consonants in northern Yi. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Prenasalized consonants in Northern Yi </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Yi_script" title="Yi script">Yi Character</a></th> <th scope="col">Official <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a></th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th scope="col">Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yi-language text"><span lang="ii">ꂃ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Yi-language romanization"><i lang="ii-Latn"><b>nb</b>o</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵐbo˧]</span></td> <td>skirt </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yi-language text"><span lang="ii">ꅝ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Yi-language romanization"><i lang="ii-Latn"><b>nd</b>o</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ⁿdo˧]</span></td> <td>drink </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yi-language text"><span lang="ii">ꈾ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Yi-language romanization"><i lang="ii-Latn"><b>mg</b>e</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵑɡɤ˧]</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">buckwheat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yi-language text"><span lang="ii">ꌅ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Yi-language romanization"><i lang="ii-Latn"><b>nz</b>y</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ⁿd͡zz̩˧]</span></td> <td>control </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yi-language text"><span lang="ii">ꎧ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Yi-language romanization"><i lang="ii-Latn"><b>nr</b>y</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ⁿɖ͡ʐʐ̩˧]</span></td> <td>wine, <a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">liquor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Yi-language text"><span lang="ii">ꐳ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Yi-language romanization"><i lang="ii-Latn"><b>nj</b>i</i></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ⁿd͡ʑʑ̩˧]</span></td> <td>quick, fast </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The prenasalized stops also occur in several branches of the <a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong–Mien">Hmong–Mien</a> language family of Southern China and Southeast Asia. </p><p>In dialects of northern <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japan</a>, standard voiced stops are prenasalized, and voiceless stops are voiced. For example, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/itiɡo/</span> "strawberry" is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[it̠͡ɕiɡo]</span> in most of the south, but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[id̠͡ʑɨᵑɡo]</span> in much of the north. Prenasalized stops are also reconstructed for <a href="/wiki/Old_Japanese" title="Old Japanese">Old Japanese</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prenasalized_consonant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Greek</a> the orthographic sequences μπ, ντ γκ and γγ are often pronounced as prenasalized voiced stops <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵐb]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ⁿd]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵑɡ]</span>, respectively, especially in formal speech and among older speakers. Among younger Athenian speakers the prenasalization often disappears and in fast speech the voiced stop may be replaced by a fricative. <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prenasalized_consonant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guaraní language">Guaraní language</a> has a set of prenasalized stops which are alternate allophonically with simple nasal continuants; they appear only within a word, to the left of a stressed vowel that is oral. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prenasalized_consonant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhivehi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhivehi language">Dhivehi</a> have prenasalized stops. <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala script</a> has prenasalized versions of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>/</span>, /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">ʥ</a>/, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</span>. Sinhala is one of only three languages reported to have a <a href="/wiki/Contrast_(linguistics)" title="Contrast (linguistics)">contrast</a> between prenasalized consonants and their corresponding clusters, along with <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selayarese" class="mw-redirect" title="Selayarese">Selayarese</a>, although the nature of this contrast is debated.<sup id="cite_ref-Feinstein_syllable_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feinstein_syllable-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Riehl_thesis_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riehl_thesis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Four-way contrast in Sinhala<sup id="cite_ref-Feinstein_syllable_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feinstein_syllable-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sinhala script</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a></th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">කද</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="si-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ka.d̪ə]</a></span></td> <td>kada</td> <td>shoulder pole </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">කන</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="si-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ka.nə]</a></span></td> <td>kana</td> <td>ear </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">කඳ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="si-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ka.ⁿd̪ə]</a></span></td> <td>kan̆da</td> <td>trunk </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">කන්ද</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="si-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[kan̪.d̪ə]</a></span></td> <td>kanda</td> <td>hill </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Spectrogram-prenasalized-consonant.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Spectrogram-prenasalized-consonant.png" decoding="async" width="432" height="252" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>A prenasalized consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵐb]</span> in Sri Lanka Malay <i>ga.mbar</i> has a shorter nasal segment and a longer preceding vowel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Spectrogram-non-prenasalized-consonant.