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</li> <li id="toc-Alternating_and_direct_current" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternating_and_direct_current"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Alternating and direct current</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternating_and_direct_current-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Occurrences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Measurement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistive_heating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistive_heating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Resistive heating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistive_heating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electromagnetism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electromagnetism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Electromagnetism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electromagnetism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Electromagnetism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Electromagnetism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electromagnet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electromagnet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Electromagnet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electromagnet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electromagnetic_induction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electromagnetic_induction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Electromagnetic induction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electromagnetic_induction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_waves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_waves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Radio waves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_waves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conduction_mechanisms_in_various_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conduction_mechanisms_in_various_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Conduction mechanisms in various media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conduction_mechanisms_in_various_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conduction mechanisms in various media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conduction_mechanisms_in_various_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Metals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrolytes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrolytes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Electrolytes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrolytes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gases_and_plasmas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gases_and_plasmas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Gases and plasmas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gases_and_plasmas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vacuum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vacuum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Vacuum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vacuum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superconductivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superconductivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Superconductivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superconductivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semiconductor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semiconductor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Semiconductor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semiconductor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_density_and_Ohm's_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_density_and_Ohm's_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Current density and Ohm's law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_density_and_Ohm's_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drift_speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drift_speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Drift speed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drift_speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Electric current</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 127 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-127" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">127 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektriese_stroom" title="Elektriese stroom – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elektriese stroom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrischer_Strom" title="Elektrischer Strom – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Elektrischer Strom" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="تيار كهربائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تيار كهربائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrient_electrica" title="Corrient electrica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Corrient electrica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corriente_ll%C3%A9trico" title="Corriente llétrico – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Corriente llétrico" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrik_c%C9%99r%C9%99yan%C4%B1" title="Elektrik cərəyanı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektrik cərəyanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A2%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="الکتریک آخیمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الکتریک آخیمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="তড়িৎ প্রবাহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তড়িৎ প্রবাহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81n-li%C3%BB" title="Tiān-liû – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiān-liû" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Электр тогы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Электр тогы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Электрычны ток – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электрычны ток" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Электрычны ток – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Электрычны ток" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrikong_kuryente" title="Elektrikong kuryente – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Elektrikong kuryente" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Електрически ток – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електрически ток" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrischa_Strom" title="Elektrischa Strom – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Elektrischa Strom" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_struja" title="Električna struja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Električna struja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Сахилгаан гүйдэл – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Сахилгаан гүйдэл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrent_el%C3%A8ctric" title="Corrent elèctric – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Corrent elèctric" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Электро ток – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Электро ток" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrick%C3%BD_proud" title="Elektrický proud – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektrický proud" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muyerero_weMagetsi" title="Muyerero weMagetsi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Muyerero weMagetsi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrynt_trydanol" title="Cerrynt trydanol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cerrynt trydanol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_str%C3%B8m" title="Elektrisk strøm – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektrisk strøm" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AD_%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="سارح د التريسينتي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سارح د التريسينتي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrischer_Strom" title="Elektrischer Strom – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektrischer Strom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrivool" title="Elektrivool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektrivool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Ηλεκτρικό ρεύμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρικό ρεύμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corriente_el%C3%A9ctrica" title="Corriente eléctrica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Corriente eléctrica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_kurento" title="Elektra kurento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektra kurento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korronte_elektriko" title="Korronte elektriko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Korronte elektriko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="جریان الکتریکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جریان الکتریکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Electric current" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courant_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Courant électrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Courant électrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sruth_leictreach" title="Sruth leictreach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sruth leictreach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrente_el%C3%A9ctrica" title="Corrente eléctrica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Corrente eléctrica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EB%A5%98" title="전류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Էլեկտրական հոսանք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրական հոսանք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="विद्युत धारा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विद्युत धारा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_struja" title="Električna struja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Električna struja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arus_listrik" title="Arus listrik – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Arus listrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korento" title="Korento – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Korento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arus_listrik" title="Arus listrik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arus listrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currente_electric" title="Currente electric – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Currente electric" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafstraumur" title="Rafstraumur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rafstraumur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrente_elettrica" title="Corrente elettrica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corrente elettrica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%9D_%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99" title="זרם חשמלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זרם חשמלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9" title="ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಪ್ರವಾಹ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಪ್ರವಾಹ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ელექტრული დენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელექტრული დენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%9B%D9%86" title="گریٛن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گریٛن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Электр тогы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электр тогы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frosedh_tredanek" title="Frosedh tredanek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Frosedh tredanek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkondo_wa_umeme" title="Mkondo wa umeme – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mkondo wa umeme" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouran_elektrik" title="Kouran elektrik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kouran elektrik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%C3%AAma_elektr%C3%AEk%C3%AA" title="Sirêma elektrîkê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sirêma elektrîkê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Электр тогу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Электр тогу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluxus_oneris_electrici" title="Fluxus oneris electrici – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fluxus oneris electrici" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk%C4%81_str%C4%81va" title="Elektriskā strāva – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektriskā strāva" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektros_srov%C4%97" title="Elektros srovė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elektros