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id="page" class="hfeed site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <header id="masthead" role="banner" class="site-header header-background-image" style="background-image: url(https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/header_blog.jpg)"> <div class="site-branding"> <h1 class="site-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/" rel="home">Omniglot Blog</a></h1> <h2 class="site-description">Adventures in the world of words and language</h2> </div> <nav id="site-navigation" class="main-navigation" role="navigation"> <button id="menu-button" class="menu-toggle" aria-controls="primary-menu" aria-expanded="false">Primary Menu</button> <div id="primary-menu" class="menu"><ul> <li class="page_item page-item-16"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?page_id=16">About</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-8991"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?page_id=8991">Contact</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-1391"><a 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category-portuguese category-proto-germanic category-proto-indo-european category-proto-italic category-proto-west-germanic category-spanish category-swedish category-words-and-phrases tag-chubascos tag-english tag-etymology tag-language tag-omniglot tag-pluvious tag-rain tag-showers tag-spanish tag-squalls tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23958" rel="bookmark">Squally Showers</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23958" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2025-03-26T15:52:09+00:00">26 March 2025</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>One of the words that came up in my Spanish lessons recently was <strong>chubascos</strong>, which it translated as (rain) <strong>showers</strong>. I wondered where it comes from, and thought I’d investigate.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/ricardo_sanchez_berbegal/9361887718/in/photolist-fgh84d-FpzUKX-tmuDAh-basP5r-PKa7FC-2cEMe2y-2HNpvW-oH6HAF-CLodvg-2HNpw5-2i1DJ5R-2HJc7F-FHSBai-25o7jkP-2HNpwu-2HNpwE-2HJc7a-2HNpwo-2HJc7r-FHSyS2-UwhhGG-2i1DDsu-Ubxm2q-2i1G5gS-Tu7tsG" title="Chubasco."><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/2822/9361887718_3e2a7bae05_z.jpg" width="640" height="427" alt="Chubasco."/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>In Spanish, <strong>chubasco</strong> [tʃuˈβ̞as.ko] means downpour, squall, heavy shower, setback or a rain shower, particularly one associated with heavy wind. In nautical usage, it refers to a dark cloud which suddenly appears in the horizon, potentially foretelling rough sailing conditions [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chubasco#Spanish">source</a>]. </p> <p>Related expressions include:</p> <ul> <li><strong>chubascos dispersos</strong> = scattered showers</li> <li><strong>chubasquero</strong> = a waterproof raincoat</li> <li><strong>aguantar el chubasco</strong> = to weather the storm</li> </ul> <p><strong>Chubasco</strong> comes from Portuguese <strong>chuvasco</strong> (downpour, shower), or from Galician <strong>chuvasco</strong> (downpour, shower), which both come from Old Galician-Portuguese <em>chuvia</em> (rain), from Latin <em>pluvia</em> (rain, a shower), from <em>pluit</em> (to rain, be raining), from Proto-Italic <em>*plowō</em>, from Proto-Indo-European <em>*plew-</em> (to flow, float, wash) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chuvasco#Portuguese">source</a>].</p> <p>The word <strong>chubasco</strong> [tʃuːˈbɑːskəʊ] also exists in English and refers to a violent squall with thunder and lightning, encountered during the rainy season along the Pacific coast of Central America and South America. It was borrowed from Spanish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chubasco#English">source</a>].</p> <p>Words from the same roots include <strong>chuva</strong> (rain) in Portuguese, <strong>choiva</strong> (rain) in Galician, <strong>lluvia</strong> (rain, rainfall, stream, barrage, shower, spray) in Spanish, and <strong>pioggia</strong> (rain, shower) in Italian <strong>pluie</strong> (rain) in French, and <strong>pluvious</strong> (involving or related to rain, rainy) in English [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pluvia#Latin">source</a>].</p> <p>By the way, someone who loves rain, and/or finds joy and peace of mind during rainy days, or an organism that thrives in a rainy environment is a <strong>pluviophile</strong> and is <strong>pluviophilious</strong>, and another name for a rain gauge is a <strong>pluvioscope</strong> [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pluvio-#English">source</a>].</p> <p>Other rain-related words in Spanish include: </p> <ul> <li><strong>llover</strong> = to rain</li> <li><strong>llovedizo</strong> = rain, leaky</li> <li><strong>llovizna</strong> = drizzle</li> <li><strong>lloviznar</strong> = to drizzle, mizzle</li> <li><strong>lluvioso</strong> = rainy</li> <li><strong>pluvioso</strong> = rainy, pluvious</li> <li><strong>pluvial</strong> = rain, pluvial (of, pertaining to, or produced by rain)</li> </ul> <p>Incidentally, the English word <strong>rain</strong> comes from Middle English <em>reyn</em> (rain, shower), from Old English <em>reġn</em> (rain), from Proto-West Germanic <em>*regn</em> (rain), from Proto-Germanic <em>*regną</em> (rain), possibly from pre-Germanic <em>*Hréǵ-no-</em>, from Proto-Indo-European <em>*Hreǵ-</em> (to flow). It’s cognate with <strong>Regen</strong> (rain) in German, <strong>regn</strong> (rain) in Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish, <strong>rõki</strong> (drizzling rain) in Lithuanian, and <strong>regar</strong> (irrigate, water, scatter, hose, ruin) in Spanish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rain#English">source</a>].</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23958" data-a2a-title="Squally Showers"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" 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rel="category">Faroese (Føroyskt)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=111" rel="category">French (français)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=113" rel="category">Galician (Galego)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=116" rel="category">German (Deutsch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=124" rel="category">Icelandic (Íslenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=128" rel="category">Italian (italiano)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=15" rel="category">Latin (Lingua Latina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=170" rel="category">Lithuanian (lietuvių kalba)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=31" rel="category">Norwegian (norsk)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=41" rel="category">Portuguese (português)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=44" rel="category">Proto-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=45" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=46" rel="category">Proto-Italic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=202" rel="category">Proto-West-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=64" rel="category">Spanish (español)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=67" rel="category">Swedish (svenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=chubascos" rel="tag">chubascos</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=english" rel="tag">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=pluvious" rel="tag">pluvious</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=rain" rel="tag">rain</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=showers" rel="tag">showers</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=spanish" rel="tag">spanish</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=squalls" rel="tag">squalls</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=words" rel="tag">Words</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23958#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23936" class="post-23936 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-albanian-shqip category-danish category-dutch category-english category-etymology category-finnish category-french category-german category-italian category-language category-latvian category-middle-english category-music category-old-english-aenglisc category-proto-germanic category-proto-indo-european category-proto-west-germanic category-swedish category-words-and-phrases tag-english tag-etymology tag-language tag-omniglot tag-string tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23936" rel="bookmark">Strong Strings</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23936" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-03-12T16:14:54+00:00">12 March 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-03-12T16:33:59+00:00">12 March 2025</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Are the words <strong>string</strong>, <strong>strong</strong>, <strong>strength</strong>, <strong>strait</strong>, <strong>stretch</strong> and <strong>strict</strong> related? Let’s find out.