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/52/Spectrogram-non-prenasalized-consonant.png" decoding="async" width="432" height="252" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>An <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mb]</span> cluster in Sri Lanka Malay <i>sam.bal</i> has a longer nasal and a shorter preceding vowel</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Malay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Malay language">Sri Lankan Malay</a> has been in contact with Sinhala a long time and has also developed prenasalized stops. The spectrograms on the right show the word <i>gaambar</i> with a prenasalized stop and the word <i>sambal</i> with a sequence of nasal+voiced stop, yet not prenasalized. The difference in the length of the [m] part is clearly visible. The nasal in the prenasalized word is much shorter than the nasal in the other word. </p><p>This phonetic information is complemented by phonological evidence: The first vowel in gaambar is lengthened, which only happens in open syllables in Sri Lanka Malay. The <a href="/wiki/Syllabification" title="Syllabification">syllabification</a> of gaambar must be gaa.mbar then, and the syllabification of sambal sam.bal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prenasalized_consonant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An example of the unitary behavior of prenasalized stops is provided by <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a>. In this language, as in many in <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> and also reconstructed for <a href="/wiki/Proto-Oceanic_language" title="Proto-Oceanic language">Proto-Oceanic</a>, there is a series of <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless consonant">voiceless</a> stops, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p,<span class="wrap"> </span>t,<span class="wrap"> </span>k]</span>, and a series of prenasalized stops, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵐb,<span class="wrap"> </span>ⁿd,<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵑɡ]</span>, but there are no simple <a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a> stops, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b,<span class="wrap"> </span>d,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ]</span>. In addition, Fijian allows prenasalized stops at the beginning of a word, but it does not allow other consonant sequences. Thus the prenasalized stops behave like ordinary consonants. In some <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic languages</a>, prenasalisation of voiced consonants depends on the environment. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Raga_language" title="Raga language">Raga</a>, b and d are prenasalized when the preceding consonant is nasal (<i>noⁿda</i> "ours"), but not elsewhere (<i>gida</i> "us"). <a href="/wiki/Uneapa_language" title="Uneapa language">Uneapa</a> has prenasalization word-medially, but not word-initially (<i>goᵐbu</i> "yam"). </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin">Tok Pisin</a> is spoken by people in <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> who have similar phonologies in their languages, voiced consonants are prenasalized. For example, the preposition <i>bilong</i> (from English <i>belong</i>) is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵐbiloŋ]</span> by many <a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesians</a>. The prenasalization behaves as a phonetic detail of voicing, rather than a separate segment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prenasalized_consonant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prenasalized stops are also found in Australia. The <a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language" title="Arrernte language">Eastern Arrernte language</a> has both prenasalized stops and <a href="/wiki/Nasal_release" title="Nasal release">prestopped nasals</a>, but does not have any other word-initial <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a>. Compare <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mʷarə]</span> "good", <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵐpʷaɻə]</span> "make", <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵖmʷaɻə]</span> "<a href="/wiki/Coolamon_(vessel)" title="Coolamon (vessel)">coolamon</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transcription">Transcription</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prenasalized_consonant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Transcription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When unambiguous, prenasalized consonants may simply be transcribed e.g. ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">mb</span>⟩. In the IPA, a tie bar may be used to specify that these are single segments, as in ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">m͜b</span>⟩. Another common transcription practice is to make the nasal superscript: ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ᵐb</span>⟩. An old convention of the IPA was to mark the nasal as 'short' until the short and the nonsyllabic signs diverged, as in ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">m̆b</span>⟩.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prenasalized_consonant&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preploded_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Preploded nasal">Preploded nasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_digraphs#M" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Latin digraphs">List of Latin digraphs#M</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prenasalized_consonant&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilverman1995">Silverman (1995</a>:65)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feinstein_syllable-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feinstein_syllable_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feinstein_syllable_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feinstein_syllable_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFeinstein1979" class="citation journal cs1">Feinstein, Mark (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4178108">"Prenasalization and Syllable Structure"</a>. <i>Linguistic Inquiry</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 245–278. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4178108">4178108</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistic+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Prenasalization+and+Syllable+Structure&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=245-278&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4178108%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Feinstein&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4178108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrenasalized+consonant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riehl_thesis-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Riehl_thesis_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riehl_thesis_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiehl2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Riehl, Anastasia (January 2008). "NC type combination patterns". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conf.ling.cornell.edu/pdfs/Riehl-2008.pdf"><i>The Phonology and Phonetics of Nasal Obstruent Sequences</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD thesis). Cornell University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Phonology+and+Phonetics+of+Nasal+Obstruent+Sequences&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Cornell+University&rft.date=2008-01&rft.aulast=Riehl&rft.aufirst=Anastasia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconf.ling.cornell.edu%2Fpdfs%2FRiehl-2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrenasalized+consonant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chan (1987) "Post-stopped nasals in Chinese: an areal study", <i>UCLA WPP</i> #68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*Seidel, Frank (2008), <i>A Grammar of Yeyi: A Bantu Language of Southern Africa</i>. R. Köppe.