srovė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrische_sjtroum" title="Elektrische sjtroum – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Elektrische sjtroum" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrent_elettrica" title="Corrent elettrica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Corrent elettrica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromos_%C3%A1ram" title="Elektromos áram – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elektromos áram" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Електрична струја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електрична струја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rianaratra" title="Rianaratra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rianaratra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0" title="വൈദ്യുതധാര – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൈദ്യുതധാര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="विद्युत धारा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विद्युत धारा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ელექტრული დენი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ელექტრული დენი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arus_elektrik" title="Arus elektrik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Arus elektrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arus_listrik" title="Arus listrik – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Arus listrik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Цахилгаан гүйдэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цахилгаан гүйдэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="လျှပ်စီး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လျှပ်စီး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrische_stroom" title="Elektrische stroom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektrische stroom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="विद्युत धारा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विद्युत धारा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B5%81" title="電流 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電流" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Ток – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ток" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroom" title="Stroom – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stroom" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_str%C3%B8m" title="Elektrisk strøm – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektrisk strøm" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_straum" title="Elektrisk straum – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elektrisk straum" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrent_electric" title="Corrent electric – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Corrent electric" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4" title="ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ ସ୍ରୋତ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ ସ୍ରୋତ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarentii_elektirikii" title="Kaarentii elektirikii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kaarentii elektirikii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektr_toki" title="Elektr toki – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektr toki" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9F" title="ਬਿਜਲਈ ਕਰੰਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਿਜਲਈ ਕਰੰਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%B9" title="کرنٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کرنٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="برېښنايي جريان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برېښنايي جريان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corent_el%C3%A9trica" title="Corent elétrica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Corent elétrica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C4%85d_elektryczny" title="Prąd elektryczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prąd elektryczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrente_el%C3%A9trica" title="Corrente elétrica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Corrente elétrica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektr_tog%C4%B1" title="Elektr togı – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Elektr togı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curent_electric" title="Curent electric – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Curent electric" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinchikilla_puriy" title="Pinchikilla puriy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pinchikilla puriy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Электрический ток – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электрический ток" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Electric current" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korrenti_elektrik" title="Korrenti elektrik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Korrenti elektrik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currenti_elettrica" title="Currenti elettrica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Currenti elettrica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electric current" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A1%D9%8E_%D8%AC%D9%88_%DA%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%BD" title="بجليءَ جو ڪرنٽ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بجليءَ جو ڪرنٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%BAd_elektr%C3%B3nov_(pohyb_%C4%8Dast%C3%ADc)" title="Prúd elektrónov (pohyb častíc) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prúd elektrónov (pohyb častíc)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_tok" title="Električni tok – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Električni tok" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztr%C5%AFm" title="Sztrům – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sztrům" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="تەزووی کارەبایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەزووی کارەبایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Електрична струја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Електрична струја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_struja" title="Električna struja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Električna struja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arus_listrik" title="Arus listrik – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Arus listrik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6virta" title="Sähkövirta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sähkövirta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_str%C3%B6m" title="Elektrisk ström – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektrisk ström" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daloy_ng_kuryente" title="Daloy ng kuryente – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Daloy ng kuryente" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மின்னோட்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின்னோட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%B8%8Dru_amestrisiti" title="Aḍru amestrisiti – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aḍru amestrisiti" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Электр агымы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Электр агымы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="กระแสไฟฟ้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กระแสไฟฟ้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrik_ak%C4%B1m%C4%B1" title="Elektrik akımı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektrik akımı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Електричний струм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електричний струм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88" title="برقی رو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برقی رو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83_%D8%A6%DB%90%D9%82%D9%89%D9%85%D9%89" title="توك ئېقىمى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="توك ئېقىمى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corente_e%C5%82etrega" title="Corente ełetrega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Corente ełetrega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrine_joksuz" title="Elektrine joksuz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Elektrine joksuz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B2ng_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n" title="Dòng điện – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dòng điện" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B5%81" title="電流 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="電流" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrieke_stroom" title="Elektrieke stroom – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Elektrieke stroom" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuryente_elektrisidad" title="Kuryente elektrisidad – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kuryente elektrisidad" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawaanu_mb%C3%ABj" title="Dawaanu mbëj – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Dawaanu mbëj" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%B5%81" title="电流 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电流" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9D" title="עלעקטרישער שטראם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עלעקטרישער שטראם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Electric current</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ohm%27s_Law_with_Voltage_source_TeX.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ohm%27s_Law_with_Voltage_source_TeX.svg/220px-Ohm%27s_Law_with_Voltage_source_TeX.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ohm%27s_Law_with_Voltage_source_TeX.svg/330px-Ohm%27s_Law_with_Voltage_source_TeX.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ohm%27s_Law_with_Voltage_source_TeX.svg/440px-Ohm%27s_Law_with_Voltage_source_TeX.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="198" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A simple electric circuit, where current is represented by the letter <i>i</i>. The relationship between the voltage (<i>V</i>), resistance (<i>R</i>), and current (<i>i</i> or <i>I</i>) is <i>V=IR</i>; this is known as <a href="/wiki/Ohm%27s_law" title="Ohm's law">Ohm's law</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Common symbols</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>I</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/SI_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="SI unit">SI unit</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">ampere</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Derivations from<br />other quantities</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I={V \over R},I={Q \over t}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>V</mi> <mi>R</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mi>I</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>Q</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I={V \over R},I={Q \over t}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a458c4f179da572f3da1a5d8c592e6d8e97904f1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:14.872ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I={V \over R},I={Q \over t}}"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dimensional_analysis#Formulation" title="Dimensional analysis">Dimension</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {I}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">I</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathsf {I}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/878f98bf0bd7d51626d3e31ac531de48f5092654" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.647ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathsf {I}}}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Articles about</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">Electromagnetism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Solenoid"><img alt="Solenoid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/190px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/285px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/380px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">Optics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electromagnetic_theory" title="History of electromagnetic theory">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_electromagnetics" title="Computational electromagnetics">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_textbooks_in_electromagnetism" title="List of textbooks in electromagnetism">Textbooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electrical_phenomena" title="List of electrical phenomena">Phenomena</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electrostatics" title="Electrostatics">Electrostatics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charge_density" title="Charge density">Charge density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">Conductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulomb%27s_law" title="Coulomb's