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id="page" class="hfeed site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <header id="masthead" role="banner" class="site-header header-background-image" style="background-image: url(https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/header_blog.jpg)"> <div class="site-branding"> <h1 class="site-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/" rel="home">Omniglot Blog</a></h1> <h2 class="site-description">Adventures in the world of words and language</h2> </div> <nav id="site-navigation" class="main-navigation" role="navigation"> <button id="menu-button" class="menu-toggle" aria-controls="primary-menu" aria-expanded="false">Primary Menu</button> <div id="primary-menu" class="menu"><ul> <li class="page_item page-item-16"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?page_id=16">About</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-8991"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?page_id=8991">Contact</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-1391"><a 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category-portuguese category-proto-germanic category-proto-indo-european category-proto-italic category-proto-west-germanic category-spanish category-swedish category-words-and-phrases tag-chubascos tag-english tag-etymology tag-language tag-omniglot tag-pluvious tag-rain tag-showers tag-spanish tag-squalls tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23958" rel="bookmark">Squally Showers</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23958" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2025-03-26T15:52:09+00:00">26 March 2025</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>One of the words that came up in my Spanish lessons recently was <strong>chubascos</strong>, which it translated as (rain) <strong>showers</strong>. I wondered where it comes from, and thought I’d investigate.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/ricardo_sanchez_berbegal/9361887718/in/photolist-fgh84d-FpzUKX-tmuDAh-basP5r-PKa7FC-2cEMe2y-2HNpvW-oH6HAF-CLodvg-2HNpw5-2i1DJ5R-2HJc7F-FHSBai-25o7jkP-2HNpwu-2HNpwE-2HJc7a-2HNpwo-2HJc7r-FHSyS2-UwhhGG-2i1DDsu-Ubxm2q-2i1G5gS-Tu7tsG" title="Chubasco."><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/2822/9361887718_3e2a7bae05_z.jpg" width="640" height="427" alt="Chubasco."/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>In Spanish, <strong>chubasco</strong> [tʃuˈβ̞as.ko] means downpour, squall, heavy shower, setback or a rain shower, particularly one associated with heavy wind. In nautical usage, it refers to a dark cloud which suddenly appears in the horizon, potentially foretelling rough sailing conditions [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chubasco#Spanish">source</a>]. </p> <p>Related expressions include:</p> <ul> <li><strong>chubascos dispersos</strong> = scattered showers</li> <li><strong>chubasquero</strong> = a waterproof raincoat</li> <li><strong>aguantar el chubasco</strong> = to weather the storm</li> </ul> <p><strong>Chubasco</strong> comes from Portuguese <strong>chuvasco</strong> (downpour, shower), or from Galician <strong>chuvasco</strong> (downpour, shower), which both come from Old Galician-Portuguese <em>chuvia</em> (rain), from Latin <em>pluvia</em> (rain, a shower), from <em>pluit</em> (to rain, be raining), from Proto-Italic <em>*plowō</em>, from Proto-Indo-European <em>*plew-</em> (to flow, float, wash) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chuvasco#Portuguese">source</a>].</p> <p>The word <strong>chubasco</strong> [tʃuːˈbɑːskəʊ] also exists in English and refers to a violent squall with thunder and lightning, encountered during the rainy season along the Pacific coast of Central America and South America. It was borrowed from Spanish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chubasco#English">source</a>].</p> <p>Words from the same roots include <strong>chuva</strong> (rain) in Portuguese, <strong>choiva</strong> (rain) in Galician, <strong>lluvia</strong> (rain, rainfall, stream, barrage, shower, spray) in Spanish, and <strong>pioggia</strong> (rain, shower) in Italian <strong>pluie</strong> (rain) in French, and <strong>pluvious</strong> (involving or related to rain, rainy) in English [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pluvia#Latin">source</a>].</p> <p>By the way, someone who loves rain, and/or finds joy and peace of mind during rainy days, or an organism that thrives in a rainy environment is a <strong>pluviophile</strong> and is <strong>pluviophilious</strong>, and another name for a rain gauge is a <strong>pluvioscope</strong> [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pluvio-#English">source</a>].</p> <p>Other rain-related words in Spanish include: </p> <ul> <li><strong>llover</strong> = to rain</li> <li><strong>llovedizo</strong> = rain, leaky</li> <li><strong>llovizna</strong> = drizzle</li> <li><strong>lloviznar</strong> = to drizzle, mizzle</li> <li><strong>lluvioso</strong> = rainy</li> <li><strong>pluvioso</strong> = rainy, pluvious</li> <li><strong>pluvial</strong> = rain, pluvial (of, pertaining to, or produced by rain)</li> </ul> <p>Incidentally, the English word <strong>rain</strong> comes from Middle English <em>reyn</em> (rain, shower), from Old English <em>reġn</em> (rain), from Proto-West Germanic <em>*regn</em> (rain), from Proto-Germanic <em>*regną</em> (rain), possibly from pre-Germanic <em>*Hréǵ-no-</em>, from Proto-Indo-European <em>*Hreǵ-</em> (to flow). It’s cognate with <strong>Regen</strong> (rain) in German, <strong>regn</strong> (rain) in Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish, <strong>rõki</strong> (drizzling rain) in Lithuanian, and <strong>regar</strong> (irrigate, water, scatter, hose, ruin) in Spanish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rain#English">source</a>].</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23958" data-a2a-title="Squally Showers"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" 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rel="category">Faroese (Føroyskt)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=111" rel="category">French (français)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=113" rel="category">Galician (Galego)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=116" rel="category">German (Deutsch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=124" rel="category">Icelandic (Íslenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=128" rel="category">Italian (italiano)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=15" rel="category">Latin (Lingua Latina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=170" rel="category">Lithuanian (lietuvių kalba)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=31" rel="category">Norwegian (norsk)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=41" rel="category">Portuguese (português)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=44" rel="category">Proto-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=45" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=46" rel="category">Proto-Italic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=202" rel="category">Proto-West-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=64" rel="category">Spanish (español)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=67" rel="category">Swedish (svenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=chubascos" rel="tag">chubascos</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=english" rel="tag">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=pluvious" rel="tag">pluvious</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=rain" rel="tag">rain</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=showers" rel="tag">showers</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=spanish" rel="tag">spanish</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=squalls" rel="tag">squalls</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=words" rel="tag">Words</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23958#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23936" class="post-23936 