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/mary_hutchison/20540114536/in/photolist-xi4srN-26oukar-7QGk5w-2iTBcEA-2eDyN4F-2jWXGFE-4mEURz-2cADeqZ-hmtVq-4T2MMV-7b324-8gu4X3-2gdJYNY-82V5bp-269s5Uu-86Maky-27BnpbM-24vMtus-oXWafa-4HPLfA-2pnLkLE-7QGkyQ-ST4YAb-dTKj5A-685anQ-63natN-2qxFPGx-bjQBqE-4BQwUP-9F15PA-zoFHNe-dLq9We-7WyZeo-sqifkY-2qxe3Ez-5Armjr-dV8feg-iihzE-7eY7ma-G9y8HN-8md4bx-3TifTk-7UYdrL-73bjX2-q4L4aa-3TidxK-pMyEHa-dLq5ec-5AZXz3-dRTqhm" title="Ball of string"><img decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/5784/20540114536_cc1beb8824_z.jpg" width="640" height="480" alt="Ball of string"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>String</strong> comes from Middle English <em>streng</em> (rope, cord, line, thread, string, ribbon, muscle, tendon, ligament, filament), from Old English <em>strenġ</em> (string, rope, cord), from Proto-West Germanic <em>*strangi</em> (string), from Proto-Germanic <em>*strangiz</em> (string), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*strengʰ-</em> (to twist; rope, cord), possibly from <em>*sterh₃-</em> (to spread, extend, stretch out) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/string#English">source</a>]. </p> <p>English words from the same roots include <strong>constrict</strong>, <strong>constrain</strong>, <strong>restrict</strong>, <strong>strong</strong>, <strong>strength</strong>, <strong>strain</strong>, <strong>strait</strong>, <strong>stress</strong>, <strong>strict</strong>, <strong>stricture</strong> and <strong>stringent</strong>. </p> <p>Words from the same roots in other languages include <strong>stringere</strong> (to clasp, grasp, squeeze) in Italian, <strong>étreindre</strong> (to hug, clutch, grip) in French, <strong>streng</strong> (strict, severe, rigorous, unbending, cruel) in Dutch, <strong>sträng</strong> (strict, stern, severe) in Swedish, <strong>strangs</strong> (brave, brisk, fresh) in Latvian, <strong>rankka</strong> (burdensome, hard, intense, harsh, tough) in Finnish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/streng%CA%B0-">source</a>].</p> <p>So, the odd one out in the list above is <strong>stretch</strong>, which comes from Middle English <em>strecchen</em> (to stretch out, spread, extend), from Old English <em>streċċan</em> (to stretch, extend, spread out, prostrate), from Proto-West Germanic <em>*strakkjan</em> (to stretch, make straight), from <em>*strak</em> (stretched, straight), from Proto-Germanic <em>*strakaz</em> (stretched, straight) from Proto-Indo-European <em>*(s)treg-</em> (stiff, rigid).</p> <p>Words from the same roots include <strong>stark</strong> in English, <strong>stark</strong> (strong) in German, <strong>strak</strong> (taut, tight) in Dutch, <strong>strække</strong> (to stretch) in Danish, and <strong>shtriqem</strong> (to stretch) in Albanian [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stretch#English">source</a>].</p> <p>Here’s a tune from the music session I went to last night called <em>The Bishop of Bangor’s Jig</em>. It’s played on string instruments (fiddle, guitar and banjo), so is sort connected to the theme of this post.</p>  <audio class="wp-audio-shortcode" id="audio-23936-1" preload="none" style="width: 100%;" controls="controls"><source type="audio/mpeg" src="http://www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/BishopofBangorsJig.mp3?_=1" /><a href="http://www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/BishopofBangorsJig.mp3">http://www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/BishopofBangorsJig.mp3</a></audio> <p>You can find the dots: <a href="https://www.folktunefinder.com/tunes/94828">https://www.folktunefinder.com/tunes/94828</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23936" data-a2a-title="Strong Strings"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23936&linkname=Strong%20Strings" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23936&linkname=Strong%20Strings" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23936&linkname=Strong%20Strings" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=183" rel="category">Albanian (shqip)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=100" rel="category">Danish (dansk)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=102" rel="category">Dutch (Nederlands)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=107" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=109" rel="category">Finnish (suomi)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=111" rel="category">French (français)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=116" rel="category">German (Deutsch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=128" rel="category">Italian (italiano)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=16" rel="category">Latvian (latviešu valoda)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=26" rel="category">Middle English (Inglis)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=29" rel="category">Music</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=33" rel="category">Old English (Ænglisc)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=44" rel="category">Proto-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=45" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=202" rel="category">Proto-West-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=67" rel="category">Swedish (svenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=english" rel="tag">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=string" rel="tag">string</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=words" rel="tag">Words</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23936#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23930" class="post-23930 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-dutch category-english category-etymology category-german category-icelandic category-italian category-language category-latin category-middle-english category-old-english-aenglisc category-proto-germanic category-proto-indo-european category-proto-west-germanic category-swedish category-welsh tag-ascend tag-clamber tag-climb tag-descend tag-english tag-etymology tag-language tag-omniglot tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23930" rel="bookmark">Go Climb a Tree</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23930" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-03-05T16:18:49+00:00">5 March 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-03-05T16:18:50+00:00">5 March 2025</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Was the <strong>b</strong> in <strong>climb</strong> ever pronounced? Or was it added by interfering busybodies to make it more like a Latin root? Is it related to <strong>clamber</strong>? Let’s find out.