law">Coulomb law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electret" title="Electret">Electret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">Electric charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_dipole_moment" title="Electric dipole moment">Electric dipole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">Electric field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_flux" title="Electric flux">Electric flux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_potential" title="Electric potential">Electric potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_discharge" title="Electrostatic discharge">Electrostatic discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_induction" title="Electrostatic induction">Electrostatic induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss%27s_law" title="Gauss's law">Gauss law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)" title="Insulator (electricity)">Insulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permittivity" title="Permittivity">Permittivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization_density" title="Polarization density">Polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_potential_energy" title="Electric potential energy">Potential energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_electricity" title="Static electricity">Static electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboelectric_effect" title="Triboelectric effect">Triboelectricity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Magnetostatics" title="Magnetostatics">Magnetostatics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amp%C3%A8re%27s_circuital_law" title="Ampère's circuital law">Ampère law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biot%E2%80%93Savart_law" title="Biot–Savart law">Biot–Savart law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss%27s_law_for_magnetism" title="Gauss's law for magnetism">Gauss magnetic law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_moment" title="Magnetic moment">Magnetic dipole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">Magnetic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_flux" title="Magnetic flux">Magnetic flux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_scalar_potential" title="Magnetic scalar potential">Magnetic scalar potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_vector_potential" title="Magnetic vector potential">Magnetic vector potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetization" title="Magnetization">Magnetization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeability_(electromagnetism)" title="Permeability (electromagnetism)">Permeability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-hand_rule#Electromagnetism" title="Right-hand rule">Right-hand rule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Classical_electromagnetism" title="Classical electromagnetism">Electrodynamics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">Bremsstrahlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclotron_radiation" title="Cyclotron radiation">Cyclotron radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_current" title="Displacement current">Displacement current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_current" title="Eddy current">Eddy current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_field" title="Electromagnetic field">Electromagnetic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">Electromagnetic induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">Electromagnetic pulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">Electromagnetic radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraday%27s_law_of_induction" title="Faraday's law of induction">Faraday law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefimenko%27s_equations" title="Jefimenko's equations">Jefimenko equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larmor_formula" title="Larmor formula">Larmor formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenz%27s_law" title="Lenz's law">Lenz law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A9nard%E2%80%93Wiechert_potential" title="Liénard–Wiechert potential">Liénard–Wiechert potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_equations" title="London equations">London equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_force" title="Lorentz force">Lorentz force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_stress_tensor" title="Maxwell stress tensor">Maxwell tensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poynting_vector" title="Poynting vector">Poynting vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchrotron_radiation" title="Synchrotron radiation">Synchrotron radiation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_network" title="Electrical network">Electrical network</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">Alternating current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacitance" title="Capacitance">Capacitance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_density" title="Current density">Current density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">Direct current</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electric current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">Electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">Electrolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromotive_force" title="Electromotive force">Electromotive force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_impedance" title="Electrical impedance">Impedance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductance" title="Inductance">Inductance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joule_heating" title="Joule heating">Joule heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s_circuit_laws" title="Kirchhoff's circuit laws">Kirchhoff laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_analysis_(electrical_circuits)" title="Network analysis (electrical circuits)">Network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohm%27s_law" title="Ohm's law">Ohm law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits#Parallel_circuits" title="Series and parallel circuits">Parallel circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance" title="Electrical resistance and conductance">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonator#Electromagnetics" title="Resonator">Resonant cavities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits#Series_circuits" title="Series and parallel circuits">Series circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">Voltage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waveguide_(radio_frequency)" title="Waveguide (radio frequency)">Waveguides</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_circuit" title="Magnetic circuit">Magnetic circuit</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AC_motor" title="AC motor">AC motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC_motor" title="DC motor">DC motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_machine" title="Electric machine">Electric machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrator%E2%80%93capacitor_model" title="Gyrator–capacitor model">Gyrator–capacitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_motor" title="Induction motor">Induction motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_motor" title="Linear motor">Linear motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetomotive_force" title="Magnetomotive force">Magnetomotive force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeance" title="Permeance">Permeance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_complex_reluctance" title="Magnetic complex reluctance">Reluctance (complex)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_reluctance" title="Magnetic reluctance">Reluctance (real)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotor_(electric)" title="Rotor (electric)">Rotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stator" title="Stator">Stator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Covariant_formulation_of_classical_electromagnetism" title="Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism">Covariant formulation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_tensor" title="Electromagnetic tensor">Electromagnetic tensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_electromagnetism_and_special_relativity" title="Classical electromagnetism and special relativity">Electromagnetism and special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-current" title="Four-current">Four-current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_four-potential" title="Electromagnetic four-potential">Four-potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_descriptions_of_the_electromagnetic_field" title="Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field">Mathematical descriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations_in_curved_spacetime" title="Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime">Maxwell equations in curved spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_electromagnetism" title="Relativistic electromagnetism">Relativistic electromagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_stress%E2%80%93energy_tensor" title="Electromagnetic stress–energy tensor">Stress–energy tensor</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">Ampère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Biot" title="Jean-Baptiste Biot">Biot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Davy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Faraday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Fizeau" title="Hippolyte Fizeau">Fizeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Gauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Helmholtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hopkinson" title="John Hopkinson">Hopkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_D._Jefimenko" title="Oleg D. Jefimenko">Jefimenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">Joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Kelvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">Kirchhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Larmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Lenz" title="Emil Lenz">Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Marie_Li%C3%A9nard" title="Alfred-Marie Liénard">Liénard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Ernst_Neumann" title="Franz Ernst Neumann">Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ohm" title="Georg Ohm">Ohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Ørsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson" title="Siméon Denis Poisson">Poisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Poynting" title="John Henry Poynting">Poynting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ritchie_(physicist)" title="William Ritchie (physicist)">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Savart" title="Félix Savart">Savart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Singer" title="George Singer">Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Proteus_Steinmetz" title="Charles Proteus Steinmetz">Steinmetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Volta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Wiechert" title="Emil Wiechert">Wiechert</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electromagnetism" title="Template:Electromagnetism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electromagnetism" title="Template talk:Electromagnetism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electromagnetism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electromagnetism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>electric current</b> is a flow of <a href="/wiki/Charged_particle" title="Charged particle">charged particles</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a>, moving through an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">electrical conductor</a> or space. It is defined as the net rate of flow of <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">electric charge</a> through a surface.<sup id="cite_ref-horowitz_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horowitz-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walker_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 622">: 622 </span></sup> The moving particles are called <a href="/wiki/Charge_carrier" title="Charge carrier">charge carriers</a>, which may be one of several types of particles, depending on the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">conductor</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Electric_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric circuit">electric circuits</a> the charge carriers are often <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> moving through a <a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wire</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a> they can be electrons or <a href="/wiki/Electron_hole" title="Electron hole">holes</a>. In an <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte#Electrochemistry" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a> the charge carriers are <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a>, while in <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">ionized</a> gas, they are ions and electrons.