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-albanian-shqip category-danish category-dutch category-english category-etymology category-finnish category-french category-german category-italian category-language category-latvian category-middle-english category-music category-old-english-aenglisc category-proto-germanic category-proto-indo-european category-proto-west-germanic category-swedish category-words-and-phrases tag-english tag-etymology tag-language tag-omniglot tag-string tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23936" rel="bookmark">Strong Strings</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23936" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-03-12T16:14:54+00:00">12 March 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-03-12T16:33:59+00:00">12 March 2025</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Are the words <strong>string</strong>, <strong>strong</strong>, <strong>strength</strong>, <strong>strait</strong>, <strong>stretch</strong> and <strong>strict</strong> related? Let’s find out.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/mary_hutchison/20540114536/in/photolist-xi4srN-26oukar-7QGk5w-2iTBcEA-2eDyN4F-2jWXGFE-4mEURz-2cADeqZ-hmtVq-4T2MMV-7b324-8gu4X3-2gdJYNY-82V5bp-269s5Uu-86Maky-27BnpbM-24vMtus-oXWafa-4HPLfA-2pnLkLE-7QGkyQ-ST4YAb-dTKj5A-685anQ-63natN-2qxFPGx-bjQBqE-4BQwUP-9F15PA-zoFHNe-dLq9We-7WyZeo-sqifkY-2qxe3Ez-5Armjr-dV8feg-iihzE-7eY7ma-G9y8HN-8md4bx-3TifTk-7UYdrL-73bjX2-q4L4aa-3TidxK-pMyEHa-dLq5ec-5AZXz3-dRTqhm" title="Ball of string"><img decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/5784/20540114536_cc1beb8824_z.jpg" width="640" height="480" alt="Ball of string"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>String</strong> comes from Middle English <em>streng</em> (rope, cord, line, thread, string, ribbon, muscle, tendon, ligament, filament), from Old English <em>strenġ</em> (string, rope, cord), from Proto-West Germanic <em>*strangi</em> (string), from Proto-Germanic <em>*strangiz</em> (string), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*strengʰ-</em> (to twist; rope, cord), possibly from <em>*sterh₃-</em> (to spread, extend, stretch out) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/string#English">source</a>]. </p> <p>English words from the same roots include <strong>constrict</strong>, <strong>constrain</strong>, <strong>restrict</strong>, <strong>strong</strong>, <strong>strength</strong>, <strong>strain</strong>, <strong>strait</strong>, <strong>stress</strong>, <strong>strict</strong>, <strong>stricture</strong> and <strong>stringent</strong>. </p> <p>Words from the same roots in other languages include <strong>stringere</strong> (to clasp, grasp, squeeze) in Italian, <strong>étreindre</strong> (to hug, clutch, grip) in French, <strong>streng</strong> (strict, severe, rigorous, unbending, cruel) in Dutch, <strong>sträng</strong> (strict, stern, severe) in Swedish, <strong>strangs</strong> (brave, brisk, fresh) in Latvian, <strong>rankka</strong> (burdensome, hard, intense, harsh, tough) in Finnish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/streng%CA%B0-">source</a>].</p> <p>So, the odd one out in the list above is <strong>stretch</strong>, which comes from Middle English <em>strecchen</em> (to stretch out, spread, extend), from Old English <em>streċċan</em> (to stretch, extend, spread out, prostrate), from Proto-West Germanic <em>*strakkjan</em> (to stretch, make straight), from <em>*strak</em> (stretched, straight), from Proto-Germanic <em>*strakaz</em> (stretched, straight) from Proto-Indo-European <em>*(s)treg-</em> (stiff, rigid).</p> <p>Words from the same roots include <strong>stark</strong> in English, <strong>stark</strong> (strong) in German, <strong>strak</strong> (taut, tight) in Dutch, <strong>strække</strong> (to stretch) in Danish, and <strong>shtriqem</strong> (to stretch) in Albanian [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stretch#English">source</a>].</p> <p>Here’s a tune from the music session I went to last night called <em>The Bishop of Bangor’s Jig</em>. It’s played on string instruments (fiddle, guitar and banjo), so is sort connected to the theme of this post.</p>  <audio class="wp-audio-shortcode" id="audio-23936-1" preload="none" style="width: 100%;" controls="controls"><source type="audio/mpeg" src="http://www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/BishopofBangorsJig.mp3?_=1" /><a href="http://www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/BishopofBangorsJig.mp3">http://www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/BishopofBangorsJig.mp3</a></audio> <p>You can find the dots: <a href="https://www.folktunefinder.com/tunes/94828">https://www.folktunefinder.com/tunes/94828</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23936" data-a2a-title="Strong Strings"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23936&linkname=Strong%20Strings" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23936&linkname=Strong%20Strings" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23936&linkname=Strong%20Strings" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=183" rel="category">Albanian (shqip)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=100" rel="category">Danish (dansk)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=102" rel="category">Dutch (Nederlands)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=107" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=109" rel="category">Finnish (suomi)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=111" rel="category">French (français)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=116" rel="category">German (Deutsch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=128" rel="category">Italian (italiano)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=16" rel="category">Latvian (latviešu valoda)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=26" rel="category">Middle English (Inglis)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=29" rel="category">Music</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=33" rel="category">Old English (Ænglisc)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=44" rel="category">Proto-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=45" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=202" rel="category">Proto-West-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=67" rel="category">Swedish (svenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=english" rel="tag">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=string" rel="tag">string</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=words" rel="tag">Words</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23936#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23930" class="post-23930 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-dutch category-english category-etymology category-german category-icelandic category-italian category-language category-latin category-middle-english category-old-english-aenglisc category-proto-germanic category-proto-indo-european category-proto-west-germanic category-swedish category-welsh tag-ascend tag-clamber tag-climb tag-descend tag-english tag-etymology tag-language tag-omniglot tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23930" rel="bookmark">Go Climb a Tree</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23930" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-03-05T16:18:49+00:00">5 March 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-03-05T16:18:50+00:00">5 March 2025</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Was the <strong>b</strong> in <strong>climb</strong> ever pronounced? Or was it added by interfering busybodies to make it more like a Latin root? Is it related to <strong>clamber</strong>? Let’s find out.