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/blacktigersdream/31648592943/in/photolist-QdFj4z-2n1g33R-2mPKX8b-2cLZHgn-2hEirpq-2kXPj7R-FF8tmo-2pQ2GWu-2pEPdQJ-Hp52K6-TqBLoL-2mKPMkJ-NygmKy-24tyoig-4Szqze-Lktj4b-uND2yA-2kRCHXd-2mgZj1z-FG7e29-2ocYFjW-2kuwtY8-CjnFML-5Dw5bZ-2n2ebNF-7uTLs3-F3vADm-FUqNrj-2jjXAtv-X91png-sXiXr-2i67fft-Gvy7wW-2nymLGX-2nDV5pB-2p7HYSE-GGWt9d-6odcT-7VQMWc-2qChDJ6-2i66dAH-2pkppDT-2ou8xHy-F3vADG-2omMX5s-QTpaBh-Mgock4-2i63PCz-2nKr7RX-2kP6mr4" title="Climbing wildcat"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/280/31648592943_0753128e25_z.jpg" width="640" height="427" alt="Climbing wildcat"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Climb</strong> comes from Middle English <em>climben</em> [ˈkliːmbən] (to scale, scale, soar, extend, reach), from Old English <em>climban</em> [ˈklim.bɑn] (to climb), from Proto-West Germanic <em>*klimban</em> (to climb), from Proto-Germanic <em>*klimbaną</em> [ˈklim.bɑ.nɑ̃] (to climb), possibly from <em>*klibaną/*klibāną</em> (to stick, cleave), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*gleybʰ-</em> (to stick, cling to) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/climb#English">source</a>]. </p> <p>So the <strong>b</strong> was pronounced in Middle and Old English, and maybe it became silent when the word lost its <em>en</em> ending. </p> <p>Words from the same roots include <strong>climbing</strong>, <strong>cleave</strong>, <strong>cliff</strong> and maybe <strong>clamber</strong> in English, <strong>klimmen</strong> (to climb) and <strong>kleven</strong> (to stick, glue, be sticky) in Dutch, <strong>kleben</strong> (to glue, stick) in German, and <strong>klífa</strong> (to climb) in Icelandic [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gleyb%CA%B0-">source</a>].</p> <p>A word for <strong>to climb</strong> in Latin was <em>scandere / scandō</em>, which also means to ascend, mount or clamber. It comes from Proto-Indo-European <em>*skend-</em> (to jump, dart, scale, scan). Words from the same roots include <strong>ascend</strong>, <strong>descend</strong>, <strong>transcend</strong>, <strong>scale</strong>, <strong>scan</strong>, and possibly <strong>scandal</strong> and <strong>slander</strong> in English, <strong>ascendere</strong> (to go up, ascend, rise) in Italian, <strong>skandera</strong> (to chant) in Swedish, and <strong>esgyn</strong> (to ascend) in Welsh [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scando#Latin">source</a>].</p> <p>One of the tunes that was played at the music session I went to last night is called <em>If you do not love me, go climb a tree</em> (it may have other names) and goes something like this:</p> <audio class="wp-audio-shortcode" id="audio-23930-2" preload="none" style="width: 100%;" controls="controls"><source type="audio/mpeg" src="http://www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/Ifyoudonotlovemegoclimbatree.mp3?_=2" /><a href="http://www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/Ifyoudonotlovemegoclimbatree.mp3">http://www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/Ifyoudonotlovemegoclimbatree.mp3</a></audio> <p>It inspired me to write this post. If you recognise the tune and know it by another name, do let me know.</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23930" data-a2a-title="Go Climb a Tree"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23930&linkname=Go%20Climb%20a%20Tree" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23930&linkname=Go%20Climb%20a%20Tree" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23930&linkname=Go%20Climb%20a%20Tree" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=102" rel="category">Dutch (Nederlands)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=107" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=116" rel="category">German (Deutsch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=124" rel="category">Icelandic (Íslenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=128" rel="category">Italian (italiano)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=15" rel="category">Latin (Lingua Latina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=26" rel="category">Middle English (Inglis)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=33" rel="category">Old English (Ænglisc)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=44" rel="category">Proto-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=45" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=202" rel="category">Proto-West-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=67" rel="category">Swedish (svenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=77" rel="category">Welsh (Cymraeg)</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=ascend" rel="tag">ascend</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=clamber" rel="tag">clamber</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=climb" rel="tag">climb</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=descend" rel="tag">descend</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=english" rel="tag">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=words" rel="tag">Words</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23930#comments">1 Comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23896" class="post-23896 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-belarusian category-bulgarian category-danish category-dutch category-english category-etymology category-flemish-vlaams category-german category-language category-middle-high-german category-norwegian category-old-high-german category-old-norse category-proto-germanic category-proto-indo-european category-proto-west-germanic category-russian category-swedish category-ukrainian tag-dogfish tag-etymology tag-haye tag-language tag-omniglot tag-shark tag-skurk tag-villain tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23896" rel="bookmark">Villainous Sharks</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23896" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-02-13T17:07:50+00:00">13 February 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-02-13T17:07:51+00:00">13 February 2025</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>In one of the Danish lessons I did recently, I learnt the word <strong>skurk</strong>, which means villain or baddie, and wondered where it comes from and what other words it’s related to. Let’s find out.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/macorig/86036205/in/photolist-8AXyR-49Lp23-FXJoL-dbFMyi-49Gjqt-49Lp39-kgDby-49LoWj-bBvqsu-5bqdjj-49LoTb-49Lp4u-s77bPG-49Lp8G-7Y1jpJ-49GjB8-8AXyN-4V7JdV-jsEYG-2LTWEG-uAAvu-4UUnb1-CnoYi-5wUv1-7rjea7-4VE1N3-4mDHEK-jsF6P-72fZGF-2gTkmoE-qkvwt-hCLcP-a6iNJ1-cfcR4-o5dfo8-jdc6o-dX6vFy-31XjJa-31XiSc-322UAq-2izjP2T-322UhG-iaxiWc-Wcb8k-5nY4Sk-orGNVX-zvYr7U-HLKBQ-7zGQEu-6pYqRb" title="shark"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/38/86036205_4cff81aed3_z.jpg" width="640" height="440" alt="shark"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>According to <a href="https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=skurk">Den Danske Ordbog</a>, a <strong>skurk</strong> [ˈsguɐ̯g] is a person who behaves in an unattractive, dishonest, or malicious manner, or a fictional character in a piece of fiction with the role of the hero’s evil counterpart and enemy or a person or thing that is or is made responsible for trouble or misfortune. In other words, a villain, baddie, wretch, cuplrit, reprobate or rogue [<a href="https://en.bab.la/dictionary/danish-english/skurk">source</a>].</p> <p>It comes from Low German <strong>schurke</strong> (villian, scoundrel), from Middle High German <em>schurgen</em> (to shove, push, egg on), possibly from Old High German <em>scuren</em> (to stir, stoke up), from Proto-West-Germanic <em>*skeran</em> (to shear, cut), from Proto-Germanic <em>*skeraną</em> (to shear), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*(s)ker-</em> (to cut) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skurk#Danish">source</a>]. </p> <p>Related words in Danish include <strong>skurkagtig</strong> (villainous), <strong>skurkeagtig</strong> (miscreant) and <strong>superskurk</strong> (super villain).</p> <p>Related words in other languages include <strong>Schurke</strong> (villain, scoundrel) in German, <strong>skurk</strong> (crook, bad guy, rogue, villain) in Swedish, and <strong>skurk</strong> (crook) in Norwegian [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Schurke#German_Low_German">source</a>].