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI), electric current is expressed in <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_measurement" title="Unit of measurement">units</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">ampere</a> (sometimes called an "amp", symbol A), which is equivalent to one <a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulomb</a> per second. The ampere is an <a href="/wiki/SI_base_unit" title="SI base unit">SI base unit</a> and electric current is a <a href="/wiki/ISQ_base_quantity" class="mw-redirect" title="ISQ base quantity">base quantity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Quantities" title="International System of Quantities">International System of Quantities</a> (ISQ).<sup id="cite_ref-SI_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> Electric current is also known as <b>amperage</b> and is measured using a device called an <i><a href="/wiki/Ammeter" title="Ammeter">ammeter</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 788">: 788 </span></sup> </p><p>Electric currents create <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic fields">magnetic fields</a>, which are used in motors, generators, <a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">inductors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformers</a>. In ordinary conductors, they cause <a href="/wiki/Joule_heating" title="Joule heating">Joule heating</a>, which creates <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> in <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent light bulbs">incandescent light bulbs</a>. Time-varying currents emit <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic waves">electromagnetic waves</a>, which are used in <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> to broadcast information. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbol">Symbol</h2></div> <p>The conventional symbol for current is <span class="texhtml"><i>I</i></span>, which originates from the French phrase <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">intensité du courant</i></span>, (current intensity).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current intensity is often referred to simply as <i>current</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span class="texhtml"><i>I</i></span> symbol was used by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">André-Marie Ampère</a>, after whom the unit of electric current is named, in formulating <a href="/wiki/Amp%C3%A8re%27s_force_law" title="Ampère's force law">Ampère's force law</a> (1820).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The notation travelled from France to Great Britain, where it became standard, although at least one journal did not change from using <span class="texhtml"><i>C</i></span> to <span class="texhtml"><i>I</i></span> until 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conventions"><span class="anchor" id="Current"></span>Conventions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Current_notation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Current_notation.svg/230px-Current_notation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Current_notation.svg/345px-Current_notation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Current_notation.svg/460px-Current_notation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Charge_carrier" title="Charge carrier">charge carriers</a> in an electrical circuit, flow in the opposite direction of the conventional electric current.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battery_symbol2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Battery_symbol2.svg/100px-Battery_symbol2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Battery_symbol2.svg/150px-Battery_symbol2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Battery_symbol2.svg/200px-Battery_symbol2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Electronic_symbol" title="Electronic symbol">symbol</a> for a battery in a <a href="/wiki/Circuit_diagram" title="Circuit diagram">circuit diagram</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The conventional direction of current, also known as <i>conventional current</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Avison_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avison-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McComb_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McComb-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is arbitrarily defined as the direction in which <em>positive</em> charges flow. In a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">conductive material</a>, the moving charged particles that constitute the electric current are called <a href="/wiki/Charge_carrier" title="Charge carrier">charge carriers</a>. In metals, which make up the wires and other conductors in most <a href="/wiki/Electrical_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical circuit">electrical circuits</a>, the positively charged <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nuclei</a> of the atoms are held in a fixed position, and the negatively charged <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> are the charge carriers, free to move about in the metal. In other materials, notably the <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a>, the charge carriers can be positive <i>or</i> negative, depending on the <a href="/wiki/Dopant" title="Dopant">dopant</a> used. Positive and negative charge carriers may even be present at the same time, as happens in an <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_cell" title="Electrochemical cell">electrochemical cell</a>. </p><p>A flow of positive charges gives the same electric current, and has the same effect in a circuit, as an equal flow of negative charges in the opposite direction. Since current can be the flow of either positive or negative charges, or both, a convention is needed for the direction of current that is independent of the type of <a href="/wiki/Charge_carrier" title="Charge carrier">charge carriers</a>. Negatively charged carriers, such as the electrons (the charge carriers in metal wires and many other electronic circuit components), therefore flow in the opposite direction of conventional current flow in an electrical circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-Avison_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avison-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McComb_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McComb-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference_direction">Reference direction</h3></div> <p>A current in a wire or <a href="/wiki/Circuit_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit element">circuit element</a> can flow in either of two directions. When defining a <a href="/wiki/Variable_(mathematics)" title="Variable (mathematics)">variable</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}"></span> to represent the current, the direction representing positive current must be specified, usually by an arrow on the <a href="/wiki/Circuit_diagram" title="Circuit diagram">circuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Schematic_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Schematic diagram">schematic diagram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hayt5_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayt5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup> This is called the <i>reference direction</i> of the current <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}"></span>. When <a href="/wiki/Circuit_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit Analysis">analyzing electrical circuits</a>, the actual direction of current through a specific circuit element is usually unknown until the analysis is completed. Consequently, the reference directions of currents are often assigned arbitrarily. When the circuit is solved, a negative value for the current implies the actual direction of current through that circuit element is opposite that of the chosen reference direction.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ohm's_law"><span id="Ohm.27s_law"></span>Ohm's law</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ohm%27s_law" title="Ohm's law">Ohm's law</a></div> <p>Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly <a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)" title="Proportionality (mathematics)">proportional</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Potential_difference" class="mw-redirect" title="Potential difference">potential difference</a> across the two points. Introducing the constant of proportionality, the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical resistance">resistance</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one arrives at the usual mathematical equation that describes this relationship:<sup id="cite_ref-Millikan_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millikan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I={\frac {V}{R}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>V</mi> <mi>R</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I={\frac {V}{R}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ccb6636ea16861f62089604333e92855888f0db2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:7.54ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I={\frac {V}{R}},}"></span> </p><p>where <i>I</i> is the current through the conductor in units of <a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">amperes</a>, <i>V</i> is the potential difference measured <i>across</i> the conductor in units of <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volts</a>, and <i>R</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical resistance">resistance</a> of the conductor in units of <a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">ohms</a>. More specifically, Ohm's law states that the <i>R</i> in this relation is constant, independent of the current.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternating_and_direct_current">Alternating and direct current</h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="AC_and_DC"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_currents" title="War of the currents">War of the currents</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> (AC) systems, the movement of <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">electric charge</a> periodically reverses direction. AC is the form of <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">electric power</a> most commonly delivered to businesses and residences. The usual <a href="/wiki/Waveform" title="Waveform">waveform</a> of an <a href="/wiki/AC_power" title="AC power">AC power</a> circuit is a <a href="/wiki/Sine_wave" title="Sine wave">sine wave</a>, though certain applications use alternative waveforms, such as <a href="/wiki/Triangle_wave" title="Triangle wave">triangular</a> or <a href="/wiki/Square_wave" title="Square wave">square waves</a>. <a href="/wiki/Audio_frequency" title="Audio frequency">Audio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio</a> signals carried on electrical wires are also examples of alternating current. An important goal in these applications is recovery of information encoded (or <i><a href="/wiki/Modulated" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulated">modulated</a></i>) onto the AC signal. </p><p>In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> (DC) refers to a system in which the movement of electric charge in only one direction (sometimes called unidirectional flow). Direct current is produced by sources such as <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electrical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electrical)">batteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermocouple" title="Thermocouple">thermocouples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">solar cells</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">commutator</a>-type electric machines of the <a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">dynamo</a> type. Alternating current can also be converted to direct current through use of a <a href="/wiki/Rectifier" title="Rectifier">rectifier</a>. Direct current may flow in a <a href="/wiki/Conductor_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conductor (material)">conductor</a> such as a wire, but can also flow through <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical insulation">insulators</a>, or even through a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> as in <a href="/wiki/Electron_beam" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron beam">electron or ion beams</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Archaism" title="Archaism">old name</a> for direct current was <i>galvanic current</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrences">Occurrences</h2></div> <p>Natural observable examples of electric current include <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Static_electricity" title="Static electricity">static electric discharge</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>, the source of the <a href="/wiki/Polar_aurora" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar aurora">polar auroras</a>. </p><p>Man-made occurrences of electric current include the flow of conduction electrons in metal wires such as the overhead power lines that deliver <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">electrical energy</a> across long distances and the smaller wires within electrical and electronic equipment. <a href="/wiki/Eddy_current" title="Eddy current">Eddy currents</a> are electric currents that occur in conductors exposed to changing magnetic fields. Similarly, electric currents occur, particularly in the surface, of conductors exposed to <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic wave">electromagnetic waves</a>. When oscillating electric currents flow at the correct voltages within <a href="/wiki/Radio_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio antenna">radio antennas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a> are generated. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>, other forms of electric current include the flow of electrons through <a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">resistors</a> or through the vacuum in a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a>, the flow of ions inside a <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">battery</a>, and the flow of <a href="/wiki/Electron_hole" title="Electron hole">holes</a> within metals and <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a>. </p><p>A biological example of current is the flow of ions in <a href="/wiki/Neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurons">neurons</a> and nerves, responsible for both thought and sensory perception. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement">Measurement</h2></div> <p>Current can be measured using an <a href="/wiki/Ammeter" title="Ammeter">ammeter</a>. </p><p>Electric current can be directly measured with a <a href="/wiki/Galvanometer" title="Galvanometer">galvanometer</a>, but this method involves breaking the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical circuit">electrical circuit</a>, which is sometimes inconvenient. </p><p>Current can also be measured without breaking the circuit by detecting the magnetic field associated with the current. Devices, at the circuit level, use various <a href="/wiki/Current_sensing_techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="Current sensing techniques">techniques</a> to measure current: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shunt_resistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunt resistor">Shunt resistors</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_effect" title="Hall effect">Hall effect</a> current sensor transducers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_transformer" title="Current transformer">Transformers</a> (however DC cannot be measured)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetoresistance" title="Magnetoresistance">Magnetoresistive</a> field sensors<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogowski_coil" title="Rogowski coil">Rogowski coils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_clamp" title="Current clamp">Current clamps</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resistive_heating">Resistive heating</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Joule_heating" title="Joule heating">Joule heating</a></div> <p>Joule heating, also known as <i>ohmic heating</i> and <i>resistive heating</i>, is the process of <a href="/wiki/Power_dissipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Power dissipation">power dissipation</a><sup id="cite_ref-JaffeTaylor_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JaffeTaylor-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36">: 36 </span></sup> by which the passage of an electric current through a <a href="/wiki/Conductor_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conductor (material)">conductor</a> increases the <a href="/wiki/Internal_energy" title="Internal energy">internal energy</a> of the conductor,<sup id="cite_ref-SerwayJewett2004_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SerwayJewett2004-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 846">: 846 </span></sup> converting <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermodynamic work">thermodynamic work</a> into <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SerwayJewett2004_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SerwayJewett2004-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 846, fn. 5">: 846, fn. 5 </span></sup> The phenomenon was first studied by <a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> in 1841. Joule immersed a length of wire in a fixed <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> and measured the <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> rise due to a known current through the wire for a 30 <a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">minute</a> period. By varying the current and the length of the wire he deduced that the heat produced was <a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)" title="Proportionality (mathematics)">proportional</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Square_(algebra)" title="Square (algebra)">square</a> of the current multiplied by the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical resistance">electrical resistance</a> of the wire. </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P\propto I^{2}R.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mo>∝</mo> <msup> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>R</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P\propto I^{2}R.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/015633ccf157b56cc7449bae5fbdec90f0ea505d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.525ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P\propto I^{2}R.}"></span> </p><p>This relationship is known as <a href="/wiki/Joule%27s_first_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Joule's first law">Joule's Law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JaffeTaylor_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JaffeTaylor-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36">: 36 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/SI_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="SI unit">SI unit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> was subsequently named the <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joule</a> and given the symbol <i>J</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-SI_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> The commonly known SI unit of power, the <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a> (symbol: W), is equivalent to one joule per second.<sup id="cite_ref-SI_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electromagnetism">Electromagnetism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">Electromagnetism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electromagnet">Electromagnet</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet">Electromagnet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnetic_field_produced_by_an_electric_current_in_a_solenoid.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Magnetic_field_produced_by_an_electric_current_in_a_solenoid.png/220px-Magnetic_field_produced_by_an_electric_current_in_a_solenoid.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Magnetic_field_produced_by_an_electric_current_in_a_solenoid.png/330px-Magnetic_field_produced_by_an_electric_current_in_a_solenoid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Magnetic_field_produced_by_an_electric_current_in_a_solenoid.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Magnetic field is produced by an electric current in a <a href="/wiki/Solenoid" title="Solenoid">solenoid</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In an electromagnet a coil of wires behaves like a <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnet</a> when an electric current flows through it. When the current is switched off, the coil loses its magnetism immediately. Electric current produces a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a>. The magnetic field can be visualized as a pattern of circular field lines surrounding the wire that persists as long as there is current. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electromagnetic_induction">Electromagnetic induction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">Electromagnetic induction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electromagnetic_induction_-_solenoid_to_loop_-_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Electromagnetic_induction_-_solenoid_to_loop_-_animation.gif/220px-Electromagnetic_induction_-_solenoid_to_loop_-_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Electromagnetic_induction_-_solenoid_to_loop_-_animation.gif/330px-Electromagnetic_induction_-_solenoid_to_loop_-_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Electromagnetic_induction_-_solenoid_to_loop_-_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Alternating electric current flows through the solenoid, producing a changing magnetic field. This field causes an electric current to flow in the wire loop by <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">electromagnetic induction</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Magnetic fields can also be used to make electric currents. When a changing magnetic field is applied to a conductor, an <a href="/wiki/Electromotive_force" title="Electromotive force">electromotive force</a> (EMF) is induced,<sup id="cite_ref-SerwayJewett2004_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SerwayJewett2004-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1004">: 1004 </span></sup> which starts an electric current, when there is a suitable path. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_waves">Radio waves</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radio_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio waves">Radio waves</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio-frequency current">Radio-frequency current</a></div> <p>When an electric current flows in a <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">suitably shaped conductor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio frequencies">radio frequencies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio waves">radio waves</a> can be generated. These travel at the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a> and can cause electric currents in distant conductors. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conduction_mechanisms_in_various_media">Conduction mechanisms in various media</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">Electrical conductivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charge_transport_mechanisms" title="Charge transport mechanisms">Charge transport mechanisms</a></div> <p>In metallic solids, electric charge flows by means of <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a>, from lower to higher <a href="/wiki/Electrical_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical potential">electrical potential</a>. In other media, any stream of charged objects (ions, for example) may constitute an electric current. To provide a definition of current independent of the type of charge carriers, <i>conventional current</i> is defined as moving in the same direction as the positive charge flow. So, in metals where the charge carriers (electrons) are negative, conventional current is in the opposite direction to the overall electron movement. In conductors where the charge carriers are positive, conventional current is in the same direction as the charge carriers. </p><p>In a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a>, a beam of ions or electrons may be formed. In other conductive materials, the electric current is due to the flow of both positively and negatively charged particles at the same time. In still others, the current is entirely due to <a href="/wiki/Proton_conductor" title="Proton conductor">positive charge flow</a>. For example, the electric currents in <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a> are flows of positively and negatively charged ions. In a common lead-acid <a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">electrochemical</a> cell, electric currents are composed of positive <a href="/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium">hydronium</a> ions flowing in one direction, and negative sulfate ions flowing in the other. Electric currents in <a href="/wiki/Electric_spark" title="Electric spark">sparks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plasma_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma physics">plasma</a> are flows of electrons as well as positive and negative ions. In ice and in certain solid electrolytes, the electric current is entirely composed of flowing ions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metals">Metals</h3></div> <p>In a <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>, some of the outer electrons in each atom are not bound to the individual molecules as they are in <a href="/wiki/Molecular_solid" title="Molecular solid">molecular solids</a>, or in full bands as they are in insulating materials, but are free to move within the <a href="/wiki/Metal#Definition" title="Metal">metal lattice</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Conduction_electron" class="mw-redirect" title="Conduction electron">conduction electrons</a> can serve as <a href="/wiki/Charge_carrier" title="Charge carrier">charge carriers</a>, carrying a current. Metals are particularly conductive because there are many of these free electrons. With no external <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric field</a> applied, these electrons move about randomly due to <a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy" title="Thermal energy">thermal energy</a> but, on average, there is zero net current within the metal. At room temperature, the average speed of these random motions is 10<sup>6</sup> metres per second.