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/blacktigersdream/31648592943/in/photolist-QdFj4z-2n1g33R-2mPKX8b-2cLZHgn-2hEirpq-2kXPj7R-FF8tmo-2pQ2GWu-2pEPdQJ-Hp52K6-TqBLoL-2mKPMkJ-NygmKy-24tyoig-4Szqze-Lktj4b-uND2yA-2kRCHXd-2mgZj1z-FG7e29-2ocYFjW-2kuwtY8-CjnFML-5Dw5bZ-2n2ebNF-7uTLs3-F3vADm-FUqNrj-2jjXAtv-X91png-sXiXr-2i67fft-Gvy7wW-2nymLGX-2nDV5pB-2p7HYSE-GGWt9d-6odcT-7VQMWc-2qChDJ6-2i66dAH-2pkppDT-2ou8xHy-F3vADG-2omMX5s-QTpaBh-Mgock4-2i63PCz-2nKr7RX-2kP6mr4" title="Climbing wildcat"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/280/31648592943_0753128e25_z.jpg" width="640" height="427" alt="Climbing wildcat"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Climb</strong> comes from Middle English <em>climben</em> [ˈkliːmbən] (to scale, scale, soar, extend, reach), from Old English <em>climban</em> [ˈklim.bɑn] (to climb), from Proto-West Germanic <em>*klimban</em> (to climb), from Proto-Germanic <em>*klimbaną</em> [ˈklim.bɑ.nɑ̃] (to climb), possibly from <em>*klibaną/*klibāną</em> (to stick, cleave), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*gleybʰ-</em> (to stick, cling to) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/climb#English">source</a>]. </p> <p>So the <strong>b</strong> was pronounced in Middle and Old English, and maybe it became silent when the word lost its <em>en</em> ending. </p> <p>Words from the same roots include <strong>climbing</strong>, <strong>cleave</strong>, <strong>cliff</strong> and maybe <strong>clamber</strong> in English, <strong>klimmen</strong> (to climb) and <strong>kleven</strong> (to stick, glue, be sticky) in Dutch, <strong>kleben</strong> (to glue, stick) in German, and <strong>klífa</strong> (to climb) in Icelandic [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gleyb%CA%B0-">source</a>].</p> <p>A word for <strong>to climb</strong> in Latin was <em>scandere / scandō</em>, which also means to ascend, mount or clamber. It comes from Proto-Indo-European <em>*skend-</em> (to jump, dart, scale, scan). Words from the same roots include <strong>ascend</strong>, <strong>descend</strong>, <strong>transcend</strong>, <strong>scale</strong>, <strong>scan</strong>, and possibly <strong>scandal</strong> and <strong>slander</strong> in English, <strong>ascendere</strong> (to go up, ascend, rise) in Italian, <strong>skandera</strong> (to chant) in Swedish, and <strong>esgyn</strong> (to ascend) in Welsh [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scando#Latin">source</a>].</p> <p>One of the tunes that was played at the music session I went to last night is called <em>If you do not love me, go climb a tree</em> (it may have other names) and goes something like this:</p> <audio class="wp-audio-shortcode" id="audio-23930-2" preload="none" style="width: 100%;" controls="controls"><source type="audio/mpeg" src="http://www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/Ifyoudonotlovemegoclimbatree.mp3?_=2" /><a href="http://www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/Ifyoudonotlovemegoclimbatree.mp3">http://www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/Ifyoudonotlovemegoclimbatree.mp3</a></audio> <p>It inspired me to write this post. If you recognise the tune and know it by another name, do let me know.</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23930" data-a2a-title="Go Climb a Tree"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23930&linkname=Go%20Climb%20a%20Tree" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23930&linkname=Go%20Climb%20a%20Tree" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23930&linkname=Go%20Climb%20a%20Tree" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=102" rel="category">Dutch (Nederlands)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=107" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=116" rel="category">German (Deutsch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=124" rel="category">Icelandic (Íslenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=128" rel="category">Italian (italiano)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=15" rel="category">Latin (Lingua Latina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=26" rel="category">Middle English (Inglis)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=33" rel="category">Old English (Ænglisc)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=44" rel="category">Proto-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=45" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=202" rel="category">Proto-West-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=67" rel="category">Swedish (svenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=77" rel="category">Welsh (Cymraeg)</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=ascend" rel="tag">ascend</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=clamber" rel="tag">clamber</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=climb" rel="tag">climb</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=descend" rel="tag">descend</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=english" rel="tag">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=words" rel="tag">Words</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23930#comments">1 Comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23896" class="post-23896 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-belarusian category-bulgarian category-danish category-dutch category-english category-etymology category-flemish-vlaams category-german category-language category-middle-high-german category-norwegian category-old-high-german category-old-norse category-proto-germanic category-proto-indo-european category-proto-west-germanic category-russian category-swedish category-ukrainian tag-dogfish tag-etymology tag-haye tag-language tag-omniglot tag-shark tag-skurk tag-villain tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23896" rel="bookmark">Villainous Sharks</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23896" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-02-13T17:07:50+00:00">13 February 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-02-13T17:07:51+00:00">13 February 2025</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>In one of the Danish lessons I did recently, I learnt the word <strong>skurk</strong>, which means villain or baddie, and wondered where it comes from and what other words it’s related to. Let’s find out.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/macorig/86036205/in/photolist-8AXyR-49Lp23-FXJoL-dbFMyi-49Gjqt-49Lp39-kgDby-49LoWj-bBvqsu-5bqdjj-49LoTb-49Lp4u-s77bPG-49Lp8G-7Y1jpJ-49GjB8-8AXyN-4V7JdV-jsEYG-2LTWEG-uAAvu-4UUnb1-CnoYi-5wUv1-7rjea7-4VE1N3-4mDHEK-jsF6P-72fZGF-2gTkmoE-qkvwt-hCLcP-a6iNJ1-cfcR4-o5dfo8-jdc6o-dX6vFy-31XjJa-31XiSc-322UAq-2izjP2T-322UhG-iaxiWc-Wcb8k-5nY4Sk-orGNVX-zvYr7U-HLKBQ-7zGQEu-6pYqRb" title="shark"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/38/86036205_4cff81aed3_z.jpg" width="640" height="440" alt="shark"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>According to <a href="https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=skurk">Den Danske Ordbog</a>, a <strong>skurk</strong> [ˈsguɐ̯g] is a person who behaves in an unattractive, dishonest, or malicious manner, or a fictional character in a piece of fiction with the role of the hero’s evil counterpart and enemy or a person or thing that is or is made responsible for trouble or misfortune. In other words, a villain, baddie, wretch, cuplrit, reprobate or rogue [<a href="https://en.bab.la/dictionary/danish-english/skurk">source</a>].