</p> <p>The English <strong>shark</strong>, as in someone who exploits others by trickery, lies, extortion, etc, also comes from the same roots, as might <strong>shark</strong>, as in a scaleless, predatory fish of the superorder <em>Selachimorpha</em> [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shark#English">source</a>].</p> <p>Another English word that possibly comes from the same roots is <strong>shirk</strong>, as in to avoid responsibility, duty, obligations, etc [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shirk#English">source</a>].</p> <p>Incidentally, before the word <strong>shark</strong> arrived in English, such fish were known as <strong>dogfish</strong> or <strong>hayes</strong>, which comes from Dutch <strong>haai</strong> (shark, a ruthless or greedy person) or from West Flemish <strong>haaie</strong> (shark), from Old Norse <em>hái</em>, an abbreviation of <em>hákarl</em> (shark), from <em>hár</em> (shark) and <em>karl</em> (a man). Related words include <strong>Hai</strong> (shark) in German, <strong>haj</strong> (shark) in Swedish and Danish, and <strong>акула</strong> (akula – shark) in Russian, Belarusian, Bulgarian and Ukrainian [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shirk#English">source</a>].</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23896" data-a2a-title="Villainous Sharks"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23896&linkname=Villainous%20Sharks" 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href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=102" rel="category">Dutch (Nederlands)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=107" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=171" rel="category">Flemish (Vlaams)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=116" rel="category">German (Deutsch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=177" rel="category">Middle High German</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=31" rel="category">Norwegian (norsk)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=178" rel="category">Old High German</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=36" rel="category">Old Norse (Dǫnsk tunga)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=44" rel="category">Proto-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=45" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=202" rel="category">Proto-West-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=52" rel="category">Russian (Русский)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=67" rel="category">Swedish (svenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=75" rel="category">Ukrainian (Українська)</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=dogfish" rel="tag">dogfish</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=haye" rel="tag">haye</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=shark" rel="tag">shark</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=skurk" rel="tag">skurk</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=villain" rel="tag">villain</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=words" rel="tag">Words</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23896#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23862" class="post-23862 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-dutch category-english category-etymology category-german category-italian category-language category-lithuanian-lietuviu-kalba category-middle-english category-middle-high-german category-old-english-aenglisc category-old-high-german category-proto-germanic category-proto-indo-european category-proto-west-germanic category-welsh category-words-and-phrases"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23862" rel="bookmark">Kinder Kinder</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23862" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-01-22T14:01:23+00:00">22 January 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-01-22T15:53:10+00:00">22 January 2025</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>There’s a joke / meme that goes something like <strong>No matter how kind you are … German children are Kinder</strong>.</p> <p><a href="https://imgflip.com/i/7qzfxh"><img decoding="async" src="https://i.imgflip.com/7qzfxh.jpg" title="made at imgflip.com"/></a><br /> <em><a href="https://imgflip.com/memegenerator">from Imgflip Meme Generator</a></em></p> <p>This is a bilingual pun – in German <strong>Kinder</strong> means <strong>children</strong>, while in English <strong>kinder</strong> means nicer, more gentle, generous, affectionate, etc. These two words look alike, but are they related? Let’s find out.</p> <p>The German word <strong>Kind</strong> (child, kid, offspring) comes from Middle-High German <em>kint</em> (child), from Old High German <em>kind</em> (child, descendants), from Proto-West-Germanic <em>*kind</em> (child), from Proto-Germanic <em>*kindą, *kinþą</em> (child), from Pre-Germanic <em>*ǵénh₁tom</em>, from Proto-Indo-European <em>*ǵenh₁-</em> (to produce, beget, give birth) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kind#German">source</a>].</p> <p><strong>Kind</strong> in English means such things as having a benevolent, courteous, friendly, generous, gentle, liberal, sympathetic or warm-hearted nature or disposition; affectionate, favourable, mild, gentle or forgiving. It can also mean a type, category (What <strong>kind</strong> of nonsense is this?); goods or services used as payment (They paid me in <strong>kind</strong>), or a makeshift or otherwise atypical specimen (The box served as a <strong>kind</strong> of table).</p> <p><strong>Kind</strong> as in benevolent comes from Middle English <em>kinde, kunde, kende</em> (kind, type, sort), while <strong>kind</strong> as in type comes from Middle English <em>cunde</em> (kind, nature, sort) / <em>kynde</em> (one’s inherent nature; character, natural disposition), and both come from Old English <em>cynd</em> (sort, kind, type, gender, generation, race) / <em>ġecynd</em> (nature, kind, class), from Proto-West-Germanic <em>*kundi / *gakundiz</em>, from Proto-Germanic <em>*kinþiz</em> (kind, race), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*ǵénh₁tis</em> (birth, production), from <em>*ǵenh₁-</em> (to produce, beget, give birth) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kind#German">source</a>].</p> <p>So, the German <strong>Kind</strong> and the English <strong>kind</strong> do ultimately come from the same roots. Are German <strong>Kinder</strong> <strong>kinder</strong> though, or are they the <strong>Wurst</strong>, and somewhat <strong>gross</strong>?</p> <p>Other words produced, beget and given birth to by the Proto-Indo-European root <em>*ǵenh₁-</em> include: <strong>kind</strong> (child), <strong>koning</strong> (king, monarch) and <strong>kunne</strong> (gender, sex) in Dutch, <strong>cognate</strong>, <strong>engine(er)</strong>, <strong>gender</strong>, <strong>gene</strong>, <strong>general</strong>, <strong>genesis</strong>, <strong>genetic</strong>, <strong>genial</strong>, <strong>genius</strong>, <strong>gentle</strong>, <strong>kin</strong>, <strong>king</strong>, <strong>nature</strong>, <strong>oxygen</strong> and <strong>progeny</strong> in English, <strong>König</strong> (king) in German, <strong>nascere</strong> (to be born, bud, sprout) in Italian, <strong>gentis</strong> (tribe, genus, family, kin) in Lithuanian, <strong>geni</strong> (to be born, birth) in Welsh [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/%C7%B5enh%E2%82%81-">source</a>].</p> <p>Incidentally, the English word <strong>child</strong> is not related to the German word <strong>Kind</strong>. It comes from Middle English <em>child</em> (baby, infant, toddler, child, offspring), from Old English <em>ċild</em> (child, baby), from Proto-West Germanic <em>*kilþ, *kelþ</em>, from Proto-Germanic <em>*kelþaz</em> (womb; fetus), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*ǵelt-</em> (womb), or from Proto-Indo-European <em>*gel-</em> (to ball up, amass). It is related to <strong>kuld</strong> (brood, litter) in Danish, and <strong>kelta</strong> (lap) in Icelandic though, and possibly <strong>kalt</strong> (cold, chilly, calm) and <strong>kühl</strong> (cool, calm, restrained) in German [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/%C7%B5enh%E2%82%81-">source</a>].