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given a surface through which a metal wire passes, electrons move in both directions across the surface at an equal rate. As <a href="/wiki/George_Gamow" title="George Gamow">George Gamow</a> wrote in his <a href="/wiki/Popular_science" title="Popular science">popular science</a> book, <i><a href="/wiki/One,_Two,_Three...Infinity" class="mw-redirect" title="One, Two, Three...Infinity">One, Two, Three...Infinity</a></i> (1947), "The metallic substances differ from all other materials by the fact that the outer shells of their atoms are bound rather loosely, and often let one of their electrons go free. Thus the interior of a metal is filled up with a large number of unattached electrons that travel aimlessly around like a crowd of displaced persons. When a metal wire is subjected to electric force applied on its opposite ends, these free electrons rush in the direction of the force, thus forming what we call an electric current." </p><p>When a metal wire is connected across the two terminals of a <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a> <a href="/wiki/Voltage_source" title="Voltage source">voltage source</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">battery</a>, the source places an electric field across the conductor. The moment contact is made, the free electrons of the conductor are forced to drift toward the <a href="/wiki/Positive_(electrical_polarity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive (electrical polarity)">positive</a> terminal under the influence of this field. The free electrons are therefore the <a href="/wiki/Charge_carrier" title="Charge carrier">charge carrier</a> in a typical solid conductor. </p><p>For a steady flow of charge through a surface, the current <i>I</i> (in amperes) can be calculated with the following equation: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I={Q \over t}\,,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>Q</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I={Q \over t}\,,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/08e575b3ec0392529b57311664ff82e6b1cde20a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:7.979ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I={Q \over t}\,,}"></span> where <i>Q</i> is the electric charge transferred through the surface over a <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a> <i>t</i>. If <i>Q</i> and <i>t</i> are measured in <a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulombs</a> and seconds respectively, <i>I</i> is in amperes. </p><p>More generally, electric current can be represented as the rate at which charge flows through a given surface as: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I={\frac {\mathrm {d} Q}{\mathrm {d} t}}\,.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>Q</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I={\frac {\mathrm {d} Q}{\mathrm {d} t}}\,.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/29df62d24b5b5b4b3977bfdbd1933fbccc5c038d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:9.271ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I={\frac {\mathrm {d} Q}{\mathrm {d} t}}\,.}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrolytes">Electrolytes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conductivity_(electrolytic)" title="Conductivity (electrolytic)">Conductivity (electrolytic)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Superionic_ice_conducting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Superionic_ice_conducting.svg/220px-Superionic_ice_conducting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Superionic_ice_conducting.svg/330px-Superionic_ice_conducting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Superionic_ice_conducting.svg/440px-Superionic_ice_conducting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Proton_conductor" title="Proton conductor">proton conductor</a> in a static <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric field</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Electric currents in <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a> are flows of electrically charged particles (<a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a>). For example, if an electric field is placed across a solution of <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a><sup>+</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a><sup>−</sup> (and conditions are right) the sodium ions move towards the negative electrode (cathode), while the chloride ions move towards the positive electrode (anode). Reactions take place at both electrode surfaces, neutralizing each ion. </p><p>Water-ice and certain solid electrolytes called <a href="/wiki/Proton_conductor" title="Proton conductor">proton conductors</a> contain positive hydrogen ions ("<a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a>") that are mobile. In these materials, electric currents are composed of moving protons, as opposed to the moving electrons in metals. </p><p>In certain electrolyte mixtures, brightly coloured ions are the moving electric charges. The slow progress of the colour makes the current visible.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gases_and_plasmas">Gases and plasmas</h3></div> <p>In air and other ordinary <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a> below the breakdown field, the dominant source of electrical conduction is via relatively few mobile ions produced by radioactive gases, ultraviolet light, or cosmic rays. Since the electrical conductivity is low, gases are <a href="/wiki/Dielectric" title="Dielectric">dielectrics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical insulation">insulators</a>. However, once the applied <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric field</a> approaches the <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_breakdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielectric breakdown">breakdown</a> value, free electrons become sufficiently accelerated by the electric field to create additional free electrons by colliding, and <a href="/wiki/Ionizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionizing">ionizing</a>, neutral gas atoms or molecules in a process called <a href="/wiki/Avalanche_breakdown" title="Avalanche breakdown">avalanche breakdown</a>. The breakdown process forms a <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> that contains enough mobile electrons and positive ions to make it an electrical conductor. In the process, it forms a light emitting conductive path, such as a <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_discharge" title="Electrostatic discharge">spark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">arc</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">Plasma</a> is the state of matter where some of the electrons in a gas are stripped or "ionized" from their <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> or atoms. A plasma can be formed by high <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, or by application of a high electric or alternating magnetic field as noted above. Due to their lower mass, the electrons in a plasma accelerate more quickly in response to an electric field than the heavier positive ions, and hence carry the bulk of the current. The free ions recombine to create new chemical compounds (for example, breaking atmospheric oxygen into single oxygen [O<sub>2</sub> → 2O], which then recombine creating <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> [O<sub>3</sub>]).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vacuum">Vacuum</h3></div> <p>Since a "<a href="/wiki/Free_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Free space">perfect vacuum</a>" contains no charged particles, it normally behaves as a perfect insulator. However, metal electrode surfaces can cause a region of the vacuum to become conductive by injecting free electrons or <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a> through either <a href="/wiki/Field_electron_emission" title="Field electron emission">field electron emission</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thermionic_emission" title="Thermionic emission">thermionic emission</a>. Thermionic emission occurs when the thermal energy exceeds the metal's <a href="/wiki/Work_function" title="Work function">work function</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Field_electron_emission" title="Field electron emission">field electron emission</a> occurs when the electric field at the surface of the metal is high enough to cause <a href="/wiki/Quantum_tunneling" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum tunneling">tunneling</a>, which results in the ejection of free electrons from the metal into the vacuum. Externally heated electrodes are often used to generate an <a href="/wiki/Electron_cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron cloud">electron cloud</a> as in the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_filament" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical filament">filament</a> or indirectly <a href="/wiki/Hot_cathode" title="Hot cathode">heated cathode</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cold_cathode" title="Cold cathode">Cold electrodes</a> can also spontaneously produce electron clouds via thermionic emission when small incandescent regions (called <i>cathode spots</i> or <i>anode spots</i>) are formed. These are incandescent regions of the electrode surface that are created by a localized high current. These regions may be initiated by <a href="/wiki/Field_electron_emission" title="Field electron emission">field electron emission</a>, but are then sustained by localized thermionic emission once a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_arc" title="Vacuum arc">vacuum arc</a> forms. These small electron-emitting regions can form quite rapidly, even explosively, on a metal surface subjected to a high electrical field. <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tubes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krytron" title="Krytron">sprytrons</a> are some of the electronic switching and amplifying devices based on vacuum conductivity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superconductivity">Superconductivity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">Superconductivity</a></div> <p>Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance" title="Electrical resistance and conductance">electrical resistance</a> and expulsion of <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic fields</a> occurring in certain materials when <a href="/wiki/Cryogenics" title="Cryogenics">cooled</a> below a characteristic <a href="/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">critical temperature</a>. It was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a> on April 8, 1911 in <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>. Like <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">ferromagnetism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_spectral_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic spectral line">atomic spectral lines</a>, superconductivity is a <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanical</a> phenomenon. It is characterized by the <a href="/wiki/Meissner_effect" title="Meissner effect">Meissner effect</a>, the complete ejection of <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field lines</a> from the interior of the superconductor as it transitions into the superconducting state. The occurrence of the Meissner effect indicates that superconductivity cannot be understood simply as the idealization of <i><a href="/wiki/Perfect_conductor" title="Perfect conductor">perfect conductivity</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Classical_physics" title="Classical physics">classical physics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a></div> <p>In a <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> it is sometimes useful to think of the current as due to the flow of positive "<a href="/wiki/Electron_hole" title="Electron hole">holes</a>" (the mobile positive charge carriers that are places where the semiconductor crystal is missing a valence electron). This is the case in a p-type semiconductor. A semiconductor has <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a> intermediate in magnitude between that of a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_Conductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical Conductor">conductor</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electrical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulator (electrical)">insulator</a>. This means a conductivity roughly in the range of 10<sup>−2</sup> to 10<sup>4</sup> <a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unit)" title="Siemens (unit)">siemens</a> per centimeter (S⋅cm<sup>−1</sup>). </p><p>In the classic crystalline semiconductors, electrons can have energies only within certain bands (i.e. ranges of levels of energy). Energetically, these bands are located between the energy of the ground state, the state in which electrons are tightly bound to the atomic nuclei of the material, and the free electron energy, the latter describing the energy required for an electron to escape entirely from the material. The energy bands each correspond to many discrete <a href="/wiki/Quantum_state" title="Quantum state">quantum states</a> of the electrons, and most of the states with low energy (closer to the nucleus) are occupied, up to a particular band called the <i><a href="/wiki/Valence_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Valence band">valence band</a></i>. Semiconductors and insulators are distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Metals">metals</a> because the valence band in any given metal is nearly filled with electrons under usual operating conditions, while very few (semiconductor) or virtually none (insulator) of them are available in the <i>conduction band</i>, the band immediately above the valence band. </p><p>The ease of exciting electrons in the semiconductor from the valence band to the conduction band depends on the <a href="/wiki/Band_gap" title="Band gap">band gap</a> between the bands. The size of this energy band gap serves as an arbitrary dividing line (roughly 4 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">eV</a>) between semiconductors and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical insulation">insulators</a>. </p><p>With covalent bonds, an electron moves by hopping to a neighboring bond. The <a href="/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle" title="Pauli exclusion principle">Pauli exclusion principle</a> requires that the electron be lifted into the higher anti-bonding state of that bond. For delocalized states, for example in one dimension – that is in a <a href="/wiki/Nanowire" title="Nanowire">nanowire</a>, for every energy there is a state with electrons flowing in one direction and another state with the electrons flowing in the other. For a net current to flow, more states for one direction than for the other direction must be occupied. For this to occur, energy is required, as in the semiconductor the next higher states lie above the band gap. Often this is stated as: full bands do not contribute to the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a>. However, as a semiconductor's temperature rises above <a href="/wiki/Absolute_zero" title="Absolute zero">absolute zero</a>, there is more energy in the semiconductor to spend on lattice vibration and on exciting electrons into the conduction band. The current-carrying electrons in the conduction band are known as <i>free electrons</i>, though they are often simply called <i>electrons</i> if that is clear in context. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_density_and_Ohm's_law"><span id="Current_density_and_Ohm.27s_law"></span>Current density and Ohm's law</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Current_density" title="Current density">Current density</a></div> <p>Current density is the rate at which charge passes through a chosen unit area.<sup id="cite_ref-Zangwill2013_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zangwill2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup> It is defined as a <a href="/wiki/Vector_(geometric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (geometric)">vector</a> whose magnitude is the current per unit cross-sectional area.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 749">: 749 </span></sup> As discussed in <a href="#Reference_direction">Reference direction</a>, the direction is arbitrary. Conventionally, if the moving charges are positive, then the current density has the same sign as the velocity of the charges. For negative charges, the sign of the current density is opposite to the velocity of the charges.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 749">: 749 </span></sup> In <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI units</a>, current density (symbol: j) is expressed in the SI base units of amperes per square metre.<sup id="cite_ref-SI_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> </p><p>In linear materials such as metals, and under low frequencies, the current density across the conductor surface is uniform. In such conditions, <a href="/wiki/Ohm%27s_law" title="Ohm's law">Ohm's law</a> states that the current is directly proportional to the potential difference between two ends (across) of that metal (ideal) <a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">resistor</a> (or other <a href="/wiki/Ohmic_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohmic device">ohmic device</a>): <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I={V \over R}\,,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>V</mi> <mi>R</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I={V \over R}\,,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4dbde48deecbd87a15a3a94c0c190954b3debc41" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:7.928ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I={V \over R}\,,}"></span> </p><p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}"></span> is the current, measured in amperes; <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Potential_difference" class="mw-redirect" title="Potential difference">potential difference</a>, measured in <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volts</a>; and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}"></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical resistance">resistance</a>, measured in <a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">ohms</a>. For <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating currents</a>, especially at higher frequencies, <a href="/wiki/Skin_effect" title="Skin effect">skin effect</a> causes the current to spread unevenly across the conductor cross-section, with higher density near the surface, thus increasing the apparent resistance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drift_speed">Drift speed</h2></div> <p>The mobile charged particles within a conductor move constantly in random directions, like the particles of a <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a>. (More accurately, a <a href="/wiki/Fermi_gas" title="Fermi gas">Fermi gas</a>.) To create a net flow of charge, the particles must also move together with an average drift rate. Electrons are the charge carriers in most <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a> and they follow an erratic path, bouncing from atom to atom, but generally drifting in the opposite direction of the electric field. The speed they drift at can be calculated from the equation: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I=nAvQ\,,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mi>A</mi> <mi>v</mi> <mi>Q</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I=nAvQ\,,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/791b91c08a07d9a56fc88658b2bd3fa3b019acf3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.408ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I=nAvQ\,,}"></span> where </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}"></span> is the electric current</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}"></span> is number of charged particles per unit volume (or charge carrier density)</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"></span> is the cross-sectional area of the conductor</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>v</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}"></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Drift_velocity" title="Drift velocity">drift velocity</a>, and</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}"></span> is the charge on each particle.</li></ul> <p>Typically, electric charges in solids flow slowly. For example, in a <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> wire of cross-section 0.5 mm<sup>2</sup>, carrying a current of 5 A, the <a href="/wiki/Drift_velocity" title="Drift velocity">drift velocity</a> of the electrons is on the order of a millimetre per second. To take a different example, in the near-vacuum inside a <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a>, the electrons travel in near-straight lines at about a tenth of the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>. </p><p>Any accelerating electric charge, and therefore any changing electric current, gives rise to an <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetic</a> wave that propagates at very high speed outside the surface of the conductor. This speed is usually a significant fraction of the speed of light, as can be deduced from <a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell's equations</a>, and is therefore many times faster than the drift velocity of the electrons. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">AC power lines</a>, the waves of electromagnetic energy propagate through the space between the wires, moving from a source to a distant <a href="/wiki/External_electric_load" class="mw-redirect" title="External electric load">load</a>, even though the electrons in the wires only move back and forth over a tiny distance. </p><p>The ratio of the speed of the electromagnetic wave to the speed of light in free space is called the <a href="/wiki/Velocity_factor" title="Velocity factor">velocity factor</a>, and depends on the electromagnetic properties of the conductor and the insulating materials surrounding it, and on their shape and size. </p><p>The magnitudes (not the natures) of these three velocities can be illustrated by an analogy with the three similar velocities associated with gases. (See also <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_analogy" title="Hydraulic analogy">hydraulic analogy</a>.) </p> <ul><li>The low drift velocity of charge carriers is analogous to air motion; in other words, winds.</li> <li>The high speed of electromagnetic waves is roughly analogous to the speed of sound in a gas (sound waves move through air much faster than large-scale motions such as <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a>)</li> <li>The random motion of charges is analogous to heat – the thermal velocity of randomly vibrating gas particles.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amperage" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:amperage">amperage</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Current_density" title="Current density">Current density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_current" title="Displacement current">Displacement current</a> (electric) and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_current#Magnetic_displacement_current" title="Magnetic current">Magnetic current § Magnetic displacement current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric shock">Electric shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_measurements" title="Electrical measurements">Electrical measurements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electrical_engineering" title="History of electrical engineering">History of electrical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarity_symbols" title="Polarity symbols">Polarity symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Quantities" title="International System of Quantities">International System of Quantities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SI_electromagnetism_units" class="mw-redirect" title="SI electromagnetism units">SI electromagnetism units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-phase_electric_power" title="Single-phase electric power">Single-phase electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_electricity" title="Static electricity">Static electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power" title="Three-phase electric power">Three-phase electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-phase_electric_power" title="Two-phase electric power">Two-phase electric power</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Our first step in the analysis is the assumption of reference directions for the unknown currents.