</p> <p>It comes from Low German <strong>schurke</strong> (villian, scoundrel), from Middle High German <em>schurgen</em> (to shove, push, egg on), possibly from Old High German <em>scuren</em> (to stir, stoke up), from Proto-West-Germanic <em>*skeran</em> (to shear, cut), from Proto-Germanic <em>*skeraną</em> (to shear), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*(s)ker-</em> (to cut) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skurk#Danish">source</a>]. </p> <p>Related words in Danish include <strong>skurkagtig</strong> (villainous), <strong>skurkeagtig</strong> (miscreant) and <strong>superskurk</strong> (super villain).</p> <p>Related words in other languages include <strong>Schurke</strong> (villain, scoundrel) in German, <strong>skurk</strong> (crook, bad guy, rogue, villain) in Swedish, and <strong>skurk</strong> (crook) in Norwegian [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Schurke#German_Low_German">source</a>].</p> <p>The English <strong>shark</strong>, as in someone who exploits others by trickery, lies, extortion, etc, also comes from the same roots, as might <strong>shark</strong>, as in a scaleless, predatory fish of the superorder <em>Selachimorpha</em> [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shark#English">source</a>].</p> <p>Another English word that possibly comes from the same roots is <strong>shirk</strong>, as in to avoid responsibility, duty, obligations, etc [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shirk#English">source</a>].</p> <p>Incidentally, before the word <strong>shark</strong> arrived in English, such fish were known as <strong>dogfish</strong> or <strong>hayes</strong>, which comes from Dutch <strong>haai</strong> (shark, a ruthless or greedy person) or from West Flemish <strong>haaie</strong> (shark), from Old Norse <em>hái</em>, an abbreviation of <em>hákarl</em> (shark), from <em>hár</em> (shark) and <em>karl</em> (a man). Related words include <strong>Hai</strong> (shark) in German, <strong>haj</strong> (shark) in Swedish and Danish, and <strong>акула</strong> (akula – shark) in Russian, Belarusian, Bulgarian and Ukrainian [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shirk#English">source</a>].</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23896" data-a2a-title="Villainous Sharks"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23896&linkname=Villainous%20Sharks" 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href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=102" rel="category">Dutch (Nederlands)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=107" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=171" rel="category">Flemish (Vlaams)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=116" rel="category">German (Deutsch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=177" rel="category">Middle High German</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=31" rel="category">Norwegian (norsk)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=178" rel="category">Old High German</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=36" rel="category">Old Norse (Dǫnsk tunga)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=44" rel="category">Proto-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=45" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=202" rel="category">Proto-West-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=52" rel="category">Russian (Русский)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=67" rel="category">Swedish (svenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=75" rel="category">Ukrainian (Українська)</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=dogfish" rel="tag">dogfish</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=haye" rel="tag">haye</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=shark" rel="tag">shark</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=skurk" rel="tag">skurk</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=villain" rel="tag">villain</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=words" rel="tag">Words</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23896#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23862" class="post-23862 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-dutch category-english category-etymology category-german category-italian category-language category-lithuanian-lietuviu-kalba category-middle-english category-middle-high-german category-old-english-aenglisc category-old-high-german category-proto-germanic category-proto-indo-european category-proto-west-germanic category-welsh category-words-and-phrases"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23862" rel="bookmark">Kinder Kinder</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23862" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-01-22T14:01:23+00:00">22 January 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-01-22T15:53:10+00:00">22 January 2025</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>There’s a joke / meme that goes something like <strong>No matter how kind you are … German children are Kinder</strong>.</p> <p><a href="https://imgflip.com/i/7qzfxh"><img decoding="async" src="https://i.imgflip.com/7qzfxh.jpg" title="made at imgflip.com"/></a><br /> <em><a href="https://imgflip.com/memegenerator">from Imgflip Meme Generator</a></em></p> <p>This is a bilingual pun – in German <strong>Kinder</strong> means <strong>children</strong>, while in English <strong>kinder</strong> means nicer, more gentle, generous, affectionate, etc. These two words look alike, but are they related? Let’s find out.</p> <p>The German word <strong>Kind</strong> (child, kid, offspring) comes from Middle-High German <em>kint</em> (child), from Old High German <em>kind</em> (child, descendants), from Proto-West-Germanic <em>*kind</em> (child), from Proto-Germanic <em>*kindą, *kinþą</em> (child), from Pre-Germanic <em>*ǵénh₁tom</em>, from Proto-Indo-European <em>*ǵenh₁-</em> (to produce, beget, give birth) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kind#German">source</a>].</p> <p><strong>Kind</strong> in English means such things as having a benevolent, courteous, friendly, generous, gentle, liberal, sympathetic or warm-hearted nature or disposition; affectionate, favourable, mild, gentle or forgiving. It can also mean a type, category (What <strong>kind</strong> of nonsense is this?); goods or services used as payment (They paid me in <strong>kind</strong>), or a makeshift or otherwise atypical specimen (The box served as a <strong>kind</strong> of table).</p> <p><strong>Kind</strong> as in benevolent comes from Middle English <em>kinde, kunde, kende</em> (kind, type, sort), while <strong>kind</strong> as in type comes from Middle English <em>cunde</em> (kind, nature, sort) / <em>kynde</em> (one’s inherent nature; character, natural disposition), and both come from Old English <em>cynd</em> (sort, kind, type, gender, generation, race) / <em>ġecynd</em> (nature, kind, class), from Proto-West-Germanic <em>*kundi / *gakundiz</em>, from Proto-Germanic <em>*kinþiz</em> (kind, race), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*ǵénh₁tis</em> (birth, production), from <em>*ǵenh₁-</em> (to produce, beget, give birth) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kind#German">source</a>].</p> <p>So, the German <strong>Kind</strong> and the English <strong>kind</strong> do ultimately come from the same roots. Are German <strong>Kinder</strong> <strong>kinder</strong> though, or are they the <strong>Wurst</strong>, and somewhat <strong>gross</strong>?</p> <p>Other words produced, beget and given birth to by the Proto-Indo-European root <em>*ǵenh₁-</em> include: <strong>kind</strong> (child), <strong>koning</strong> (king, monarch) and <strong>kunne</strong> (gender, sex) in Dutch, <strong>cognate</strong>, <strong>engine(er)</strong>, <strong>gender</strong>, <strong>gene</strong>, <strong>general</strong>, <strong>genesis</strong>, <strong>genetic</strong>, <strong>genial</strong>, <strong>genius</strong>, <strong>gentle</strong>, <strong>kin</strong>, <strong>king</strong>, <strong>nature</strong>, <strong>oxygen</strong> and <strong>progeny</strong> in English, <strong>König</strong> (king) in German, <strong>nascere</strong> (to be born, bud, sprout) in Italian, <strong>gentis</strong> (tribe, genus, family, kin) in Lithuanian, <strong>geni</strong> (to be born, birth) in Welsh [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/%C7%B5enh%E2%82%81-">source</a>].