</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23862" data-a2a-title="Kinder Kinder"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" 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rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=202" rel="category">Proto-West-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=77" rel="category">Welsh (Cymraeg)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23862#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23806" class="post-23806 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-dutch category-english category-etymology category-german category-language category-middle-english category-old-english-aenglisc category-proto-germanic category-proto-indo-european category-proto-west-germanic category-spanish category-swedish category-words-and-phrases tag-english tag-etymology tag-language tag-omniglot tag-overwhelmed tag-underwhelmed tag-whelmed tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23806" rel="bookmark">Feeling Whelmed</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23806" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-12-11T17:22:52+00:00">11 December 2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-12-11T17:22:54+00:00">11 December 2024</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>You can be <strong>overwhelmed</strong> and <strong>underwhelmed</strong>, but can you just be <strong>whelmed</strong>?</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/imuttoo/4180839802/in/photolist-7nrU1S-p3G6m9-4boGpS-dE8qoB-hvUjT1-67kZnY-8r5huQ-2iq4dRh-wAwiD-2kVGnqu-3odSrP-89wpXR-aGRW7g-tVzmw-4wQnTP-jHLFb-N3p8N-9Gv1YL-F4jrs-dSXNkv-7PApxm-7xSiSN-8JzNGt-bX8hBY-cJHS2W-6V7vCS-524bU3-2npGZAx-2xsPr-bEAbqM-iC4GG-5ztawc-32emD7-6oQAqd-9np3qy-6P1W48-xF6Uys-A4LeK8-5VbYPM-7ivtzs-5Mafqc-8DBLew-6LhQY-8g5Lrs-WxxGEm-7JaARP-2upPv-2xQXKM-7qkXzd-2ai8fz" title="Overwhelmed"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/4003/4180839802_a6752d8ac6_z.jpg" width="640" height="427" alt="Overwhelmed"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Overwhelmed</strong> comes from the verb <strong>to overwhelm</strong>, which means to engulf, surge over, submerge, overpower (emotionally), crush, cause to surround or to cover. So when you feel <strong>overwhelmed</strong>, you might feel crushed, overpowered or engulfed by everything [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/overwhelm#English">source</a>].</p> <p><strong>Underwhelmed</strong> comes from <strong>to underwhelm</strong>, which means to fail to impress or perform disappointingly. It was coined in the 1950s as a humorous negation of <strong>overwhelm</strong>. I hope you won’t be too <strong>underwhelmed</strong> by this blog post. [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/underwhelm#English">source</a>].</p> <p>Both <strong>to overwhelm</strong> and <strong>to underwhelm</strong> come from <strong>to whelm</strong>, an old word that means to bury, cover, engulf, submerge, ruin, destroy or overcome with emotion. As a noun, <strong>whelm</strong> means a surge of water or a wooden drainpipe. They come from Middle English <em>whelmen</em> (to turn over, capsize, invert, turn upside down), perhaps from Old English <em>*hwealmnian</em>, a variant of <em>*hwealfnian</em>, from <em>hwealf</em> (arched, concave, vaulted), from Proto-West Germanic <em>*hwalb</em>, from Proto-Germanic <em>*hwalbą</em> (arch, vault), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*kʷelp-</em> (to curve) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/whelm#English">source</a>].</p> <p>Related words include <strong>unwhelm</strong> (to raise (sb) up from under something that has overwhelmed them), and <strong>whelming</strong> (something that covers or submerges).</p> <p>Words from the same roots include <strong>gulf</strong> in English, <strong>Walm</strong> (bevelled roof, particularly if triangular and in a gable) in German, <strong>welven</strong> (to arch, bend like an arch, be shaped like an arch) in Dutch, <strong>valv</strong> (vault, arch) in Swedish, and <strong>cupla</strong> (fault, guilt, blame) in Spanish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwalb%C4%85">source</a>]. </p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23806" data-a2a-title="Feeling Whelmed"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23806&linkname=Feeling%20Whelmed" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23806&linkname=Feeling%20Whelmed" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23806&linkname=Feeling%20Whelmed" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=102" rel="category">Dutch (Nederlands)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=107" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=116" rel="category">German (Deutsch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=26" rel="category">Middle English (Inglis)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=33" rel="category">Old English (Ænglisc)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=44" rel="category">Proto-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=45" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=202" rel="category">Proto-West-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=64" rel="category">Spanish (español)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=67" rel="category">Swedish (svenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=english" rel="tag">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=overwhelmed" rel="tag">overwhelmed</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=underwhelmed" rel="tag">underwhelmed</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=whelmed" rel="tag">whelmed</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=words" rel="tag">Words</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23806#comments">3 Comments</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23771" class="post-23771 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-dutch category-english category-etymology category-french category-german category-italian category-language category-late-latin category-latin category-middle-english category-occitan category-old-english-aenglisc category-old-french category-proto-indo-european category-proto-italic category-proto-west-germanic category-romanian category-swedish category-words-and-phrases tag-cap tag-cape tag-chapter tag-etymology tag-kaput tag-kaputt tag-language tag-omniglot"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23771" rel="bookmark">Kaput Capes</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23771" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2024-11-13T14:28:59+00:00">13 November 2024</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>What does the word <strong>kaput</strong> have to do with words like <strong>cape</strong>, <strong>chapter</strong> and <strong>cap</strong>? Let’s find out.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/73225029@N02/7658899250/in/photolist-2ij9fz4-2jcgbX8-28vnTkw-2oz9aB8-goggs-dRpt1r-73wpB3-cEMRV5-U25dn5-9QUA4Z-6mxvRU-Sqme2f-2mc7cuc-5auufK-74GSkX-2kCCW7Q-7R3XGu-ert9i-2hEwzGm-4Z9DKh-5Uwwig-2mFUudg-XAATQ-86z3F-ay1fLh-2kjEXut-2hEsL8A-8cDTz-rYFyD-7bMmQk-6yfLXY-4WhQtY-H63wG8-8cDSg-2o5YCLF-64w8Hc-5BPPLs-6jKXj9-2eJFYJ7-2mFVGDG-UpE1xz-63b1iN-bEEtmR-sdZZy-MLhLw-2kHY27J-2kjEUZo-2kVSYFt-2mFUG3T-5ayAF1" title="KAPUTT"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/8286/7658899250_aaccb717da_z.jpg" width="640" height="427" alt="KAPUTT"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Kaput</strong> [kəˈpʊt] refers to something that is out of order or not working in English. It was borrowed from German <strong>kaputt</strong> (destroyed, broken, out of order, tired, exhausted), which comes from the French phrase <strong>être capot</strong> (not having won any trick in a card game). The origin of this phrase is uncertain, but <strong>capot</strong> (bonnet, hood) comes from Old French <em>capote</em> (hooded cloak) a diminutive of <em>cape</em> (cape), from Late Latin <em>cappa</em> (cape, cloak), possibly from Latin <em>capitulāre</em> (head tax, poll tax), from <em>caput</em> (head, top, summit, point, end), from Proto-Italic <em>*kaput</em> (head), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*káput-</em> (head), from <em>*kap</em> (head, bowl, cup) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kaput#English">source</a>].