<sup id="cite_ref-Hayt5_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayt5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-horowitz-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-horowitz_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHorowitzHill2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Horowitz_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Horowitz (scientist)">Horowitz, Paul</a>; <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Hill" title="Winfield Hill">Hill, Winfield</a> (2015). <i>The art of electronics</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80926-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80926-9"><bdi>978-0-521-80926-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+of+electronics&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80926-9&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Hill%2C+Winfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+current" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerHallidayResnick2014" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Jearl; Halliday, David; Resnick, Robert (2014). <i>Fundamentals of physics</i> (10th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118230732" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118230732"><bdi>978-1118230732</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/950235056">950235056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+physics&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F950235056&rft.isbn=978-1118230732&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Jearl&rft.au=Halliday%2C+David&rft.au=Resnick%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+current" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_C._Fischer-Cripps2004" class="citation book cs1">Anthony C. Fischer-Cripps (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3SsYctmvZkoC&pg=PA13"><i>The electronics companion</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7503-1012-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7503-1012-3"><bdi>978-0-7503-1012-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+electronics+companion&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7503-1012-3&rft.au=Anthony+C.+Fischer-Cripps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3SsYctmvZkoC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+current" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SI-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SI_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SI_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SI_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SI_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf"><i>The International System of Units</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (9th ed.), International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Dec 2022, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-822-2272-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-822-2272-0"><bdi>978-92-822-2272-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+System+of+Units&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=International+Bureau+of+Weights+and+Measures&rft.date=2022-12&rft.isbn=978-92-822-2272-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Fdocuments%2F20126%2F41483022%2FSI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+current" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoweRounce2002" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, T. L.; Rounce, John (2002). <i>Calculations for A-level Physics</i>. Nelson Thornes. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0748767487" title="Special:BookSources/0748767487"><bdi>0748767487</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calculations+for+A-level+Physics&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Nelson+Thornes&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0748767487&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=T.+L.&rft.au=Rounce%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+current" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlinGetz1988" class="citation book cs1">Berlin, Howard M.; Getz, Frank C. (1988). <i>Principles of Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement</i>. Merrill Pub. Co. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0675204496" title="Special:BookSources/0675204496"><bdi>0675204496</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Electronic+Instrumentation+and+Measurement&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Merrill+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0675204496&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Howard+M.&rft.au=Getz%2C+Frank+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+current" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2013" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, K. S. Suresh (2013). "Section 1.2.3". <i>Electric Circuit Analysis</i>. Pearson Education India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9332514102" title="Special:BookSources/978-9332514102"><bdi>978-9332514102</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Current intensity' is usually referred to as 'current' itself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+1.2.3&rft.btitle=Electric+Circuit+Analysis&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9332514102&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=K.+S.+Suresh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+current" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmpère1822" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ampère, A-M (1822). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/textes/recueil/pdf/recueilobservationsd.pdf">"Recueil d'Observations Électro-dynamiques"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Paris: Chez Crochard Libraire. p. 56. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724083412/http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/textes/recueil/pdf/recueilobservationsd.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2011-07-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recueil+d%27Observations+%C3%89lectro-dynamiques&rft.place=Paris%3A+Chez+Crochard+Libraire&rft.pages=56&rft.date=1822&rft.aulast=Amp%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=A-M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ampere.cnrs.fr%2Ftextes%2Frecueil%2Fpdf%2Frecueilobservationsd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+current" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BCZLAAAAYAAJ"><i>Electric Power</i></a>. Vol. 6. 1894. pp. 411, 1894.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electric+Power&rft.pages=411%2C+1894&rft.date=1894&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBCZLAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+current" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avison-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Avison_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avison_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvison2014" class="citation book cs1">Avison, John (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DojwZzKAvN8C&dq=%22conventional+current%22+positive+charge&pg=PA221"><i>The World of Physics</i></a>. Thomas Nelson and Sons. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780174387336" title="Special:BookSources/9780174387336"><bdi>9780174387336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Physics&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson+and+Sons&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780174387336&rft.aulast=Avison&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDojwZzKAvN8C%26dq%3D%2522conventional%2Bcurrent%2522%2Bpositive%2Bcharge%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+current" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McComb-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McComb_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McComb_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCombBoysen2005" class="citation book cs1">McComb, Gordon; Boysen, Earl (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CvLkgK8PBJkC&dq=%22conventional+current%22&pg=PA12"><i>Electronics For Dummies</i></a>. 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McGraw-Hill. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/automotiveignit03divigoog/page/n17">4</a>. <q>ohm's law current proportional voltage resistance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Automotive+ignition+systems&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Consoliver%2C+Earl+L.&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Grover+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fautomotiveignit03divigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+current" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millikan-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Millikan_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_A._Millikan_and_E._S._Bishop1917" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Millikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89697-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89697-9"><bdi>978-0-521-89697-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Electrodynamics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89697-9&rft.aulast=Zangwill&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+current" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SI_base_quantities" title="Template:SI base quantities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SI_base_quantities" title="Template talk:SI base quantities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SI_base_quantities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SI base quantities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="SI_base_quantities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/SI_base_unit" title="SI base unit">SI base quantities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Base quantities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Quantity </th> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/SI_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="SI unit">SI unit</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;">Name </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Symbol </th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dimensional_analysis" title="Dimensional analysis">Dimension<br />symbol</a> </th> <th class="unsortable"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Unit<br />name </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Unit<br />symbol </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time, duration</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">t</span> </td> <td style="font-family:sans-serif;font-style:normal;">T </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">s </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Length" title="Length">length</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">l</span>, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">x</span>, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">r</span>, etc. </td> <td style="font-family:sans-serif;font-style:normal;">L </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metre</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">m </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">m</span> </td> <td style="font-family:sans-serif;font-style:normal;">M </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">kg </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">electric current</a> </td> <td><abbr title="Uppercase italic letter 'i'"> <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">I</span> </abbr>, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">i</span> </td> <td style="font-family:sans-serif;font-style:normal;"><abbr title="Uppercase sans-serif roman letter 'i'"> I </abbr> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">ampere</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">A </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_temperature" title="Thermodynamic temperature">thermodynamic temperature</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">T</span> </td> <td style="font-family:sans-serif;font-style:normal;"><abbr title="Greek capital letter theta">Θ</abbr> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">K </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Amount_of_substance" title="Amount of substance">amount of substance</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span> </td> <td style="font-family:sans-serif;font-style:normal;">N </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mole</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">mol </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Luminous_intensity" title="Luminous intensity">luminous intensity</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml"><i>I</i><sub>v</sub></span> </td> <td style="font-family:sans-serif;font-style:normal;">J </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Candela" title="Candela">candela</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">cd </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Unit_relations_in_the_new_SI.svg/200px-Unit_relations_in_the_new_SI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Unit_relations_in_the_new_SI.svg/300px-Unit_relations_in_the_new_SI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Unit_relations_in_the_new_SI.svg/400px-Unit_relations_in_the_new_SI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_metric_system" title="History of the metric system">History of the metric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Quantities" title="International System of Quantities">International System of Quantities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">2019 revision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="System of measurement">Systems of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:SI_base_units" title="Category:SI base 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