</p> <p>Incidentally, the English word <strong>child</strong> is not related to the German word <strong>Kind</strong>. It comes from Middle English <em>child</em> (baby, infant, toddler, child, offspring), from Old English <em>ċild</em> (child, baby), from Proto-West Germanic <em>*kilþ, *kelþ</em>, from Proto-Germanic <em>*kelþaz</em> (womb; fetus), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*ǵelt-</em> (womb), or from Proto-Indo-European <em>*gel-</em> (to ball up, amass). It is related to <strong>kuld</strong> (brood, litter) in Danish, and <strong>kelta</strong> (lap) in Icelandic though, and possibly <strong>kalt</strong> (cold, chilly, calm) and <strong>kühl</strong> (cool, calm, restrained) in German [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/%C7%B5enh%E2%82%81-">source</a>].</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23862" data-a2a-title="Kinder Kinder"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23862&linkname=Kinder%20Kinder" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23862&linkname=Kinder%20Kinder" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23862&linkname=Kinder%20Kinder" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=102" rel="category">Dutch (Nederlands)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=107" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=116" rel="category">German (Deutsch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=128" rel="category">Italian (italiano)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=170" rel="category">Lithuanian (lietuvių kalba)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=26" rel="category">Middle English (Inglis)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=177" rel="category">Middle High German</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=33" rel="category">Old English (Ænglisc)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=178" rel="category">Old High German</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=44" rel="category">Proto-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=45" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=202" rel="category">Proto-West-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=77" rel="category">Welsh (Cymraeg)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23862#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23813" class="post-23813 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-ancient-greek- category-basque category-bulgarian category-catalan category-dutch category-english category-etymology category-french category-german category-greek category-icelandic category-language category-late-latin category-middle-french category-old-french category-proto-germanic category-proto-hellenic category-proto-indo-european category-spanish category-swedish category-words-and-phrases tag-epee tag-epee-2 tag-etymology tag-language tag-omniglot tag-spade tag-sword tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23813" rel="bookmark">Swords & Spades</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23813" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2024-12-19T13:54:31+00:00">19 December 2024</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>What links the word <strong>epee</strong> (a type of sword) with the word <strong>spade</strong>? Let’s find out.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/carolina_fencing/6298480477/in/photolist-aAzmNZ-xE1Fu-aAzjG6-aABWt1-xE1Fm-aABmXA-aAz8BZ-aAz1Sg-aAA2fB-NnzCg-PTYAY5-aAyJdn-cQ64Uj-2h2x3ma-aAzhba-xE1yJ-aAyQ7R-aABQC1-aAzHux-cQ7gyy-xE1D6-xE1B8-7FjS5E-ajAygs-2h9bhrW-5FrskK-7L4dXY-cQ66Ky-cNG6F9-msdrfJ-PTYBNm-eiEZoe-Q4Bvy3-cQ68wE-6K2qQ6-Nbdv64-5JQsRF-SfqQM1-nWcnKW-rSnzV2-793GsV-G2Z8eL-c9e9Sh-NonFhF-nZ9jjh-pQrN9Q-L9ne3g-7KZgor-Cc1uKY-f3WLm9" title="Tarheel Cup Epee Team Event 2011"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/6092/6298480477_ecd9dfa2ca_z.jpg" width="640" height="504" alt="Tarheel Cup Epee Team Event 2011"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>An <strong>epee / épée</strong> is a sharp-pointed duelling sword with a bell-shaped guard, used (with the end blunted) in sport fencing (pictured above).</p> <p>The word comes from French <strong>épée</strong> (sword, glaive), from Middle French <em>espee</em> (sword), from Old French <em>espee</em> (sword), from Latin <em>spatha</em> (spatula, spattle, a long two-edged, straight sword typically carried by Roman cavalry officers, batten, a kind of tree), from Ancient Greek <em>σπάθη</em> (spáthē – any broad blade, of wood or metal), from Proto-Hellenic <em>*spátʰā</em> (blade), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*sph₂-dʰh₁-éh₂</em>, from <em>*(s)peh₂-</em> (to draw) + <em>*dʰeh₁-</em> (to do, put) + <em>*-eh₂</em> (a feminine ending) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epee#English">source</a>].</p> <p>The Proto-Germanic word <em>spadô</em> (spade) comes from the same PIE roots, and from that we get words like <strong>spade</strong> in English, <strong>spade</strong> (spade) in Dutch, <strong>Spaten</strong> (spade, idiot) in German, <strong>spade</strong> (shovel, spade) in Swedish, and <strong>spaði</strong> (a small shovel, spade, paddle, racket) in Icelandic [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/underwhelm#English">source</a>].</p> <p>The Greek word <strong>σπαθί</strong> (sword, club [in cards]) comes from the same Ancient Greek root, as does the Bulgarian word <strong>спатия</strong> (spatíja – suit of clubs), which was borrowed from Greek [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%AF#Greek">source</a>].</p> <p>Other words from the same Latin root (<em>spatha</em>) include <strong>spatula</strong> in English, <strong>épaule</strong> (shoulder) and <strong>spatule</strong> (spatula, spoonbill) in French, <strong>spada</strong> (sword, epee) in Italian, <strong>espasa</strong> (sword, epee) in Catalan, <strong>espada</strong> (sword, epee) and <strong>espalda</strong> (back, backstroke) in Spanish, and <strong>ezpata</strong> (sword) in Basque. The words for sword all refer to the suit of clubs in cards in the plural [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwalb%C4%85">source</a>]. </p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23813" data-a2a-title="Swords & Spades"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23813&linkname=Swords%20%26%20Spades" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23813&linkname=Swords%20%26%20Spades" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23813&linkname=Swords%20%26%20Spades" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=179" rel="category">Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνική)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=89" rel="category">Basque (euskara)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=93" rel="category">Bulgarian (български)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=94" rel="category">Catalan (català)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=102" rel="category">Dutch (Nederlands)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=107" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=111" rel="category">French (français)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=116" rel="category">German (Deutsch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=118" rel="category">Greek (ελληνικά)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=124" rel="category">Icelandic (Íslenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=302" rel="category">Late Latin</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=27" rel="category">Middle