</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/hennings_zauberfotos/33590037840/in/photolist-2pPTk1K-2jkMi4F-TbeHZs-cX8E5d-2pVVW2N-2o66BDo-2pW1BCx-HEQjF-9wcoVw-9w9kYt-q9Bku2-pSdtBy-9wcqes-2iGuPiE-9w9kke-SDNGri-9wcocY-CfZSzE-7SoRai-9wcnrm-GGtFFn-MQrNVd-2dUr9Cw-nYRZX3-28zY5bF-9w9ov2-GMskBh-2ibt5Am-S6bxxr-pateHR-paGUMC-g4gPd-28zY31Z-bCX2rb-nGumao-b7tfUa-g4gPc-5VY15t-2kh28aW-2kiqccV-28zY4aT" title="Beach next to Cape of good hope"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/2829/33590037840_7b82c01291_z.jpg" width="640" height="440" alt="Beach next to Cape of good hope"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Cape</strong>, as in a sleeveless garment or part of a garment, hanging from the neck over the back, arms, and shoulders, comes from French <em>cape</em> (cape), from Old Occitan <em>capa</em>, from Late Latin <em>cappa</em> (cape, cloak), ultimately from PIE <em>*káput-</em> (head) – see above. <strong>Cape</strong>, as in a promontory or headland, comes from the same roots, via Middle English <em>cape</em>, Old French <em>cap</em> (cape, headland) and Latin <em>caput</em> (head, top, etc) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cape#English">source</a>].</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/joeyz51/51856861427/in/photolist-ctCSa-ctCS7-2n1pYfV-2eF2Vow-JUGUc-6cy3PE-i2Ju8-2n1pYeH-LrPUXR-SuVTm4-4MAsHS-aPDLFZ-cDdy8w-XZRgRf-9bQ3fx-26Z8Qkb-ebeDs5-22y66PH-9sspPA-24RzC3t-ydBmiq-26T9amR-4L2aXS-VcNHQf-7yipNj-27Mv281-L8qiRY-9AfAhb-7EQkdX-G5msw-XmxKau-4HHeeX-FCbXZH-7EUb23-sa1Zm2-7EUaMh-7EQk5e-9rE96a-2oz5ZD9-7EQk2i-5F7FEX-Nd4oCc-2n7E59K-7vMuns-5F7FFt-agFybD-4veNRD-qjpTfV" title="Chapter I...Down The Rabbit Hole"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/51856861427_b85004560c_z.jpg" width="640" height="480" alt="Chapter I...Down The Rabbit Hole"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Chapter</strong> (one of the main sections into which the text of a book is divided) comes from Middle English <em>chapitre</em> (chapter, passage, section of a book), from Old French <em>chapitre</em> (chapter), from Latin <em>capitulum</em> (a chapter of a book), a diminutive of <em>caput</em> (head, top, etc) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chapter#English">source</a>]. </p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/kesta/3259386576/in/photolist-5Y2d5h-5CFgZG-seakz3-4wMvPy-4wMvd5-8wscbr-qn3X9s-KDLyk-o5mpf-dizmGc-bhWBHB-4nC82y-o7gD83-bk6KvU-75SuET-6gj6a7-5CFeHh-4jwGSJ-amY8V1-axQsWE-aBk5JT-bmNzxW-99sF7P-98tc19-9Fsnp-CdeaTg-wiyMoh-zEppg-7XLTAs-aboDSr-5CFiMj-Baw7r-ppZScf-5L6t7q-aquTpX-oZGyyg-efpPSN-f1J8AS-6tCAqo-NKctHp-rGwMxC-bfGaei-kB13TX-6wNtuz-9wUTnp-fyGuHB-2B3fM-5cYiq7-613DiS-cXhyT7" title="Happy Truck Day!"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/3437/3259386576_529c31493b_z.jpg" width="640" height="480" alt="Happy Truck Day!"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Cap</strong> (a close-fitting hat, either brimless or peaked) comes from Middle English <em>cappe</em> (cap, hat), from Old English <em>cæppe</em> (hat, hood), from Proto-West Germanic <em>*kappā</em> (covering, hood, mantle), from Late Latin <em>cappa</em> (cape, cloak), from Latin <em>caput</em> (head, top, etc) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cap#English">source</a>]. </p> <p>So they all share a common root, the PIE <em>*káput-</em> (head) and arrived in modern English by various different routes.</p> <p>Other words from the same root include <strong>cadet</strong>, <strong>capital</strong> and <strong>captain</strong>, <strong>chef</strong>, <strong>chief(tain)</strong> and <strong>head</strong> in English; <strong>hoofd</strong> (head, chief, boss) in Dutch; <strong>huvud</strong> (head) in Swedish; <strong>capo</strong> (head, boss, chief, leader) in Italian; <strong>cadeau</strong> (present, gift) in French, and <strong>capăt</strong> (termination, end, extremity) in Romanian [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/k%C3%A1put">source</a>].</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23771" data-a2a-title="Kaput Capes"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23771&linkname=Kaput%20Capes" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23771&linkname=Kaput%20Capes" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a 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(svenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=cap" rel="tag">cap</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=cape" rel="tag">cape</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=chapter" rel="tag">chapter</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=kaput" rel="tag">kaput</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=kaputt" rel="tag">kaputt</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23771#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23760" class="post-23760 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-ancient-greek- category-arabic category-catalan category-dutch category-english category-etymology category-language category-late-latin category-latin category-middle-english category-middle-french category-old-english-aenglisc category-proto-hellenic category-proto-indo-european category-proto-italic category-proto-west-germanic category-welsh"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23760" rel="bookmark">Kitchen Fruit</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23760" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2024-11-08T15:01:44+00:00">8 November 2024</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Is the word <strong>kitchen</strong> related to the words <strong>apricot</strong>, <strong>pumpkin</strong> and <strong>melon</strong>? Let’s find out.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/omniglot/40355472362/in/photolist-LtoYNT-Ltpff4-Lxj8C7-STx5DT-T5VEfK-24u5kYf-25N4NXJ-2mJpmR4-2mJtuba-2oo5sAU" title="My kitchen / Fy nghegin"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/4656/40355472362_29667e2c0e_z.jpg" width="640" height="361" alt="My kitchen / Fy nghegin"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script><br /> <em>This is my current kitchen, which will soon be replaced with a new one, that I bought this week.</em></p> <p><strong>Kitchen</strong> [ˈkɪtʃ(ɪ)n / ˈkɪtʃ(ə)n] comes from Middle English <em>kichen(e)</em>, from Old English <em>cyċene</em> (kitchen), from Proto-West Germanic <em>*kukinā</em> (kitchen), from Late Latin <em>cocīna</em> (kitchen), from <em>coquīna</em> (cooking, kitchen, cookery), from <em>coquō</em> (to cook, ripen), from earlier <em>*quoquō</em>, from Proto-Italic <em>*kʷekʷō</em> (to cook), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*pékʷeti</em> (to be cooking, to ripen), from <em>*pekʷ-</em> (to cook, ripen) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kitchen">source</a>].</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/derekmarkham/4933827286/in/photolist-8vZ9XG-voajZy-8oZ9re-4kYR3R-gCmAR-nmLVfH-9k7MYR-2oc6WaH-5Zit58-NnKyY-2dFozCV-2kMa2JD-2iy7Jmm-2iDGEmV-2iz81Rt-2oV7sUB-2kPRivw-2c3jEEa-TGiBNB-2kbTTuG-Rc5RaQ-53ycTi-AKf1ZV-7VCNM4-2kCW4VX-GcyDqQ-6Ftxq9-5sotoY-GcyDnd-a19UTy-24kqgyr-24WHRUt-99MuNm-G7riTa-Ravh2A-MyopL-5kSoRm-PqVUGV-69nvAu-BrUhgP-dvices-5vVUhW-2ozsTvA-ofwzvJ-55XNJU-4npgwq-8ghFBj-88WrBK-2ij1ycF-CHzmq2" title="Apricots"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/4140/4933827286_c02c5d07da_z.jpg" width="640" height="480" alt="Apricots"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </p> <p><strong>Apricot</strong> was originally <strong>apricock</strong> in English, from Catalan <strong>abrecoc / abricoc</strong> (apricot), from Arabic <strong>الْبَرْقُوق</strong> (al-barqūq – plums), from Byzantine Greek <em>βερικοκκία</em> (berikokkía – apricot tree), from Ancient Greek <em>πραικόκιον</em> (praikókion – apricot), from Late Latin <em>(persica) praecocia</em> (“(peaches) which ripen early”), from <em>praecox</em> (ripe before its time, premature, precocious, untimely), from <em>prae-</em> (before) and <em>coquō</em> (to cook, ripen), from Proto-Italic <em>*kʷekʷō</em> (to cook), from PIE <em>*pékʷeti</em> (to be cooking, to ripen), from <em>*pekʷ-</em> (to cook, ripen) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/apricot#English">source</a>]. </p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/somebox/4052136643/in/photolist-7b5g3T-daHW5x-iFatF9-pZdHoy-5R2DD-8NAGFt-8La9KV-6E59E-oGU5wc-oGTqbB-3e75z7-77gXx2-77gXqe-8HyrHF-kJTBFD-ggUzAB-5vbViQ-pz1RE-79wgnn-5vbUU1-74QNUo-gEEeNF-8KGvGX-kJUBmB-5msURe-nojRB4-h4KAve-pUtqTB-qsuGY-r1XKM-FNe6zW-5Gwufa-5BJD7-7bMnUo-8GcSfh-5wwFr-3i6TAQ-3ojWzL-8G9Fwc-MPWaxu-pD6AgA-71AmQ5-ddLWr4-8Mp1oK-oU5HQ-74CtRU-buFeKK-3JZteR-8KpGGG-oU5Xe" title="Pumpkins!"