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolzknecht1989" class="citation book cs1">Holzknecht, Susanne (1989). <i>The Markham Languages of Papua New Guinea</i>. Pacific Linguistics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85883-394-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85883-394-8"><bdi>0-85883-394-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Markham+Languages+of+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-85883-394-8&rft.aulast=Holzknecht&rft.aufirst=Susanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrenasalized+consonant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chan (1987) <i>Post-stopped nasals in Chinese: an areal study</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohn (1990) "Phonetic and Phonological Rules of Nasalization", <i>UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics</i> 76, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phoible.org/parameters/8EB42EA410A32B30095194B613991F57#3/3.05/65.37">"PHOIBLE 2.0 - Consonant ŋmɡb"</a>. <i>phoible.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=phoible.org&rft.atitle=PHOIBLE+2.0+-+Consonant+%C5%8Bm%C9%A1b&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphoible.org%2Fparameters%2F8EB42EA410A32B30095194B613991F57%233%2F3.05%2F65.37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrenasalized+consonant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman1974" class="citation journal cs1">Norman, Jerry (January 1974). "The Initials of Proto-Min". <i>Journal of Chinese Linguistics</i>. <b>2</b> (1). The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press: 27—36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Initials+of+Proto-Min&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27%E2%80%9436&rft.date=1974-01&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrenasalized+consonant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman1973" class="citation journal cs1">Norman, Jerry (May 1973). "Tonal Development in Min". <i>Journal of Chinese Linguistics</i>. <b>1</b> (2). The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press: 222—238.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Tonal+Development+in+Min&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=222%E2%80%94238&rft.date=1973-05&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrenasalized+consonant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDai2005" class="citation book cs1">Dai, Ligang (April 2005). <i>閩語的歷史層次及其演變</i>. China Social Sciences Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%96%A9%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%B1%A4%E6%AC%A1%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E6%BC%94%E8%AE%8A&rft.pub=China+Social+Sciences+Press&rft.date=2005-04&rft.aulast=Dai&rft.aufirst=Ligang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrenasalized+consonant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArvaniti1999" class="citation journal cs1">Arvaniti, Amalia (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222353/http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Illustrations%20%20of%20the%20IPA%20-%20Modern%20Greek.pdf">"Illustrations of the IPA: Modern Greek"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 167–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025100300006538">10.1017/s0025100300006538</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145606058">145606058</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Illustrations%20%20of%20the%20IPA%20-%20Modern%20Greek.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Illustrations+of+the+IPA%3A+Modern+Greek&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-172&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0025100300006538&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145606058%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Arvaniti&rft.aufirst=Amalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kent.ac.uk%2Fsecl%2Fell%2Fstaff%2Famalia-arvaniti%2Fdocs%2FIllustrations%2520%2520of%2520the%2520IPA%2520-%2520Modern%2520Greek.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrenasalized+consonant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArvaniti2007" class="citation journal cs1">Arvaniti, Amalia (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211020607/http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf">"Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Greek Linguistics</i>. <b>8</b>: 97–208. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.692.1365">10.1.1.692.1365</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjgl.8.08arv">10.1075/jgl.8.08arv</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-12-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Greek+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Greek+Phonetics%3A+The+State+of+the+Art&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=97-208&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.692.1365%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fjgl.8.08arv&rft.aulast=Arvaniti&rft.aufirst=Amalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kent.ac.uk%2Fsecl%2Fell%2Fstaff%2Famalia-arvaniti%2Fdocs%2FGreek%2520Phonetics%2520-%2520The%2520State%2520of%2520the%2520Art.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrenasalized+consonant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Principles of the IPA</i> (1947: 17–18)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prenasalized_consonant&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverman1995" class="citation cs2">Silverman, Daniel (1995), "Optional, conditional, and obligatory prenasalization in Bafanji", <i>Journal of West African Languages</i>, <b>25</b>: 57–62</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+West+African+Languages&rft.atitle=Optional%2C+conditional%2C+and+obligatory+prenasalization+in+Bafanji&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=57-62&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Silverman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrenasalized+consonant" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prenasalized_consonant&oldid=1254390081">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prenasalized_consonant&oldid=1254390081</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nasal_consonants" title="Category:Nasal consonants">Nasal consonants</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_April_2008" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2008">Articles needing additional references from April 2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Yi-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Yi-language text">Articles containing Yi-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sinhala-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sinhala-language text">Articles containing Sinhala-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Sinhala_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Sinhala IPA">Pages with Sinhala IPA</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 October 2024, at 19:42<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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