French (françois)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=34" rel="category">Old French (Franceis)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=44" rel="category">Proto-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=301" rel="category">Proto-Hellenic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=45" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=64" rel="category">Spanish (español)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=67" rel="category">Swedish (svenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=epee" rel="tag">épée</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=epee-2" rel="tag">epee</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=spade" rel="tag">spade</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=sword" rel="tag">sword</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=words" rel="tag">Words</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23813#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23806" class="post-23806 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-dutch category-english category-etymology category-german category-language category-middle-english category-old-english-aenglisc category-proto-germanic category-proto-indo-european category-proto-west-germanic category-spanish category-swedish category-words-and-phrases tag-english tag-etymology tag-language tag-omniglot tag-overwhelmed tag-underwhelmed tag-whelmed tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23806" rel="bookmark">Feeling Whelmed</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23806" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-12-11T17:22:52+00:00">11 December 2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-12-11T17:22:54+00:00">11 December 2024</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>You can be <strong>overwhelmed</strong> and <strong>underwhelmed</strong>, but can you just be <strong>whelmed</strong>?</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/imuttoo/4180839802/in/photolist-7nrU1S-p3G6m9-4boGpS-dE8qoB-hvUjT1-67kZnY-8r5huQ-2iq4dRh-wAwiD-2kVGnqu-3odSrP-89wpXR-aGRW7g-tVzmw-4wQnTP-jHLFb-N3p8N-9Gv1YL-F4jrs-dSXNkv-7PApxm-7xSiSN-8JzNGt-bX8hBY-cJHS2W-6V7vCS-524bU3-2npGZAx-2xsPr-bEAbqM-iC4GG-5ztawc-32emD7-6oQAqd-9np3qy-6P1W48-xF6Uys-A4LeK8-5VbYPM-7ivtzs-5Mafqc-8DBLew-6LhQY-8g5Lrs-WxxGEm-7JaARP-2upPv-2xQXKM-7qkXzd-2ai8fz" title="Overwhelmed"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/4003/4180839802_a6752d8ac6_z.jpg" width="640" height="427" alt="Overwhelmed"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Overwhelmed</strong> comes from the verb <strong>to overwhelm</strong>, which means to engulf, surge over, submerge, overpower (emotionally), crush, cause to surround or to cover. So when you feel <strong>overwhelmed</strong>, you might feel crushed, overpowered or engulfed by everything [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/overwhelm#English">source</a>].</p> <p><strong>Underwhelmed</strong> comes from <strong>to underwhelm</strong>, which means to fail to impress or perform disappointingly. It was coined in the 1950s as a humorous negation of <strong>overwhelm</strong>. I hope you won’t be too <strong>underwhelmed</strong> by this blog post. [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/underwhelm#English">source</a>].</p> <p>Both <strong>to overwhelm</strong> and <strong>to underwhelm</strong> come from <strong>to whelm</strong>, an old word that means to bury, cover, engulf, submerge, ruin, destroy or overcome with emotion. As a noun, <strong>whelm</strong> means a surge of water or a wooden drainpipe. They come from Middle English <em>whelmen</em> (to turn over, capsize, invert, turn upside down), perhaps from Old English <em>*hwealmnian</em>, a variant of <em>*hwealfnian</em>, from <em>hwealf</em> (arched, concave, vaulted), from Proto-West Germanic <em>*hwalb</em>, from Proto-Germanic <em>*hwalbą</em> (arch, vault), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*kʷelp-</em> (to curve) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/whelm#English">source</a>].</p> <p>Related words include <strong>unwhelm</strong> (to raise (sb) up from under something that has overwhelmed them), and <strong>whelming</strong> (something that covers or submerges).</p> <p>Words from the same roots include <strong>gulf</strong> in English, <strong>Walm</strong> (bevelled roof, particularly if triangular and in a gable) in German, <strong>welven</strong> (to arch, bend like an arch, be shaped like an arch) in Dutch, <strong>valv</strong> (vault, arch) in Swedish, and <strong>cupla</strong> (fault, guilt, blame) in Spanish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwalb%C4%85">source</a>]. </p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23806" data-a2a-title="Feeling Whelmed"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23806&linkname=Feeling%20Whelmed" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" 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href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=26" rel="category">Middle English (Inglis)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=33" rel="category">Old English (Ænglisc)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=44" rel="category">Proto-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=45" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=202" rel="category">Proto-West-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=64" rel="category">Spanish (español)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=67" rel="category">Swedish (svenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=english" rel="tag">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=overwhelmed" rel="tag">overwhelmed</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=underwhelmed" rel="tag">underwhelmed</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=whelmed" rel="tag">whelmed</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=words" rel="tag">Words</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23806#comments">3 Comments</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23753" class="post-23753 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-english category-etymology category-language category-latin category-middle-english category-old-english-aenglisc category-old-french category-proto-germanic category-proto-indo-european category-proto-west-germanic category-words-and-phrases tag-etymology tag-hire tag-omniglot tag-rent tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23753" rel="bookmark">Hire & Rent</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23753" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-11-01T14:45:55+00:00">1 November 2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-11-01T14:50:22+00:00">1 November 2024</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>In English, you might say that you <strong>rent</strong> a house or a flat (apartment), but you <strong>hire</strong> a car or a boat. These words have similar meanings, but might be used slightly differently.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/rbruchal/2304690364/in/photolist-4vE99L-9fnYa-72wXtZ-6YnpGT-73BGhL-7bemR9-79Urrq-7bdXXA-7bdVfJ-6Z9b8D-7cRQkD-72wXoc-72AXmL-7cRZt6-7cS314-7cRX6F-7cVWk1-7cVXrG-78amwp-7cVJ91-7cRYbD-7cVVrE-7cVERu-6Yrqso-6YrqaA-7cRtWi-78efzb-7cVEoN-6ZdcFy-7cREJR-7berxu-7bb384-7cRMTc-78ap6P-72AX7W-9QHteT-7cVSPb-f8xHN4-7baVWn-7cVKVE-79UrnJ-7cVy3w-7cRp6g-7cRTTB-7baRfV-7cRR8r-7be9Py-6ZHznm-7cVPtQ-7cRH94" title="Rent"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/3014/2304690364_f43ae29a04_z.jpg" width="640" height="480" alt="Rent"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Rent</strong> [ɹɛnt] means</p> <ul> <li>A payment made by a tenant at intervals in order to lease a property. </li> <li>A similar payment for the use of a product, equipment or a service.