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/3501/4052136643_c03c7d6874_z.jpg" width="640" height="427" alt="Pumpkins!"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Pumpkin</strong> comes from Middle French <em>pompon</em> (melon, cucumber), from Latin <em>pepō</em> (pumpkin, large melon), from Ancient Greek <em>πέπων</em> (pépōn – large melon), from <em>πέπων</em> (pépōn – ripe), from <em>πέπτω</em> (péptō – ripen), an alternative form of <em>πέσσω</em> (péssō – to soften, ripen, boil, cook, bake), from Proto-Hellenic <em>*péťťō</em> (to cook, ripen), from PIE <em>*pékʷ-ye-</em>, from <em>*pekʷ-</em> (to cook, ripen) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pumpkin#English">source</a>].</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/chris_doemel/662158541/in/photolist-21vJEz-eXLmed-6AzKcL-2h7u2q-2ngRQZm-2qoBqRb-yKvWHK-6C8sq3-4HxQpZ-Wwve6d-2oUUdsq-McDj5k-HM4pS-aag5g8-2mgqfCG-nTpJfb-6Uyr51-2kna4p6-56Tii8-2zKUSp-p4oPNG-iQcoc-6VrDq-oLW6i7-bDf4Nf-p2oSAS-oLVVfk-FvX32F-bgS9W-FvX6m6-a5hXLi-4LXDPJ-wMWWZ9-2mbyGkc-oLW6M3-6HZ2Q1-d3SzjA-dhXrdA-a5hYXz-dZjeH-7U8MFt-cuwR8N-23EJCVd-4qZsn4-3GzZ5-ieqQz-8ffNSR-oMVMDh-4q8MX1-2yZuB" title="Melons"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/1316/662158541_6f94de069a_z.jpg" width="640" height="480" alt="Melons"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Melon</strong> comes from Middle English <em>melo(u)n</em> (melon), from Old French <em>melon</em> (melon), from Late Latin <em>melonem</em> (melon), from Latin <em>melopeponem</em>, from Ancient Greek μηλοπέπων (mēlopépōn – melon), from <em>μῆλον</em> (mêlon – apple, any fruit from a tree) + <em>πέπων</em> (pépōn – ripe) from PIE <em>*pékʷonts</em> (cooking, ripening), from <em>*pekʷ-</em> (to cook, ripen) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/melon#English">source</a>].</p> <p>So parts of them at least share a common root: PIE <em>*pekʷ-</em> (to cook, ripen). </p> <p>Other words from the same root include <strong>biscuit</strong>, <strong>concoct</strong>, <strong>cook</strong>, <strong>cuisine</strong>, <strong>dyspepsia</strong> (indigestion) and <strong>precocious</strong> in English; <strong>keuken</strong> (kitchen, cuisine), <strong>kok</strong> (cook, chef) and <strong>koken</strong> (to cook, boil, seethe) in Dutch; and <strong>cegin</strong> (kitchen), <strong>cogydd(es)</strong> (cook), <strong>pobi</strong> (to bake, roast), <strong>poeth</strong> (hot, spicy) and <strong>popty</strong> (oven, bakery) in Welsh [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pek%CA%B7-">source</a>].</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23760" data-a2a-title="Kitchen Fruit"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23760&linkname=Kitchen%20Fruit" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" 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href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=202" rel="category">Proto-West-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=77" rel="category">Welsh (Cymraeg)</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23760#comments">1 Comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23753" class="post-23753 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-english category-etymology category-language category-latin category-middle-english category-old-english-aenglisc category-old-french category-proto-germanic category-proto-indo-european category-proto-west-germanic category-words-and-phrases tag-etymology tag-hire tag-omniglot tag-rent tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23753" rel="bookmark">Hire & Rent</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23753" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-11-01T14:45:55+00:00">1 November 2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-11-01T14:50:22+00:00">1 November 2024</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>In English, you might say that you <strong>rent</strong> a house or a flat (apartment), but you <strong>hire</strong> a car or a boat. These words have similar meanings, but might be used slightly differently.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/rbruchal/2304690364/in/photolist-4vE99L-9fnYa-72wXtZ-6YnpGT-73BGhL-7bemR9-79Urrq-7bdXXA-7bdVfJ-6Z9b8D-7cRQkD-72wXoc-72AXmL-7cRZt6-7cS314-7cRX6F-7cVWk1-7cVXrG-78amwp-7cVJ91-7cRYbD-7cVVrE-7cVERu-6Yrqso-6YrqaA-7cRtWi-78efzb-7cVEoN-6ZdcFy-7cREJR-7berxu-7bb384-7cRMTc-78ap6P-72AX7W-9QHteT-7cVSPb-f8xHN4-7baVWn-7cVKVE-79UrnJ-7cVy3w-7cRp6g-7cRTTB-7baRfV-7cRR8r-7be9Py-6ZHznm-7cVPtQ-7cRH94" title="Rent"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/3014/2304690364_f43ae29a04_z.jpg" width="640" height="480" alt="Rent"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Rent</strong> [ɹɛnt] means</p> <ul> <li>A payment made by a tenant at intervals in order to lease a property. </li> <li>A similar payment for the use of a product, equipment or a service.</li> <li>A profit from possession of a valuable right, as a restricted licence to engage in a trade or business. </li> <li>To take a lease of premises in exchange for rent. </li> <li>To grant a lease in return for rent.</li> <li>To obtain or have temporary possession of an object (e.g. a movie) in exchange for money.</li> </ul> <p>It comes from Middle English <em>rent(e)</em> (rent, income, revenue), from Old French <em>rente</em> (income), from Early Medieval Latin <em>rendita</em> (revenue, income), from Late Latin <em>rendere</em> (to give back), from Latin <em>reddere</em> (to give back, return, restore, deliver, provide) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rent#English">source</a>]. </p> <p><strong>Hire</strong> [haɪə / ˈhaɪ.ɚ] as a noun means</p> <ul> <li>A person who has been hired, especially in a cohort.</li> <li>The state of being hired, or having a job; employment.</li> <li>Payment for the temporary use of something.</li> </ul> <p>It comes from Middle English <em>hire/hyre</em> (one’s salary, wages, a reward, recompense, payment, charge), from Old English <em>hȳr</em> (employment for wages, pay for service, interest on money lent), from Proto-West-Germanic <em>*hūʀiju</em> (payment, hire, interest), from <em>*hūʀijan</em> (to hire, pay), from Proto-Germanic <em>*hūzijaną</em>, from Proto-Indo-European <em>*kewHs-</em> (to pay, hire) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hire#Etymology_1">source</a>]. </p> <p><strong>Hire</strong> as a verb means:</p> <ul> <li>To obtain the services of in return for fixed payment. (<em>chiefly UK</em>)</li> <li>To occupy premises in exchange for rent. (<em>chiefly UK</em>)</li> <li>To employ; to obtain the services of (a person) in exchange for remuneration; to give someone a job.</li> <li>To exchange the services of for remuneration. </li> </ul> <p>It comes from Middle English <em>hiren/hyren</em> (to hire, pay, accept employment), from Old English <em>hȳrian</em> (to hire) from <em>hȳr</em> (see above) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hire#Etymology_2">source</a>]. </p> <p>So it seems that they can both be used to refer to payment for temporary or short-term use of something, and for longer term use. How would you use them?</p> <p>I’m in the fortunate position of owning my own home, so don’t need to worry about paying <strong>rent</strong>. I don’t own a car, but if I needed one, I would <strong>hire</strong> one. If I needed some extra income, and/or wanted some company, I could <strong>rent</strong> out a room in my house. Last night was Halloween, and I saw a lot of people out and about in costumes that they might have <strong>hired</strong>.