</li> <li>A profit from possession of a valuable right, as a restricted licence to engage in a trade or business. </li> <li>To take a lease of premises in exchange for rent. </li> <li>To grant a lease in return for rent.</li> <li>To obtain or have temporary possession of an object (e.g. a movie) in exchange for money.</li> </ul> <p>It comes from Middle English <em>rent(e)</em> (rent, income, revenue), from Old French <em>rente</em> (income), from Early Medieval Latin <em>rendita</em> (revenue, income), from Late Latin <em>rendere</em> (to give back), from Latin <em>reddere</em> (to give back, return, restore, deliver, provide) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rent#English">source</a>]. </p> <p><strong>Hire</strong> [haɪə / ˈhaɪ.ɚ] as a noun means</p> <ul> <li>A person who has been hired, especially in a cohort.</li> <li>The state of being hired, or having a job; employment.</li> <li>Payment for the temporary use of something.</li> </ul> <p>It comes from Middle English <em>hire/hyre</em> (one’s salary, wages, a reward, recompense, payment, charge), from Old English <em>hȳr</em> (employment for wages, pay for service, interest on money lent), from Proto-West-Germanic <em>*hūʀiju</em> (payment, hire, interest), from <em>*hūʀijan</em> (to hire, pay), from Proto-Germanic <em>*hūzijaną</em>, from Proto-Indo-European <em>*kewHs-</em> (to pay, hire) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hire#Etymology_1">source</a>]. </p> <p><strong>Hire</strong> as a verb means:</p> <ul> <li>To obtain the services of in return for fixed payment. (<em>chiefly UK</em>)</li> <li>To occupy premises in exchange for rent. (<em>chiefly UK</em>)</li> <li>To employ; to obtain the services of (a person) in exchange for remuneration; to give someone a job.</li> <li>To exchange the services of for remuneration. </li> </ul> <p>It comes from Middle English <em>hiren/hyren</em> (to hire, pay, accept employment), from Old English <em>hȳrian</em> (to hire) from <em>hȳr</em> (see above) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hire#Etymology_2">source</a>]. </p> <p>So it seems that they can both be used to refer to payment for temporary or short-term use of something, and for longer term use. How would you use them?</p> <p>I’m in the fortunate position of owning my own home, so don’t need to worry about paying <strong>rent</strong>. I don’t own a car, but if I needed one, I would <strong>hire</strong> one. If I needed some extra income, and/or wanted some company, I could <strong>rent</strong> out a room in my house. Last night was Halloween, and I saw a lot of people out and about in costumes that they might have <strong>hired</strong>.</p> <p>Are there different words for short- and long-term hiring / renting in other languages?</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23753" data-a2a-title="Hire & Rent"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23753&linkname=Hire%20%26%20Rent" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23753&linkname=Hire%20%26%20Rent" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23753&linkname=Hire%20%26%20Rent" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=107" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=15" rel="category">Latin (Lingua Latina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=26" rel="category">Middle English (Inglis)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=33" rel="category">Old English (Ænglisc)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=34" rel="category">Old French (Franceis)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=44" rel="category">Proto-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=45" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=202" rel="category">Proto-West-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=hire" rel="tag">hire</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=rent" rel="tag">rent</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=words" rel="tag">Words</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23753#comments">2 Comments</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23664" class="post-23664 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-catalan category-english category-etymology category-frankish category-icelandic category-language category-middle-english category-middle-french category-old-french category-old-norse category-proto-germanic category-proto-indo-european category-scots category-words-and-phrases"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23664" rel="bookmark">Battering Down the Door</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23664" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-09-20T14:32:28+00:00">20 September 2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-09-20T14:32:29+00:00">20 September 2024</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Yesterday I learnt that a French word for <strong>door knocker</strong> is <strong>heurtoir</strong>. I wondered if this is related to the English word <strong>hurt</strong>. Let’s find out.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/aparis/50736575862/in/photolist-2kiqdnm-Ct62r7-P8gyTW-Gmtniw-DaEm2Q-6KCF8A-6KwJ3P-DcXnaK-6KwYpX-Hjupzg-NanxAV-6KEBmS-2mmFZcj-6KFrFL-6KCAHU-6KB88Y-6KEzjW-6KBERj-KbkSDd-oWQbVh-6KwGEM-6KxAWD-6KCD3d-rh2kfr-6KBn1u-CRbYGE-6KBGAQ-9XTZtr-6kDMMT-FkpFzo-DTVNwo-zRi4jc-reQbP7-636H3r-EknMxA-2hwdCK5-63aYgf-a8co8P-QrXQs3-2mZ7Ne3-rh5exj-Dtx1rc-FKbqS8-2mPTu9m-Qw1Gbn-7LXmgg-EFbmhC-A5F3qF-GfR88v-7u9RLN" title="DSC08266"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/50736575862_2a1e08a4c1_z.jpg" width="640" height="480" alt="DSC08266"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Heutoir</strong> [œʁ.twaʁ] means door-knocker, knocker, (rail) buffer or bumper. It comes from <strong>heurter</strong> (to hit, collide with, upset, clash, strike, knock), from Middle French <em>heurter</em>, from Old French <em>hurter</em> (to ram into, strike, collide with), from Frankish <em>*hūrt</em> (a battering ram), from Proto-Germanic <em>*hrūtaną, *hreutaną</em> (to fall, fly, move quickly), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*krew-</em> (to fall, beat, smash, strike, break) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heurtoir#French">source</a>].</p> <p>Related words and expressions in French include:</p> <ul> <li><strong>heurt</strong> [œʁ] = collision, bump, clash</li> <li><strong>sans heurts</strong> = smoothly</li> <li><strong>heurté</strong> = jerky, uneven</li> <li><strong>heurter de plein fouet</strong> = to crash headlong</li> <li><strong>heurter qn de front</strong> = to clash head-on with sb</li> <li><strong>s’heurter (à)</strong> = to collide, crash into, bump, bang into, come up against</li> <li><strong>entreheurter</strong> = to hit one another [<a href="https://dictionary.reverso.net/french-english/heurt">source</a>]</li> </ul> <p>Words from the same Proto-Germanic roots include <strong>rout</strong> (to beat, strike, assail) in Scots, <strong>hrjóta</strong> (to snore) in Icelandic, and <strong>aürtar</strong> (to knock, bump against) in Catalan [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hr%C5%ABtan%C4%85#Etymology_2">source</a>].</p> <p>So where does the English word <strong>hurt</strong> come from?</p> <p>It comes from Middle English <em>hurten</em> (to injure, wound hurt), from Old Northern French <em>hurter</em> (to ram into, strike, collide with), either from Frankish <em>*hūrt</em> (a battering ram), or from Old Norse <em>hrútr</em> (ram [male sheep]), from <em>hjǫrtr</em> (stag), from Proto-Germanic <em>*herutuz</em> (hart, male deer), which is related to the English word <strong>hart</strong> (a male deer) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hurt#English">source</a>].</p> <p>So <strong>heurtoir</strong> and <strong>hurt</strong> might be related, but we can’t be sure.