</p> <p>Are there different words for short- and long-term hiring / renting in other languages?</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23753" data-a2a-title="Hire & Rent"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23753&linkname=Hire%20%26%20Rent" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23753&linkname=Hire%20%26%20Rent" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23753&linkname=Hire%20%26%20Rent" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=107" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=15" rel="category">Latin (Lingua Latina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=26" rel="category">Middle English (Inglis)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=33" rel="category">Old English (Ænglisc)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=34" rel="category">Old French (Franceis)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=44" rel="category">Proto-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=45" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=202" rel="category">Proto-West-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=hire" rel="tag">hire</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=rent" rel="tag">rent</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=words" rel="tag">Words</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23753#comments">2 Comments</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23599" class="post-23599 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-dutch category-english category-etymology category-german category-italian category-language category-latin category-middle-english category-norwegian category-old-english-aenglisc category-old-high-german category-portuguese category-proto-germanic category-proto-indo-european category-proto-west-germanic category-swedish category-vulgar-latin-sermo-vulgaris category-words-and-phrases"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23599" rel="bookmark">Rucksacks & Mistletoe</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23599" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-08-09T12:48:52+00:00">9 August 2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-08-09T12:48:53+00:00">9 August 2024</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>What links the Italian word <strong>zaino</strong> (rucksack, backpack) with the English word <strong>mistletoe</strong>? Let’s find out.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/piliki/4931708552/in/photolist-8vNi8N-37NWYE-Xm4WYr-WK3vWE-W5bUw1-WK3wnQ-8g744Y-W7AkRa-37EhMZ-W5c1ZG-W7Aj2t-8g6RyS-8g6PmU-6XfrzZ-awZDUu-aoYqu3-37Jziz-37JExB-X8ZN8r-W7AkjZ-BzXi6Q-X8ZMex-7fhnHk-Xh9joY-7gxy8M-W5bRwd-37PfVE-37P9Eo-mDGVq-6frH5E-xAM33M-7augdM-37Jj96-37Jh4P-7aueZe-37EjAr-37NVty-37Jw3i-82bsFH-37NVNW-q9jGwQ-37P8ry-7ay1Ed-37P3uQ-37JxTB-7gxGmx-qNUAVM-37PaKw-qNKjAw-7aucmD" title="escursione monte pramaggiore 2479m s.l.m."><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/4095/4931708552_710977d542_z.jpg" width="640" height="426" alt="escursione monte pramaggiore 2479m s.l.m."/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Zaino</strong> [ˈdzaj.no] means rucksack, backpack, sack or bag in Italian [<a href="https://dictionary.reverso.net/italian-english/zaino">source</a>]. It comes from Lombardic <em>*zainjā</em> (basket), from Old High German <em>zeina</em> (basket), from Proto-Germanic <em>*tainijǭ</em> (wickerwork, wicker basket), from <em>*tainaz</em> (rod, twig), the origins of which are unknown [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zaino#Italian">source</a>].</p> <p>Words from the same roots include <strong>teen</strong> (twig, thin branch) in Dutch, <strong>Zain</strong> (rod, branch, whip) in German, <strong>tein</strong> (twig, offshoot, spindle) in Norwegian, <strong>ten</strong> (small stick or rod) in Swedish, and <strong>zana</strong> (a shallow, oval basket) in Italian [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tainaz">source</a>].</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/deborah_s_perspective/24218323835/in/photolist-2ndYeZ3-qp3BM8-CU6eVv-BWGADD-8wGrK-tzdgb-7uGiZ-dYqyFh-BUZnCy-4dVfhz-bUHbmM-76UsN2-7kPyjX-jNxrxA-76UwmZ-7nwQVH-8Z8XbR-tnYRe-76UuUR-Fiagn-2pHBwgC-9RBb2c-BMwT-8WEYm-4g5J1N-qsgejC-7zVhje-2pnJqpA-2ogLzK2-2owGWvV-e79Bvk-DJ6L8o-RJC5eU-FPHeXJ-pxsKeX-2i6QiU7-vfnoE-7XrCYf-b1gmWX-22HvVYj-7mUrqR-Bymta2-AzNv4e-q74Hq8-Tr4gXW-5JQWs9-26PydL6-a7eu1-buGjit-7ny9X3" title="mistletoe"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/1559/24218323835_e2f7c64eb5_z.jpg" width="640" height="425" alt="mistletoe"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Misletoe</strong> (a parasitic evergreen plant with white berries which grows on oaks, apple and other trees* – see above) comes from Middle English <em>mistelto, mistilto</em> (misletoe), from Old English <em>misteltān, misteltān</em> (misletoe), from <em>mistel</em> (mistletoe, basil, birdlime) + <em>tān</em> (twig, branch) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mistletoe#English">source</a>].</p> <p>*This refers to European misletoe,<em>Viscum album</em>. Other varieties of mistletoe are available [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistletoe">source</a>].</p> <p><em>Mistel</em> comes from Proto-West Germanic <em>*mistil</em> (mistletoe), from Proto-Germanic <em>*mistilaz</em> (mistletoe), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*me</em> (with, mid) + <em>*sed-</em> (to sit) + <em>*-ilaz</em> (diminutive suffix), so mistletoe is a little plant that sits on other plants – a good description. The English word <strong>mistle</strong>, as in <strong>mistle thrush</strong> (<em>Turdus viscivorus</em> – see below), comes from the same roots, and used to be used to mean <strong>misletoe</strong> [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mistel#Old_English">source</a>].</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/26973646@N05/45873504374/in/photolist-2nWodNg-2oEEbL3-2ohiQdJ-TDhuES-2ohiGTi-2pLKFLQ-2pQxoZb-2pzvRvG-2kF61zA-2pp8vaG-2cTFGDd-2kSNw1F-2kSNvVv-gTYPj-2oroNUK-DeNDnK-2ptRZUW-2e7pRa7-2kSNw2T-2iVaM4K-2jbd9Ji-FbUckF-UHidpi-Uen9Bq-dKsdkW-UoTMCQ-RVWg7n-23ETR2P-kSimgP-dKmLVF-2keqT5p-8YF3Eh-eMEMVE-9gakW3-8Ec9sr-2pnHaid-7uFtXP-23TVkgY-UsYKZb-2keKbBU-Eyc8n-UsYL63-2jbsSCe-2nrcveH-25mYzcr-5hVGfW-2kSQWtW-bTojkt-2keriv4" title="Mistle Thrush"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/4905/45873504374_127e49929e_z.jpg" width="640" height="365" alt="Mistle Thrush"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>The Old English word <em>tān</em> (twig, branch) comes from Proto-Germanic <em>*tainaz</em> (rod, twig) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tan#Old_English">source</a>], like the Italian word <strong>zaino</strong>, so there we have our connection. In Lancashire dialect, a <strong>tan</strong> used to refer to a <strong>twig</strong> or <strong>branch</strong> [<a href="https://eddonline4-proj.uibk.ac.at/edd/main.html">source</a>].</p> <p>Incidentally, <strong>mistletoe</strong> in Italian is <strong>vischio</strong> [vi.skjo], which comes from Vulgar Latin <em>*visclum</em>, from Latin <em>viscum</em> (mistletoe, birdlime), the origins of which are uncertain [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vischio">source</a>]. The Portuguese word <strong>visgo</strong> (viscosity, any viscous substance secreted by or extracted from plants, mistletoe) comes from the same roots [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/visgo#Portuguese">source</a>], as do <strong>viscous</strong>, <strong>viscose</strong> and <strong>viscosity</strong> in English [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/viscous#English">source</a>]</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div align="center"><a href="http://my.kualo.com/uk/go/00572" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://cdn.kualo.com/rewards/uk-unlimited-728x90.gif" width="728" height="90" border="0" alt="Unlimited Web Hosting - Kualo"/></a></div> <div 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