</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23664" data-a2a-title="Battering Down the Door"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23664&linkname=Battering%20Down%20the%20Door" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23664&linkname=Battering%20Down%20the%20Door" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23664&linkname=Battering%20Down%20the%20Door" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=94" rel="category">Catalan (català)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=107" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=110" rel="category">Frankish (Frenkisk)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=124" rel="category">Icelandic (Íslenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=26" rel="category">Middle English (Inglis)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=27" rel="category">Middle French (françois)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=34" rel="category">Old French (Franceis)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=36" rel="category">Old Norse (Dǫnsk tunga)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=44" rel="category">Proto-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=45" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=55" rel="category">Scots (Scots leid)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23664#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23599" class="post-23599 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-dutch category-english category-etymology category-german category-italian category-language category-latin category-middle-english category-norwegian category-old-english-aenglisc category-old-high-german category-portuguese category-proto-germanic category-proto-indo-european category-proto-west-germanic category-swedish category-vulgar-latin-sermo-vulgaris category-words-and-phrases"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23599" rel="bookmark">Rucksacks & Mistletoe</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23599" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-08-09T12:48:52+00:00">9 August 2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-08-09T12:48:53+00:00">9 August 2024</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>What links the Italian word <strong>zaino</strong> (rucksack, backpack) with the English word <strong>mistletoe</strong>? Let’s find out.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/piliki/4931708552/in/photolist-8vNi8N-37NWYE-Xm4WYr-WK3vWE-W5bUw1-WK3wnQ-8g744Y-W7AkRa-37EhMZ-W5c1ZG-W7Aj2t-8g6RyS-8g6PmU-6XfrzZ-awZDUu-aoYqu3-37Jziz-37JExB-X8ZN8r-W7AkjZ-BzXi6Q-X8ZMex-7fhnHk-Xh9joY-7gxy8M-W5bRwd-37PfVE-37P9Eo-mDGVq-6frH5E-xAM33M-7augdM-37Jj96-37Jh4P-7aueZe-37EjAr-37NVty-37Jw3i-82bsFH-37NVNW-q9jGwQ-37P8ry-7ay1Ed-37P3uQ-37JxTB-7gxGmx-qNUAVM-37PaKw-qNKjAw-7aucmD" title="escursione monte pramaggiore 2479m s.l.m."><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/4095/4931708552_710977d542_z.jpg" width="640" height="426" alt="escursione monte pramaggiore 2479m s.l.m."/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Zaino</strong> [ˈdzaj.no] means rucksack, backpack, sack or bag in Italian [<a href="https://dictionary.reverso.net/italian-english/zaino">source</a>]. It comes from Lombardic <em>*zainjā</em> (basket), from Old High German <em>zeina</em> (basket), from Proto-Germanic <em>*tainijǭ</em> (wickerwork, wicker basket), from <em>*tainaz</em> (rod, twig), the origins of which are unknown [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zaino#Italian">source</a>].</p> <p>Words from the same roots include <strong>teen</strong> (twig, thin branch) in Dutch, <strong>Zain</strong> (rod, branch, whip) in German, <strong>tein</strong> (twig, offshoot, spindle) in Norwegian, <strong>ten</strong> (small stick or rod) in Swedish, and <strong>zana</strong> (a shallow, oval basket) in Italian [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tainaz">source</a>].</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/deborah_s_perspective/24218323835/in/photolist-2ndYeZ3-qp3BM8-CU6eVv-BWGADD-8wGrK-tzdgb-7uGiZ-dYqyFh-BUZnCy-4dVfhz-bUHbmM-76UsN2-7kPyjX-jNxrxA-76UwmZ-7nwQVH-8Z8XbR-tnYRe-76UuUR-Fiagn-2pHBwgC-9RBb2c-BMwT-8WEYm-4g5J1N-qsgejC-7zVhje-2pnJqpA-2ogLzK2-2owGWvV-e79Bvk-DJ6L8o-RJC5eU-FPHeXJ-pxsKeX-2i6QiU7-vfnoE-7XrCYf-b1gmWX-22HvVYj-7mUrqR-Bymta2-AzNv4e-q74Hq8-Tr4gXW-5JQWs9-26PydL6-a7eu1-buGjit-7ny9X3" title="mistletoe"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/1559/24218323835_e2f7c64eb5_z.jpg" width="640" height="425" alt="mistletoe"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Misletoe</strong> (a parasitic evergreen plant with white berries which grows on oaks, apple and other trees* – see above) comes from Middle English <em>mistelto, mistilto</em> (misletoe), from Old English <em>misteltān, misteltān</em> (misletoe), from <em>mistel</em> (mistletoe, basil, birdlime) + <em>tān</em> (twig, branch) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mistletoe#English">source</a>].</p> <p>*This refers to European misletoe,<em>Viscum album</em>. Other varieties of mistletoe are available [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistletoe">source</a>].</p> <p><em>Mistel</em> comes from Proto-West Germanic <em>*mistil</em> (mistletoe), from Proto-Germanic <em>*mistilaz</em> (mistletoe), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*me</em> (with, mid) + <em>*sed-</em> (to sit) + <em>*-ilaz</em> (diminutive suffix), so mistletoe is a little plant that sits on other plants – a good description. The English word <strong>mistle</strong>, as in <strong>mistle thrush</strong> (<em>Turdus viscivorus</em> – see below), comes from the same roots, and used to be used to mean <strong>misletoe</strong> [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mistel#Old_English">source</a>].</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/26973646@N05/45873504374/in/photolist-2nWodNg-2oEEbL3-2ohiQdJ-TDhuES-2ohiGTi-2pLKFLQ-2pQxoZb-2pzvRvG-2kF61zA-2pp8vaG-2cTFGDd-2kSNw1F-2kSNvVv-gTYPj-2oroNUK-DeNDnK-2ptRZUW-2e7pRa7-2kSNw2T-2iVaM4K-2jbd9Ji-FbUckF-UHidpi-Uen9Bq-dKsdkW-UoTMCQ-RVWg7n-23ETR2P-kSimgP-dKmLVF-2keqT5p-8YF3Eh-eMEMVE-9gakW3-8Ec9sr-2pnHaid-7uFtXP-23TVkgY-UsYKZb-2keKbBU-Eyc8n-UsYL63-2jbsSCe-2nrcveH-25mYzcr-5hVGfW-2kSQWtW-bTojkt-2keriv4" title="Mistle Thrush"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/4905/45873504374_127e49929e_z.jpg" width="640" height="365" alt="Mistle Thrush"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>The Old English word <em>tān</em> (twig, branch) comes from Proto-Germanic <em>*tainaz</em> (rod, twig) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tan#Old_English">source</a>], like the Italian word <strong>zaino</strong>, so there we have our connection. In Lancashire dialect, a <strong>tan</strong> used to refer to a <strong>twig</strong> or <strong>branch</strong> [<a href="https://eddonline4-proj.uibk.ac.at/edd/main.html">source</a>].</p> <p>Incidentally, <strong>mistletoe</strong> in Italian is <strong>vischio</strong> [vi.skjo], which comes from Vulgar Latin <em>*visclum</em>, from Latin <em>viscum</em> (mistletoe, birdlime), the origins of which are uncertain [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vischio">source</a>]. The Portuguese word <strong>visgo</strong> (viscosity, any viscous substance secreted by or extracted from plants, mistletoe) comes from the same roots [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/visgo#Portuguese">source</a>], as do <strong>viscous</strong>, <strong>viscose</strong> and <strong>viscosity</strong> in English [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/viscous#English">source</a>]</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div align="center"><a href="http://my.kualo.com/uk/go/00572" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://cdn.kualo.com/rewards/uk-unlimited-728x90.gif" width="728" height="90" border="0" alt="Unlimited Web Hosting - Kualo"/></a></div> <div 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